Sentences with homogeneous members. Video lesson “Homogeneous subjects and predicates
Simple sentences with a complex structure are diverse. They may contain:
1) homogeneous members;
2) separation;
3) introductory words and sentences and plug-in structures;
4) appeals.
Here we consider the complication of the sentence structure by homogeneous members.
§1. Homogeneous members of the sentence
Homogeneous members
- these are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question. They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinative or non-conjunctive syntactic connection.
The coordinating connection is expressed intonationally and using coordinating conjunctions: single or repeating. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.
I love ice cream.
I love ice cream, chocolate, cookies and cakes.
Laughing girls ran into the room.
(simple two-part extended sentence)
Cheerful, laughing, squealing, screaming girls ran into the room.
(a simple two-part extended sentence, complicated by homogeneous members)
Any member of a sentence can be expressed by a number of homogeneous members. Subjects, predicates, objects, definitions and circumstances can be homogeneous.
There were boys, girls and their parents in the hall.
(boys, girls and their parents- homogeneous subjects)
The girl is well-mannered and well educated.
(well-mannered and educated- homogeneous predicates)
I loved books, construction sets and cartoons.
(books, construction sets, cartoons- homogeneous additions)
We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.
(in the forest, on the river- homogeneous circumstances)
It was a clear, hot, truly summer day.
(clear, hot, summer- homogeneous definitions)
Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed in words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed in words different parts speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.
The girl answered the exam smartly, intelligently, and in beautiful language.
(homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, smartly and noun phrase beautiful language)
Due to the sudden downpour, we were soaked to the skin and frozen.
(homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units soaked to the skin and verb frozen)
Complication by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be differently arranged punctually.
Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and/or non-union connection. If this minor members sentences, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.
Homogeneous members in oral speech are designed intonationally, and in writing punctuationally.
One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.
Masha, Seryozha and Petya were sitting around the table in the dining room and drawing.
(Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - 1st row of homogeneous members)
(sat and drew- homogeneous predicates - 2nd row of homogeneous members)
§2. Sentences with a generalizing word with homogeneous members
Rows of homogeneous members may have words with a general meaning that relate to all the words of the row. This generalizing words. The generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it.
Generalizing words are words that mean:
- generic and specific concepts:
The room had simple furniture: an old sofa, a table, two chairs.
(general word - furniture);
- words: All, All, Always, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere and others, conveying the idea of universality:
Things were scattered everywhere: on the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table.
In a sentence, generalizing words can appear both before and after rows of homogeneous members. Compare with the example above:
On the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table - things were scattered everywhere.
The punctuation of sentences depends on the place that generalizing words occupy.
§3. Distinguishing homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a series of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions
characterize an object on one side, according to one characteristic, for example, by size, color, shape, material. Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, according to different characteristics.
A cheerful, loudly laughing girl ran into the room.
(cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state)
A small girl laughing loudly ran into the room.
(small and laughing- heterogeneous definitions)
There were red, orange and yellow flowers in the vase.
(red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting common feature- color)
There were large red fragrant flowers in the vase.
(large, red, fragrant- adjectives denoting different characteristics: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions)
Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous, for example:
At the end of November the first light snow fell.
(words first And easy refer to different parts of speech: first- numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members)
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that homogeneous members are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question?
Are homogeneous members of a sentence equal?
Is it true that homogeneous members are connected by a subordinating relationship?
Are sentences with several rows of homogeneous members possible?
Is the number of homogeneous members limited?
Is it true that homogeneous members cannot be connected by coordinating conjunctions?
What is the name of a word with a general meaning that homogeneous members can have?
- general word
- appeal
- circumstance
Is a generalizing word always the same member of a sentence as the homogeneous members related to it?
Dry yellow autumn leaves rustled underfoot..?
- homogeneous definitions
- heterogeneous definitions
What are the definitions in the sentence: The bushes under the window were covered with red, yellow, and orange leaves.?
- homogeneous definitions
- heterogeneous definitions
S I N T A X I C H E N O R M S
C O R D I N A T I O N
Mn. h Unit h
1. Animation 1. Inanimate
2. Active action 2. Inactive action
3. Direct word order 3. Inversion
4. Words: only, only, row,
part, 1, 100, 1000, 1000000,
a lot, a bunch, etc.
There are several types of connections in the Russian language: coordination, coordination, control and adjacency. For each of these types there are some features of syntactic connection.
Grammatical connection the main members of a sentence is called coordination. They can join different words, and their morphological properties do not necessarily have to correspond to each other. When coordinating the main members of a sentence, the problem of choosing the forms of the number of the predicate arises, when the subject indicates many objects, but appears in the form of a singular number.
I. The subject is expressed by the collective nouns majority, minority, set, row, part, several
The predicate is placed in singular, If:
1. The subject is expressed by an inanimate noun: Some of the chairs were in the corridor.
2. Activity is not emphasized characters: Some of the food supplies were in the warehouse.
3. The predicate is expressed passive participle: Most of the books have been republished.
4. Subjects have words just, just, only: Only a portion of the students passed the interview.
The predicate is placed in plural, If:
1. The subject is expressed by an animate noun: Most of the employees went on vacation.
2. With the subject there is a dependent word, participial phrase or subordinate clause with the word “which” in the plural: Most houses built in recent years, designed by young architects.
3. The sentence contains homogeneous predicates or subjects: Several workers, engineers, and employees of our plant have passed qualification certification.
4. The predicate in a sentence is a compound nominal: Some of the reports at the conference were interesting.
5. The predicate of an inanimate noun emphasizes the activity of the action: Most of the meeting participants have already spoken.
II. The subject is expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination:
The predicate is put in the singular, If:
1. A compound numeral ends in “one”: One hundred and seventy-one scientists registered to participate in the conference.
2. The nouns are accompanied by the words “years”, “months”, “days”, “hours”: Several years have passed.
3. The subject is expressed by the words “pair”, “three”, “ten”, “dozen”, “hundred”, “thousand”, “million”, “billion”, “mass”, etc.: A million viewers watched the film "Day Watch".
4. With the subject there are the words “total”, “only”, “only”: Only several students passed the test.
5. The subject contains a numeral floor- : Half the city took part in the celebration.
6. With a subject with numerals 2,3,4 denoting inanimate object: Three pencils lay on the table.
The predicate is placed in plural, If:
1. The subject group contains combinations of “two”, “three”, “four” with nouns feminine: There were four birch trees on the site.
2. With the subject there are the words “all”, “these”, “some”: Some 500 rubles are not considered a high price for this thing.
3. With a subject denoting an animate object: Three students received straight A's.
Fluctuations in coordination by number are observed in the following cases:
1. When designating quantities over four, because when designating large quantity objects or people they are perceived as one whole: 137 delegates have already registered - have registered.
2. When indicating an approximate number: from 1 to 157 families received - received housing.
III. Homogeneous subjects.
1. The predicate is put in the plural if direct word order is used and the predicate comes after homogeneous subjects: His calmness and simplicity of manner surprised those around him.
2. If there is inversion in a sentence, then the singular form is used: There was stomping and screaming in the village.
3. If the predicate means active action committed by a group of persons, then, regardless of the position, is put in the form plural: And in the evening, employees and friends came to them.
4. The choice of predicate number forms is also determined by what conjunctions connect homogeneous subjects:
1) If homogeneous subjects are connected by connecting conjunctions and, yes in the meaning " And "or there is a non-union connection between them, then when direct order words, the predicate is put in the plural form, and in case of inversion - in the singular form.
2) If homogeneous subjects are connected by dividing conjunctions or, whether, or as well as the union neither this nor that , then the predicate is usually put in singular form and agrees with the last subject: What appeared on his face was either fear, or melancholy and annoyance. However, if the predicate is in the past tense or expressed by a passive participle or predicative adjective, and the subject is in words of various kinds, then the plural form is used.
In order to make it easier to convey to the listener the meaning of what was said, homogeneous members of the sentence are used in the Russian language. Compare: “The shady forest calls to the traveler. The shady forest beckons the traveler. The shady forest promises coolness.” Or the same thing, but presented in one sentence: “The shady forest calls, beckons the traveler and promises coolness.”
A sentence with homogeneous predicates, examples of which you will see in this article, helps to simplify the semantic load, while eliminating the need to pile up several syntactic structures in the text.
Features of the composition of simple sentences
You probably know what simple sentences differ from complex ones. The former have only one grammatical basis, which, as a rule, includes a subject and a predicate (or one of these members). And complex sentences There may be two or more such bases.
Basic signs of homogeneity for members of a sentence
But before we start discussing homogeneous subjects and predicates, let's remember general rules, relating to all members of the sentence.
The main sign of homogeneity for both the main and secondary members of any sentence is that in this construction they will be equal, performing one syntactic function, referring to one member in the sentence and, accordingly, answering the same question.
Between them, regardless of the part of speech, there is either a coordinating or non-union syntactic connection, emphasizing their equality. The first is expressed, as a rule, using the intonation of listing and coordinating conjunctions, and the non-union connection is expressed only intonation.
What predicates can be homogeneous
Both the minor members, the subject and the predicate in the Russian language, becoming homogeneous, can nevertheless have dependent words (however, the same applies to the minor members). For example: “The girl looked out the window and sighed.” In this sentence there are two homogeneous predicates (looked and sighed), but the first of them is extended by an addition (to the window), and the second has no dependent words.
Most often, all homogeneous members of a sentence - predicate, subject or others - belong to one part of speech, but there are also constructions in which they can belong to different grammatical classes, expressed by phraseological units or phrases.
For example, in the sentence “Andrey joked and laughed to tears,” the predicates are expressed by a verb (joked) and a phraseological phrase (laughed to tears), which does not prevent them from being homogeneous. 
How a series of homogeneous members is grammatically arranged
To grammatically combine homogeneous members in a sentence, both enumerative intonation and conjunctions are used. The latter can be connective (and, yes), adversative (a, but), and also divisive (or, or). In the example “She’s either talking on the phone or running to her friends” main member sentences - predicate - connected by the disjunctive conjunction “or”. And in the example: “This boy is small, but smart,” they are connected by the adversative conjunction “but.”
Comma between homogeneous subjects and predicates
The main punctuation rule when writing homogeneous members of a sentence is that in the absence of conjunctions, a comma is placed between them. Homogeneous predicates are no exception. Examples “The rain whispered, lulled, evoked languor”, “Under the sun the drops sparkled, shimmered and seemed silver” confirm this.
But notice that in the second sentence, between two of the three predicates there is a coordinating conjunction “and”, which eliminates the comma. True, this is only possible if it is not repeated, otherwise you will have to pay attention to the subtleties. 
When to use a comma in sentences with repeated conjunctions
In the construction “And his hands, and his face, and his clothes were covered with a thick layer of soot,” homogeneous subjects are connected by a repeated conjunction “and,” and this case already requires a comma to be placed between them.
In a situation where a union breaks homogeneous members into semantic pairs, each of them is taken as a single component from a homogeneous series: “Squeals and screams, laughter and the stomping of feet were heard through the open window and beckoned into the courtyard.”
Please note that homogeneous subjects and predicates in this construction are connected in different ways: the subjects “squealing and screaming”, “laughter and stomping” are collected in pairs, and there is a comma between them. And between the predicates “were heard” and “beckoned” there is a coordinating conjunction, so a comma is not needed there.
A comma is also placed in sentences where homogeneous members are connected by so-called double conjunctions (not only..., but also...; not so much... as...; if not..., then..., etc.).
Please note that in the sentence “Snow covered not only the lawn in front of the house, but also hung on the trees with a white blanket” and similar ones, the comma in the double conjunction is placed before its second part. 
Comma in sentences with several rows of homogeneous members
A sentence with homogeneous predicates (you can see examples in the article) in some cases has several rows of homogeneous members. They need to be distinguished from constructions where there is only one such row, and repeating conjunctions between homogeneous members.
In the sentence “In this house a cat and a dog lived peacefully and did not quarrel” there are 2 rows of homogeneous members (the subjects are “the cat and the dog”, as well as the predicates “they lived and did not quarrel”). They are united in pairs by the connecting conjunction “and”, which means that a comma is not used in this construction.
Sentences with homogeneous predicates: examples of colons for the main members of a sentence
A number of homogeneous members of a sentence, regardless of the part of speech by which they are expressed, may have words that have a general meaning and are equally related to each lexical unit from this series. For example, in the sentence “Fruits were piled on the counter in bright heaps: apples, pears, plums and peaches,” the generalizing word “fruit” carries a generic concept.
If a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates or other members of the sentence includes a generalizing word, a colon is placed after it. When reading, as a rule, there is a pause at this point: “Mom managed to do everything: cook dinner, do the laundry, wipe the dust and sing songs.”
By the way, the generalizing word always turns out to be the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members associated with it, since they have the same syntactic function.
Examples of dashes for main parts of a sentence
If a homogeneous series ends with a generalizing word, then it is separated by a dash: “Milk, berries, and mushrooms - everything in the village seemed especially tasty.” “Her thin hands, curls at her temples, even the flowers on her dress - everything aroused delight and seemed beautiful” - homogeneous predicates here are separated from homogeneous subjects of a dash, since they are followed by a generalizing word.
Together with a generalizing word, an introductory word can also be used (that is, in one word, namely, somehow, etc.), then a comma is placed between them: “No fleeting glances, no sudden blush, no sighs - in a word, nothing did not escape his attentive eyes.”
Some cases when a dash is placed
A dash for homogeneous members can appear not only in the case of enumeration. So, if homogeneous predicates carry a sharp semantic opposition of one in relation to another or a sudden addition, a dash is placed between them: “I went out into the garden - and froze when I saw a squirrel on the roof of the gazebo.” The dash in such sentences emphasizes the surprise, the suddenness of the action: “The prince met Cinderella and immediately fell in love with her.” 
By the way, if homogeneous members do not have unions with each other, but at the same time express opposition, they are also separated by a dash: “He is light - he is darkness, he is faith - he is unbelief.”
How to recognize heterogeneous and homogeneous predicates: examples
If words are used in a sentence to emphasize the multiplicity of objects, the duration of an action or its repetition, such members of the sentence belong to homogeneous ones.
Please note: “We sailed, sailed, sailed in a thick, impenetrable fog.” The predicate in the Russian language in this construction is considered as a single member of the sentence.
Parts of a compound predicate, which is expressed by a combination of verbs (I’ll go rest, let me look, take it and complain, etc.), cannot be homogeneous members. A construction with them cannot be considered as a sentence with homogeneous predicates.
Examples of sentences with phraseological units (neither give nor take, neither fish nor fowl, and laughter and sin, etc.) are classified according to the same criteria.
Homogeneous members of a sentence are those members that perform the same syntactic function and answer the same question. They can be both main (subject, predicate) and secondary (definition, object, adverbial) members of the sentence.
Homogeneous main members of the sentence
- subjects (perform the same action), for example:
My cousins fought constantly when they were children, but now they support each other in everything. Homogeneous subjects: brother, sister.
Trees, roads, houses, bridges, rivers - everything was covered with white snow with the arrival of winter. Homogeneous subjects: trees, roads, houses, bridges, rivers.
Apple trees, pears, plums and apricots grow in our garden. Homogeneous subjects: apple trees, pears, plums, apricots.
Dogs and cats are my pets and are always happy to see me back. Homogeneous subjects: dogs, cats.
Mathematics and computer science turned out to be those school subjects, which were very useful to him at the university. Homogeneous subjects: mathematics, computer science.
Tulips, chrysanthemums and cornflowers are very delicate and beautiful flowers. Homogeneous subjects: tulips, chrysanthemums, cornflowers.
- predicates (denote the action of one object or living creature), for example:
Today in class English language the children read and translated the story. Homogeneous predicates: read, translated.
Homogeneous minor members of the sentence
The main characteristic of homogeneous secondary members of a sentence is their dependence on the same word.
- definitions (characterize an object from the same side), for example:
Red and black laptops of the same model were delivered to the online store. Homogeneous definitions: red, black.
- additions (located in one case), for example:
From the window he saw the sky, the sun, trees, birds. Homogeneous additions: sky, sun, trees, birds.
- circumstances (can be expressed by a preposition and a noun), for example:
There was paint everywhere: on the window, on the table, and even on the ceiling. Homogeneous circumstances: on the window, on the table, on the ceiling.
Homogeneous are called members of the proposal, answering the same question, relating to the same member of the sentence and performing the same syntactic function (i.e. occupying the position of one member of the sentence).
They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinative or non-conjunctive syntactic connection. The coordinating connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.
For example: I love ice cream.I love ice cream, chocolate, cookie And cakes.
Laughing girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence.) Merry , laughing , screaming , flashy the girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part extended sentence, complicated by homogeneous members.)
Homogeneous there can be everything members of the proposal: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances.
For example:
- How boys, so girls passed the sports standards. (Boys and girls are homogeneous subjects.)
- IN big forest trees during a storm moan, are crackling, break down. (Moan, crack, break - homogeneous predicates.)
- Yellow, blue, purple sheets of paper lay on the store counter. (Yellow, blue, violet are homogeneous definitions.)
- I loved books, constructors And cartoons.
(Books, construction sets, cartoons are homogeneous additions)
- We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.(In the forest, on the river– homogeneous circumstances).
Homogeneous members can be separated from each other by other members of the sentence.
For example: The heart is not opened with an iron key, but with kindness.
Homogeneous members of the sentence may be common or uncommon.
For example: The garden is fragrant with autumn freshness, leaves and fruits.
Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.
For example: The girl answered the exam smartly, sensibly, beautiful language. (Homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, sensibly and noun phrases in excellent language.)
Due to the sudden downpour, we soaked to the skin And frozen. (Homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units, are wet to the skin and frozen by the verb.)
Complications with homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be punctuated differently.
Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and/or non-union connection. If these are minor members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.
Homogeneous members in oral speech are formed intonationally, and in written speech punctuationally.
One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.
For example:
Masha, Seryozha And Petya sat around the dining room table and painted. (Masha, Seryozha and Petya– homogeneous subjects – 1st row of homogeneous members; sat and drew– homogeneous predicates – 2nd row of homogeneous terms.)
Enumerative intonation and coordinating conjunctions are involved in the grammatical association of homogeneous members:
a) connecting: And
; Yes
in meaning And
; neither
..., neither
; How
..., so and
; not only
...,but also
; Same
; Also
;
b) adversative: A
; But
; Yes
in meaning But
; but
; however
;
c) dividing: or
; or
; That
..., That
;not that
..., not that
; either
...,either
.
For example:
Siberia has many features like in nature, So
and in human morals.
(Union How
…, so and
– connecting.)
And the Baltic Sea, although shallow, but extensively. (Union But - nasty.)
In the evenings he or read, or watched TV.(Union or – dividing.)
In rare cases, homogeneous members can be connected by subordinating conjunctions (causal, concessive), for example:
For example:
It was useful because it is educational game. Book interesting, although difficult. (In these examples, homogeneous members of the sentence: useful, because it develops; interesting, although complex - are connected using subordinating conjunctions because though.)
The following are not homogeneous members of the sentence:
1) repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.
For example: We seemed to be floating in the air and were spinning, were spinning, were spinning. White fragrant daisies run under his feet back, back (Kuprin).
Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;
2) repeating identical shapes connected by a particle no, that's right : believe it or not, try, don’t try, write like this, write like this, work like this, work like this;
3) combinations of two verbs, of which the first is lexically incomplete: I’ll take it and tell you, I took it and complained, I’ll go and have a look etc.;
4) phraseological units like: neither fluff nor feather, neither back nor forth, for nothing about anything, neither light nor dawn, neither fish nor meat, neither give nor take, neither alive nor dead, and laughter and sin, and this way and that.
In them no comma is used.