Determinative subordinate clauses in Russian. Types of subordinate clauses
Which deals with the study of two units: sentences and phrases.
This article will focus specifically on sentence syntax. First, we will find out what the concept of a sentence as a whole means, and then we will talk in more detail about the types subordinate clauses In russian language.
1. The concept of a proposal
Being one of the main ones, it is a set of one or several words, which, as a rule, contain a question (then they are called interrogative), a call to action (incentive) and the transfer of certain information (narrative).
Everything is usually divided into complex (equal) and complex subordinate clauses (these types of subordinate clauses are considered dependent. They are connected using special conjunctions or allied words).
2. How to correctly identify proposals?
By their nature, these units of syntax are very, very diverse. In order to determine, you just need to remember four main signs:
About grammatical meaning;
About the question this sentence answers;
About the part of the sentence to which it can be attributed;
About means of communication.
It is on the basis of these features that syntactic units are divided into circumstantial, attributive, connective and circumstantial.
3. in Russian
1. Definitive. Role performed: characterize the attribute of an object.
The question the sentence answers is: which one?
What does the sentence refer to: a noun.
Conjunctions and allied words: when, from where, where, which, which, whose, what, which.
Other characteristics: demonstrative words are used - any, every, every, such, that.
For example: The camera I bought in Chicago last year takes excellent pictures.
2. Explanatory. Role performed: consider in more detail and complement the meaning of the main sentence.
The question the sentence answers is: what?
What they refer to: a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a single phrase.
Conjunctions and as, as if, so that, what, why, where, what for, when, where.
Other characteristic features: the demonstrative word “that” is used.
For example: I know I can do this.
3. Connecting. Role performed: contains an additional clarification message.
What they refer to: the entire main clause.
Conjunctions and allied words: “why”, “what”, “why”.
4. Detailed types of subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses of this type are quite diverse and therefore also have own classification:
- mode of action and degree
Role performed: indicate the measure, degree and manner of action.
The question the sentence answers is: how? how much? in what degree? How?
What they refer to: a verb or an adjective.
Conjunctions and allied words: “as if”, “so that”, “what”, “how much”, “how much”, “how”.
Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “such”, “to such an extent”, “as much”, “so much”, “so”.
For example: He screamed so loudly that he almost deafened those present.
- places
Role performed: indicate the location of the action.
The question that these sentences answer is: where? Where? Where?
What do they refer to: the whole sentence or the predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “from where”, “where”, “where”.
Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “everywhere”, “everywhere”, “there”, “there”.
For example: Where the road ended, the field began.
- time
Role performed: indicates the duration of the action.
The question the sentence answers is: until when? When? since when? how long?
Conjunctions and allied words: “until”, “since”, “until”.
Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “sometimes”, “once”, “always”, “now”, “then”.
For example: While you were watching TV, I finished reading the newspaper.
- conditions
Performed role: denotes the condition under which an action is performed.
The question answered by the sentence is: in what case? under what condition?
Conjunctions and allied words: “kohl”, “if”, “times”, “if”, “how”.
For example: If you remind me, I will bring you a book.
- causes
Role: Indicates the cause.
The question the sentence answers is: for what reason? from what? Why? because of which?
What they refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “because”, “because”, “since”.
For example: He went on foot because... I didn’t want to travel in stuffy transport.
- comparisons
Role performed: provide explanation through comparison.
The question the sentence answers is: like what?
What does the sentence refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “as if”, “as”, “than”, “as if”.
For example: He chose to remain silent, like a fish.
Role performed: indicates the purpose of the action.
The question that the sentence answers is: for what? for what purpose? for what? For what?
What they refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “in order to”, “then”, “in order to”.
For example: I want to learn in order to know.
- concessions
Role performed: circumstance for performing an action.
The question the sentence answers is: despite what? in spite of what?
What they refer to: the entire main clause or the predicate.
Conjunctions and allied words: “no matter what”, “despite the fact that”, “what”, “although”, “let”, “no matter how”, “whenever”, “no matter how much”
For example: Although it was cold, he was sweating.
- consequences
Role performed: means consequences, result or conclusion.
The question that the sentence answers is: what of this?
What they refer to: everything Ch. proposal.
Conjunctions and allied words: “so”, “therefore”.
For example: Despite my hunger, I will not eat this.
Subordinate clauses in Russian are dependent parts of the main clause in a complex sentence. That is, they play the role of secondary members of the sentence. Therefore, the types of subordinate clauses are divided taking into account the role played in the sentence. You can ask one question for the entire secondary sentence, just as you do with the members of the sentence.
Main types of subordinate clauses
Four types of them are considered: attributive, adverbial, explanatory and connective. We can give examples that represent all types of subordinate clauses:
- The flowerbed that was planted in the yard left side from the porch, it resembled a smaller copy of the town - a sort of Flower Town from Nosov’s fairy tale about Dunno. (Definitive).
- And it seemed to me that restless and funny little people really lived there. (Expository).
- And we don’t see them because they are hiding from us underground. (Adverbial).
- But as soon as we leave somewhere, the little ones come out of their hiding places and begin to vigorously enjoy life. (Connection).
Determinative clauses
These subordinate clauses in Russian define the attribute of one noun or sometimes a phrase consisting of a noun and a demonstrative word. They serve as answers to questions Which? whose? which? These minor offers join the main part with allied words whose, which, who, what, which, from where, where, when. Usually in the main part complex sentence there are indicator words such as such, everyone, everyone, any or That V various forms childbirth The following proposals can be taken as examples:
- Living beings, ( which?) who live on the planet next to people, feel a kind human attitude towards them.
- Reach out your hand with food, open your palm, freeze, and some bird, ( which?) whose voice is heard in the bushes of your garden in the morning, will sit on your hand with trust.
- Every person ( Which?) who considers himself the pinnacle of the Almighty's creation, must correspond to this title.
- Whether it’s a garden, a forest or an ordinary yard, (Which?)where everything is familiar and familiar, can open the door to a person amazing world nature.
Subordinate clauses
Interesting types of subordinate clauses that relate not to a single word or phrase, but to the entire main part. They are called connecting. Often these parts complex sentence contain the meaning of the consequence, complementing or explaining the content of the main part. Secondary sentences of this type are joined using allied words where, how, when, why, where, what. Examples:
- And only next to his mother does any baby feel protected, what is provided by nature itself.
- Caring for cubs, tenderness for one’s offspring, self-sacrifice are embedded in a creature at the level of instinct, how every creature has an inherent need to breathe, sleep, eat and drink.
Explanatory clauses
If the author of the text wants to clarify, specify one word of the main part, which has the meaning of thought, perception, feeling or speech. Often these clauses refer to verbs, such as say, answer, think, feel, be proud, hear. But they can also specify adjectives, for example, satisfied or glad. It is often observed when these types of subordinate clauses act as explanations of adverbs ( clear, necessary, necessary, known, sorry) or nouns ( message, thought, statement, rumor, thought, sensation). Explanatory clauses are added using:
Unions (so that, what, when, as if, how and others);
Any allied words;
Particles (of the union).
Examples include the following compound sentences:
- Have you ever watched, ( What?) how amazingly he plays sunlight, reflected in drops of dew, insect wings, tiles of snowflakes?
- One day, a person will surely be incredibly happy about this beauty, ( what?) that I discovered a unique world of beauty.
- And it immediately becomes clear, ( What?) that everything around was created for a reason, that everything is interconnected.
- Consciousness will be filled with indescribable feelings of joy, (which?) as if you yourself are a part of this amazing and unique world.
Clauses of manner and degree
Adverbial clauses are divided into several subtypes. A group of dependent parts of compound sentences that relate to the attribute or action named in its main part, and denote its degree or measure, as well as image, are classified as subordinate clauses of manner of action and degree. They usually answer next questions: how? how much? How? in what degree? The design of the connection between the subordinate and the main part looks something like this: full adjective + noun + such; full adjective + such; verb + so. The joining of these subordinate clauses is ensured by conjunctions so that, what, as if or allied words how much, how much and some others. Examples:
- The girl laughed so contagiously, so spontaneously, that it was difficult for everyone else not to smile.
- The ringing sounds of her laughter broke the tense silence of the room, as if multi-colored peas from a bag suddenly scattered.
- And the baby’s face itself changed so much, as far as possible in in this case: the girl, exhausted by illness, could easily be called a lovely and absolutely healthy child.
Adverbial clauses
These dependent clauses indicate the place of origin of the action, which is named in the main part of the complex sentence. Referring to the entire main sentence, they answer the following questions: where? Where? Where? and are joined by allied words where, where, where. Often there are demonstrative words in the main clause there, everywhere, there, everywhere, from everywhere and some others. The following examples of such proposals can be given:
- It is quite easy to determine the cardinal directions in the forest thicket, where there is moss on the trees.
- The ants were dragging on their backs construction material for their anthills and food supplies from everywhere, wherever these hardworking creatures could get.
- I am always drawn there, to magical lands, where we went with him last summer.
Adverbial clauses of time
Indicating the time of action, these subordinate clauses refer both to the entire main sentence and specifically to one predicate. You can ask the following questions about this type of subordinate clause: how long? How long? When? since when? Often there are demonstrative words in the main part of the sentence, for example: sometimes, once, always, now, then. For example: Animals will then be friendly with each other, (When?) when they grow up next to each other since childhood.
Adverbial clauses, causes, goals, consequences
- If the dependent parts of complex sentences answer questions in what case? or under what condition? and relate either to the predicate of the main part or to the whole of it, joining with the help of conditional conjunctions once, if, if, if, when And How(meaning “if”), then they can be classified as subordinate conditions. Example: And even the most inveterate scoundrel turns into a serious and well-mannered gentleman, ( in which case?)when he becomes a parent, be it a person, a monkey or a penguin.
- For questions because of which? Why? for what reason? from what? adjunct reasons answer. They are joined using causal conjunctions because, because, since. Example: For a baby in early childhood the authority of the parent is unshakable, ( Why?) because his well-being depends on this creature.
- Dependent clauses indicating the purpose of the action named in the main part and answering questions For what? for what purpose? For what?, are called subordinate clauses. Their connection to the main part is ensured by target unions in order to, then in order to (in order to). Example: But even then you should accompany your requirements with explanations ( for what purpose?) then, so that the baby grows into a thinking person, and not a weak-willed robot performer.
- Dependent parts of a sentence that indicate a conclusion or result, indicate a consequence arising from the above in the main part of the sentence, are called subordinate clauses of the consequence and relate to the entire main sentence. They are usually joined by consequence unions That's why or So, for example: Education is a complex and regular process, ( what follows from this?) therefore, parents should always be in shape and not relax even for a minute.
Adverbial clause comparisons
These types of dependent clauses in complex constructions relate either to the predicate or to the entire main part and answer the question like what?, joining comparative unions as if, than (that), as if, exactly. Subordinate clauses differ from comparative phrases in that they have a grammatical basis. For example: The polar bear cub so funny fell on his side and lifted his paws up, it looks like a naughty boy playing happily in the sandbox with his friends.
Circumstantial clauses
Dependent clauses in a complex construction, denoting circumstances in spite of which the action indicated in the main part has been or can be committed, are called subordinate clauses of concession. You can ask them questions: contrary to what? no matter what? and join to the main thing with the help of concessionary unions at least (even though), let (even though), that, for nothing, despite and some others. Conjunctive combinations are often used: no matter how much, whatever, whenever, whoever, no matter how and the like. Example: Even though the panda cubs were playing happily, their dark spots around their eyes gave the impression of sad thoughtfulness.
A literate person should always remember: when writing, sentences that are part of a complex sentence are separated by commas.
), there are four main types of subordinate clauses:
- definitive,
- explanatory,
- circumstantial (mode of action and degree, place, time, condition, cause, purpose, comparison, concession, consequence),
- connecting.
Subordinate clauses
Refers to a noun or pronoun. Answer questions about definitions ( Which? which? which?).
Join using allied words: which, which, whose, what, where, when, from, etc.
And also unions: so that, as if, exactly, as if, etc.
Examples
- [The alarm clock rang]. Alarm Which?(Which my grandmother gave to me). [Alarm clock rang( which my grandmother gave me)].
- [The house burned to the ground]. House Which?(Where I was born). [House( where I was born) burned to the ground].
- [A.S. More than one monument was erected to Pushkin]. A.S. Pushkin which one?(Whose contribution to the development of Russian literature is difficult to overestimate). [A.S. Pushkin( , whose contribution to the development of Russian literature can hardly be overestimated,) erected more than one monument].
- [That day my life changed]. In a day Which?(When I understood everything). [In that day( when I understood everything) my life has changed].
Explanatory clauses
Refers to a verb. Answer case questions ( Who? What? to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? etc.).
Join using allied words: who, what, which, whose, where, where, where, how, why, why, how much
And also unions: what, in order, as if, as if, as if, etc.
Examples
Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.
- [I'm definitely sure]. Sure in what?(In that the Earth has the shape of a ball). [I'm sure( that the earth is spherical)].
- [He found out]. Found out What?(How many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite). [He found out( , how many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite)].
- [They understood]. Got it What?(Why did I do this). [They understood( why did I do this)].
Adverbial clauses
Common circumstances play a role. Answer detailed questions. Like ordinary circumstances, they are divided into several types:
| Subordinate clause type | Questions it answers | Linking using conjunctions | Linking using allied words | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mode of action | How? how? | how, what, so that, as if, exactly |
|
|
| Measures and degrees | how much? in what degree? | what how | how much, how much |
|
| Places | Where? Where? where? | where, where, where |
|
|
| Time | When? how long? since when? How long? | when, while, while, as soon as, since, until |
|
|
| Goals | For what? for what purpose? | so that (so that) |
|
|
| Causes | Why? from what? | because, because, since, for |
|
|
| Conditions | under what condition? | if, when, once |
|
|
| Concessions | no matter what? | although, despite the fact that, let, let | no matter how much, no matter how |
|
| Consequences | And..? hence..? | So |
|
|
| Comparative | How? | as if, as if |
|
Subordinate clauses
Apply to the entire main part.
Join with the help of allied words: what, where, where, where, when, how, why
They supplement and explain the content of the main part. Often they have the meaning of a consequence.
Examples
- He was worried( , that's why I couldn't pass the exam successfully).
- My brother never opened the book during all this time( that didn't give me peace of mind).
see also
Notes
Links
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- Main clause - Dictionary of literary terms
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what a “subordinate clause” is in other dictionaries:
Subordinate clause- SUBORDINATE CLAUSE. See main sentence... Dictionary of literary terms
APPENDIX, tka, m. Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
A syntactically dependent predicative part of a complex sentence containing a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word. Vladimir saw with horror that he had driven into an unfamiliar forest (Pushkin). Describe the feeling I had at that time... ...
The dependent part of a complex sentence containing a conjunction or a conjunctive word. Refers to the entire main clause or to one word in it (additional, attributive clauses). F.I. Buslaev laid the foundation... ... Literary encyclopedia
- (gram.). This is what is called, in contrast to the main sentence, a sentence that does not have an independent, integral meaning without the main sentence. The syntactic structure of all Indo-European languages shows beyond doubt that the creation of the category P... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
subordinate clause- linguistic Part of a complex sentence, syntactically subordinate to the main part (main clause) and connected to it by a conjunction or a conjunctive word. P ot sentence of reason. Conditional sentence... Dictionary of many expressions
subordinate clause- See main sentence... Grammar dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE- (following paragraph, German Nachsatz), this is the name, by analogy with grammar terminology, the second part of the musical period, corresponding to its first part, which is called the main (previous) sentence and ends for the most part… … Riemann's Dictionary of Music
Subordinate clause answering the question which? and relating to a member of the main sentence, expressed by a noun or a substantivized word. Subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause using... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
A subordinate clause that answers any case question and relates to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion: without a subordinate clause, the main clause would be structurally and semantically incomplete. Subordinate clauses... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
There are (by analogy with the minor members of the sentence: definitions, additions and circumstances) three main type subordinate clauses: definitive, explanatory And circumstantial; the latter, in turn, are divided into several types.
Subordinate clause may refer to a specific word in the main (proverbial subordinate clauses) or to the whole main thing (unverbal subordinate clauses).
For determining the type of subordinate clause It is necessary to take into account three interrelated features: 1) a question that can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause; 2) the verbatim or non-verbal nature of the subordinate clause; 3) a means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one.
Subordinate clauses
Like definitions in a simple sentence, attributive clauses express the attribute of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through situation, which is somehow related to the subject.
Due to general meaning attribute of an object attributive clauses depend on the noun(or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main sentence and answer the question Which? They join the main thing only with allied words - relative pronouns (which, which, whose, what) and pronominal adverbs (where, to where, from where, when). In a subordinate clause, allied words replace the main noun on which the subordinate clause depends.
For example: [One of the contradictions, (what creativity is alive Mandelstam), concerns own nature of this creativity] (S. Averintsev)- [noun, (by what (= contradictions)),].
Conjunctive words in complex sentences with can be divided into basic (which, which, whose) And non-basic (what, where, where, where, when). Non-main ones can always be replaced by the main allied word which, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign attributive clauses.
The village where(wherein) I missed Evgeny, there was a lovely corner... (A. Pushkin)- [noun, (where),].
I remembered today a dog that(which) was friend of my youth (S. Yesenin)- [noun], (what).
Sometimes at night in the city desert there is one hour, imbued with melancholy, when(in which) on the whole city night got off... (F. Tyutchev) -[noun], (when).
The main clause often contains demonstrative words ( demonstrative pronouns and adverbs) that one, that one, For example:
It was the one famous artist, whom she saw on stage last year (Yu. German)- [uk.sl. That - noun], (which).
Pronominal attributive clauses
They are close in meaning to subordinate clauses pronominal attributive clauses . They differ from attributive clauses proper in that they refer not to the noun in the main clause, but to the pronoun (that, every, all etc.), used in the meaning of a noun, for example:
1) [Total (that knew more Eugene), retell to me lack of leisure) (A. Pushkin)- [local, (what)]. 2) [No oh (what do you remember), nature]... (F. Tyutchev)- [local, (what)].
Like subordinate clauses, they reveal the attribute of the subject (therefore it is better to ask a question about them too Which?) and are joined to the main sentence using allied words (main allied words - Who And What).
Wed: [That Human, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate clause. [word + noun, (which), ].
[That, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate pronominal attributive. [loc., (who),].
In contrast to the actual attributive clauses, which always come after the noun to which they refer, pronominal clauses can also appear before the word being defined, for example:
(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower don't despise people] ... (A. Pushkin)- (who), [place. ].
Explanatory clauses
Explanatory clauses answer case questions and refer to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion (supplement, explanation). This member of the sentence is expressed by a word that has the meaning speeches, thoughts, feelings or perception. Most often these are verbs (say, ask, answer and etc.; think, know, remember and etc.; be afraid, be happy, be proud and etc.; see, hear, feel etc.), but there may be other parts of speech: adjectives (glad, satisfied) adverbs (known, sorry, necessary, clear), nouns (news, message, rumor, thought, statement, feeling, sensation and etc.)
Explanatory clauses attached to the word being explained in three ways: 1) using conjunctions what, as, as if, in order to, when and etc.; 2) using any allied words; 3) using a particle conjunction whether.
For example: 1) [The light has decided], (what t smart and very nice) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (that). [I_ was afraid], (so that in a bold thought You me I couldn't blame) (A. Fet) - [ vb.], (so that). [To her dreaming], (as if she goes along a snow glade, surrounded by sad darkness) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (as if).
2) [You You know himself], (what the time has come) (N. Nekrasov)- [verb], (what). [Then she started asking questions me], (where am I now Working) (A. Chekhov)- [verb], (where). (When he will arrive), [unknown] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [adv.]. [I_ asked and the cuckoo], (How many yo I I'll live)... (A. Akhmatova)- [verb], (how much).
3) [Both are very I wanted to know\, (brought whether father the promised piece of ice) (L. Kassil)- [verb], (li).
Explanatory clauses can be used to transmit indirect speech. With the help of unions what, how, as if, when indirect messages are expressed using a conjunction to- indirect incentives, with the help of allied words and particle conjunctions whether- indirect questions.
In the main sentence, with the word being explained, there may be an indicative word That(in different cases), which serves to highlight the content of the subordinate clause. For example: \Chekhov through the mouth of Doctor Astrov expressed one of his absolutely amazingly accurate thoughts about] (that the forests teach a person to understand the beautiful) (K. Paustovsky)- [noun + adjective], (that).
Distinguishing between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses
Causes certain difficulties differentiation between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, which refer to a noun. It should be remembered that attributive clauses depend on the noun as parts of speech(the meaning of the defined noun is not important for them), answer the question Which?, indicate the attribute of the object that is named by the defined noun, and are attached to the main one only by allied words. Subordinate clauses same explanatory depend on the noun not as a part of speech, but as from a word with a specific meaning(speeches, thoughts, feelings, perceptions), except for the question Which?(and it can always be assigned from a noun to any word or sentence dependent on it) they can also be assigned case question, They reveal(explain) content speech, thoughts, feelings, perceptions and are attached to the main thing by conjunctions and allied words. ( Subordinate clause, attachable to the main thing by conjunctions and particle conjunctions whether, can only be explanatory: The thought that he was wrong tormented him; The thought of whether he was right tormented him.)
More difficult differentiate between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, depending on nouns in cases where explanatory clauses join the main one with the help of allied words (especially the allied word What). Wed: 1) The question is what(which) they asked him, it seemed strange to him. The thought that(which) came into his head in the morning and haunted him all day. The news that(which) I received it yesterday, I was very upset. 2) The question of what he should do now tormented him. The thought of what he had done haunted him. The news of what happened in our class amazed the whole school.
1) The first group - complex sentences with subordinate clauses. Union word What can be replaced with a conjunction word which. The subordinate clause indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun being defined (from the main clause to the subordinate clause you can only ask a question Which?, case question cannot be asked). The demonstrative word in the main clause is possible only in the form of a pronoun agreed with the noun (that question, that thought, that news).
2) The second group is complex sentences with explanatory clauses. Replacing a conjunction word What union word which impossible. The subordinate clause not only indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun being defined, but also explains the content of the words question, thought, news(a case question can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause). The demonstrative word in the main sentence has a different form ( case forms pronouns: question, thought, news).
Adverbial clauses
Majority adverbial clauses sentences have the same meanings as the circumstances in a simple sentence, and therefore answer the same questions and are accordingly divided into the same types.
Clauses of manner and degree
Characterize the method of performing an action or the degree of manifestation of a qualitative characteristic and answer questions How? how? in what degree? how much? They depend on the word that performs the function of an adverbial manner of action or degree in the main sentence. These subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence in two ways: 1) using allied words how, how much, how much; 2) using unions that, to, as if, exactly, as if, as if.
For example: 1) [The offensive was underway because was provided at headquarters) (K. Simonov)- [verb + uk.el. so], (as) (clause of manner of action).
2) [The old lady is the same age I wanted to repeat it your story], (how much of it do I need listen) (A. Herzen)-[verb+uk.el. so many],(how much) (subordinate clause).
Clauses of manner and degree can be unambiguous(if they join the main one with allied words how, how much, to what extent)(see examples above) and double digit(if added by conjunctions; the second meaning is introduced by the conjunction). For example: 1) [White the acacias smelled so much], (that their sweet, sugary, candy the smell was felt on the lips and in the mouth) (A. Kuprin)-
[uk.sl. So+ adv.], (that) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of the consequence, which is introduced into the meaning of the subordinate conjunction What).
2) [Beautiful the girl must be dressed so that stand out from the environment) (K. Paustovsky)- [cr. + uk.sl. So],(to) (the meaning of the course of action is complicated by the meaning of the goal, which is introduced by the conjunction to).
3) [It's all small plant So sparkled at our feet] (as if it was really made made of crystal) (K. Paustovsky)- [ul.sl. so + verb.], (as if) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of comparison, which is introduced by the conjunction as if).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses indicate the place or direction of action and answer questions Where? Where? where? They depend on the entire main sentence or on the circumstance of the place in it, expressed by the adverb (there, there, from there, nowhere, everywhere, everywhere etc.), and are attached to the main sentence using allied words where, where, where. For example:
1) [Go along the free road], (where entails free tsm for you)... (A. Pushkin)- , (Where).
2) [He wrote everywhere], (where caught his thirst write) (K. Paustovsky)- [adv.], (where).
3) (Where the river has flown), [there and there will be a channel] (proverb)- (where), [ uk.sl. there ].
Subordinate clauses should be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses, which can also be attached to the main clause using allied words where, where, where.
Wed: 1) AND [ Tanya enters to an empty house], (where(in which) lived recently our hero) (A. Pushkin)- [noun], (where) (clause clause).
2) [I_ started to remember], (Where walked during the day) (I. Turgenev)- [verb], (where) (expository clause).
Clauses of time
Clauses of time indicate the time of the action or manifestation of the sign referred to in the main sentence. They answer questions When? how long? since when? How long?, depend on the entire main clause and are joined to it by temporary conjunctions when, while, as soon as, barely, before, while, until, since, when suddenly etc. For example:
1) [When the count is back], (Natasha discourteous I was happy him and I was in a hurry to leave) (L. Tolstoy)- (cog2) (Bye does not require poet to the sacred sacrifice Apollo), [in the worries of the vain world he is cowardly submerged} (A. Pushkin)- (Bye), .
The main clause may contain demonstrative words then, until then, after that etc., as well as the second component of the union (That). If there is a demonstrative word in the main clause Then, That When in a subordinate clause it is a conjunctive word. For example:
1) [I_ sitting until I'm not starting to feel hunger) (D. Kharms)- [uk.sl. until], (Bye).
2) (When in winter eat fresh cucumbers), [then in the mouth smells in spring] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [then].
3) [The poet feels literal meaning of the word even then] (when gives him in figurative meaning) (S. Marshak)- [uk.sl. Then],(When).
Clauses of time must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses attached by a conjunctive word When. For example:
1) [I_ saw Yalta that year], (when (- in which) her left Chekhov) (S. Marshak)- [adjective + noun], (when) (clause clause).
2) [Korchagin repeatedly asked me] (when he can check out) (N. Ostrovsky)- [verb], (when) (expository clause).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses indicate the conditions for the implementation of what is said in the main sentence. They answer the question under what condition?, if, if... then, when (= if), when... then, if, as soon as, once, in case etc. For example:
1) (If I I'll get sick), [to doctors I won't contact you]...(Ya. Smelyakov)- (If), .
2) (Once we started talking), [That it's better to negotiate everything to the end] (A. Kuprin)- (times), [then].
If subordinate clauses stand before the main one, then the latter may contain the second part of the union - That(see 2nd example).
Subordinate goals
Subordinate clauses offers goals indicate the purpose of what is being said in the main clause. They relate to the entire main clause, answer questions For what? for what purpose? For what? and join the main thing with the help of unions in order to (so that), in order to, in order to, then in order to, in order to (obsolete) etc. For example:
1) [I_ woke me up Pashka], (so that he didn't fall down out of the way) (A. Chekhov)- , (to);
2) [He used all his eloquence], (so that disgust Akulina from her intention) (A. Pushkin)- , (so that);
3)(In order to be happy), [necessary Not only be in love, but also to be loved] (K. Paustovsky)- (in order to), ;
When a compound conjunction is dismembered, a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause to, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, being an indicative word and a member of the sentence, for example: [I_ I mention about this solely for the purpose] (so that emphasize the unconditional authenticity of many things by Kuprin) (K. Paustovsky)- [ul.sl. for that],(to).
Subordinate goals must be distinguished from other types of clauses with a conjunction to. For example:
1) [I Want], (to the bayonet equated feather) (V. Mayakovsky)- [verb], (so that) (expository clause).
2) [Time landings was calculated so], (so that to the landing place get in at dawn) (D. Furmanov)- [cr.adverb.+uk.sl. So],(so that) (clause of action with the additional meaning of purpose).
Additional reasons
Subordinate clauses offers causes reveal (denote) the reason for what is said in the main sentence. They answer questions Why? for what reason? from what?, refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it using conjunctions because, because, since, for, due to the fact that, then that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that etc. For example:
1) [I send her all my tears as a gift], (because Not live until the wedding) (I. Brodsky)- , (because)
2) [Any labor is important], (because ennobles person) (L. Tolstoy)- , (for).
3) (Thanks to we put new plays every day), [ theater ours quite willingly visited] (A. Kuprin)- (thanks to), .
Compound conjunctions, the last part of which is What, can be dismembered: a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause What, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, performing the function of an index word in it and being a member of the sentence. For example:
[That's why roads to me People], (What live with me on earth) (S. Yesenin)- [uk.sl. that's why],(What).
Subordinate clauses
The subordinate clause reports an event in spite of which the action is carried out, an event called in the main clause. In concessional relations, the main sentence reports such events, facts, actions that should not have happened, but nevertheless occur (happened, will happen). Thus, subordinate clauses they call it a “failed” reason. Subordinate clauses answer questions no matter what? in spite of what?, refer to the entire main sentence and are joined to it 1) by conjunctions although, although... but, Not despite the fact that, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let etc. and 2) allied words in combination With particle nor: no matter how, no matter how much, no matter what. For example:
I. 1) And (even though he was a ardent rake), [But he fell out of love finally, abuse, and saber, and lead] (A. Pushkin)- (at least), [but].
Note. In the main clause, at which there is a concessive subordinate clause, there may be a conjunction But.
2) (Let the rose is plucked), [she more blooms] (S. Nadson)- (let be), .
3) [B steppes it was quiet, cloudy], (despite What the sun has risen) (A. Chekhov)- , (although).
P. 1) (No matter how protected myself Panteley Prokofevich from any difficult experiences), [but soon had to go through a new shock for him] (M. Sholokhov)-(no matter how), [but].
2) [I_, (no matter how much would love you), getting used to it, I'll fall out of love immediately) (A. Pushkin)- [, (no matter how much), ].
Comparative clauses
The types of adverbial clauses discussed above correspond in meaning to the categories of adverbials of the same name in a simple sentence. However, there are three types of clauses (comparative, consequences And connecting), for which there is no correspondence among the circumstances in a simple sentence. General Feature complex sentences with these types of subordinate clauses - it is usually impossible to ask a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.
In complex sentences with comparative clauses the content of the main clause is compared with the content of the subordinate clause. Comparative clauses refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it by conjunctions as, exactly, as if, buto, as if, just as, as if, with... with whatAnd etc. For example:
1) (As in summer we swarm midge flies to the flame), [flocked flakes from the yard to the window frame] (K. Pasternak](How), ["].
2) [Small leaves bright and friendly turn green], (as if Who their washed and varnish on them directed) (I. Turgenev)- , (as if).
3) [We three of us started talking], (as if a century do you know each other?) (A. Pushkin)- , (as if).
A special group among comparative clauses make up sentences with a conjunction how and with a double union than... the. Subordinate clauses with double conjunction than... the have comparative meaning, mutual conditionality of parts. Subordinate clauses with a conjunction how, in addition, they do not refer to the entire main thing, but to the word in it, which is expressed by the form comparative degree adjective or adverb.
1) (How smaller woman we love), [the easier like us to her] (A. Pushkin)- (than), [that].
2) [As time went slower] (than the clouds were creeping across the sky) (M. Gorky)- [compare step.nar.], (than).
Comparative clauses can be incomplete: they omit the predicate if it coincides with the predicate of the main sentence. For example:
[Existence his concluded into this close program] (as egg into the shell) (A. Chekhov)- , (How).
The fact that this is precisely an incomplete two-part sentence is evidenced by minor member predicate groups - into the shell.
Incomplete comparative clauses should not be confused with comparative clauses, which cannot contain a predicate.
Subordinate corollaries
Subordinate corollaries indicate a consequence, a conclusion that follows from the content of the main sentence .
Subordinate corollaries refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are joined to it by a conjunction So.
For example: [ Heat All increased], (So it was getting hard to breathe) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak); [ Snow All became whiter and brighter], (So it ached eyes) (M. Lermontov)- , (So).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses contain additional information and comments to what is reported in the main sentence. Connecting clauses refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are attached to it by conjunctive words what, what, O what, why, why, why and etc.
For example: 1) [To her I shouldn't have been late to the theatre], (from whatshe Very was in a hurry) (A. Chekhov)- , (from what).
2) [The dew has fallen], (what foreshadowed Tomorrow good weather) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)- , (What).
3) [And the old man Cuckoos n quickly allotment glasses, having forgotten to wipe them] (what happened to him in thirty years official activities never didn't happen) (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)- , (what).
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2.Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
Make a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) a question from the main to the subordinate clause, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunction or allied word), determine the type of subordinate clause (definitive, explanatory, etc.). d.).
Sample analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1) [In time of strong storm vomited with the roots of a tall old pine], (which is why formed this pit) (A. Chekhov).
, (from what).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause refers to the entire main thing and is joined to it by a conjunctive word from what.
2) (So that be contemporary clear), [all wide the poet will open the door] (A. Akhmatova).(so that), .
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause of purpose. The subordinate clause answers the question for what purpose?, depends on the entire main clause and is joined to it by a conjunction so that
3) [I I love everything], (to which there is no consonance or echo in this world No) (I. Annensky).[local], (to).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamative, complex with a pronominal clause. The subordinate clause answers the question which?, depends on the pronoun All in the main, it is joined by a conjunctive word what, which is an indirect object.
What is a Subordinate Clause?
Subordinate clause is a syntactically dependent predicative part of a complex sentence containing a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word. Vladimir saw with horror that he had driven into an unfamiliar forest (Pushkin). It is very difficult to depict the feeling that I experienced at that time (Korolenko). The term “subordinate clause” used in educational practice is usually replaced in theoretical works by the term “subordinate clause” (accordingly, instead of “main clause” - “main part”);
This avoids the use of the same term “sentence” in relation to the whole and its individual parts, and also emphasizes the interconnectedness of the structural parts of a complex sentence.
A subordinate clause can be associated with a separate word (group of words) of the main sentence, performing the function of extending or explaining these members. She dreams that she is walking through a snowy meadow (Pushkin) (the subordinate clause extends the predicate of the main sentence is dreaming). His nature was one of those who need an audience for a good deed (L. Tolstoy) (the subordinate clause explains the group of words one of those). In other cases, the subordinate clause correlates with the entire composition of the main clause. If the grandfather left home, the grandmother would arrange the most interesting meetings in the kitchen (G o r k i i) (the subordinate clause refers to the main thing as a whole). A subordinate clause can clarify a word in the main clause that is not a member of the sentence. Grow, a country where, by the will of a single people, all merged into one people! (Swan in-K u m a h) ^the subordinate clause refers to the address word country). A subordinate clause can refer to two main clauses as a whole. It was already quite dawn and the people began to rise when I returned to my room (L. Tolstoy).
Various semantic and grammatical relations between the main and subordinate parts, various means the connections between them created and are creating difficulties for isolating a single principle for classifying subordinate clauses. Three such principles can be considered basic; semantic, formal-grammatical and structural-semantic.
The first in Russian syntactic science was the principle of classifying subordinate clauses based on their likeness to members simple sentence. The understanding of a subordinate clause as an expanded member of a simple sentence was first put forward by A. Kh. Vostokov in his “Russian Grammar” (1831) together with the term “subordinate clause.” The same views were held by N. I. Grech, who indicated in his “Practical Russian Grammar” ” (1834), that the noun, adjective and adverb present in the main sentence can be respectively replaced by “subordinate nouns”, “subordinate adjectives” and “subordinate adverbial clauses.” This classification was clarified and detailed by I. I. Davydov in his “ Experience of a General Comparative Grammar of the Russian Language” (1852) with the corresponding replacement of morphological terms with syntactic ones (additional clauses, attributive clauses and adverbial clauses, the latter being subdivided by type of circumstance
This classification received its final form in “Experience historical grammar Russian language” (1858) by F.I. Buslaev, who proceeded from the position that “each of the members of the main sentence, except the predicate, can be expressed by a subordinate sentence. In accordance with this, Buslaev expanded the classification itself; it includes subject sentences, additional, determinative and adverbial places, time, mode of action, measures and accounts, reasons, grounds, occasions, goals, conditional, concessional, comparative. In its main features, this classification has survived to this day, finding one way or another reflected in educational practice and in the academic “Grammar of the Russian Language” (1960). Only the division of subordinate clauses into full and abbreviated ones, recognized by Buslaev and his predecessors Vostokov, Grech and Davydov, has completely disappeared (See separation). The disadvantage of Buslaev's classification is, first of all, that it does not cover all available types of subordinate clauses: it cannot include such types of subordinate clauses as subordinate clauses, adjunctive, comparative clauses, since there is no analogy for them among the members of a simple sentence. The exclusion of subordinate predicates from this scheme was not justified (they were subsequently introduced into it, cf. their presence in academic grammar).
The second principle of constructing a typology of subordinate clauses was the principle of their formal classification - according to the means of communication of the main and subordinate clauses. There are two main types of complex sentences: sentences in which the means of connecting the subordinate part with the main part is a subordinating conjunction (conjunctive subordination), and sentences in which the subordinate part is attached to the main part by means of allied words (relative subordination); further division is made according to the meaning of conjunctions and allied words. In cases where conjunctions express certain semantic relations (because, if, when, that, like, although, that is, so), subordinate clauses are distinguished that coincide with those that appear in the traditional classification based on meaning subordinate clauses (i.e., subordinate clauses causal, conditional, temporary, goal, comparative, concessional, explanatory, consequences), but conjunctions combining semantic meaning with purely syntactic (explanatory conjunction that, comparative conjunction as), often used only to indicate the dependence of the subordinate clause on the main one, violate the parallelism of the semantic classification of conjunctions and the classification of subordinate clauses by meaning. Therefore, some grammarians (A. M. Peshkovsky, M. N. Peterson, L. A. Bulakhovsky) limited themselves to detailed analysis values subordinating conjunctions and allied words, without giving a classification of subordinate clauses. An attempt was made to divide subordinate clauses into two groups depending on the presence or absence in the main sentence of a correlative word, the specific content of which is revealed in the subordinate clause, with the subsequent classification of subordinate clauses by meaning (A. B. Shapiro). A similar approach is expressed in the fact that subordinate clauses are first divided into three main types; 1) subordinate clauses that complement the member of the main sentence that is missing in it, and thereby perform the function of an expanded member of the sentence; 2) subordinate clauses attached to the pronominal (correlative) word in the main sentence and serving to expand it real value; 3) subordinate clauses that extend the main sentence as a whole; Next, a classification of subordinate clauses by meaning is given (I. G. Cherednichenko).
The beginning of the structural-semantic principle of classification of subordinate clauses was laid by V. A. Bogoroditsky in his “ General course Russian grammar” (1904). Having abandoned the view of subordinate clauses as expanded members of a simple sentence, Bogoroditsky, in his interpretation of this problem, proceeded from the following provisions; “When studying subordinate clauses, you need to keep in mind: 1) what it refers to, 2) what formal words are used (also other means - intonation, etc.) and 3) what shades of meaning in each individual case belong to the subordinate clauses themselves ( and not to one or another member of the main sentence) The detailed classification of subordinate clauses constructed by him is based primarily on their meanings and semantic relations to the main proposals, taking into account design features. Work on the creation of a structural-semantic classification of subordinate clauses has been and is being carried out by a number of researchers. N. S. Pospelov divides complex sentences into single-member and two-member sentences, depending on whether the subordinate part is connected with one word in the main part or correlates with the entire composition of the main part as a whole. Both types differ from each other in the degree of cohesion (in single-member complex sentences the connection of parts is closer), the degree of dismemberment (two-member sentences are more dismembered), and the means of communication used in them (conjunctions, conjunctive and correlative words). Varieties of both types are distinguished on the basis of structural and semantic relationships between the main and subordinate parts. Options for classifying subordinate clauses, taking into account the structure of both parts of a complex sentence, syntactic means the connections between them, the semantic meaning of the subordinate parts themselves and depending on other constructive features were proposed by S. E. Kryuchkov L. Yu. Maksimov, V. A. Beloshapkova and others.