A complex plan for cultural forms. Plans C8 for the section Spiritual Culture. Topics of plans for the section Spiritual culture

Society and culture.

Culture (in fact) in a broad sense words) is everything created by the hands and spirit of man (material and spiritual culture), i.e. it is “second nature”, in contrast to the primordial nature.

The main goal of culture is to ensure the production, functioning and transmission from generation to generation of significant ideas, values, customs, beliefs, traditions, norms and rules of behavior through which people organize their life activities.

Society is a set of forms of organizing the life and activities of people, an integral system of the joint life of individuals (relationships, interaction, order, traditions, culture).

The main goal of the society is to ensure the exchange of social information between representatives various societies and cultures, as well as their unity.

Society and culture differ in the ways they influence people and how people adapt to them.

The determining factor in the fate of humanity today is not the structure of society, but the degree of cultural development.

Social cultural institutions.

The word "institute" comes from Lat. instituturn, which means “establishment, establishment, organization.” Social institutions are integral part social structure, one of the main categories of sociological analysis of society, which is usually understood as a network of ordered and interdependent connections between various elements of the social system, fixing the methods of organization and functioning characteristic of a given society. The concept of a social institution was borrowed by cultural studies from sociology and jurisprudence and largely retains the semantic connotation associated with the norms of regulatory activity of man and society, however, it has acquired a much broader interpretation, allowing one to approach cultural phenomena from the perspective of their social establishment.

Most often, a social institution is understood as some more or less stable set of formal and informal rules, principles, guidelines that regulate various spheres of human activity and organize them into a single system. With the help of the category under consideration, a certain community of people performing certain roles is designated, organized through social norms and goals. Just as often, when speaking of social institutions, they mean a system of institutions through which one or another aspect of human activity is legalized, streamlined, conserved and reproduced in society, where certain people receive authority to perform certain functions.

Social Institute- a stable set of formal and informal rules, principles, guidelines that regulate various areas human activities and organizing them into a single system

In the narrow sense is a system of institutions through which one or another aspect of human activity is legalized, streamlined, organized in society, where certain people receive authority for certain functions.

In a broad sense- these are specific sociocultural formations that ensure the relative stability of connections and relationships within the social organization of society, some historically determined ways of organizing and regulating forms of social (including cultural) activity.

All social institutions are also forms of culture, acting as an instrument of communication between culture and society, culture and civilization.

The process of formation of social institutions is called institutionalization.

Society is a very complex system of sociocultural institutionalized formations as established sets of economic, political, legal, moral, ethical, aesthetic, ritual, etc. relations. From the point of view of sociology, the most fundamental social institutions present in most, if not all, sociocultural formations include property, the state family, production cells of society, science, a system of communication means (operating both inside and outside society), education and education, law, etc. Thanks to them, the functioning of the social mechanism occurs, the processes of inculturation and socialization of individuals are carried out, the continuity of generations is ensured, skills, values and norms of social behavior are transmitted.

General structural elements of social institutions:

the purpose and scope of the institute;

normatively determined cultural roles and statuses;
means of regulation.

Any social institution arises only when the need for its existence is realized.

Types of social institutions

state;

production organizations;
system of communication means;
upbringing and education;

Functions of social institutions

regulation

control

life support

enculturation and socialization

ensuring integration

ensuring and establishing communication

conservation, preservation and reproduction of culturally significant activity regulations.

Sociological schools in cultural studies.

The most prominent representative of this school is the Russian sociologist and cultural scientist who lived most his life in the USA, Pitirim Aleksandrovich Sorokin (1899–1968), author "Social and cultural dynamics".

In his works, Sorokin presents the history of mankind as a succession of integral sociocultural super-communities, internally connected by a certain unity of values and meanings. Culture is defined by the author as value system. It sets the starting point, determines the direction of the coordinate axes when making certain decisions, when choosing one or another path of movement of the social organism.

According to Sorokin, thanks to the analysis of values, it is possible to identify types of culture, reveal its dynamics, and predict the future of civilization. In history, according to the researcher, there is an alternation of three main types of culture: ideational, idealistic and sensual.

By the first type of culture, Sorokin understands a culture that is based on the principle of the supersensibility and superintelligibility of God as the only reality and value. This type of culture was characteristic of Brahman India and Greece from the beginning of the 8th century. to the end of the 6th century, for medieval Western European culture. This type of culture was distinguished by integrity, which made it possible to harmonize the existence of an individual, freeing him from the painful process of choosing values as goals of life. However, this type of culture was doomed to disappear. Already in the 12th century, Sorokin believes, the destruction of the idealistic value system began, which led to the emergence of an idealistic culture.

The fundamental feature of an idealistic culture is the existence of two value systems that complement and mutually limit each other. This type of culture is oriented toward both God and man. A culture of this type existed in Greece in the 5th–6th centuries. BC e., during the early Renaissance, when the idealization of man reached its apogee. As examples confirming the validity of his assessments, Sorokin cites the poetry of Petrarch, the painting of Raphael, and the prose of Boccaccio. This type of culture disappears by the beginning of the 15th century.

His successor is the sensual type, the fundamental principle of which is the assertion: objective reality and its meaning are sensual. Sensual art is secular art; it reflects not spiritual, but physical beauty, and strives to give the viewer sensual pleasure. The second distinctive feature of sensual art is its realism: it strives to convey the surrounding reality with the maximum degree of verisimilitude, reflecting what is directly perceived by our senses. However, art of this type does not penetrate into the depths of things; it is illusory.

Contemporary art (and more broadly, modern culture), according to Sorokin, is sensual in its essence. It reaches the peak of its development towards the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Having passed the point of flourishing, the sensual type of culture becomes sterile and internally contradictory. Having exhausted all the possibilities for its development, it gradually gives way to a new type of culture - the ideational one, which is the future.

Sorokin believes that modern Western society is experiencing a social crisis. The researcher especially emphasizes that the cause of this crisis is hidden not in the correspondence of the material base to the superstructure (as the classics of Marxism say), not in the exhaustion of the reserve of time allotted for the existence of Western civilization (as Spengler believed, for example), but in a change in types of cultures.

Bibliography

Golovashin, V.A.

Culturology: textbook / V.A.

Golovashin. – Tambov: Tamb publishing house. state

Culturology / E. V. Golovneva, N. V. Goryutskaya, N. P. Demenkova, N. V. Rybakova. – Omsk: Omsk State Technical University Publishing House, 2005. – 84 p.

Culturology: Textbook. for students tech. universities / Coll. auto;

Ed. N. G. Bagdasaryan. - 3rd ed., rev. and additional - M.: Higher. school, 2001. pp. 38-41. Culturology: Textbook / Ed. Yu.N. Solonina, M.S. Kagan. - M.:

Higher education , 2010. - 566 p. Culturology:

Tutorial

/ Ed. prof. G.V.

Dracha. - M.: Alfa-M, 2003. - 432 p.

Culturology: Textbook / Compiled and responsible. editor A.A. Radugin. - M.: Center, 2001. - 304 p. Rudnev V.P. Dictionary of culture of the twentieth century. - M.: Agraf, 1997. - 384 p.

The spiritual life of society is the result of people’s activities in the production, consumption and transmission of spiritual values in the field of art, science, technology, education, etc. The spiritual life of society is the result of people’s activities in the production, consumption and transmission of spiritual values in the field of art, science, technology, education, etc. THE CONCEPT OF “CULTURE” Broad meaning Narrow meaning This is everything that is created by man (society) as a result of physical and mental work This is the moral state of a person (society), determined by the material conditions of life and expressed in his life, upbringing, in the achievements of science, art, literature 2. Means

mass media The media: press, radio, television - exert mass influence. Functions of mass communication: informational - providing people various information ; regulatory – impact on the audience; cultural studies – familiarization with the achievements of culture and art, preservation of cultural traditions. Trends in spiritual life modern Russia Characteristics: Mosaic

national culture

(many types of culture). Feeling weakened	national idea
. The difference in the cultural situation of the capitals and the provinces. Lagging technological equipment of domestic culture. The consumers of cultural products – people – are changing.
Of which two or more are detailed in sub-clauses. Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions Points – the correctness of the wording of the plan items in terms of their compliance with the given topic; 1) The concept of spiritual culture./ Spiritual culture is the totality of products and results of spiritual activity. 2) Main trends in the development of culture: b) the function of transmitting social experience (preservation and transmission of social memory of generations); d) regulatory (normative) function (determination (regulation) of various aspects, types of public and personal activities of people); e) goal-setting, value function (formation of reference, idealized values, ideals that serve as incentives and goals in human life); f) semiotic or sign function (culture has a set of signs, symbols, for example, language). 4) Basic structural elements of culture: a) concepts and relationships between them; b) values and ideals; c) moral principles; d) rules and regulations. 5) Forms of culture: a) traditional culture; b) elite culture; c) mass culture; d) screen culture. 6) Elements (universal phenomena) of culture: b) religion; c) morality; d) education. 7) Diversity and dialogue of cultures in modern world. 8) Specifics of spiritual life in modern Russia. A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan is possible. They can be presented in nominative, question or mixed form.
	2
OR	1
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic	0
Maximum score	2

C8.3.2.

“Science and its role in the life of society”

(other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	national idea
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: – compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with the plan complex type.
One of the options for a plan for covering this topic: 1) The concept of science./ Science is a field of activity aimed at obtaining and understanding knowledge./ Science is a set of structures and methods of organized cognitive activity. 2) Structural elements Sciences: a) systematized views of the world around us; b) a social institution consisting of a system of research centers, institutions, and associations; c) community of people, scientific community. 3) Specific features of science: a) objectivity; b) rationalism; c) consistency and orderliness; d) verifiability (verifiability); d) special language and special preparation. 4) Main functions of science: a) cognitive-explanatory knowledge and explanation of the structure of the world); b) ideological (building an integral system of knowledge about the world); c) cognitive (epistemological) function (comprehension of phenomena and objects of the material world); d) prognostic (making forecasts about the consequences of changes in the surrounding world); e) social (impact on people’s living conditions, the nature of work, the system of social relations); e) production (direct productive force). 5) Science levels: a) fundamental science; b) applied research and development projects. 6) Classification of sciences: a) accurate; b) natural; c) social and humanitarian. 7) Science and scientific revolutions, scientific and technological progress. 8) Ethics of science and responsibility of scientists to society in the modern world. 9) Problems of the development of science in the modern Russian Federation.
The wording of the plan items is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan.	2
Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan. OR The wording of the plan items reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).	1
	0
Maximum score	2

C8.3.3.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic « Modern science and responsibility of scientists". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	national idea
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: – the correctness of the wording of the plan items in terms of their compliance with the given topic; – compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for a plan for covering this topic: 1) Modern science is the direct productive force of society. 2) Specifics of modern science: a) increased opportunities to influence nature and society; c) direct impact on the lifestyle and nature of people’s work; d) the opportunity to study micro and macro worlds. 3) Main directions of scientific and technological progress: a) space exploration; b) genetic engineering and biotechnology (creation organic matter with predefined properties); c) research in the field of creating new types of fuel and energy; d) studying the possibilities and prospects of artificial intelligence. 4) Factors of increasing responsibility of scientists for their research: a) dual purpose of a number of inventions (creation of new types of weapons of mass destruction); b) moral ambiguity of a number of studies (cloning living organisms); c) negative, harmful effects of a number of scientific research on nature; 5) The need to preserve the humanistic essence of science. A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan is possible. They can be presented in nominative, question or mixed form.
The wording of the plan items is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan.	2
Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan. OR The wording of the plan items reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).	1
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic	0
Maximum score	2

C8.3.4.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “The social and personal significance of education”. Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	national idea
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: – the correctness of the wording of the plan items in terms of their compliance with the given topic; – compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for a plan for covering this topic: 1) Education as a social institution./ Education – key factor broadcasting and multiplying social experience. 2) Basic principles of modern Russian education: a) the humanistic nature of education, the priority of universal human values, the right of the individual to free development; b) the unity of federal education with the right to the uniqueness of the formation of national and regional cultures; c) universal accessibility of education and adaptability of the education system to the needs of students; d) the secular nature of education in government institutions; e) freedom and pluralism in education; f) democratic, state-public nature of management, independence of educational institutions. 3) Main trends in the development of education: a) humanization (taking into account individual spiritual needs and needs of participants in the educational process); b) internationalization (bringing together national educational systems, forming a single global educational space); c) humanitarization (increasing role and importance of social and humanitarian educational disciplines); d) computerization (informatization of education). 4) Education system and its elements: a) preschool education; b) basic and secondary general education; c) primary and secondary specialized education; d) higher professional education; d) additional education for children and adults. 5) The main directions of modernization of Russian education. 6) Continuing Education, variability, individual educational trajectory - the need for individual success in modern society. A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan is possible. They can be presented in nominative, question or mixed form.
The wording of the plan items is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan.	2
Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan. OR The wording of the plan items reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).	1
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic	0
Maximum score	2

C8.3.5.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Religion and its role in the life of society". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	national idea
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: – the correctness of the wording of the plan items in terms of their compliance with the given topic; – compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for a plan for covering this topic: 1) Religion as a universal form of culture./ The essence of religion and religious beliefs 2) Characteristic signs religions: a) belief in the supernatural; b) recognition of the theocentric picture of the world; c) the idea of creationism (the creation of the world by higher powers); d) irrationalism and mysticism. 3) Structural elements of religion: a) views of the world that are based on belief in God, deities, spirits, ghosts and other supernatural beings who created everything on Earth and man himself; b) actions that constitute a cult, in which a religious person expresses his attitude towards otherworldly forces and enters into relationships with them through prayer, sacrifice, etc.; c) norms and rules of behavior that a person must follow in his daily life; d) the unification of believers into one organization (denomination, church). 4) Functions of religion: a) ideological (formation of a holistic picture of the world); b) normative (regulation social relations and human behavior); c) compensatory (support and consolation of people in difficult psychological moments of their lives); d) communicative (promoting communication and communication between people). 5) Stages of development of religion: a) early archaic religious views (totemism, animism, shamanism, etc.); b) national religions(Zoroastrianism, Hinduism, Judaism, etc.); c) world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Islam). 6) Religions and confessions in the modern world. 7) Religious consciousness and freedom of conscience. A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan is possible. They can be presented in nominative, question or mixed form.
The wording of the plan items is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan.	2
Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan. OR The wording of the plan items reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).	1
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic	0
Maximum score	2

C8.3.6.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "World Religions". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	national idea
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: – the correctness of the wording of the plan items in terms of their compliance with the given topic; – compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for a plan for covering this topic: 1) The concept of world religions./ World religions are the religions of the majority of people in the world. 2) Characteristic features of world religion: a) widespread in the world; b) openness, denial of ethical selectivity; c) a universal set of values. 3) The most important world religions: a) Buddhism; b) Christianity; 4) Confessional world of world religions. 5) The humanistic mission of religions in the modern world, religious tolerance and freedom of conscience. 6) The confessional world of modern Russia. A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan is possible. They can be presented in nominative, question or mixed form.
The wording of the plan items is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan.	2
Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan. OR The wording of the plan items reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).	1
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic	0
Maximum score	2

C8.3.7.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Art in the spiritual life of society". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	national idea
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: – the correctness of the wording of the plan items in terms of their compliance with the given topic; – compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for a plan for covering this topic: 1) Art as special shape spiritual culture./ Art is a way of understanding the world through artistic images. 2) Characteristic features of art: a) irrationalism; b) symbolism; c) subjectivism; d) imagery and clarity. 3) Key Features arts: a) hedonistic (brings joy to a person); b) compensatory (makes up for a person’s dissatisfaction with real life); c) communicative (is a means of communication in the cultural space); d) aesthetic (transformation of the world based on beauty); e) educational (formation of moral and aesthetic qualities of the individual); f) cognitive (forms an artistic, aesthetic picture of the world). 4) Main types of art: a) the art of words (literature); b) the art of sound (music); c) the art of color (painting); d) the art of gesture (dance, pantomime); e) synthetic arts (theater, cinema). 5) Universal and national in the development of art. 6) Specificity of art in information society: the emergence of new types of art. A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan is possible. They can be presented in nominative, question or mixed form.
The wording of the plan items is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan.	2
Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan. OR The wording of the plan items reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).	1
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic	0
Maximum score	2

C8.3.8.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Morality and morality in people's lives". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	national idea
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: – the correctness of the wording of the plan items in terms of their compliance with the given topic; – compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for a plan for covering this topic: 1) Morality as a special form of spiritual culture./ Morality is a set of approved public opinion normal 2) The most important aspects (sides) of morality: a) cognitive (formation of a moral picture of the world); b) evaluative (evaluation of social phenomena and people’s actions from the perspective of good and evil); c) regulatory (a set of norms supported by public opinion). a) good and evil; b) duty and conscience; c) justice; d) honor and dignity; d) happiness. 4) Moral culture of the individual and society. 5) Golden Rule morality is the universal law of human life in society. A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan is possible. They can be presented in nominative, question or mixed form.
The wording of the plan items is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan.	2
Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan. OR The wording of the plan items reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).	1
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic	0
Maximum score	2

C8.3.9.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Philosophy and its role in the spiritual life of society”. Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	national idea
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: – the correctness of the wording of the plan items in terms of their compliance with the given topic; – compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for a plan for covering this topic: 1) Philosophy as a special form of spiritual culture./ Philosophy is a special form of spiritual development by man of the surrounding world. 2) Areas of philosophical knowledge: a) ontology (knowledge about existence, about being); b) epistemology (the study of knowledge); c) philosophical anthropology (the study of man); d) social philosophy (the doctrine of society). 3) The purpose of philosophy in society: a) formation methodological foundations cognitive activity; b) searching for answers to fundamental questions of human existence and society. 4) What is common and different between philosophy and science. 5) Idealism and materialism are the main directions in philosophical search. 6) The relevance of philosophical search in the modern world. A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan is possible. They can be presented in nominative, question or mixed form.
The wording of the plan items is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan.	2
Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan. OR The wording of the plan items reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).	1
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic	0
Maximum score	2