family psychology 

Rich hunting grounds. Hunting grounds and their classification

Hunting grounds and their classification

Hunting resources are usually considered as a set of hunting grounds and hunting animals and birds inhabiting them. The ecosystem connection of lands and animals is of great importance in terms of hunting resource science. It makes no sense to consider lands, systematize, evaluate them without taking into account the animals inhabiting them, without taking into account the reaction of animals to the quality and structure of habitats, since the study of lands in this case is done primarily to account for and evaluate accounting resources, to study ecology and Fundamentals of obtaining hunting and commercial fauna. The number of animals depends on the quality of habitats, and a change in the quality of the land will certainly entail a change in the abundance of their numbers.

The classification of hunting grounds underlies not only scientific hunting research, but also practical measures (animal censuses, resource assessment, hunting design, etc.), which form the basis for planning, organizing and maintaining hunting economy.

The law of universal zoning, formulated by V.V. Dokuchaev, has become generally accepted. There are 9 landscape zones on the territory of Russia: icy, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert, desert. However, the need to subdivide such large areas to analyze the distribution of hunting resources is obvious. Zonal signs of changes in vegetation, soils and their productivity change the living conditions of certain species of game animals, overall structure population and even its species composition. Differences in relief leave their mark on both the nature and distribution of vegetation cover and animals. In addition, the economic development of territories plays a certain role in this regard. All this in one way or another affects the state of hunting resources.

Small natural territorial complexes can be grouped according to their importance for any species of game animals or for all types of hunting resources together. In this case, they form types of hunting grounds – typological association of sites according to similar habitat conditions for hunting animals and birds. The typology of hunting grounds can be more detailed or more general. Types of hunting grounds can combine natural complexes with a greater or lesser degree of homogeneity, depending on the goal. If the classification of hunting grounds is needed for an accurate ecological analysis of the distribution of one species of animals, a more detailed typology is carried out. For complex hunting management, the types of lands are usually distinguished by more generalized ones.

When hunting equipment for relatively large areas of commercial farms are often used groups of types of hunting grounds – associations of land types, more or less similar in terms of habitat conditions for game animals. Further merging of land types will lead to the division of territories into land classes, then on land categories.

The method for identifying types of hunting grounds and larger taxa was developed by D.N. Danilov (1960, 1966) and other major hunters and is described in detail in a number of methodological manuals and books. It should only be noted that all of these categories are distinguished mainly by the nature and degree of similarity of the vegetation cover of different areas of land.

The classification of hunting grounds is necessary, as already emphasized, to analyze the living conditions of animals and identify patterns in the distribution of their resources. What ideas about the relationship of animals with lands are laid down in the principles of the classification of lands, the same forms of relationships can be identified using this classification. If, for example, the average indicators of the number of animals by natural zones were calculated, then zonal changes in their number are established. If the classification of lands is carried out according to the composition of the vegetation of animal habitats, then using it it is possible to determine the dependence of the animal population on vegetation. If we build a series of habitats identified by vegetation depending on the degree of their moisture, then we can also determine the effect of this factor on animal resources, etc.

In principle, it is possible to divide the territory and build a classification of habitats according to any of the conditions for the existence of animals. However, it is more expedient to use a set of features. This is possible when using the landscape classification of hunting grounds.

V.V. Dezhkin (1978) formulated the following main provisions of the landscape classification of hunting grounds:

1. Animal habitats are natural territorial complexes - systems of interconnected natural components: air, water, upper layers rocks, soil, flora and fauna. All the categories listed above, from zones and countries to facies, are natural territorial complexes of different ranks. The systematization of natural territorial complexes makes it possible to analyze the distribution of animal resources depending on the nature and location of any component of these systems, as well as on the complexes as a whole.

2. There are two concepts in landscape systematics: an individual natural territorial complex and typological groups of complexes. Such a difference means that each complex is individual, unique in time and space, but in the complexes there are common features, allowing to carry out the typology of complexes. The smaller and simpler the complexes, the more often they are considered in typological groups. Thus, all the main categories of morphological division of the landscape (facies, tracts and landscapes themselves) have typological taxa: types of facies, classes of facies, types of facies; types of tracts, classes of tracts, types of tracts, etc. A typological association thus turns out to be of different breadth - from narrower typological groups to broader ones, similar to the union of land types into groups of types, classes and categories of land.

Taxa of natural zoning are not typified and are considered individually. In some cases on large territories a typology of natural areas is carried out. It is inappropriate to type larger categories of zoning.

In a particular category, the largest complexes are usually considered as individual, small - as typological. On the territory of one hunting farm, landscapes and even areas can be assessed individually, and tracts and facies - in typological terms. Thus, in any territory there are larger individual complexes with a regular alternation of smaller ones, usually considered typologically.



All these concepts lead to the following. It is possible to build a unified classification scheme that includes natural systems of various sizes and complexity of structure and their technological groups; it is possible to carry out on any territory a classification of any degree of detail, depending on the goals, depth and subtlety of the study; landscape systematization makes it possible to simultaneously analyze the dual nature of the distribution of animals: regional patterns of distribution (from place to place, according to individual complexes) and typological patterns (repeating in similar conditions, according to typological groups of complexes).

3. Landscape is considered to be the main unit of landscape classification of hunting grounds. In some cases, neighboring categories (natural area, locality, less often complexes of tracts or large background tracts) can also be the main ones. Territories of this rank are inhabited by groups of game animals, with a relatively constant population, the resource potential of which can change only in such territories, and not in smaller complexes, over which animals are constantly redistributed due to their mobility. For animals, the whole set of alternating small complexes is important, the nature of their combination, the ratio of areas - all this together and constitutes for them common habitats, represented by the main categories of landscape division of lands.

4. Due to the mobility of animals, the value for them of each individual small complex (or the phytocenosis corresponding to it) decreases. Small morphological parts of landscapes can be considered only as the internal content of the main categories of classification. A typology of small complexes is needed to characterize, describe, and map the main categories.

In this regard, the technique of technology of small complexes is not of fundamental importance. In a number of cases, the typological grouping of small areas of the territory only on the basis of vegetation cover can completely replace the typology of the morphological parts of the landscape. If the typology of lands by vegetation is carried out not formally, but with a more comprehensive approach, taking into account the relationship of vegetation with the relief, the degree of moisture and the nature of the soil, then the types of lands will approximately correspond to the types of substows or stows, groups of types of lands - classes of substows or stows, etc. .

The landscape zones of the Russian Federation are shown in fig. 1. Their generalized characteristics are given in the monograph by V.V. Dezhkina, V.A. Kuzyakina, R.A. Gorbushina et al. (1978).

Figure 1. Landscape zones of the Russian Federation: A. - Arctic desert, B. - Tundra, C. - Forest-tundra, D. - Taiga, D. - Subtaiga forests, E. - Forest-steppe, J. - Steppe, H. - Semi-desert, I. - Desert (according to V.V. Dezhkin et al., 1978)

Traditionally, the following categories of hunting grounds are distinguished: forest, open, water, marsh. Their productivity is determined in terms of money.

Forest hunting grounds in the Russian Federation occupy an area of ​​7688 thousand km 2. They are concentrated mainly in the taiga zone, subtaiga forests and partly in the forest-steppe, forest-tundra and mountains of the Caucasus. The productivity of forest lands changes according to the same patterns as the productivity of all lands (total productivity): from north to south it increases, decreases as the continentality of the climate increases in the same zones and subzones. The maximum productivity is characteristic of broad-leaved forests in the south of the subtaiga zone. The forests of the north-east of Russia (Yakutia, northern Transbaikalia, north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory).

open land(tundra, meadow, field, desert, semi-desert and steppe) are characterized by lower productivity than forest lands. For open hunting grounds, the dissection of the relief is of great importance. The redistribution of snow cover, the mosaic nature of lands, the economic development of territories, the conditions for shelter, burrowing, etc. depend on it.

water areas occupy an area of ​​about 900 thousand km 2 in the Russian Federation. They are distributed unevenly across the territory. There are many lakes in the tundra zone, less in the forest-tundra zone. Taiga reservoirs are most of all in the north-west of the European part of the country, in Western Siberia and Central Yakutia. The abundance of lakes characterizes the forest-steppe and steppe of the West Siberian lowland. A unit area of ​​small water bodies gives much more hunting products than the same area of ​​large water bodies, since game animals are more associated with shallow waters, coastal and coastal vegetation. The area of ​​small lakes accounts for a large length of the coastline and coastal shallow waters. Rivers are less productive than lake lands, shallow reservoirs, overgrown peat quarries, ponds, sumps of sugar refineries and other “area” reservoirs. The exceptions are deltas, estuaries of southern rivers (Kuban, Volga, etc.). The productivity of similar water bodies gradually increases from north to south. Water areas are among the most productive hunting areas in terms of money.

Wetlands make up about 1120 thousand km 2 (6.5% of the total area). The main swamp areas are located in the tundra, forest-tundra and taiga zones, where upland-type swamps predominate. They have relatively low productivity even compared to lowland bogs. Productivity lowland swamps north of the southern border of the subtaiga also decreases slightly, but much less than the productivity of all wetlands together.

The hunting grounds of the forests are distinguished by a special diversity. Each tract, even a relatively small one, consists of alternating various types forests, forest swamps, clearings, edge thickets, clearings, burnt areas, artificial forest plantations (forest crops), which differ in terms of hunting.

The typology scheme of forest lands by D.N. Danilov (1960, 1963, 1966, 1972) built according to the phytocenological principle, which is based on forest typology. This is the most expedient and reasonable approach, since in the forest conditions all forest management activities are carried out on a forest typological basis and the hunting management of forest animals, as an element of forest biogeocenosis, cannot be an exception in this regard.

In practice, forest taxation areas do not coincide with hunting areas, for the reason that forest animals, as a rule, do not live only in one of them. Therefore, the type of hunting ground as a hunting taxation unit is association of areas of hunting grounds, characterized by close living conditions for animals and requiring, under equal economic conditions, the same hunting measures.

Referring any particular area to one or another type of land, we not only give it a name and find a place in the land classification system, but also determine which game animals it is most suitable for, what methods are best for hunting in it and in what ways. increase its productivity. That is why the typology of lands is taken as the basis for their inventory in hunting management. It is only necessary to achieve a uniform understanding of land types so that the inventory materials are in all cases of good quality and comparable.

The main feature by which the first division of forest land is made is the age of the plantation (tree stand). Plantations are subdivided into age classes at intervals of 10 years for hardwoods and 20 years for conifers. At the same time, age classes I and II are considered young, III and IV - middle-aged, all other classes are progressively related to ripening, ripe and overmature plantations. For a hunting economy, such detail is excessive. It is more expedient in terms of hunting to divide forests by age into three groups of age classes: young forests, middle-aged forests and old forests. According to the conditions that ensure the vital activity of hunting animals and birds, these groups differ significantly from each other.

Juveniles are characterized by the fact that they have an abundance of tree-branch food available to dendrophagous animals. In young stands, until the canopy closes, the ground cover is well developed, there are many berries, mushrooms, insects, and mouse-like rodents. Here are excellent protective and feeding conditions for hare, wild ungulates, some mustelids. However, the lack of fruits and seeds of trees and shrubs, as well as thick and strong branches from which needles, buds, catkins can be pecked, are the main factor in the low number of capercaillie, hazel grouse, black grouse.

Medium-aged forests, especially those in the age of poles, are the poorest in terms of fodder. Branch food here has already “left” from under the muzzle of the beast; undergrowth and undergrowth are not yet developed; the grass cover, being shaded by the closed canopy, degraded; the main forest-forming species have not yet reached reproductive age and do not produce fruits and seeds. In such conditions, there is little game. But middle-aged forests have good protective properties in winter, especially in cold and windy weather with relatively shallow snow cover, many ungulates and predatory animals find shelter in them.

In old forests, the living conditions of many forest game animals are the most favorable. Here, as the forest stand thins out, undergrowth and clumps of undergrowth appear, ground cover develops, including berry bushes, trees and shrubs that have reached reproductive age begin to bear fruit steadily, and hollow trees appear.

The quality of hunting grounds also depends on the density of the tree canopy. In forestry practice, 10 gradations of density are distinguished (from 0.1 to 1.0). In hunting science, it is customary to distinguish only 3 groups of tree canopy density: sparse (0.1-0.4), medium-closed (0.5-0.7) and dense (0.8-1.0) forest stands. Animals also make their demands on the closeness of the forest stand, however, the influence of this factor is rather indirect, associated with the illumination regime under the forest canopy.

The next sign, according to which types of forest lands are distinguished, is the composition of forest-forming species. The fodder and protective properties of the land directly depend on the composition of the forest stand. In forestry, the composition is indicated in the form of formulas, where the numbers indicate the share of a particular species in the forest stand, and the letters correspond to its name. So the formula 10C will denote pure pine forests, 10B - pure birch forests, etc. In complex stands, the formula 8D1Os1Lp indicates that it consists of 80% oak, 10% aspen and 10% linden. Variations in species composition within oak forests, pine forests, spruce forests, etc. there may be a lot; for the hunting economy, they are not significant, the main (first in the formula) breed is decisive. More often, in this regard, only deciduous or coniferous stands are distinguished. At the same time, if coniferous and deciduous species are equally divided in the forest stand, then it is referred to as coniferous forests, since coniferous species have a stronger effect on the conditions that form under the forest canopy; softwood, in this case will be presented in the formula in the first place.

Forest stands of certain species that have special meaning for any game animals, can be distinguished into separate types of hunting grounds: cedar forests, spruce forests, pine forests, oak forests, aspen forests, young pine forests, etc.

D.N. Danilov, based on the classification of forest types according to V.N. Sukachev, identifies the following main types of hunting grounds.

1. swamp forest(a group of sphagnum forest types with a low-growing and low-density forest stand on flat waterlogged soils not drained along the bottom of the basins).

2. mossy forest(groups of green moss and long moss forest types, with tall stands of varying density, with sparse undergrowth; located on a more or less flat relief, on gentle slopes).

3. floodplain forest(a group of marsh-grass forest types, with tall stands, with a well-developed herbaceous cover, located along the valleys of rivers, streams, along the bottom of dens and thalwegs).

4. complex forest (groups of complex forest types, with tall, multi-storied stands, with dense and varied undergrowth; growing on rich, well-drained soils).

5. Dry or lichen forest(a group of lichen forest types with depressed growth and sparse stands; grow on dry and poor soils, on hilltops).

6. rocky forest(a group of forest types located on steep slopes of mountainous terrain; soils are stony, stands of medium productivity).

Each of the above types of hunting grounds consists of several types of forest, however, it has common stable features. So the type of hunting ground "mossy forest" combines such types of forests as mossy, lichen, heather, cowberry, bracken, sorrel, blueberry, fern forests; spruce forests of long moss, lingonberry, mossy, bracken, sorrel, snotweed, nettle, fern. All these types of forests are characterized by stable seed production, they are well represented by berries, which determines satisfactory fodder and protective conditions for many game animals.

Thus, specific types of forest hunting grounds are determined by the dominant type of forest stand. Within the breed - according to age (young, middle-aged, etc.) and habitat conditions, forest types (boggy spruce forest, heather pine forest, sedge-snotty oak forest, etc.). Lands that are similar in some economically important feature are combined into groups of land types (dark coniferous forests, wetland forests, young coniferous forests, etc.). Classes of hunting grounds are characterized by the main massifs of forest plantations (pine forests, leafy trees, spruce forests, cedars, oak forests, etc.). Categories of hunting grounds have fundamental differences (forest, water, swamp-meadow, etc.). The landscape classification of hunting grounds corresponds to 9 main landscape zones.

hunting grounds call territories suitable for life of wild animals and birds that can be used for hunting and hunting management.

From this definition, it becomes clear that reserves, forest parks, green areas of cities and resort areas do not belong to hunting grounds, although, of course, different animals live in them. Lands where it is impossible to conduct a hunting economy, including cities, roads, only 3-4% of the territory of the Russian Federation.

There is little left of wild, untouched by man nature, and many species of game have become fewer. But you can hunt, create hunting farms in all hunting grounds: And every hunter must study the grounds of his region in order to know what animals can live in them. Each hunter, in addition, needs to know those lands in which he is still going to visit. Therefore, with a description of the land, we will begin the story of modern hunting.

Hunting grounds of the Arctic

Throughout the North of the Russian Federation from the Kola Peninsula to Chukotka, a zone of arctic deserts and tundra stretches from 50 to 500 km wide.

In the tundra, rivers open up only in May. At the beginning of June, lonely ice floes are still floating on them, and in August morning frosts are already getting stronger, in September snowing And it's winter again. Only 110 - 120 days of heat, and the rest of the time is cold. Eight months a year there is "white silence", severe frost. But in spring, the sun shines almost around the clock. The tundra is blooming fast. Brown, red, yellow, green carpets color its uneven surface dotted with saucers of clear lakes. Towards sunbeams fly into the tundra and on the coast of the Northern Arctic Ocean hundreds of thousands of migratory birds: swans, geese, ducks, gulls, sandpipers. All day and all night their hubbub does not stop. In the short polar summer, they need to have time to hatch the chicks and prepare for a new return flight.

Only in winter and autumn does the tundra seem harsh and uninhabited

Eiders nest on the islands of the White and Barents Seas, on the coast of the Kola Peninsula. Their most valuable down is used to make warm and light clothing for polar explorers. Millions of geese, geese and waders inhabit the tundra. The number of guillemots that form the famous bird colonies is incalculable.

There are a lot of partridges in the tundra, they are commercially hunted here.

The Arctic and Subarctic contain about half of the world's wild reindeer. On Taimyr alone in the summer there are about 400 thousand of them. But they also live in the entire Arctic - from the Kola Peninsula to Chukotka. Deer hunting is allowed from August 15 - September 1 to March 1.

New settlements are growing among the tundra, cities are emerging and expanding. Everything appears in them. more lovers sport hunting. There are more than 5 thousand amateur hunters in Norilsk alone. In some places, near large cities, the first sports hunting farms are being created.

Forest hunting grounds

The forest zone has the best protective and fodder conditions; it is this zone that is the promised land for most wild animals and birds. From the forests, many hunting animals settle or migrate from time to time in the north - to the forest-tundra, in the south - to the forest-steppe, and therefore these subzones are closer from the hunting point of view to forests than to tundras or steppes.

However, it would be wrong to think that forests are inexhaustible. Many people think that a forest is a more or less homogeneous solid massif, occupying more than half of the territory of our country (910 million hectares). But few take into account that experts conditionally refer to forest areas and forest swamps, sometimes reaching giant size, and large areas of burnt areas (and the forest burns annually), and forest sparse areas and clearings. And if all this is subtracted from the total area of ​​forests, it turns out that the forest itself is smaller by as much as 150-200 million hectares, and meanwhile its wealth is being exploited more and more. An attentive traveler traveling by train, for example, through the European part of the country, will notice that the old forest is now found only small islands among the dominant mixed young forest. Until now, the areas covered with forests are declining both in the Caucasus and in Transcarpathia. If 20-25 years ago taiga products were used at a small distance from the villages, now hunters or purveyors of berries, mushrooms, nuts are thrown by helicopter to the most remote areas.

All this speaks of the enormous changes taking place in the forest. Every hunter should know them - not only in order to protect the forest, but also in order to take into account how changes in the forest affect the wild animals and birds living in it.

The forests of our country are very diverse in their composition and provide shelter for many species of animals, providing them with food and protection to varying degrees. Even a novice hunter knows that capercaillie and hazel grouse cannot live without coniferous forests, and black grouse prefer deciduous low forests with berries, clearings, clearings. At the end of the last and the beginning of our century, very few moose remained in the European part of the country. But since then there have been big changes: on the one hand, control over the hunting of moose has become very strict, and on the other hand, in the place of old forests, due to fires and extensive felling, abundant growth has risen, which means that the amount of food for moose has increased, feeding on young shoots of pines, aspens and other trees and shrubs. So there are more moose. At the same time, due to the reduction in the area of ​​old coniferous forests, the number of capercaillie has fallen and continues to decline. Due to the use of pesticides in forestry and agriculture, due to the large number of vacationers, tourists, pickers of mushrooms or berries, the number of black grouse is also declining.

Game biologists have explored the possibilities different forests on the reproduction of one or another species of game animals. For example, in the old lingonberry pine forest, conditions are better for capercaillie and somewhat worse for black grouse. The pine forest, in which all the plants of the ground cover are literally strangled by sphagnum, is good only for capercaillie. Coniferous forests (except for cedar forests) are usually unfavorable for the life of wild boars. The best grounds for them - broadleaf forests with fruit trees, rich in various herbs.

The assessment of different forest lands is based on the classification developed by botanists. It most fully reflects the vegetative composition of forests, and according to it game managers determine their value for different animals.

According to the composition of the main forest species, forests are divided into dark coniferous (spruce forests, cedar forests, fir forests), light coniferous forests (larch forests, pine forests), small-leaved forests (birch forests, aspen forests, alder forests, etc.), broad-leaved forests (oak forests, beech forests, hornbeam forests, etc.), dwarf pine forests and shrubs.

For commercial hunting, coniferous forests are most important, since it is in them that the main furs are harvested, and of coniferous forests, cedar forests are most valuable, and leafy trees (larch forests) are least valuable.

Especially good for sports hunting mixed forests, and the more diverse they are, the more different game can live in them.

Each group of forests is also divided into a number of types that differ from each other in the composition of the main vegetation. The name of the type includes: the main forest-forming species; species dominating the undergrowth and species or species dominating the ground cover. For example, a pine-spruce forest-lingonberry or a grass-forb oak forest with buckthorn.

At present, in most cases, it is known how much and what kind of game can live on every thousand hectares of this or that type of forest.

Knowing the forest and the "requirements" of different animals to its conditions, it is possible to systematically change the land in the interests of the hunting economy. For example, moose, white hares and black grouse live in approximately the same areas; they should combine areas of old mixed forests with small forests, clearings, clearings, hay meadows and small clearings sown with grain crops.

In each type of forest, hunters know how to determine the supply of food for different animals and, when necessary, organize top dressing.

The forest attracts us with the greatest variety of hunting. And therefore it is we, the hunters, who should be its first guards and defenders.

Hunting grounds near the water

You have probably already noticed that the water is always livelier than in the forest, in the field: more insects, more birds. Among the sands and fields, in forests or high in the mountains - everywhere water attracts a wide variety of animals, some in coastal and swampy thickets for nesting, others for watering places, and others for fodder aquatic plants. And if the forests after the end of the nesting period are silent, if the mountains are almost always silent, then the water is noisy from early spring until late autumn. All forest inhabitants are drawn to the banks of rivers and lakes.

Hunting lodge - a good haven for hunters

Hunting would be much more boring and monotonous if it were not possible to hunt ducks, geese, waders, if it were not possible, having defended the morning dawn with a gun, then take up spinning or fishing rods.

In the Caspian bays of Azerbaijan and off the coast of the Black Sea, many waterfowl winter. Others arrive in the spring from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, mediterranean sea, from Iran, India or even Africa. Overcoming thousands of kilometers of a difficult path, at an altitude of up to five thousand meters, above snowy peaks mountains, over the sands of the deserts birds fly to the northern reservoirs. And only here they build nests, hatch chicks.

But the banks of rivers and lakes, meadows, islands - all land areas near inland water bodies and overgrown swamps are not equally suitable for nesting of various waterfowl and near-water birds. Therefore, the task of hunters, where necessary, is to enrich reservoirs with fodder plants, build artificial nests and protect nesting sites from visiting by people and domestic animals.

The sea coasts are characterized by the greatest variety of conditions. Here are huge, similar to systems of lakes, shallow bays - estuaries, and rocky shores bathed in waves, and rocky shoals that change their appearance with the tides. The Caspian seaside floodplains are famous for hunting migratory geese, in the estuaries near the Black Sea, hunting for coots and waders is interesting. Numerous ducks, geese and sandpipers nest in the forest-tundra and tundra of the north by the sea.

All water hunting grounds, together with the shores adjacent to them, are divided by modern game managers according to their location into groups of grounds of the north-west, west, middle lane forest zone of the European part, forest-steppe and steppe zone of the European part of the Russian Federation, Ciscaucasia and the Caspian lowland, West Siberian Plain, Central Asia, the Far East, etc. This is due to the fact that a variety of climatic, plant and economic conditions affect inland waters and sea coasts and, consequently, the life of their inhabitants. For example, floodplains of our European rivers almost everywhere they are plowed up and therefore have lost their importance as nesting areas for waterfowl. The floodplains of the Ob River and its tributaries are still of great importance for nesting.

Every hunter needs to know at least a little about water areas in order not to make a mistake in choosing a place for the upcoming summer-autumn hunting trip (we advise young hunters to start with summer-autumn waterfowl hunting).

Hunting grounds in the swamps

Night mists are born in swamps. With a gray haze they flow over the grass, they spread like whitish shawls through the forest, and like ghostly glaciers they slide down the hollows into lakes and rivers. Like a blanket, they cover the earth and water heated during the day. And in the morning, when the sun rises above the bristles of the forest, the mists gather into light clouds, soar upwards and melt in the depths of the sky. And bushes and trees sweated with abundant dew are exposed. Everything on earth has its age. And swamps too. They are born, in "the prime of life" they feed many birds and animals and grow old.

When spring water breaks out of the ground in a thin stream and fills the grassy hollow, when the first water lilies float along the river ripples, then a swamp is born. After that, every year the underwater and surface jungles will grow more and more violently. Elodea, water pines, pondweeds, white water lily stalks, water buckwheat and duckweed - all of them will eagerly fight for dominance in the water, for dominance on its surface. Dying away, they will cover the bottom, the swamp will begin to shallow, and less and less pure mirrors of water will look into the sky among a continuous carpet of telorez or sedge. Then willows, birches or pines can step into the swamp. Many years will pass, and yet - this is the youth of the swamp. Such young swamps are called lowlands, because they are fed from below by ground, spring, or river and lake water.

In young swamps expanse for frogs, newts. The water is teeming with caddisflies, dragonfly larvae, swimmers, water striders. In summer, moose graze in the swamps, and sentry boars roam in the thicket of reeds. In severe winter, moose and hares feed on the willows of the swamps. Without swamps, it would be difficult for many forest dwellers, and waterfowl and marsh birds are in trouble: no food, no place for nests, no shelter from predators.

Where swamps disappear, forests become dry, strings of geese and ducks fly past, and cranes no longer excite, disturb people with their trumpet cries at dawn. Millions of square kilometers occupy swamps in our country. One Vasyugan swamp on the watershed of the Irtysh and the Ob extends over tens of thousands of square kilometers, 30-40% of all forests are swamped.

The wildest, most unexplored corners are kept by swamps. Ten tons of cane, or eighty tons of broad-leaved cattail, or four hundred kilograms of cranberries, or two hundred to two hundred and fifty kilograms of lingonberries gives one hectare of swamps. And besides them, cloudberries, blueberries, princess, mushrooms and medicinal plants. In some countries, swamps began to be used seasonally, flooded during the wintering of waterfowl and drained again for agriculture and animal husbandry.

The swamps are getting old. When green and sphagnum mosses appear among the continuous thickets of sedges, the "transitional age" of the swamp will begin. Absorbing a huge amount of moisture, mosses will grow into a powerful carpet. They will crowd out, suffocate their green brothers with cold and hunger, and will themselves feed more and more on rainwater. The green mosses will finally be replaced by white sphagnums. Birches, spruces, aspens will give way to pines. The swamps will become old - riding ones, and the sphagnum will switch to atmospheric rainwater.

Occasionally birds fly here, and even swamp lovers - wild boars only in case of extreme hunger come deep snowy winter feed on mosses.

Raised bogs store a lot of water. Ground water in them is not sucked by plants. Mosses collect water from the atmosphere and are very reluctant to evaporate it. Someday people will use the old swamps as reservoirs. In the meantime, they are drained, crops are cultivated on them or a forest is planted. But woe to those who disrespect the swamps and drain them in succession, regardless of their position and age. After all, swamps can be in lowlands and on elevations, in floodplains of rivers and along the edges of lakes. When they are drained in a row, the groundwater level drops, spring floods become short and stormy, lakes and rivers become shallow; lands that have not known drought have to be watered from expensive machines with expensive water. Nature cruelly takes revenge on inept masters. Often in drained areas, a thin fertile layer of soil is washed away and carried away by spring waters. There are no meadows or arable land left - only sand. This is especially scary in lands where the amount of precipitation is less than evaporation, where the destruction of swamps is a direct road to droughts.

In autumn, when you see off the last flocks of migratory birds and admire their swift flight, say “thank you” to the swamps. It was they who raised, fed the winged tribe.

Hunting grounds in the steppes and semi-deserts

The steppe, untouched, wild, was preserved at the beginning of our century, and in some places in Siberia, only thirty years ago, the main inhabitants of the steppe were marmots, larks, and eagles.

Now, from Moldavia to the Ob River, the already predominantly plowed steppes stretch in a continuous strip, and further, beyond Novosibirsk, this zone is torn, forming separate islands of the also plowed Biysk and Kuznetsk steppes beyond the Ob, Minusinsk - on the western bank of the Yenisei, Khakass - in the western Sayans, Daurskaya - in Transbaikalia. There are steppes in Yakutia and in the Chita region.

Usually the steppe appears to us as an endless plain. And in fact, its relief is most often smoothed. Even upland steppes are almost always located on more or less level plateaus or on mountains with smooth sloping slopes.

The steppes have the largest variety of plants. Unplowed remains of forb steppes with broad-leaved grasses still come across at the level of Tula, Ulyanovsk, Omsk. To the south of them, feather grass steppes remained here and there as small spots. Forb-cereal steppes dominated earlier in Transbaikalia, and steppe meadows - in Yakutia. Combinations of different herbaceous vegetation can be found in the mountain steppes of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Altai and Sayan. In most steppe regions, field-protective forest belts are now common.

The semi-desert is the transition from the steppes to the kingdom of dunes.

Once upon a time, countless herds of wild horses (tarpans), saigas, and roe deer lived in the steppes. They paved paths, plowed the ground, trampled the seeds of cereals into the soil. Numerous rodents (ground squirrels, marmots, etc.) stirred up the ground while digging holes and contributed to seed dispersal. Now some of these animals are completely gone, others are very few.

A novice hunter needs to know that agriculture in the forest-steppes and steppes not only changes the composition of the wild inhabitants of these zones, but often, unfortunately, has a negative effect on the number of game animals. But after all, a novice hunter himself can be an agricultural worker: an agronomist, a machine operator. Therefore, he should use pesticides and fertilizers as carefully as possible (long-term open storage of them in the fields, for example, often causes poisoning gray partridges or migratory waterfowl). During haymaking or harvesting, a lot of young partridges and hares usually kill. To prevent this from happening, repellent devices are installed on harvesting machines, cleaning is carried out from the center of the field to the edges, and not vice versa.

With the plowing of the steppes, with the appearance of forest belts in them, saigas went to the semi-deserts, marmots almost disappeared, and there were fewer ground squirrels and jerboas. But in the steppe hunting farms near Rostov and Stavropol, there were quite a lot of gray partridges, hare hares and foxes. In some places, in the wormwood and wormwood-cereal steppes that have remained in some places, bustards and little bustards are still preserved. As before, animals and especially birds are attracted by rivers and lakes in the steppes. Here, near the water, live pelicans, loaves, spoonbills, herons. Among the shorebirds are avocets, turukhtans, stilts, phalaropes, etc.

In the semi-deserts poorer soil, they usually contain sands, loams, clays. Vegetation does not form a continuous carpet. Sods of individual plants do not completely cover the ground; Artemisia, fescue, and tumbleweed predominate. In saline places, large and completely devoid of vegetation surfaces are formed, called takyrs. In the dry season, takyrs with cracked dense earth look like concrete fields of airfields, and after rains, when they turn into shallow lakes, you can’t drive or pass through them. It is characteristic that the greatest variety of wild animals in open spaces can now be found precisely in semi-deserts, and not in plowed steppes. It is in the semi-deserts, on the so-called black lands, in Kalmykia and in the unplowed regions of Kazakhstan, that saigas are now concentrated, demoiselle cranes nest, ground squirrels, jerboas, corsacs, and steppe eagles live.

Steppes and semi-deserts have not lost their attractiveness for hunters, and hunting in them is unique. Only in the forest-steppes, steppes and semi-deserts can one hunt hares or foxes with greyhounds, falcons and golden eagles with hunting birds.

Sultry, hard to breathe and tiresome are the roads of the deserts. Highly rare plants underfoot, a pale blue sky, a yellow haze of dust hanging in the trembling air for hours. The desert does not give the hunter its wealth, but takes the last from all living things. Evil hot winds whip naked parts of the body with prickly grains of sand, and the reward for the tests is a mirage or an oasis with a short respite. Is it not for this reason that the possibilities of the desert in terms of hunting have been studied the least of all and hunting experts are limited to stating the fact: the desert, they say, is not dead, but there is little sense from it.

Here, plants are found only in individual bushes or stems. In a typical desert, dunes dominate, sometimes with shrubs of sandy acacia, kandym, dzhuzgun, ephedra, and saxaul.

Few animals inhabit the land of mirages. Yellow ground squirrels, gerbils, jerboas and hamsters are common rodents that live in the sands. There are few birds here. Only such as the saxaul jay or the desert shrike and raven have adapted to the harsh conditions of heat and sand. True, there is also a hunting species - the desert partridge, but these birds are few in number, and hunting for them is not particularly difficult. Of the ungulates, only saigas enter some deserts. The richest in the fauna of deserts and semi-deserts are species of reptiles and insects.

Alas, hunting in the deserts is not as interesting as in other zones. And it exists mainly only where lakes or rivers are wedged into the country of mirages, along the banks and meadows in other places reed (4-5 m high) jungles - tugai grow for many kilometers, willows rise here and there on the islands. Water generously gives life to a myriad of hunting animals and birds. Wild boars, hares, jackals, reed cats live in reeds. Especially a lot of waterfowl nest here, among which cormorants, pelicans, ducks, geese, loaves are common.

The reed jungle is a peculiar world. Excess heat and moisture in it led to the formation of truly greenhouse conditions. And therefore, in the deltas of desert rivers and along the shores of lakes, life is unusually abundant, and in its wealth it differs sharply from the surrounding kingdom of sand and heat.

In the mountains, in relatively small areas, usually in belts, at different heights, there are forests, and steppes, and alpine meadows, and peculiar, almost tundra, vegetation on the border with eternal snows.

Animals of the mountains, preferring one or another belt, as a rule, do not live only in it, but go out into neighboring belts, and, conversely, the inhabitants of treeless highlands often descend into the forest. The warmer the climate, the higher the forest belt rises into the mountains. And in the mountains in the north, the forest sometimes occupies only the lowest parts of the southern slopes.

The hunting economy in the mountains is very diverse in terms of the composition of the land. After all, almost everywhere in the territories of such farms there is not only a forest belt. Alpine and subalpine belts are distinguished by a huge wealth of herbs. But even where the climate is very arid and the grass cover is poorly developed, many game animals live in the mountains. For example, a leopard and a bezoar goat live in the semi-desert in terms of the composition of the vegetation of the southern mountains of Armenia, and among the birds, the common keklik is common. Above the forest belt live tours, chamois; in the mountains of the Lesser Caucasus - moufflons; in the Tien Shan - tek, argali, leopard; in the mountains Eastern Siberia, on the Stanovoy Ridge - snow sheep.

Hunting in the mountains is more difficult than anywhere else. You need to have strong and enduring muscles, a trained heart. Climbing, descending and climbing again either on the grass slippery from the rain, or on the slopes, and sometimes even with a load, not everyone can. It is necessary to ensure that stones do not fall from under your feet, so that, having stumbled, you do not fall into the abyss or fall into a karst funnel. And at the same time, one must not miss the sudden rise of a keklik or snowcock and be able to sneak up on an extremely cautious tour.

Anonymous hunting grounds

How to completely eliminate impersonal lands?

Before answering this question, it is necessary to make a small digression. It is known that population density correlates with many physical-geographical and hunting-economic characteristics.

In the zone of sport hunting, which occupies 17.7% of the territory of Russia, 3/4 of the entire population of our country is concentrated.

The semi-industrial zone occupies approximately the same area, but with a population 7 times smaller. Vast and sparsely populated spaces, mainly in the regions of the North, form a commercial zone.

Over the years Soviet power hundreds of new cities and workers' settlements arose, including those in the districts Far North. Even more industrial and energy centers in the taiga and tundra will emerge in the ninth and subsequent five-year plans. To determine how this will affect the reduction in the area of ​​fishing grounds, let's take for example a city like Norilsk.

There are 4,800 hunters in Norilsk who go hunting at a distance of 100 km from the city from west to east and 70-80 km from north to south, developing about 700-800 thousand hectares of land. If we add to this the city with its enterprises, it turns out that the emergence of such a large industrial complex as Norilsk turns about 700 thousand hectares of fishing grounds into a territory for amateur hunting. This allows us to conclude that the area of ​​the fishing zone will decrease by 10% only after more than 210 cities such as Norilsk appear in it, and its population increases by 27 million people, i.e., doubles. This will apparently not happen so soon, and the biological resources of the taiga and tundra are still long time will be objects of commercial economy and be of great economic importance.

Let's continue our calculations on concrete examples. In the European part of Russia, the fishing zone includes the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk region, Komi and Karelian Autonomous Republics. We took the Vologda, Kirov, Gorky, Perm and Sverdlovsk regions as semi-commercial ones. The sports hunting zone is represented by 17 regions included in the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions. These groups of regions differ in the composition of hunting grounds and the nature of their use.

In all zones there is a significant fund of free land, due to which the area of ​​commercial and sports farms can be expanded. As of January 1, 2009, there were 70 state industrial farms operating in the Russian Federation. In the coming years, it is planned to organize 80 new state industrial enterprises. The number of industrial farms of consumer cooperation will also increase.

Experience shows that on a farm with an area of ​​27,000 hectares, it is possible to satisfy the need for hunting during the year for 127 people. Consequently, the provision of each hunter with land should be 200 hectares. In fact, for one hunter in the zone commercial hunting there are 141 hectares of land assigned to societies, in the semi-commercial zone - 90 hectares, in the zone of sports hunting - 108 hectares. If the load of land per hunter is increased to 200 hectares, then the areas of land for sports purposes in the hunting economic zones will increase accordingly. The entire territory of the sports zone with such a norm can be attributed to the primary collectives and societies of hunters. Of course, it is not only a matter of distributing land among the collectives. At the same time, it is necessary to improve organizational and mass work, to raise the cultural level and consciousness of hunters, to achieve their active labor participation in the construction of a hunting economy.

The situation is different in the industrial zone. With full satisfaction of the requests of amateur hunters, no more than 10-12% of the grounds can be assigned to the collectives. The rest of the territory has a fishing purpose and can be used to organize industrial farms or be assigned to teams of semi-fishers. Some of the land will remain free for a long time, not involved in economic turnover. This zone, due to the lack of field workers, is characterized by the complex and patchy use of the biological resources of the taiga and tundra.

The economic efficiency of the radical reclamation of hunting grounds and some other measures can be revealed only after a few years, therefore, it can be recommended to keep a book on the history of the economy on each farm, primarily on experimental farms. This original chronicle of the economy should reflect all changes in the composition and quality of hunting grounds, and along with this, the impact of these changes on the number of hunting fauna.

Deviations from the norm should also be noted in it. meteorological conditions, forage productivity, land reclamation measures. The entries in this book will serve as valuable material in the future for conclusions and generalizations about the ecological and economic efficiency of all the changes that have taken place in the fund of the hunting grounds of the economy.

When planning a hunting economy, one must proceed from what hunting grounds can give, and not from what they give if they are used improperly. It is necessary to consider all the conditions of hunting management in dynamics. The final general indicator of the use of the state hunting fund in the economy should be the indicator of gross hunting and related products obtained from 100 or 1000 hectares of land. Every square kilometer of lands assigned to the society must be used to the maximum benefit.

Under the influence of industrialization and the rapid development of technology, the process of transformation has accelerated earth's surface. There are already more than 1 billion hectares of land on the globe that have lost biological productivity as a result of unreasonable human activity. The natural environment is changing so rapidly that some scientists are already talking about the critical state of the landscape sphere. In this regard, the structure of the fund of hunting grounds also becomes dynamic. Under the new conditions, hunting problems can only be solved in conjunction with human activities in other sectors of the economy and from the standpoint of rational nature management.

Photos of hunting grounds













Hunting entrepreneurs are often worried about the question: “How to rent hunting grounds?” Where, where, but in Russia there really is plenty to choose from!

The total area of ​​hunting grounds, i.e. the habitat of wild animals, in the Russian Federation is 1.5 billion hectares. The number of animal species that are allowed to hunt (hunting resources) is 228. The hunting sector provides a trade turnover of 80–100 billion rubles.

It is more cost-effective than feeding minks and arctic foxes in enclosures. The traditional classification distinguishes between open, forest, marsh and water hunting grounds. Public relations related to their operation are regulated by the Federal Law "On hunting and on the conservation of hunting resources ..."

The most sought after are forest resources. Among them, private hunting grounds are most often organized. There are several classifications. The first of them (according to the age of the stand) uses a ten-year gradation for deciduous trees and twenty years old for conifers. (Classes 1 and 2 are young stands, classes 3 and 4 are middle-aged, then maturing, ripe and overmature stands).

The second classification, according to D.N. Danilov, distinguishes between swampy, mossy, floodplain, complex, dry and lichen, stony forests. These are the most common classifications, in fact there are many more.

The legal classification assumes three groups: the first - public hunting grounds (which, by law, occupy at least 20% of the total), the second - assigned to individuals and legal entities (in fact, the subject of this article), and finally the third - grounds, hunting in which is limited or prohibited by the established regime of protected areas.

Those who are interested in how to rent hunting grounds should be oriented towards the second group.

Choice of lands for rent. advance planning

Obviously, an entrepreneur in the field of hunting business chooses for himself such a lease of forest land that is promising and potentially profitable, while using the methods of hunting management work. The activities that it includes are divided into preparatory, field and cameral.

Of course, you have to "measure seven times" before renting a hunting ground. During preparatory activities, documents of land departments of district executive committees, environmental organizations, veterinary services, departments of agriculture. Meaning field work consists in a qualitative assessment of the populations of the leased area.

The final stage of the assessment process is office work, during which the information of the preparatory and field stages is summarized, forest lands are evaluated in value terms, the hunting area is territorially planned, shooting is rationed, biotechnical and conservation measures are planned, and optoeconomic maps and schemes are drawn up. The species abundance of hunting resources, how they are distributed spatially, and the sufficiency of natural forages are assessed.

Thus, anyone interested in how to rent hunting grounds cannot do without a huntsman survey of the grounds.

What area should be rented? Opinions, of course, may vary. We believe that the point of view of Alexei Danilkin, Doctor of Biological Sciences, deserves attention, who believes that an area of ​​ten thousand hectares is suitable for effective regulation of the number of ungulates in the temperate zone. A more moderate approach suggests an area of ​​thirty thousand hectares. The cost of such a lease in its moderate version will cost the entrepreneur $600.

Registration of rent

If you answer with legal point point of view on the question “how to rent hunting grounds”, then, of course, we will talk about documentary operations. The main stages of registration of the lease are the acquisition of the status of an individual entrepreneur or a legal entity, the selection and lease of specific lands, the conclusion of a hunting agreement with the State Hunting Inspectorate (as a result of winning the auction), obtaining a state license for the use of hunting resources.

Licensing will require you to apply to the appropriate enforcement agency state power, containing information about the future hunting business, as well as the expected qualitative and temporal parameters of the use of wildlife (shooting and restoration). It is reasonable to draw up such an application based on the results of cameral work. In fact, this is a rough business plan for a hunting economy.

The option of acquiring hunting grounds in ownership is possible, but it is much more expensive, and, accordingly, we can talk about profitability here only for long periods of time. It is more of an investment than a business.

Ways of development of modern hunting economy

After acquiring the rights of use, the question of how to organize a hunting farm becomes relevant? An entrepreneur, having rented a hunting estate, not only receives profit from it, but also purposefully works to ensure that this profit becomes higher.

Of paramount importance is the accuracy of determining the number of animals in a given farm at the beginning of the hunting season. This is a cornerstone, from which all the main indicators of the hunting area are planned. First of all, fur-bearing animals, as well as large artiodactyls are taken into account. Their number is estimated in the number of individuals per thousand hectares of land. To do this, first, a count is made on test plots and routes, and then this sample is rounded for the entire territory of the land.

The criterion for the quality of hunting farms is the coefficient of land productivity (this indicator is calculated for each type of animal).

For good lands it is 250, for those with a quality above average - 165, for medium - 100, for quality below average - 50, for bad - 15. In practice, this means, for example, that in good hunting farms there are 2.5 times more animals, than in the average.

To get good land for rent is, of course, great luck. And it usually doesn't happen. Be realistic, you will be rented as a maximum of an average farm.

You have to improve its quality: improve the forage base, increase the protective and nesting properties by increasing the forest cover and enriching the plantations. You may even have to make land reclamation in a certain area. Only on the basis of a reliable “stern rear” will it be possible to further develop the hunting business.

With a sufficient amount of feed, additional measures for the artificial settlement of lands with animals and birds demonstrate a good effect.

The success of the hunting economy depends on the rangers

It is obvious that the understanding of how to organize a private hunting economy should combine not only entrepreneurial approaches, but also specific aspects of the gamekeeper business. Competent management of the hunting economy should ensure the expanded reproduction of animals and birds.

To do this, one should navigate migrations, know the biology of the main animal species and their ability to restore livestock. However, it is incorrect to assume that it is advisable to increase the population of certain game animals above the optimal one. The food base is deteriorating, and diseases begin. This purposeful activity problem solving How to organize a hunting economy is called hunting management, it is professionally handled by rangers.

Some business moments

Where to start economic activity hunting farm? First, measures should be taken to minimize the number of roads. Ideally, there should be one, leading to the forestry, equipped with a checkpoint and a barrier.

Extra roads, even if deforestation is carried out with their help, one should try to close them legally. And then - dig and fill up. This puts a barrier to autopoaching and prevents a certain number of risks in the future. The cost of clearing the road and equipping the post will be about $1,000.

Documentary support of hunting

What documents serve the hunting business? Each hunter according to federal law"On hunting" must have a perpetual hunting ticket of a single federal standard issued by the State Hunting Inspectorate. (Restriction for obtaining it is an unexpunged or outstanding conviction for an intentional crime).

The second document received by the hunter is a permit (license) for hunting. It operates within the framework of the hunting economy that issued it. In turn, the forms of vouchers (licenses) the hunting farm receives from the territorial body of the State Hunting Inspectorate.

Hunting licensed animals, i.e., catching them by tracking and chasing them in a state of their natural freedom, the hunter, instead of a ticket, receives a license from the hunting ground or signs an agreement. It should be noted that the validity of both the voucher and the license is limited in time. After use, the forms of these documents are handed over by hunters to the hunting ground. In addition, control over the observance of the terms of hunting, accounting of forms of vouchers (licenses) is a function of the hunting area.

Organization of activities of the hunting farm

In general, the organization of the activity of a hunting farm is regulated and carried out by its staff. It is these people, who know how to organize a hunting economy, who determine the level of service for hunters visiting the respective lands. The basic range of services provided includes the organization of accommodation and meals, huntsman services, as well as the processing of trophies.

Significantly increase the profitability of the hunting economy additional services: bath services, massage, swimming pool, water routes, games (billiards, volleyball, table tennis), organizing picnics with barbecue, playgrounds for sports games, shooting (shooting gallery), laundry, internet, transport services, ecotourism for hunting.

The overall activity of the enterprise in question is carried out on the basis of a plan that takes into account, in addition to products obtained directly from the hunting farm itself, also investments in it. It should immediately be noted that the first two or three months after its organization, the hunting economy is working to achieve a break-even point. In the same period, entrepreneurs in the field of hunting business are recommended to conclude agreements with third-party organizations in order to increase the flow of funding.

Hunting State

The minimum staff of a hunting economy includes a manager, a huntsman and a cook. The manager carries out planning of its development and controls the implementation of this plan. Requirements for it: higher education(preferably special), the presence of vehicles, experience in the hotel business is welcome.

Personally, he negotiates and concludes contracts with partners, clients, organizes work, controls the staff.

The huntsman must have a higher specialized or secondary education and two years of work experience in this specialty. It takes into account the number of animals, monitors compliance with the rules of hunting, carries out protective measures and measures to regulate the number of animals. He prepares food, salt licks, equips feeding grounds and feeders, artificial nests.

The cook, of course, must be a true specialist in the preparation of game dishes. The success of the hunting business will also depend on his skill. The cook and the huntsman should equip accommodation separately from the guest houses.

Profit

Since the main types of costs have already been mentioned by us in this article, it remains for us to show the directions of the profitability of the hunting economy. Each such farm approves its tariffs for trophies taken by hunters. Only a small percentage of them is income from the sale of vouchers and licenses (300–1000 rubles).

The main source of income is payment by hunters (clients of the hunting farm) transport services, services of a huntsman, a cook, accommodation, services related to the processing of obtained trophies (salting, smoking, freezing meat, skinning and processing, intermediary services for the manufacture of stuffed animals). If there is a reservoir at the hunting farm, then it receives additional income from the rental of fishing equipment and a fee for the caught fish (tariffication - by weight).

Hunting goods business

Entrepreneurs-hunters, especially from the townspeople, are often interested in what is needed to open a hunting shop? To do this, firstly, you should orient yourself in the legal norms governing the sale of weapons. To open a business, you will need to invest about 3 million rubles in it. Documentation will require permission from the local authorities and the local police department and a license to sell weapons. Its price is 150 thousand rubles.

The remaining cost items are typical, relating to all entrepreneurs who open their own business. These are state and tax registration, registration with a statistical agency, rent, a contract for security services, as well as fire alarms. And, of course, the opening of a hunting store is associated with the purchase of inventory ($8-10 thousand) and goods ($5-6 thousand).

Conclusion

To organize a profitable hunting economy is a specific business. For its successful functioning, it is important to combine the skills of rangers, outstanding organizational skills, enthusiasm for service, and unique cuisine.

Farms that have concluded contracts with large enterprises for the recreation of hunters from among their employees are working successfully and rhythmically. Also promising is the organization of elite hunting, with planned trophies, the development of ecological tourism.

Word of mouth is of great importance: effective hunting that guarantees trophies, as well as a well-established service, is the key to the commercial success of the hunting economy.

Hunting business business plan. How to rent hunting grounds - all the most necessary and useful for business on the site

Public hunting ground of Shchelkovsky district

Area: 20,333 ha

North: from 38°8"32.985"E 56°5"59.92"N up avg. downstream b.i. tributary of the Vorya to the point 38°10"41.963"E 56°5"40.95"N, then in a straight line to the point 38°11"22.648"E 56°5"27.531"N, then in a straight line to the point 38°11"35.655 "E 56°5"49.516"N, straight ahead to 38°14"35.462"E 56°7"1.147"N, straight ahead to 38°15"7.416"E 56°6"55.866"N, further in a straight line to the point 38°18"54.362"E 56°8"55.581"N, further in a straight line to the point 38°19"0.091"E 56°9"18.197"N, further in a straight line to the point 38°19"22.053" E 56°9"24.478"N, straight ahead to 38°20"8.648"E 56°9"24.73"N.

Eastern: from the point 38 ° 20 "8.648" E 56 ° 9 "24.73" N along the road to the intersection with the river. Width at point 38°20"20.283"E 56°10"25.158"N, further down med. the course of the river. Shirenka to the settlement of Golovino, then in a straight line to the point 38°24"40.038"E 56°6"53.455"N, then in a straight line to the point 38°25"2.498"E 56°6"43.805"N, then in a straight line to the point 38°24"59.151"E 56°6"8.557"N, then in a straight line to the point 38°24"36.158"E 56°5"50.019"N, then down the middle. the course of the river. Dubenka to the junction with adm. border Chernogolovka GO.

South: from the junction of the river. Dubenka with adm. boundary of Chernogolovka GO in the south-west direction along this adm. border to the settlement of Makarovo.

Western: from the settlement of Makarovo along the road towards the settlement of Bogorodskoye to the point 38°15"23.536"E 56°0"54.73"N, then in a straight line to the point 38°14"46.117"E 56°0"38.242"N, straight ahead to 38°14"18.986"E 56°0"40.243"N, straight ahead to 38°13"29.906"E 56°0"26.928"N, then straight straight to point 38°12"1.809"E 56°0"29.618"N, then up avg. the course of the river. Driving to 38°8"32.985"E 56°5"59.92"N.

Public hunting ground of Shatura district

Area: 10,016 ha

Northern: from the point 39°31"7.841"E 55°47"14.401"N in an easterly direction at adm. border of the Vladimir and Moscow regions. to 39°47"40.943"E 55°49"49.081"N.

East: from point 39°47"40.943"E 55°49"49.081"N further in a straight line to point 39°46"38.862"E 55°49"26.36"N., further in a straight line to point 39°46" 35.253"E 55°48"49.88"N, straight on to 39°44"57.273"E 55°48"48.865"N, straight on to 39°44"55.209"E 55°48"16.431 "N, straight ahead to 39°43"5.717"E 55°48"14.65"N, straight ahead to 39°43"4.657"E 55°47"17.063"N, straight ahead to 39°42"9.868"E 55°47"12.513"N, straight ahead to 39°42"15.836"E 55°46"4.34"N, straight ahead to 39°41"12.517"E 55 °46"3.887"N, then in a straight line to the point 39°41"34.203"E 55°43"43.42"N.

South: from point 39°41"34.203"E 55°43"43.42"N straight west to point 39°31"18.67"E 55°43"42.186"N, then straight ahead to point 39 °30"17.822"E 55°43"26.185"N.

Western: from the point 39°30"17.822"E 55°43"26.185"N in a northerly direction at adm. border of the Orekhovo-Zuevsky and Shatursky districts to the junction with the adm. border of the Vladimir region, further in the northeast direction along the adm. border of the Moscow and Vladimir regions. to 39°31"7.841"E

Public hunting ground Solnechnogorsk district

Area: 18,140 ha

North: from the intersection of adm. borders of Solnechnogorsk and Klinsk
districts with r. Katysh in the northeast direction along the adm. the border of the Solnechnogorsk and Klin districts to the intersection with b.i. tributary of the river Istria, and further down its medium. downstream to Golovkovo.

Eastern: from n.p. Golovkovo up Wednesday. the course of the river. Istra to the settlement of Sudnikovo, further along the road through the settlement of Melechkino, Kurilovo, Novaya to the settlement of Polezhayki.

South: from the settlement of Polezhayki along the road through the settlement of Lopotovo to the Istra reservoir to the point 36°48"45.228"E 56°4"35.407"N further in a straight line to the point 36°48"23.029"E 56 ° 4 "22.177" N, further in a north-westerly direction along adm. border of the Istra and Solnechnogorsk districts to the junction with adm. border of the Klinsky district.

Western: from the junction of adm. borders of the Klin, Istra and Solnechnogorsk districts in the northern direction along the adm. the border of Solnechnogorsk and Klin districts to the intersection with the river. Katysh.