Prohibited weapon. Worse than death. Five of the scariest types of banned weapons
As soon as weapons appeared, they tried to ban some of their types. Homer spoke disapprovingly of the bow, the weapon of cowards. The popes unsuccessfully banned the crossbow. But only in the 20th century, the issue of banning certain types of weapons was approached thoroughly.
Dum-dum bullets
These bullets, also known as expansion bullets, got their name from the fact that they were developed at a British weapons factory located in the working-class suburb of Calcutta, Dum-dum.
Such bullets with a shell cut off at the nose open like a flower and cause terrible wounds. In the early 1890s, dum-dum bullets appeared, and already in 1899 they were banned by the Declaration on the Non-Use of Easily Unfolding and Flattening Bullets, adopted at the Hague Conference - the first peace conference in history, convened at the initiative of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II.
The reason for the ban is the "excessive cruelty" of these ammunition.
But expansive bullets still exist quite officially - in hunting and police weapons: a high stopping power is combined with a low probability of hitting right through when hitting a target, which reduces the risk of hitting bystanders.
Chemical weapon
Primitive chemical weapons from improvised means were used back in Ancient Greece. But on an industrial scale, it began to be used in I world war. However, despite the lethality of its action, chemical weapons showed low efficiency. In 1928, the Protocol on the Prohibition of the Use of Asphyxiating, Poisonous and Other Gases in Military Operations was signed in Geneva.
The ban did not help, and during World War II, the aggressors - Germany and Japan - used poisonous substances: to clean up stubbornly defending fortifications and quarries where partisans were hiding.
Chemical weapon It was also used later: in the Vietnam War (1964-1973) it was used by both sides, as well as in the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988).
The last time toxic substances were banned was in 1997, when the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction came into force. It is expected that the complete elimination of chemical weapons is expected by 2017-19.
Napalm
The predecessor of napalm can be considered "Greek fire" - a combustible mixture invented by the Byzantines in the 7th century. "Greek fire" burned even on the surface of the water.
Napalm was invented in the United States in 1942 and was used by the army of this country during World War II, in Korean War in (1950-1953) and especially widely - during the Vietnam War. Napalm was also used by other countries: Israel, Iraq, Argentina.
Since the destructive effect of napalm spreads uncontrollably, civilians often suffered from it. And in 1980, the UN adopted the “Protocol on the Prohibition or Restriction of the Use of Incendiary Weapons”.
anti-personnel mines
According to statistics, mines account for a tenth of total number losses. There were, however, exceptions: in the Korean War (1950-1953), the losses from mines in the UN troops amounted to 40%, and in the Vietnamese - 60-70%.
Mines have a huge psychological effect: to force soldiers to advance on minefield(with losses less than from shelling) neither orders nor threats could.
The inhumanity of this type of weapons lies in the fact that even many years after the end of hostilities, civilians continue to be blown up on them. In 1997, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of anti-personnel mines and about their destruction. But despite the decision of the Ottawa Convention, the ban is being violated everywhere.
cluster munitions
The forerunner of this weapon can be considered an ordinary hunting shotgun. The development of the idea was artillery buckshot and then shrapnel. The very first cluster bombs were used by the Germans, who in 1939 attacked Polish troops ordinary bombs stuffed with hundreds of small bombs. By the end of the last century, cluster munitions had become very effective weapons, as the military conflicts of that time proved.
Due to the imperfection of the fuses, not all bombs exploded, actually turning into anti-personnel mines. Despite the improvement in the mechanisms of fuses and self-liquidators, these weapons were recognized as inhumane.
In 2008, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Cluster Munitions and on Their Destruction was signed in Dublin. However, the largest producers of cluster munitions - the USA, Russia, China - did not sign this agreement.
Biological weapons
From ancient times, the corpses of the dead from the plague were thrown into the besieged cities in order to cause an epidemic among the defenders. Most famous case- the siege of the Genoese fortress in the Crimea by the Mongols in 1346, when, after such a bombardment, the Black Death, having spread, mowed down from a third to a half of Europe.
During the Second World War, the Japanese used bacteriological weapons, but achieved modest results - no more than 700 people in the period from 1940 to 1945.
This type of weapon has a huge disadvantage: pathogens are practically uncontrollable and do not distinguish their own from others. Breaking free, they will destroy all life in their path indiscriminately. In addition, they can mutate, and these changes are difficult to predict. This "double-edged" weapon was decided to be banned. In 1972, the "Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Biological Weapons and Toxins and Their Destruction" was signed in Geneva.
The weapons are used by terrorists who do not recognize any conventions. In the 20th century, about a dozen cases of planned and committed bioterror attacks were recorded. The most famous is the distribution of letters with disputes anthrax in 2001.
climate weapon
Unlike the types of extermination of mankind described above, it is hypothetical. An artificial impact on the weather and climate of both a single territory and the whole continent is assumed.
However, there have been several examples of such changes in history. The most famous is Operation Spinach, when the US military during Vietnam War achieved a significant lengthening of the rainy season and an increase in their intensity three times. forest roads turned into swamps, enemy communications were disrupted. Also, for many years, the natural balance was seriously disturbed, entire populations of animals and plants perished. Despite the monstrous financial expenses for the operation, the real combat benefit was small.
This and other experiments on nature led to the conclusion that, first of all, not the direct enemy would suffer, but humanity as a whole. In 1978, the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Means of Influencing the Natural Environment came into force.
Now active work on the impact on weather carried out in a number of states. It can always be said that research is carried out purely for peaceful purposes.
Every year the art of killing becomes more elegant. It has already reached the point that some types of weapons have begun to be banned. We will talk about five of them.
Expansive bullets
Expansive bullets are banned from use in military operations due to "excessive cruelty." Therefore, for using them in international conflicts can give you a hat. Although, in civil life(on hunting and in the police) these flowers of death are still allowed.
Feature of bullets: easily open or flatten in the human body. These bullets have a hard jacket that does not completely cover them. It has cuts or holes.
When hitting a target, expansive bullets "open" like a flower, increasing in cross section and effectively transferring their kinetic energy to the target. For this, they were recognized as "excessively cruel", and they were allowed to frighten only civilians.
torture
According to a strict classification, the torture of prisoners of war is not directly related to weapons. However, if the purpose of the interrogation is to clarify the plans of the enemy, and the information is "obtained" by the influence of a violent nature, then the role of "interrogations with passion" is quite comparable with the function of guns and bombs. After all, secrets, like weapons, are vital to defeating the enemy.
So if suddenly one day you are locked in a dark basement and tortured, intending to extract your bank card password from you, tell the attackers in all seriousness that their actions are illegal.
Source: faluninfo.ru
Nuclear weapons in space
There are still insolent countries in the world that are not going to give up nuclear weapons (USA, Russia, China, Great Britain, France, India, Pakistan, North Korea). especially for them, the Treaty on the principles of the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies (UN General Assembly) was drawn up.
Subject of the ban: launching into orbit around the Earth of any objects with nuclear weapons or any other type of weapon mass destruction, the installation of such weapons on celestial bodies and placing it in outer space in some other way. We sincerely hope that the above-mentioned states do not overstep the boundaries of what is permitted by the Treaty.
Source: popmech.ru
Biological weapons
Biological weapons - ancient, simple and effective method destruction of the masses. At the same time, it has several significant drawbacks that severely limit the possibilities of its combat use. These are microbial or other biological agents and toxins not intended for prevention, protection or other peaceful purposes.
The main prohibiting document: “Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) Weapons and Toxins and Their Destruction (Geneva, 1972). As of January 2012, 165 countries have “signed” the Convention.
Source: depositphotos.com
Expansive bullets also failed to circumvent international bans. Often they are confused with explosive bullets, but this is far from the same thing. Explosive bullets contain an explosive charge, but expansion bullets do not. The latter are based on the principle of expansion - the ability of a bullet to expand, increasing its original diameter when it hits the soft tissues of the human body or other soft environment.
Expansive bullets, hitting a person, open inside like a flower, so they managed to get the poetic, but gloomy name "flowers of death." Currently, the use of such bullets in military conflicts is prohibited due to their "excessive cruelty", but the bullets are still widely used today, for example, by hunters.
Expansive bullets have a number of features that determine their use so far. Such bullets can be used where ammunition with higher penetrating power can cause serious collateral damage (for example, in aircraft). In fact, expansion bullets have two interrelated purposes:
- increase the diameter of the bullet at the entrance to the target, which ensures maximum tissue damage in the human body, severe pain shock and large blood loss;
- and, without going beyond the affected target, spend its kinetic energy inside, in contrast to if the bullet passed right through and continued its movement outside the affected target.
Ban
Expanding bullets were banned on the basis of a declaration that was adopted in The Hague back in 1899, which entered into force on July 29, 1899. Later, the ban on their use was repeated in 1907 by the Second Hague Peace Convention. The main prohibiting document: " Declaration on the use of bullets that expand or flatten easily in the human body"(The Hague, 1899).
Prohibited subject: The use of bullets that expand or flatten easily in the human body, such as bullets with a hard jacket that does not completely cover the bullet, holes or slits, in international armed conflicts. "Opening" like a flower when hitting a target, such bullets increased in cross section, effectively transferring their kinetic energy to the affected object.
It is curious that this ban is steadily implemented by most states of the world, if we talk about ammunition officially adopted by the armies. That, however, did not prevent countries from circumventing this ban during wars. A soldier could make such bullets in an artisanal way right on the front line. True, the soldiers who were captured and were convicted of using expansive bullets did not have the most pleasant fate.
Expansive bullets
Most of the bullets used in late XIX century, had a slight stopping effect. Often they simply passed through the body of a person right through without causing him serious enough damage.
It all started with a revolution in small arms, which was driven by the transition from black black powder to smokeless powder. This was accompanied by a decrease in the caliber of weapons (from 10-12 mm to 6-8 mm). To improve the ballistic characteristics of the bullets fired from such weapons, they began to be coated with a metal sheath.
And it soon became clear that small-caliber shell bullets have a very low stopping power, piercing the enemy's body right through and leaving neat inlet and outlet holes in his body. Such bullets could cause fatal damage only when they hit vital organs. England, which waged colonial wars, faced such a problem rather quickly, and the British military leadership even set the task of creating a bullet that "could inflict a wound severe enough to stop even the most implacable fanatic" (original wording).
In 1890, the English officer Neville Bertie-Clay from the British arsenal Dum-dum near Calcutta took up the solution of the task. Later, the name Dum-dum was even able to gain a foothold for expansive bullets, it can still be found in the literature. Clay came up with the idea of simply sawing off the nose of the bullet, thanks to which it began to transfer significantly more kinetic energy to the body.
At the same time, Neville did not even think that he had created something truly terrible. He provided samples of bullets to his superiors, they liked the idea, and already in 1898 these bullets were massively used in the battle of Omdurman in Sudan. The effect of using bullets was simply stunning: wounding a person with such bullets led to horrific damage to the bones of the skeleton, disability or painful death.
Contrary to popular belief, Neville Bertie-Clay did not cross-groove his bullets. Such cuts appeared later and were performed in field conditions by the soldiers themselves. It was the easiest and cheapest way to modify ammunition. Since the popularity of such bullets only grew over time, the soldiers simply made cross-shaped cuts on the bullet. Getting into the body, such a bullet opened up like flower petals, its penetrating effect decreased, and its stopping effect, on the contrary, increased. Colonel Hill, who was a member of the Boer War, noted that it is better to get two wounds from ordinary bullets than one from an expansion bullet.
Since, when it hit the soft tissues of the body, an expansive bullet inflicted severe injuries on a person, a few years after the mass use at the first Hague Peace Conference in 1899, such bullets were officially banned as inhumane and violating the customs and laws of warfare weapons. The 1907 conference upheld the ban, although when it came to serious military conflicts, the ban was often "forgotten".
The variety of targets, as well as their properties, has led to the emergence of a very large number of expansive bullets that are different in their design. At the same time, there are not so many fundamental methods that could give the pool the properties of increased deformation in the target being hit. The first and one of the simplest and most common ways is to cut the bullet itself or its shell.
Notches can be located both at the top of the bullet (cross-split), and on the head and leading parts of the bullet (the so-called side notches or side-split). From a technological point of view, such cuts can be applied to the bullet not only from the outside, but also from the inside of the shell. The number of such cuts, as well as their profile, is determined by the material of the shell of the bullet, as well as the required degree of deformation when the bullet meets the barrier. Such a bullet opens with significant penetration into the body of the victim.
The second, no less common way is to create a cavity located in the head of the bullet (hollow point). At the same time, the shape of this cavity can seriously differ; it is also formed based on the deformation specified for the bullet. When using a bullet with a cavity, its ballistic performance can be improved by using a soft cap that will close the cavity.
In some cases, to increase the effect of a bullet on a target, a plastic substance (for example, paraffin, wax, etc.) is placed in a closed cavity. At the same time, in bullets that are intended for use in close combat, the diameter of the cavity made is usually close to the caliber (manstopper).
The third method is similar to the second, but is based on the wedge effect. The cavity located in the head of the bullet is closed by a detail, which, when it hits the target, seems to push the bullet itself apart, tearing the shell. The effect is enhanced by the air that remains inside the bullet. This is how Action/DAG bullets work, while HOXIE bullets use a steel ball as a wedge.
All of the above methods for increasing the expansion of bullets can be used for both jacketed and non-jacketed bullets. In this case, for shell bullets, another method can be used: exposing the soft core on the head part (soft nose). These bullets are widely used in cartridges for non-automatic and short-barreled weapons.
At the same time, in long-barreled weapons, the top of the bullet very often deforms in the process of chambering, which adversely affects the accuracy of firing. To eliminate this drawback, the exposed soft core is protected with a thin-walled aluminum or copper cap (silvertip).
It is necessary to understand, no matter what advantages expansive bullets have, jacketed ones often have significant advantages. In particular, the supply of jacketed bullets from the magazine is more reliable, since they have a hard toe that is not damaged when the cartridge is sent and stored, and the penetrating power of these bullets is much higher. In addition, there is an opinion (which echoes today with the use of anti-personnel mines) that in the course of hostilities it is more rational not to kill, but to injure an enemy soldier, since the evacuation of the wounded from the battlefield and his subsequent treatment in hospitals diverts additional forces. In this regard, jacketed bullets, which have an artificially low lethal force, have a clear advantage.
Since 1899, due to the not very clear wording of prohibition documents and the constant progress in the development of small arms, the ban has repeatedly become the subject of controversy and discussion, including at the political level. For example, the use of small-caliber high-velocity bullets of the American 5.56x45 mm cartridge for assault rifle M16, which they tried to equate to expansive. Upon hitting the target, such bullets fragmented, causing very heavy damage, which was comparable to the damage caused by expansion bullets.
The resulting discussions resulted in prohibitions or restrictions on the use of certain weapons that could be considered excessively damaging or indiscriminate. In 1979 on International Conference The UN adopted a resolution, which contained a request to the governments of all countries of the world - to be careful when creating systems of small-caliber weapons. The resolution also contained an appeal to specialists in wound ballistics, who were urged to develop a standardized international method for monitoring and evaluating ballistic parameters, as well as the damaging effect of small-caliber and high-velocity bullets.
However, very soon similar accusations were made against already Soviet ammunition new generation - cartridge 5.45x39 mm, after its widespread use in Afghan war. The bullets of this cartridge in the human body did not fragment in the wound channel, but could "tumble" at the target due to their low stability. To some extent, this is characteristic of all oblong-shaped bullets. Therefore, there are no clear criteria regarding compliance with the Hague Convention for such ammunition today.
As for expansion bullets, they are still used as hunting ammunition and for self-defense. They are widely used by the police. For police weapons, the presence of a significant stopping effect, combined with a low probability of hitting the target "through", is very important (this reduces the risk of hitting bystanders when using weapons on the street).
Among the wide variety of weapons created by man, there are many prohibited types. Similar weapons existed before, only few people know about it. In the Middle Ages, the obligation to ban this or that weapon was assumed by the church, which she simply “cursed”. In our time, there are various conventions, acts and agreements prohibiting the use of weapons of mass destruction and other inhumane weapons. It is about prohibited weapons that will be discussed further.
According to historians, the first flamberg sword was forged in the 15th century and around the same time it was “cursed” catholic church like an inhumane weapon, unworthy of a Christian
The soldiers' instructions of some countries clearly stated: "Any enemy soldier caught with a wave-like blade must be executed on the spot without trial"
Due to the shape of his blade, the flamberg easily cut through armor and shields, leaving lacerated wounds on the body that even modern medicine can not cope with easily.
In fact, "flaming" blades became the first weapon banned from use during hostilities.
Expanding bullets. Expansive bullets - ammunition that, when it hits the target, increases its striking ability by increasing its diameter.
These bullets were developed at the end of the 19th century by British Army Captain Neville Bertie-Clay to fight "savage fanatics" during the colonial wars.
Today, these ammunition are banned from use in military weapons, as they cause excessive damage. However, they are allowed for hunting and self-defense.
The heart of a wild boar through which an expanding bullet of 9 mm caliber passed
Anti-personnel mines. Anti-personnel mines can be various shapes, have a different principle of operation and installation method, but they are all aimed at destroying enemy manpower
In 1992, with the assistance of six non-governmental organizations The International Movement to Ban Anti-Personnel Mine
On December 3, 1997, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use and Stockpiling of Anti-Personnel Mines was signed in Ottawa. The illustration shows a map of countries where there is a threat of unexploded mines
According to 2012 statistics, every month more than 2,000 people become victims of unexploded landmines. In wars at the end of the 20th century, mines accounted for 5-10% of the total number of losses
Napalm. Napalm was invented by the Americans during World War II. In fact, this is just condensed gasoline with additives that increase the temperature and time of its burning.
Napalm is almost impossible to remove from the skin. During combustion, it not only burns through the skin, but also releases a large number of carbon monoxide.
In 1980, a protocol was adopted banning or restricting the use of incendiary weapons. According to this protocol, napalm is forbidden to be used only against the civilian population.
The United States, although it has acceded to the treaty, allows itself to apply incendiary weapon on military installations located among the accumulation of civilians
After it became possible to manufacture and store a sufficient amount of poisonous substances, the military began to consider them as a means of warfare. In 1899, the Hague Convention banned the use for military purposes of ammunition, the purpose of which is to poison enemy personnel.
Chemical weapons are the only means mass destruction, which was banned even before its use
Despite all the prohibitions, poisonous substances have been used, are being used and will continue to be used, as this is a cheap way of destruction and intimidation.
Cluster bombs are munitions filled with explosive, incendiary or chemical submunitions, which increase the area of effect and damage.
American cassette system CBU-105 Sensor Fuzed Weapon with homing submunitions
Russian cluster bomb RBC-500. The illustration shows a modification equipped with fragmentation submunitions. There is also anti-tank with homing submunitions
In May 2008, a convention was issued to ban the use of cluster munitions. However, it is absolutely useless, since the largest holders of such bombs (USA, Russia and China) did not sign it.
Biological weapons are considered the most ancient means of mass destruction. Sick people were sent to the camp of the enemy or sources were poisoned fresh water
The most "famous" in the field of experiments with bacteria and viruses received Detachment 731. These Japanese scientists killed thousands of prisoners of war and civilians in the course of their experiments.
In Geneva, in 1972, a convention was agreed on a ban on the development, stockpiling and use of biological weapons and toxins. And all available substances had to be destroyed
The worst thing about this type of weapon is its uncontrollability. Bacteria and viruses released into the wild can begin to mutate, which leads to irreparable consequences.
Blinding laser weapon. On October 13, 1995, the Convention on the Prohibition of laser weapons, the main or one of the main tasks of which is to cause irreversible damage to the eyes of the enemy
According to the American version, on April 4, 1997, a Chinese ZM-87 laser was fired at a helicopter from a Russian ship passing along the Canadian-American border. coast guard. As a result, the pilot suffered a severe retinal burn.
The most attractive thing about blinding lasers is that you don’t need sniper skills to shoot from it, because its beam has no mass and is very long-range, and it takes a minimum of energy and time to completely burn out the retina
Today, more “humane lasers” (dazzlers) are being actively developed, which only temporarily blind the enemy and do not cause irreparable damage to the visual organs.
Climate weapons. On October 5, 1978, an unusual convention came into force prohibiting any change in the structure, composition and dynamics of the Earth for military purposes.
The United States had plenty of time to experiment with nature in the 60s. They sprayed over Vietnam a composition that enhances monsoon showers, tried to artificially create a tsunami and even control typhoons.
Although climate weapon never officially invented, on June 5, 1992, the Convention on biodiversity, which further limited intervention in the affairs of nature
Despite the reasonableness of such preventive measures, it seems extremely doubtful whether any country can prove that it was hit by a climate weapon.
Space-based nuclear weapons. The exploration of outer space has always been a military task. The militarization of outer space has been and remains the cherished dream of the military of all countries with their own space program
On October 10, 1967, an agreement drawn up by the UN General Assembly came into force on the principles of the activities of states in the exploration of space and space bodies.
According to this document, it was forbidden to place nuclear or other weapons of mass destruction in orbit. However, the placement of less dangerous weapons is not prohibited.
In fact, now there are things more important than the militarization of space. First you need to clean up all the garbage that we have already sent there.
111. In my opinion, Serebryakov is a very good actor. There are very few actors of this magnitude left in Russia. A very rich filmography, a lot of patriotic characters played.
222. With all his virtues, he makes one big mistake- speaks out on issues in which he does not understand at all. He, of course, can express his civil position, but it would be better if he did not. Let politicians deal with politics, and let actors promote high art.
333. I still do not understand why and why he is justified. Left and left. Live where you like. The world is big, show it to your children and be happy.
So no - drove some shnyaga about the fact that life is cheaper there. So you don't seem to be the poorest.
444. Finally, if you work in Russia, earning for yourself, your family and a house in Canada, then why are you pouring mud on this Russia and its population? So there are 2 options - either work in Russia, but silently; or shoot-play in Canada, scolding Russians.
555. "I have claims to the authorities of my country, but I will not decide them with you." - so Vladimir Semenovich Vysotsky once answered the question American journalist about the attitude towards the authorities of the USSR. He was not asked this question again. So Serebryakov had to answer, but the mind was not enough, and age, probably, is already affecting.
Pat Simmons
26.02.2019
"The Captured State". Post... (1)
About 30 years ago, the process of fragmentation of the population of this small republic began. First, Transnistria broke away, then the Moldovans themselves began to find out whether they were Romanians or, after all, Moldovans. And what is the name of their language - Romanian or Moldovan. In parallel with this, there was a sharp division into rich and poor. Under this nationalist noise, those in power successfully tore apart the legacy former USSR, and the whole of Moldova was divided into super-rich and super-poor.
And for all 30 years, these processes of fermentation and split have been successfully continuing: the titular ones are still being sorted out - Moldavians or Romanians, and what their language is called, the non-titular ones hastened to get out of harm's way. And in this muddy water an international gang of high-ranking thieves stole from the state treasury about 13.5 billion Moldovan lei, which at that rate = $ 1 billion. They say the truth - three Moldovans have five different opinions. Dozens of parties and parties differ from each other only in names, the political elite is busy with squabbles, showdowns and mutual accusations. And everyone steals, steals, steals...
gaidar
26.02.2019
S-400 missiles that fell into the sea... (9)
Is there one thing I don't understand? Russia has a narrow border with China, so why ...... our Warriors will meddle with secret weapon in the English Channel? It's definitely something ours are up to !!! One pleases that if they planned it, then to protect the fatherland !!! since we are not engaged in aggressorism! And others, and so without capturing, will join us\"Salted drunk \"!!!
Vladimir S
26.02.2019
Promises remained promises - ... (5)
What a fool. Buffoon.
Rearmament is underway, in some ways better / faster, in some ways slower than we would like.
Name at least one country where, with such a large-scale rearmament, there are no delays,\"expert \"?
midashko
26.02.2019
There was information about the mass ex... (2)
There is no idiocy in the country. Patriotic education in its infancy. Anti-patriotic at the height of his power. The school does not educate, but only provides educational services. Government is a branch of the oligarchy. Pilot education civil aviation it is practically impossible to get: those who wish do not have money, and the majors do not need it. The salary is low, to serve on Wrangel Island? It is possible, but! Does the wife need to work? should it wither away, but do children need to be educated? Yes, and the attitude of society is cool. Civil service is in fashion, all sorts of Akaki Akakichi, you sit for yourself, follow the instructions of your superiors, you are not responsible for anything, you take bribes, again the pension is high - beauty.
Therefore, I am not surprised that such a situation with personnel.
I wonder how it is with officers in the Navy? I’m not talking about Sevastopol and Novorossiysk, there, especially if in the mosquito fleet, I think it’s satisfactory. But there is the North, Kamchatka, Soviet Harbor... How are the officers?
I am sure that the previous commentator is wrong - the note has nothing to do with provocation. And discord is brought not by the one who reveals the shortcomings, but by the one who creates or hides them.