Wedding

Deforestation and destruction of wild animals. Consequences of mass deforestation in Russia

Forest filters water and regulates the water cycle in nature. It retains moisture in the soil longer than an unforested area, since evaporation from wooded soil and release of moisture from tree leaves is much slower. Thereby Forest makes it possible to more evenly fill streams and rivers with water, especially during the snowmelt period. The risk of flooding in wooded areas is much lower than in areas with few trees. Forest reduces demolition and leaching of soil by wind, water, scree and snow avalanches and thus prevents landscape karstization. In addition, the groundwater level is protected from lowering due to the root system of trees. Forest is a carbon store, since it constantly binds carbon from carbon dioxide adsorbed in leaves and needles. One kilogram of dry wood contains about 500 grams of carbon. Through the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air and the sequestration of carbon in wood, the share of CO2, which is the cause of the greenhouse effect, is reduced in the atmosphere.

The process of deforestation is topical issue in many parts the globe, because it affects their ecological, climatic and socio-economic characteristics. Deforestation leads to a decrease in biodiversity, wood reserves for industrial use and quality of life, as well as an increase in the greenhouse effect due to a decrease in photosynthesis.

The consequences of deforestation are completely unknown and not verified by sufficient scientific data, which causes active controversy in the scientific community. The scale of deforestation can be observed in satellite images of the Earth, which can be accessed, for example, using the program
Define real speed deforestation is quite difficult, since the organization involved in recording these data (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO) mainly relies on official data from the relevant ministries individual countries. According to the estimates of this organization, the total losses in the world for the first 5 years of the 21st century amounted to 7.3 million hectares of forest annually. The World Bank estimates that 80% of logging in Peru and Bolivia is illegal, and 42% in Colombia. The process of the disappearance of the Amazon forests in Brazil is also happening much faster than scientists thought.

Globally, deforestation rates were declining in the 1980s and 1990s, as they were from 2000 to 2005. Based on these trends, it is estimated that reforestation efforts over the next half century will result in a 10% increase in forest area. However, reducing the rate of deforestation does not solve the problems already created by this process.

The consequences of deforestation:

1) The habitat for the inhabitants of the forest (animals, fungi, lichens, grasses) is being destroyed. They may disappear completely.

2) The forest with its roots holds the top fertile soil layer. Without support, the soil can be blown away by the wind (you get a desert) or water (you get ravines).

3) The forest evaporates a lot of water from the surface of its leaves. If you remove the forest, then the air humidity in the area will decrease, and the soil moisture will increase (a swamp may form).

The thesis that after deforestation the amount of oxygen will decrease is incorrect from an ecological point of view (the forest, as a developed ecosystem, absorbs as much oxygen for animals and fungi as it produces for plants), but it can work in the Unified State Examination.

The impact of forests on the environment is extremely diverse. It manifests itself, in particular, in the fact that forests:
- are the main supplier of oxygen on the planet;
- directly affect water regime both in the territories occupied by them and in the adjacent territories and regulate the balance of water;
—- reduce the negative impact of droughts and dry winds, restrain the movement of moving sands;
- softening the climate, contribute to the increase in crop yields;
— absorb and/transform part of atmospheric chemical pollution;
— protect soils from water and wind erosion, mudflows, landslides, coastal destruction and other unfavorable geological processes;

Millennia ago, almost the entire Earth was covered with forests. They spread to North America, occupied a significant share Western Europe. The vast territories of Africa, South America and Asia were dense forests. But with the growth in the number of people, their active development of land for economic needs, the process of deforestation and mass deforestation began.

What are the benefits of forests?

People use the forest for many purposes: they get food, medicines, raw materials for the paper industry.

Wood, needles and tree bark are raw materials for many industries. chemical industry. About half of the extracted wood goes to fuel needs, and a third goes to construction.

A quarter of all medicines used are derived from rainforest plants. Through photosynthesis, forests give us oxygen to breathe while absorbing carbon dioxide.

Trees protect the air from poisonous gases, soot and other pollution, noise. Phytoncides produced by the majority coniferous plants destroy pathogenic microorganisms.

Forests are habitats for many animals - these are real pantries biodiversity. They are involved in creating a favorable microclimate for agricultural plants.

Forest areas protect the soil from erosion processes by preventing surface runoff of precipitation. The forest is like a sponge that first accumulates and then releases water to streams and rivers, regulates the flow of water from the mountains to the plains, and prevents floods.

The most deep river world - the Amazon, and the forests included in its basin are considered the lungs of the Earth.

Damage from deforestation

Despite the fact that forests are a renewable resource, the rate of their deforestation is too high - they simply cannot keep up with us.

Millions of hectares of deciduous and coniferous forests. Tropical forests, which are home to more than 50% of the species that exist on Earth, used to cover 14% of the planet, and now only 6%.

India's forested areas have shrunk from 22% to 10% in the last half century. Coniferous forests are being destroyed central regions Russia, tracts of forests on Far East and in Siberia, and swamps appear on the site of clearings. Valuable pine and cedar forests are cut down.

Deforestation is. The deforestation of the planet leads to sharp temperature changes, changes in the amount of precipitation and wind speeds.

Burning forests causes carbon monoxide pollution in the air, more carbon monoxide is emitted than is absorbed. Also, when forests are cleared, carbon is released into the air, which accumulates in the soil under the trees. This contributes about a quarter of the process of creating a greenhouse effect on Earth.

Many areas left without forest as a result of deforestation or fires become deserts, as the loss of trees leads to the fact that a thin fertile layer of soil is easily washed away by precipitation.

Desertification causes a huge number of ecological refugees - ethnic groups for whom the forest was the main or only source of existence. Many inhabitants of the forest territories disappear along with their home.

Plants of irreplaceable species used to obtain medicines, and many biological resources valuable to mankind are being destroyed. More than a million biological species living in tropical forests are under threat of extinction.

Soil erosion that develops after logging leads to floods, since nothing can stop the flow of water. Level violations lead to floods groundwater, as the roots of trees that feed on them die.

For example, as a result of extensive deforestation at the foot of the Himalayas, Bangladesh began to suffer from large floods every four years.

Previously, floods occurred no more than twice every hundred years. So, for example, diamond mining in Yakutia became possible only after cutting down and flooding a significant amount of forest.

Why and how are forests cut down?

Forests are cut down for the sake of mining, obtaining timber, clearing the area for pastures, and obtaining agricultural land.

And as the cheapest raw material, it is used in almost all and other products. And it kills rainforests and deprives many animals of their homes.

Forests are divided into three groups:

Forest areas forbidden for deforestation, playing, which are reserves.
Forests of limited exploitation, located in densely populated areas, are strictly controlled for their timely restoration.
The so-called operational forests. They are cut down completely and then re-sown.

There are several types of felling in forestry:

Main felling- this is the harvesting of the so-called ripe forest for wood. They can be selective, gradual and continuous. Clear cuts destroy all trees except seedlings. With gradual cutting process is carried out in several stages. With a selective type, only individual trees are removed according to a certain principle, and in general the territory remains covered with forest.

Plant care cabin. This species includes cutting down plants that are not practical to leave. They destroy plants of inferior quality, while at the same time thinning and clearing the forest, improving its lighting and providing nutrients to the remaining more valuable trees. This allows you to increase the productivity of the forest, its water-regulating properties and aesthetic qualities. Wood from such cuttings is used as a technological raw material.

Complex. These are reshaping fellings, reforestation and reconstructive fellings. They are carried out in cases of loss by the forest of its useful properties in order to restore them, Negative influence on the environment with this type of logging is excluded. Cutting favorably affects the clarification of the territory and eliminates root competition for more valuable tree species.

Sanitary. Such felling is carried out to improve the health of the forest, increase its biological stability. This type includes landscape felling, carried out in order to create forest park landscapes, and felling to create fire breaks.

The strongest intervention clear felling . Negative consequences causes overcutting of trees when more of them are destroyed than grows in a year, which causes depletion forest resources. In turn, undercutting can cause forest aging and disease of old trees.

Without harm to the environment, cutting down can be carried out if the principle of continuous forest management based on the balance of cutting down and reforestation is observed. Selective logging is characterized by the least environmental damage.

It is preferable to cut down the forest in winter, when the snow cover protects the soil and young growth from damage.

How to repair this damage?

In order to stop the process of deforestation, it is necessary to develop norms for the reasonable use of forest resources. The following directions must be followed:

conservation of forest landscapes and its biological diversity;
conducting uniform forest management without depletion of forest resources;
training the population in the skills of caring for the forest;
strengthening at the state level of control over the conservation and use of forest resources;
creation of forest accounting and monitoring systems;
improvement of forest legislation,

Replanting trees often does not cover the damage caused by logging. In South America, South Africa and Southeast Asia, forest areas continue to shrink inexorably.

In order to reduce the damage from cutting down, it is necessary:

Increase planting areas for new forests
Expand existing and create new protected areas, forest reserves.
Implement effective measures to prevent forest fires. To carry out measures, including preventive measures, to combat diseases and pests.

Conduct selection of tree species that are resistant to environmental stress.
Protect forests from the activities of enterprises engaged in the extraction of minerals.
To carry out the fight against poachers. Use efficient and least harmful felling techniques.

Minimize wood waste and develop ways to use them.
Introduce methods of secondary processing of wood.
Encourage eco-tourism.

What can anyone do to save the forest?

rational and economical use of paper products; buy recycled products, including paper. (It is marked with a recycled sign)
landscaping around your home
replace trees cut down for firewood with new seedlings
draw public attention to the problem of deforestation.

Man cannot exist outside of nature, he is part of it. And at the same time, it is difficult to imagine our civilization without the products that the forest provides.

In addition to the material component, there is also a spiritual relationship between the forest and man. Under the influence of the forest, the formation of culture, customs of many ethnic groups takes place, it also serves as a source of livelihood for them.

Forest is one of the cheapest sources natural resources, but every minute 20 hectares of forest areas are destroyed. And humanity should already now think about replenishing these natural resources, learn to competently manage forest management and the wonderful ability of the forest to self-renew.

abstract

The problem of deforestation.

Completed by: Mikhaleva K.S.,

2nd year student naturally

Faculty of Geography

specialty "Geography"

Checked by: Lyubimov V.B.,

professor, doctor of biology

cal sciences

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………3

1.Forest fires…………………………………………………………………….4

2. Deforestation…………………………………………………………………...5

3. Global Solutions problems of forest loss………………………………..7

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….11

References………………………………………………………………12

Introduction

The forest filters the water and regulates the water cycle in nature. It retains moisture in the soil longer than an unforested area, since evaporation from wooded soil and release of moisture from tree leaves is much slower. Thus, the forest makes possible a more even filling of streams and rivers with water, especially during the snowmelt period. The risk of flooding in wooded areas is much lower than in areas with few trees. The forest reduces the erosion and washing out of the soil by wind, water, scree and snow avalanches and thereby prevents landscape karstization. In addition, the groundwater level is protected from lowering due to the root system of trees. The forest is a carbon store, as it constantly sequesters carbon from carbon dioxide adsorbed in leaves and needles. One kilogram of dry wood contains about 500 grams of carbon. Through the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air and the sequestration of carbon in wood, the share of CO2, which is the cause of the greenhouse effect, is reduced in the atmosphere.

It is believed that about 32 million acres disappear annually worldwide.

the woods. Over the past 20 years (1970 - 1990), the world has lost almost 200 million hectares of forests, which is equal to the US area east of the Mississippi.

A particularly great environmental threat is the depletion of tropical forests - the "lungs of the planet" and the main source of the planet's biological diversity. Approximately 200,000 square kilometers are cut down or burned there every year, which means that 100,000 species of plants and animals disappear. This process is especially fast in the regions richest in tropical forests - the Amazon and Indonesia.

Forest fires

Important abiotic factors that affect the nature of the communities formed in the ecosystem should be attributed to fires. The fact is that some areas are regularly and periodically exposed to fires. In coniferous forests growing in the southeastern United States, and treeless shrouds, as well as in steppe zone fires are a very common occurrence. In forests where fires occur regularly, trees usually have thick bark, which makes them more resistant to fire. The cones of some pines, such as Banks pine, release their seeds best when heated to a certain temperature. Thus, the seeds are sown at a time when other plants are burning. The number of forest fires in one of the regions of Siberia over two centuries: In some cases, the soil after fires is enriched with biogenic elements such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium. As a result, animals grazing in areas subject to periodic fires receive more complete nutrition. Man, preventing natural fires, thereby causes changes in ecosystems, the maintenance of which requires periodic burnouts of vegetation. At present, fires have become a very common means of controlling the development of forest areas, although the public consciousness is having difficulty getting used to this idea. Protection of forests from fires. The forests of the Earth suffer severely from fires. Forest fires destroy 2 million tons annually organic matter. They cause great harm to forestry: the growth of trees is reduced, the composition of forests is deteriorating, windbreaks are intensifying, soil conditions and windbreaks are deteriorating, soil conditions are deteriorating. Forest fires promote the spread of harmful insects and wood-destroying fungi. World statistics claims that 97% of forest fires are caused by human faults and only 3% by lightning, mainly ball lightning. The flames of forest fires destroy both flora and fauna in their path. In Russia, great attention is paid to the protection of forests from fires. As a result of the last years measures to strengthen preventive fire prevention measures and implement a set of works for the timely detection and extinguishing of forest fires by aviation and ground firefighting units, forest areas covered by fire, especially in the European part of Russia, have significantly decreased.

However, the number of forest fires is still high. Fires arise due to careless handling of fire, due to a deep violation of the rules fire safety during agricultural work. The increased risk of fires is created by the clutter of forest areas.

Deforestation

The process of deforestation is an urgent problem in many parts of the world, as it affects their ecological, climatic and socio-economic characteristics. Deforestation leads to a decrease in biodiversity, wood reserves for industrial use and quality of life, as well as an increase in the greenhouse effect due to a decrease in photosynthesis.

It is rather difficult to determine the actual rate of deforestation, since the organization involved in recording these data (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO) mainly relies on official data from the relevant ministries of individual countries. According to the estimates of this organization, the total losses in the world for the first 5 years of the 21st century amounted to 7.3 million hectares of forest annually. According to World Bank estimates, 80% of logging in Peru and Bolivia is illegal, and 42% in Colombia. The process of the disappearance of the Amazon forests in Brazil is also happening much faster than scientists thought.

The consequences of deforestation:

1) The habitat for the inhabitants of the forest (animals, fungi, lichens, grasses) is being destroyed. They may disappear completely.

2) The forest with its roots holds the top fertile soil layer. Without support, the soil can be blown away by the wind (you get a desert) or water (you get ravines).

The true wealth of the world - the humid evergreen tropical forests are being destroyed at an unprecedented rate. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, deforestation has increased by 8.5 percent this decade compared to the 1990s.

Deforestation rates are highest in Asia at 1.2% per year since 1990, followed by Latin America at 0.8%, and Africa at 0.7%. However, during the same period, the total area of deforested territories per year in Latin America is 7.4 million hectares, in Africa - 4.1, Asia - 3.9.

Brazil contains 30% of the world's tropical forests and is also experiencing the highest rate of deforestation. And despite the fact that the Amazon forest, located on the territory of Brazil, Ecuador and Peru, is the largest tropical forest planet and contains about a fifth of all clean water in the world, which indicates its great importance.

Deforestation is the process of converting land occupied by forest into land without tree cover, such as pastures, cities, wastelands, and others. The most common cause of deforestation is deforestation without sufficient planting of new trees. In addition, forests can be destroyed due to natural causes such as fire, hurricane or flooding, as well as other anthropogenic factors such as acid rain.

Deforestation leads to a decrease in biodiversity, wood reserves for industrial use and quality of life, as well as an increase in the greenhouse effect due to a decrease in photosynthesis.

According to Greenpeace, about 4-5 cubic centimeters of softwood are consumed to produce 1 gram of paper (depending on the type and quality of paper, manufacturer). 1 ton of recycled paper saves 5 cubic meters of wood, or up to 20-25 trees.

Global Solutions to Deforestation

At present, the rights of the forestry state protection to combat violators of the fire regime in forests, to bring to justice officials and citizens who violate fire safety requirements. In populated areas with intensive forestry, the protection of forests from fires is provided by forestry enterprises and their specialized units - fire and chemical stations. In total, there are about 2,700 such stations in the country. To increase the fire resistance of forests, large-scale work is being carried out to fire fighting device of the forest fund, create systems of fire breaks and barriers, a network of roads and reservoirs, and forests are cleared of clutter. Fires that occur in the forest are detected mainly with the help of stationary fire observation posts, as well as forest guard workers during ground patrols. The forest fire departments are armed with tank trucks, all-terrain vehicles, soil meters and foam generators. Cord charges of explosives are widely used, as well as

artificial rainfall. Television equipment is being introduced

facilitating the work of observers. It is envisaged to use infrared aircraft detectors to detect combustion sources from the air in conditions of heavy smoke. Information received from artificial Earth satellites is used. Improving the efficiency in detecting and extinguishing forest fires will be facilitated by the introduction of computer-calculated optimal operating modes for aviation forest protection units. In sparsely populated areas of the North, Siberia and the Far East, helicopters and airplanes with teams of paratroopers and firefighters are used to protect forests. Barrier to forest fire

there may be a solution that was timely introduced into the soil at the border of the burning area. For example, a solution of bischofite, cheap and harmless. An important section of fire prevention is well-organized fire propaganda through radio, print, television and other media. Forestry workers acquaint the population, workers of forestry and expeditions, vacationing tourists with the basic requirements of fire safety rules in the forest, as well as with the measures that should be applied in accordance with the current legislation to persons who violate these rules. Protection of the forest from harmful insects and diseases. To protect forest plantations from damage, preventive measures are taken to prevent the appearance and mass reproduction forest pests and disease detection. Extermination measures are used to destroy pests and diseases. Prevention and extermination control provide effective protection of plantings, provided they are used in a timely and correct manner. Based on the data obtained, the question of the appropriateness of applying certain protective measures is being decided.

Measures to combat pests and diseases of the forest are divided according to the principle of their action and technical application into groups: forestry, biological, chemical, physical and mechanical and quarantine. In practice, these methods of forest protection are used in a complex way, in the form of a system of measures. A rational combination of control methods provides the most effective suppression of the vital activity of harmful organisms in the forest. Forest management activities in forest protection are mainly of a preventive purpose: they prevent

the spread of harmful insects and diseases, increase the biological

acquires a microbiomethod based on the use of pathogenic microorganisms. A number of bacterial preparations have been proposed: dendrobacillin, insectin, taxobacterin, exotoxin, bitotoxibacillin, gomelin, etc. Forest protection from pests and diseases should be carried out using methods that do not harm humans and the environment. The chemical method of combating harmful insects and diseases is based on the use of toxic substances against insects - insecticides, against fungal diseases - fungicides. The action of insecticides and fungicides is based on chemical reactions them with the substances that make up the cells of the body. The nature of the reaction and the strength of the effects of toxic substances manifest themselves differently depending on their chemical structure and physical and chemical properties, as well as on the characteristics of the organism. Chemical Methods combat is carried out with the help of ground vehicles, aircraft and helicopters. Along with chemical and biological methods, physical and mechanical methods are also used: scraping eggs gypsy moth, cutting the cobweb nests of the golden tail and pine shoots affected by the spinner and pegowine, collecting the larvae of the sawfly and May beetles, beetles, etc. These methods are laborious, therefore they are rarely used and only in small areas.

Forest protection measures. The main tasks of forest protection are its rational use and restoration. Everything greater value acquire measures to protect the forests of sparsely forested areas in connection with their water protection, soil protection, sanitary and health-improving role. Special attention should be given to the protection of mountain forests, as they perform important water-regulating, soil-protective functions. With the right

forestry re-cutting in a particular area

should be carried out no earlier than after 80 - 100 years, when full ripeness is reached. An important measure for rational use forests is the fight against timber loss. Often, significant losses occur during the harvesting of wood. Branches and needles remain in the felling areas, which are a valuable material for the preparation of coniferous flour - vitamin feed for livestock. Waste from logging is promising for obtaining essential oils.

The forest is very difficult to restore. But still, the forest is being restored in cut-down areas, sown in unforested areas, and low-value plantations are being reconstructed.

Along with artificial afforestation, there are widespread works

on the natural regeneration of the forest (leaving seedlings, care for self-seeding of economically valuable species, etc.). Much attention is paid to the preservation of undergrowth in the process of logging. New technological schemes of logging operations have been developed and introduced into production, which ensure the preservation of undergrowth and young growth during forest exploitation.

An essential factor in increasing the productivity of forests and enriching their composition is the breeding of new valuable forms, hybrids, varieties and introducers. The study of form diversity and the selection of economically valuable forms is carried out on a new theoretical basis, based on the analysis of the phenotypic and genotypic structures of natural populations and the selection based on a comparative analysis of biotypes with certain valuable traits. When selecting valuable forms in nature and evaluating hybrids, attention is paid to plants that have not only high productivity by the age of quantitative or technological maturity, but also plants that are characterized by high growth intensity in the initial period of ontogenesis. They are necessary for high-intensity plantations with a short rotation of felling. Plantations are a special independent form of crop production in forestry to obtain a certain type of product (wood, rod, chemical substances, medicinal raw materials, etc.). Intensive agrotechnical measures are applied on the plantations. They serve as a powerful lever for the intensification and specialization of forestry production.

Each state has a forest zone. Not a single corner of the planet can do without forests. The forest zone is where it is warm and humid. The environment is very important for the conservation of natural resources.

The forest areas are varied. Allocate deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests. Russia is rich in all of these species, however, along with the heritage, each country also receives related problems.

Ecology is the science of the interactions of living organisms with each other and with the outside world. Changes environment affect the development of forests. The changing environment is directly related to human activities.

Progress in various fields of science and technology has revealed hitherto unknown obstacles. Mankind has faced them before, but has not yet fully learned how to solve them. Large-scale environmental difficulties have led to global problems.

The attitude of a person to the world around him is the key to the solution, but often people only exacerbate the situation. They themselves became the main unfavorable factor, which affects the increase in complications of the already difficult situation with the environment in the world.

The importance of forests is enormous. The forest, like vegetation, provides humanity with oxygen. It is rightly said that the forest is the lungs of the planet. It produces oxygen and naturally utilizes chemical pollution, purifying the air.

A properly organized ecosystem collects carbon, which is important for the existence of life on Earth. The accumulation prevents the greenhouse effect that threatens nature.

The forest is the protection of the surrounding world from dramatic temperature fluctuations, seasonal frosts, which has a positive effect on the state of agriculture. Experts have found that the climate is milder in areas overgrown with vegetation.

The sowing benefit is due to the protection of the soil from leaching, winds, landslides and mudflows. Forests stop the advance of the sands. Forests are involved in the water cycle. The forest acts as a filter and retains water in the soil, prevents waterlogging of the territory. Forests keep the groundwater level normal and guard against floods. Absorption by roots of moisture from the earth and intensive evaporation by its leaves helps to avoid drought.

Problems with forest ecology

The problems of the ecological nature of forest areas are associated with several reasons:

Weather changes
Uncontrolled hunting and poaching
The increase in forest fires
Garbage in the forest
deforestation

Let's take a closer look at each problem.

The influence of weather on forest zones

There are over seventeen million kilometers of forest land in the Russian Federation. The forest is a living ecological system. Most of this area - tundra forests. Russia is recognized as the world leader in the absorption of carbon dioxide. It accounts for forty percent.

Forest ecosystems feel an exorbitant burden of environmental problems of a different origin. For example, air pollution affects weather changes. The inconsistency of weather manifestations with the seasons is one of the main concerns of mankind. The scorching sun causes more frequent forest fires, and frosty air has a negative effect on the bark of trees, leading to their destruction.

Atmospheric air is a mixture of gases in the layer of the atmosphere closest to earth's surface. He has great importance in ensuring life on the planet. The composition of the atmosphere has developed as a result of an evolutionary process, but human activity is increasingly interfering with the centuries-old natural foundations.

Atmospheric air is becoming more and more polluted, which leads to an increase in cases of detection of lung cancer, diseases of the respiratory system of various origins, and nervous disorders. A growing number of allergy sufferers, people with congenital malformations are also attributed to excessive saturation of the air with substances that are not useful for the human body.

Atmospheric precipitation has a direct impact on the atmosphere and hydrosphere. They manifest as rain, snow, hail, smog and fog. Recently, these manifestations have become negative: the indefatigable frequency and the unnatural nature of the occurrence of precipitation affect the forests in the worst way. Change chemical composition atmosphere causes precipitation to dump all this chemistry on the surface.

The negative impact of polluted atmosphere on the soil is associated with acid rain. These precipitations wash out the fertile layer of the soil and the useful substances contained in it. As a result, the process of photosynthesis is disrupted, which slows down the growth of plants, and then completely causes its death. The forests are disappearing.

Cons of hunting and poaching in the well-being of forests

Excessive hunting leads to complete or almost complete extermination some species of animals that inhabit the forest. Forest dwellers contribute to the planned development of trees. They exist peacefully in the forest. Without them, the circulation of substances and food chains will be disrupted.

Poaching is an extreme degree of non-compliance with forest protection standards. This is the same hunt, but carried out in a prohibited place or on animals that are under the prohibition of extermination. As a result of the uncontrolled activities of violators, entire species of living beings may disappear.

Hunting for predators leads to the growth of large-seeded plants, they begin to dominate the forest. Worst of all, poaching can lead to the spread of zoonotic diseases through the transfer of mutable rotoviruses from animals to humans.

With such serious consequences, poaching is prohibited. Each state is developing a set of measures designed to effectively stop the extermination of animals in order to preserve their population, not disturb their habitat - the forest, and not allow the consequences of human environmental crimes to flare up.

Forest fires

Fire is one of the most serious destroyers of forests. Forest fires are classified as unnatural harmful factors, since they are mainly caused by human fault. Yes, the climate weather can also be one of the causes of forest fires, but they account for only four to five percent. The rest is the work of people.

The location of forest areas affects the regularity of fires. Coniferous forests, savannas and deserts without forest plantations, the steppe are more prone to fire and more prone to fires.

Plants in these forests have adapted to the statistics, they have a thicker bark that prevents the spread of fire. Coniferous trees adapted even better: at high temperatures, their cones release seeds that germinate when there is no trace of nearby trees. This continues their lineage and serves as compensation.

About two million tons of organic matter suffer from forest fires every year. In forests, the growth of trees decreases, the qualitative composition of plants decreases, the area of windbreaks grows, and the structure of the soil deteriorates. In the absence of a forest, varieties of insects and fungi harmful to humans spread and destroy the tree.

Every year everything big square forests are on fire. The governments of world countries are taking all possible measures to prevent the destruction of flora and fauna. Preventive measures are aimed at detecting fire, extinguishing it with the help of fire brigades on the ground and in the air. However, despite these measures, forest fires continue to occur.

Careless handling of matches, lighters, open flames, ignorance and non-compliance with fire safety rules contribute to a rapid fire, which in a matter of minutes can spread to kilometers of forests.

Clogging of forests

Who doesn't love being outdoors? But not everyone cleans up after themselves after a good time. People often throw garbage in the forest, thereby worsening the forest ecology.

It is good when the waste is of an organic nature, such garbage will decompose after a while. It can even fertilize the soil. But what to do with plastic? What about metal products? They cannot be naturally disposed of. Over time, the metal will begin to rust, the harmful substance of the plastic will enter the forest ecosystem, which can lead to negative consequences.

Litter in the forest poses a potential health hazard to humans, wildlife, and the ecosystem as a whole. A lot of money is spent on garbage collection from the treasury of any country. Volunteer work aimed at cleaning the forest from debris should not be underestimated. However, every citizen must keep the forest clean.

Let's take care of nature, do not allow forests to be filled with objects that have nothing to do with the outside world, wild nature spoiling our vacation and enjoying clean air.

Deforestation - the threat of the disappearance of forest zones

Previously, the forest was cut down if necessary, in small volumes. The work was carried out with a simple axe. What do we see now? A lot of equipment leaves nothing after passing through the forests - a bare area on which there are no plants, only stumps, black circles of fires and unsightly soil.

There is no chance that after the passage of tractors with logs, the seeds of those trees that have been cut down can sprout. The forest ecology changes completely, the delicate balance is lost and after that the place remains deserted for many years.

Cutting down occurs everywhere, it is a mass phenomenon. The main problem is that not only trees are disappearing from the ecological system, but also shrubs and grass. This leads to the fact that insects and animals that used to live in the forest move from this territory or die altogether, deprived of food and shelter. The ecosystem is collapsing.

The damage caused by deforestation is enormous. With the disappearance of trees, less oxygen is produced by photosynthesis, but carbon dioxide accumulates. This leads to another global environmental problem - the greenhouse effect. The soil is destroyed, a steppe or desert is formed in place of the forest. Deforestation even affects the melting of glaciers.

In many regions of Russia, illegal and uncontrolled felling of trees is carried out systematically. Estimated World Fund wildlife (World Wildlife Fund, WWF) annually Russia loses about $1 billion due to illegal logging. In the Arkhangelsk region alone last year, inspectors recorded 359 cases of illegal logging, resulting in losses of 410,500,000 rubles ($12 million). You can find enough detailed information about the changes in forestry that have taken place in recent years.

Most high level illegal logging is observed in the north-west of Russia and the Far East. Increasing timber harvesting restrictions in China have increased demand for Russian timber. So far eastern forest goes to China, where sawmills and their Western customers are destroying valuable hardwoods, of which we have less and less. The Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) claims that "80% of valuable timber is cut down illegally in the Far East."

Half of all timber imported from Russia to the EU goes to Finland. Sweden, Germany, Great Britain and Italy are also major timber importers from Russia.

The systematic destruction of forests causes significant damage to wildlife, destroys the ecosystem, displaces animals from their original habitats. Intensive logging, according to WWF, threatens the existence of such animals as capercaillie, white-backed woodpecker, Amur tiger and the Far Eastern leopard. Ash, linden, oak and cedar are disappearing. Also, deforestation is one of the main reasons for the increase in the greenhouse effect.

Despite the scale of the problem, the lack human resources, low salaries of foresters, lack of control directly in the forests and gaps in legislation make it difficult to prevent such criminal acts. Companies, under the guise of cutting down diseased trees, harvest healthy valuable wood. Some land tenants transfer the right to cut wood to other companies that harvest more than the allowed volumes, and the tenants then buy the wood from them along with the surplus. Poachers must be caught by the hand in order to law enforcement were able to hold them accountable. When the trees are taken away from the place where they were cut down, it is no longer possible to present something to the poachers. The sale of timber has become the main source of income for unscrupulous foresters and officials. In addition, many people go to deforestation due to poverty and unemployment in order to feed their families.

(Viewed42 052 | Viewed today 2)

tree growth rate. Growth chart and latest research Whether there is a global warming climate and is it caused by human activity? Soil erosion. Invisible and destructive