Question to a psychologist 

What are homogeneous definitions and additions. Homogeneous definitions: examples. Sentences with homogeneous definitions

If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a number of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?

Homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side (by color, shape, size) or create a complete picture of the object.

Homogeneous definitions interconnected by a coordinating link; they are equally directly related to the noun being defined and are pronounced with enumerative intonation.

Between homogeneous definitions you can usually insert a union and .

For example: Ran into the room funny, loud laughing girl. (Cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state, an alliance can be put between them and .) were in a vase red, orange and yellow flowers. (Red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color.)


Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different angles. In this case, only the nearest definition refers directly to the word being defined, and the other refers to the combination of the noun being defined with the first definition.

Between heterogeneous definitions there is no coordinative connection, they are pronounced without enumerative intonation and do not allow the insertion of a union and .

As a rule, heterogeneous definitions are expressed by adjectives of different categories (for example, quality and relative ).

For example: Ran into the room small loud laughing girl. (Small, laughing- heterogeneous definitions, it is impossible to put a union between them and .)

were in a vase large red fragrant flowers.(Large, red, fragrant - adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions.)

For demarcation homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole range of features. When parsing and placing punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, the way of expression and the order of definitions in the sentence.

Signs of homogeneity of definitions

Denote the signs of homogeneous objects: blue, yellow, red balls;
designate features that are interdependent in context (= since, therefore): lunar, clear evening (= clear, because lunar);
designate artistic images, metaphors: lead, extinguished eyes;
there is a semantic gradation: joyful, festive, radiant mood;
the single definition is placed before the common one: empty, covered with snow field;
located after the defined word: female young, beautiful, good, intelligent, charming ;
denote a subjective characteristic (optional feature): small, golden cloud; long, narrow carpet;
in position after the word being defined: clouds round, high, golden gray, with delicate white edges .
designate signs that are synonymous in the context, while in the context they are combined by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance, etc.): He handed me red, swollen, dirty hand; Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains; AT thick, dark gray strands shone in her hair; pale, strict face; cheerful, good-natured laugh; deserted, surly house; affectionate, alive eyes; proud, brave view; dry, cracked lips; heavy, evil feeling; grey, continuous, small rain etc.

Between homogeneous definitions not connected by unions, put a comma.

For example: Red, white, pink, yellow carnations made a beautiful bouquet. Strange, cutting, painful the cry was suddenly heard twice in a row over the river.

Signs of heterogeneity of definitions

Designate the shape and material: P gnarled walnut the Bureau;
indicate color and shape: white round clouds;
indicate the size and material: large stone Houses;
indicate quality and location: sullen siberian river.

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous.

For example: Fell at the end of November first easy snowball.(The words first and easy first- numeral easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members). my old house.(The words "my" and " old" refer to different parts speeches: my- pronouns old- adjective, they also do not form a series of homogeneous members). A neglected orchard.(The words " launched" and "fruit" belong to different parts of speech: launched- single communion fruit- adjective).

We draw your attention to the fact that a single participle will be heterogeneous, and a participle with a dependent word (participial turnover) is included in a number of homogeneous definitions, and the participle turnover should be in second place.

For example: black combed hair(heterogeneous definitions); black, smoothly combed hair(homogeneous definitions). A comma is placed only between homogeneous members; after the participial turnover, if there are no special conditions for separation, a comma is not put.

Between heterogeneous definitions comma is not included.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications

1. Depending on the meaning, applications that are not connected by unions can be homogeneous and heterogeneous. Applications before the word being defined and denoting close features of the subject, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous and are separated by commas.

For example: Laureate Nobel Prize, academician HELL. Sakharov- honorary titles; Doctor of Philology, Professor S.I. Radzig– academic degree and title; World Cup Winner, Champion Europe - sports titles; Olympic champion, holder of the "golden belt" of the European champion, one of the most technical boxers, candidate of technical sciences, professor- a list of different ranks.

If applications denote different features of an object, characterize it from different angles, then they are heterogeneous and commas are not separated.

For example: First Deputy Minister of Defense General of the Army - position and military rank; chief designer of the design institute for construction engineering for precast concrete engineer - position and profession; CEO production association candidate of technical sciences - position and academic degree.

2. When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Head of the Interuniversity Department of General and University Pedagogy Doctor pedagogical sciences, Professor; Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time winner of the World Cup, student of the Institute of Physical Education; Honored Master of Sports, absolute champion world student of the Institute of Physical Education.

Without definitions explaining the property and quality of an object, human speech would be "dry" and uninteresting. Everything that has a sign is conveyed in sentences with the help of definitions. It is the description of objects that creates our knowledge about it and our attitude towards it: a delicious fruit, a bitter experience, a beautiful person, a white and fluffy rabbit, etc. Such explanations characterizing objects help to understand them better.

The concept of homogeneous members

For greater disclosure of the content of a sentence or to strengthen any part of it, homogeneous members of sentences are often used. They answer the same question and explain or refer to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members are absolutely independent and are connected in a sentence either by enumerative intonation or by coordinating conjunctions. Rarely can they be linked subordinating conjunctions, conveying the meaning of concession or the reasons for what is happening.

For example:

All members of the sentence, both secondary and main, can be homogeneous equally. Difficulties in punctuation often raise doubts about their uniformity. To know when commas are needed and when not, you need to understand what distinguishes between homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions.

Definitions heterogeneous and homogeneous

Homogeneous are definitions that refer to one member of the sentence or that characterize it, and answer one question. Commas are placed between homogeneous definitions, as they describe an object from any side or list its varieties, for example:


Heterogeneous definitions give a description of the subject from different angles, characterizing it according to its various qualities.

This is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Examples have shown that homogeneous are divided according to the characteristics and conditions that they characterize. They also have an enumerative intonation.

Heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions can be divided according to the way of expressing signs and according to the place in the sentence.

Non-homogeneous include:

  • Definitions that characterize or reveal the properties of an object from different angles. At the same time, its various qualities can be listed - shape, color, width, height, material, etc. For example: a long black scarf was wrapped several times around the neck (definitions indicate the length and color of the object).
  • Definitions consisting of a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example: a girl took off a red woolen mitten from her hand and stroked a kitten (“red” is a qualitative adjective characterizing the color, “woolen” is a relative one, indicating the material).
  • Definitions represented by qualitative adjectives included in different semantic groups. For example: his cheerful green eyes squinted (two quality adjectives characterize the word being defined from different angles).

Another feature that distinguishes homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (examples clearly demonstrate this) is the absence of a listing intonation when they reveal their various properties in objects.

Main signs of homogeneity

In order to determine what type definitions in a sentence belong to, one should know what particular features of an object they can characterize. In the section "Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions" (grade 8), the main features indicating homogeneity are given:


They also distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions of punctuation marks in a sentence. With homogeneous secondary terms, they are always put.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions

It is important to correctly determine whether or not to put punctuation marks when the sentence has homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Lesson (grade 8) on this topic gives the following examples of comma placement:


Commas are not put if homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are separated by a coordinating union and. For example: red and yellow balls (uniform definitions); the house was large and stone (heterogeneous definitions).

Additional signs of homogeneity and heterogeneity

In addition to the main ones, there are additional signs indicating that the definitions are homogeneous. It is either characteristic poetic forms associated with the requirements of rhyme or terminology. In such speech constructions, definitions, even after the object they define, may be undefinable. For example:


Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (the exercises confirm this) can move from one quality to another. For example, when one definition stands in front of another, which makes up a single phrase with the subject: a long train.

A special kind of definitions

A special variety includes definitions that connect explanatory relationships. In this case, it is easy to determine where homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions are. The test for their difference lies in the substitution of conjunctions "namely" and "that is".

  • A completely different, interesting time has come (another, namely interesting).
  • The play received a new, original sound (new, that is, original).

A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions connected by explanatory conditions.

Note

As the rules show, they may have exceptions or notes, which confirms the study of the topic “homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions”. A lesson in grade 11 introduces students to a note on this topic. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions tend to change the meaning of the sentence, for example:

  • New, yellow taxis appeared on the streets of the city (the former ones were not yellow).
  • New yellow taxis appeared on the streets of the city (the number of yellow taxis increased).

In the first example, the emphasis is on the fact that taxis in the city have become yellow. In the second, new cars appeared among the yellow taxis.

double punctuation

Depending on what intonation the speaker uses, in some phrases the definition following the first one may become not homogeneous, but explanatory. For example:

  • New proven methods led to the result (before these methods did not exist).
  • New, proven methods resulted (previous methods were not proven).

In the second example, you can substitute the unions "that is" and "namely", so a comma is placed and the intonation changes.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Agreed definitions relating to one defined word can be both homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Homogeneous definitions each directly related to the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Homogeneous definitions are connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only by enumeration intonation and connecting pauses.

Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases:

a) to designate hallmarks different objects (varieties of objects of the same kind are listed, for example: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue panels of light fall on passers-by, slide along facades (Cat.));

b) to designate various, logically one-dimensional, signs of the same object (the signs of the object are listed, and most often the object is characterized on the one hand, for example: Loved Chapaev strong, decisive, hard word(Furm.)).

Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, but at the same time, the context creates conditions for the convergence of the features they express (the unifying feature can be a distant general concept, the similarity of the impression produced by the signs, appearance etc.), for example: Napoleon made an inquiring gesture with his small, white and plump hand (L.T.).

In a series of homogeneous definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the sign they express, as a result of which a semantic gradation is created, for example: In autumn, feather grass steppes completely change and get their own special, original, with nothing similar appearance(Ax.).

Between homogeneous definitions, since they form a coordinative series and are in a logically and semantically identical relation to the word being defined, one can usually insert a coordinating union: cheerful and open smile, open and charming smile etc. (Heterogeneous definitions do not allow this: one cannot say: climbed the creaky and wooden stairs, put on a new and red dress.)

Usually, the adjective and the participial phrase following it (or just participle) act as homogeneous definitions, for example: It was somehow sad in this small garden, already touched in late autumn (Hump.); clean, ironed shirt; grey, dull day.

Definitions are heterogeneous, if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the noun being defined, for example: The sun disappeared behind an advanced low broken cloud (L.T.).

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, in different respects, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material), an oblong pale face (shape and color), beautiful Moscow boulevards (quality and location), etc. But, if it is possible to bring such signs under a common generic concept, the definitions can become homogeneous, for example: Along the mossy, swampy banks, huts blackened here and there (P.) (the unifying feature is marshy).

Definitions expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives are heterogeneous, since they are not in the same relation to the noun: the relative adjective extends the noun, and the qualitative one joins the phrase (relative adjective + noun) as a whole name: sunny autumn day.

Also, the definitions expressed are not homogeneous:

1) pronoun and adjective: your new hat, this wooden casket;

2) ordinal number and adjective: second stone house;

3) participle and adjective (in that order): purely washed wooden floor, tanned cheerful face.

The clarifying definitions are not homogeneous either (the second definition, often inconsistent, clarifies the first, limits the sign expressed by it), for example: Only a narrow, three hundred fathoms, strip of fertile land is the property of the Cossacks (L. T.)

Homogeneous definitions?

lady nee

The greatest difficulties in establishing the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the members of a sentence are associated with homogeneous definitions, which should be distinguished from heterogeneous ones (and this is not always easy).

First of all, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions relate differently to the noun being defined.

Each of the homogeneous definitions explains the directly defined noun: An interesting, exciting film.

In the case of heterogeneous definitions, only the definition closest to the noun is directly related to it and forms a single complex name together with the noun. And the definition more distant from the noun characterizes all this complex name as a whole: Good May day, that is, the definition good does not refer to the word day, but to the phrase May day.

Heterogeneity relations are most often observed between qualitative and relative adjectives-definitions (a large glass vase, a new leather bag), while the relative adjective stands immediately before the noun and is part of a complex name, and the qualitative one characterizes all this complex name as a whole.

Definitions are usually heterogeneous if: 1) they are expressed by a pronoun and an adjective: your blue suit; our new friend; each interesting book; 2) numeral and adjective: the first winter day; two old linden trees; 3) participle and adjective: showered autumn leaves; faded gray eyes; 4) qualitative adjective and relative: big stone house; bright morning dawn; strong male voice. Such definitions designate different attributes of an object: belonging and color, size and material, shape and color, quality and location, etc.

Combinations with homogeneous definitions are semantically diverse. In general, they can be divided into two groups: 1) definitions that name the features of different objects; 2) definitions that name the features of the same object. (Heterogeneous definitions always characterize one subject, but from different angles: There were old hanging wall clocks in the office (L. Tolstoy).)

1) With the help of definitions, varieties of objects are indicated that differ in any one respect: in color, purpose, material, geographic location etc.

For example: At a great distance, the city sprawled and quietly burned and sparkled with blue, white, yellow lights (V. Korolenko).

Homogeneity of definitions in such groups is strictly obligatory and easily recognizable. (It is precisely such definitions that either include or allow the inclusion of the union c.)

2) Much more common are such homogeneous definitions that characterize the same object or a single group of objects. It can be:

A) synonymous definitions (the uniformity of which is obligatory, since they express one feature, that is, they characterize an object from one side): a sharp, piercing wind; thick, dense fog;

B) definitions that denote signs different, but often and naturally accompanying each other (between such definitions, you can insert a causal union because, because): dark, low clouds; nocturnal, desert city;

3) definitions are necessarily homogeneous, of which the first is a single, and the second is a participial turnover (a single definition precedes the common one): they walked through a quiet taiga illuminated by stars (but: they walked through a quiet taiga illuminated by stars).

Tell me what is heterogeneous definitions?

kitty

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, indicate different features of an object, for example, its size, shape, color, material, location, etc. For example: that the forest was cut down in winter (V. Soloukhin). 2) Bestuzhev removed a green knitted (color and material) glove from her hand and kissed her cold fingers (K. Paustovsky). 3) A thick draft (size and purpose) notebook, in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches, was placed at the bottom of the suitcase (V. Kaverin). 4) Around noon, a lot of round high (shape and location) clouds usually appear ... (I. Turgenev).
As a rule, definitions expressed by a combination of a qualitative and relative adjective are heterogeneous.

mire kim

Designate the defined words, underline homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. On the Dymkovo painted clay toy long time didn't pay attention. Interest, and then real world recognition, came to her in our days. Indeed, today there is an acute shortage of good.


For a long time, no attention was paid to the Dymkovo painted clay toy. Interest, and then real world recognition, came to her in our days. Indeed, today there is an acute shortage of good.
Dymkovka is a children's joyful optimistic view of the world. Here are caring serious nannies with children; graceful playful water carriers; funny colorful rams with golden horns; harmless nobles - arrogant and funny. These are happy young people riding a boat; funny moving buffoons on horseback; shy young ladies with umbrellas. And how amusing in his arrogant majestic pose is the rider on the spotted horse!
famous Dymkovo toy semitones and imperceptible transitions are alien. These are catchy optimistic toys burning with colored spots.

When developing a new lesson, we ask questions: what will we study, why and how? Defining the goal, we focus on the class level: lyceum - non-lyceum, as well as on the profile - humanitarian or non-humanitarian. After that, you can choose which material to use - prepared in advance or involved in the course of the lesson. Not forgetting the “long-term” goal - the formation of the student's linguistic personality, in the humanitarian class we set tasks for each student - to determine their own position: speaking - writing, listening - reading. In both cases, examples are examined in which, under certain conditions, there is (or is not) a linguistic phenomenon, for example, when agreed definitions will or will not be homogeneous. At the same time, the punctuation rule ceases to be an organizing center, it is assimilated as a consequence arising from the analysis of phrases or sentences. The student comes to the conclusion: there are different variants punctuation marks.

In a non-humanitarian, non-lyceum class, the goal can be formulated differently: it is necessary to competently and consciously use constructions with homogeneous / heterogeneous definitions in speech. Hence the tasks: to find out when a comma is put / not put between agreed definitions, to learn how to read and write sentences with homogeneous / heterogeneous definitions correctly, to be able to compose them correctly.

Independent research on the topic “Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions” contributes to a stronger assimilation, better preserved by long-term memory. We offer it in the humanities class in the form of laboratory work.

Preliminary homework to repeat the past - answer questions, pick up examples:

What minor parts of the sentence do you know?

What part of a sentence is called a definition?

- What adjectives refer to qualitative, relative?

– What are the signs subordination"agreement"?

What part of speech words agree with the noun?

- What kind coordinating conjunctions are connecting?

- What kind of divisive and opposing unions do you know?

(Questions can be given by options, distributed into groups.)

PROGRESS OF THE FIRST LESSON

I. Preparatory stage

1. Checking homework.

2. Working with concepts homogeneous / heterogeneous.

1) Two rows of synonyms are given. Decide what synonyms the word goes with definition as a linguistic term.

a) Heterogeneous, mixed, diverse, heterogeneous, motley, heterogeneous, heterogeneous.

b) Similar, identical, close, similar, poured out, similar, homogeneous, heterogeneous.

2) Think about what the phrases mean: homogeneous definitions, heterogeneous definitions.

II. main stage

1. Actualization of attention. Motivation.

The student, telling the story of the appearance of a shirt in the house, wrote: “I was walking through an autumn and damp park, when suddenly, either under a yellow or under a tall larch, I saw something incomprehensible. Then someone small and black and with a white chest jumped out of the bush.

Describing the character of the chick, the student made the following phrases: independent and independent, pugnacious and self-willed; or neat, or capricious.

What speech and grammatical errors would you note?

2. The form of the lesson.

3. The topic of the lesson.

5. Task.

6. Work with handouts.

Exercise. Read carefully the examples from A.M. Zimin “Unfamiliar Familiar Forest” and fill in the tables.

Homogeneous definitions

Signs and conditions of uniformity Examples
1. List the signs of different objects
2. Characterize the object from any one side, indicate the state
3. The following definition explains, clarifies the previous one
4. You can insert a union between definitions and
5. Stand after the word being defined
6. Expressed by adjective and participle turnover
7. Expressed by quality adjectives

A tall, thick bird cherry tree grows near the bathhouse. A finch flew to the birch and sang short, cheerful songs. Nowhere have I seen so many white and yellow lilies. Christmas trees breathed in the face warm and dense aroma of needles. Large and small bubbles float downstream. Russula stands openly on the road - wet, pink, joyful. Birches dressed in gold, aspens and maples - in yellow, orange and purple dresses. On the gray shore, not dried from the spring water, a marigold bush opened bright yellow buds. Nearby, in the grass, I found two young porcini mushrooms browned in the sun. When they fly away in the spring winter birds, from the south, swallows will come to visit: both rural and urban. It seemed that the sparrows were not going to dine here, but started a very interesting game with a bread crust, but incomprehensible to me. Raindrops fall more and more often, and now already underway quiet, warm, unhurried rain, from which one does not want to hide either under the tree or under the oilcloth. Under the tree grew lanky, browned like buns, porcini mushrooms, near the pines stood round, reddish-brown boletus mushrooms. Puzan-boletus is all in sight, solid and proud.

Heterogeneous definitions

Small round forest lake. I found a comfortable flat rock in the water. Young pink leaves appeared on the aspen. Away from the water stood quiet motionless pines. A chaffinch and a willow warbler sang in the bright birch forest. I walked along the black burnt bank of the river. It was difficult to find firewood in the dark, and I supported the fire with last year's dry grass. The duckling swims up to the snag-seal, collects something from its wet smooth back and talks about something with it. In the vague gray bushes the corncrake creaks tirelessly. I'm walking down a narrow, overgrown road. Increasingly, the road is blocked by fallen dry knotty trees. I spread the grass and catch large ripe berries from it. Here around me an amazing hectic life boils. Only red swamp russula grew in the damp mossy spruce forest. A thundercloud rustled over the forest and left clean warm puddles on the road.

7. Drawing up diagrams.

Homogeneous definitions -,

heterogeneous definitions -

III. The final stage

1. Evaluation of your condition and your work.

2. Comments and suggestions on the lesson.

IV. Homework(at the choice of students)

1) Select 8-10 sentences with homogeneous - heterogeneous definitions;

2) select a text containing sentences with homogeneous - heterogeneous definitions;

3) come up with 8-10 sentences with homogeneous - heterogeneous definitions;

4) compose a text containing sentences with homogeneous - heterogeneous definitions.

Material for the second lesson

1. Be careful! Determine if in all sentences the agreed adjectives are definitions.(Not in all. In examples 1, 3, 5, adjectives are part of a compound nominal predicate.)

1) Dried moss crunched underfoot, and cloudberries were surprisingly juicy and large.

2) A silver night moth flickers in a beam of light.

3) The river here is narrow, the banks are high and steep.

4) I came to collect cloudberries on a hot windless day.

5) The thick bedding of fallen leaves was dry and soft.

2. Explanatory dictation.

1) A bumblebee queen in a black fluffy coat with a yellow belt flew to our parking lot on the shore of the lake, buzzing in bass.

2) It seemed that autumn had hung colorful holiday lanterns on the aspen tree.

3) The water in the river has already cooled down from the long cold nights and does not have time to warm up during the day.

4) Strong, sharp, alarming cries of a thrush were heard in the bushes.

5) I squeezed my large mushroom basket into my backpack, and together with my son we went to our cherished places to Spring Lake.

6) Swamp grass cotton grass crept up to the lake itself, its heads in white downy caps leaned towards the water and began to listen to something. (A.Zimin)

3. Write off, heading the text, explain the punctuation marks. Check the author's punctuation.

The sky is a clear blue sun, although not very warm, but bright festive. Autumn cobwebs are silvering in the sky. Along the road, colorful aspens. When the wind blows, the aspens throw heaps of red, yellow and orange leaves at me. I catch the leaves on the fly again, toss them up, rejoicing along with the aspens on a fine autumn day.

And suddenly, in the wind, in the shade of thick fir trees, I noticed a hushed young aspen with black leaves. What is her grief? He approached her and stood next to her, but he could not help her, he could not even ask.

ASPENKA IN MOURNING

The sky is clear, blue, the sun, although not very warm, is bright and festive. Autumn cobwebs are silvering in the sky. Along the road, colorful aspens. When the wind blows, the aspens throw heaps of red, yellow and orange leaves at me. I catch the leaves on the fly, throw them up again, rejoicing along with the aspens on a fine autumn day.

And suddenly, in the wind, in the shade of thick fir trees, I noticed a hushed young aspen with black leaves. What is her grief? He approached her, stood next to her, but could not help her, he could not even ask her questions. (A.Zimin)

4. Write down the text, insert homogeneous or heterogeneous definitions in place of gaps. Underline homogeneous definitions with a wavy line.

GEESE FLYING OFF

It's raining. With the wind Now drizzling, then _______, _______, _______. In the wet _______ sky, geese flying south scream, scream night and day, sometimes so high that they are not visible in the rain, otherwise they are very low, just above the forest. And then it seems that they, along with the clouds, are carried to the south by a gusty _______ wind. Bowing after aspen and birch, waving branches. Red and _______ leaves break off the branches and fly after the geese. A flock of finches flies along with the leaves. You start to confuse where the finches are and where the leaves are. But then the finches flew away, and the leaves, exhausted, fall on _______ _______ grass from heavy rains, on a dirty and _______ road, on pockmarked _______ puddles. Behind the birch forest, the cries of geese are heard again. The wind is blowing south another flock of geese. (A.Zimin)

5. Test. Specify the numbers of sentences with homogeneous definitions.

1) A large and shaggy dog ​​of some indefinite color came out from behind the turn.

2) The geese noticed the puppy and, cackling with displeasure, gathered closer, scolding him in different ways. The big white gander, the leader of the pack, tried especially hard.

3) Having received a portion of milk, the calf lay down right there under a young sprawling birch and rested until dinner.

4. Winter was coming. Lisanka's fur coat became fluffy and thick.

5) By autumn, the fox has turned into an adult beautiful fox and started giving us trouble.

6) The cat squinted her eyes and saw how a mouse, small, gray, with a long tail dragging along the floor, ran around nearby, looking warily in her direction.

7) Chickens, as if dead, lay in the dust on their sides, sparrows sat on the fence, near the old basin, from which, slowly, standing on its edge with its paws, lapped white yellow spots cat.

8) No sooner had Naida run to the first bushes than a fox smell hit her nose - strong, unbearable.

9) The fox swerved to the ravine, rolled down the slope and immediately up, jumped over the frozen stream, made his way through the thick and thorny bushes, leaving tufts of red hair on them, and began to take to the right.

10) Spring was early and extremely fast. (V. Svintsov)

Answer. 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10.

When studying new topic in non-lyceum classes, as many years of practice shows, it is best to go from the experience of children: assimilation of the material is always higher if examples of phrases, sentences, texts invented by students are first analyzed, and only then - from the textbook. For this reason, the work on the topic “Homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions” can be built in the following way:

1. Riddle.

The proverb says about this bird that it and a sparrow are sea ridges. Can be both semi-domestic and wild. (Pigeon.)

2. Conversation.

- Do you think the phrase is correct? dove and bold semi-domestic?

(No, allowed speech error, since the trait that determines the character of the pigeon is named, and the trait that determines the habitat is indicated.)

Can you say pigeons? postal and decorative?

(It is possible, because the signs indicating the purpose of the pigeons are indicated.)

- Is the word combination correct? plumage white, blue and brown-brown?

(Yes, adjectives denote color.)

Is there a speech error in the sentence Pigeons feed on seeds of legumes and cereals.?

- Here: transverse white stripe on the lower back? Or: broad dark stripe at the end of the tail?

(Phrases are spelled without errors.)

– Definitions in phrases are consistent, but are they homogeneous?

(Heterogeneous.)

- Give an example where the definitions, in your opinion, are homogeneous.

3. Message of the topic of the lesson.

4. Offer- at the end of the lesson, independently formulate the goal of the lesson.

5. The movement of the theme. Working with material.

Exercise 1. Consider the drawing. Read the sentences.

In which sentence the definitions are expressed by qualitative adjectives? What are the adjectives in the first sentence? What are the definitions in the third sentence? Where are the definitions homogeneous, heterogeneous? Pay attention to punctuation marks. In which case it is impossible to insert a union between definitions and? Try to formulate a punctuation rule.

Task 2. Consider the drawing.

Make phrases: quality adjective + quality adjective + noun, as well as qualitative adjective + relative adjective + noun(word order can be changed). Composing phrases of the first type, describe the beak, wings, paws, tail of pigeons. When composing phrases of the second type, consider the size, age, plumage, endurance, purpose, habitat of birds.

Task 3. Describe the character of each bird using the appropriate definitions.

Independent, unpretentious, cautious, restrained, secretive, bold, quarrelsome, proud, meek, important, calm, pugnacious.

Task 4. Read the text. Briefly retell. Find heterogeneous definitions and explain the punctuation marks.

The dove is a symbol of purity, meek disposition, as well as tenderness and love. In a number of traditions, the dove acts as a heavenly messenger and as a symbol of the soul of the deceased. So, according to the belief of the Slavs, the soul of the deceased turns into a dove. In addition, he is a sacrificial animal.

White carrier pigeon, announcing the victory of the Greek city-states Olympic Games, became the prototype of a dove of peace with an olive branch in its beak, since peace was declared during the games in Greece. The artist Picasso resurrected the ancient symbolism by painting a white terry carrier pigeon for the World Peace Congress. (According to V.V. Adamchik)

Task 5. Find in the text and write out homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions in the composition of phrases. Explain punctuation marks.

Buzzard - large predatory bird, noticeably larger than a crow, with a pointed, hooked beak. Its coloration is simple: from grayish-buff to dark brown, the bottom is lighter, with longitudinal streaks. Short, rounded tail with transverse stripes. In a flying bird, a light stripe is visible below the wide wings. (V.D. Ilyichev)

Task 6. Write the text, put punctuation marks. Underline homogeneous definitions with a wavy line and heterogeneous definitions with a straight line.

The warbler has a thin pointed beak with brownish plumage above and grayish-buff below. Slender mobile, it quickly and maneuverably moves in the crowns and shrubs leads a secretive Lifestyle though not afraid of humans. Active during daylight and at night. (According to V.D. Ilyichev)

6. Formulation of the purpose of the lesson.

7. Generalization.

– Homogeneous definitions characterize the object from one side or from different sides? (One side.) In this case, adjectives most often belong to what category? (These are quality adjectives.)

– When do homogeneous definitions list features of different objects? Give an example.

– Is it true that heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles? (Right.)

- Under what condition is a comma placed between agreed definitions? (If they are identical.)

8. The result of the lesson.

9. Homework.

Read and retell a paragraph from the textbook, select and write one exercise.

Additional material for control and correction: work with texts by V. Ilyichev (6th version adapted).

1) Read the text.

2) Determine the type and style of speech.

3) Find and write out homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, indicate their features. Explain punctuation.

Option 1

The white stork is a large, stately bird with black wings at the ends, an elongated red beak and red legs.

The stork walks a lot on the ground, flies well, interrupting the flight by hovering. Having no voice, it characteristically cracks its beak.

This bird lives in the steppe and forest-steppe zone western part of Russia. Willingly settles in settlements, in fields and marshy meadows. Winters in Africa. The white stork nests on poles, rooftops or large trees.

His food is frogs, mice, insects.

Option 2

Who has not seen this smart and cautious bird! Black-headed, with a pointed black beak, black strong legs and a rounded tail. From below it is gray, the neck and back are the same color.

Surprisingly, the gray crow belongs to songbirds, although it is difficult to call its discordant shrill croaking, clicking and crackling singing. She flies well, walks quickly on the ground, deftly climbs the branches. Spends a lot of time in the crowns of trees and on buildings. Leads a sedentary lifestyle, undertakes migrations in the autumn-winter period.

Option 3

The forest horse is an elegant bird, smaller and slenderer than a sparrow, with a thin straight and pointed beak, long legs, weakly carved tail. In summer, its back is covered with clay-grayish spots and mottles. The ventral side is buffy-yellowish, with wide streaks on the crop and chest. The legs are pink, the hind toe has an elongated and curved claw. The tail feathers are white.

Option 4

Despite such an irreverent name, the kestrel is a predator, albeit a small one, the size of a dove. It is a bird with a long stepped tail, wide rounded wings, and a pointed hooked beak. In males, the head, tail and rump are gray, the wings and back are black spots, the tail is gray, with a black and white border at the top, the underside is buffy, with brown longitudinal spots. The female has a brown top, with a transverse pattern on the back, shoulders and tail, and a head with longitudinal stripes.

Option 5

It is difficult to imagine a person who does not know the titmouse! Here it is: a little less than a sparrow, with a straight pointed beak, rather short tenacious legs. The top of the head of the titmouse is shiny, black, the back of the head and cheeks are white, the back is greenish, the bottom is yellow with a black longitudinal stripe, wide in males and narrow in females. On the gray-blue wing there is a light transverse stripe, the extreme tail feathers are white. This mobile, agile bird, active during the day, spends a lot of time in the crowns of trees, in bushes, on the ground. He is not afraid of a person, especially children.

Option 6

winter nature decorate our favorites - handsome bullfinches. The common bullfinch is larger than the sparrow. It has a thick, short, strongly swollen black beak. The plumage is soft, long, thick. The tail is black, straight cut. Strong and prehensile legs hold the bird upside down on a tree branch as it reaches for berries and seeds. The underparts of the males are bright red, the underparts of the females are whitish gray, and both crowns, forehead, cheeks, wings and tail are brilliant black. The back is gray, the underbelly, uppertail and undertail are white.

T.V. SENYUSHKINA,
Lyceum "Sigma"
Barnaul

We continue to explore the levels of the language system, based on the book "Russian language: I understand - I write - I check." We will talk about homogeneous members of the proposal.

Lesson 28. Homogeneous members of the proposal. Homogeneous members, connected only by intonation. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous are members of a sentence that are interconnected by a coordinating link and have the following features:

1) often act as the same parts of speech, used in the same grammatical form;

2) are interconnected by a coordinative connection, therefore they are equal in rights and do not depend on each other, unlike the components of a phrase;

3) if these are secondary members, then they spread one member of the sentence and equally define it lexically;

4) in speech are often interconnected by a special enumerative intonation.

Exercise. Read two sentences and determine in them: a) the grammatical basis; b) guided by the signs of homogeneity, which members of the proposal are homogeneous.

1) It was necessary to sell furniture, horses, cottages.(A. Chekhov)

2) Earth, air, month, stars are chained together, riveted by frost.(A. Pushkin)

The listed signs of homogeneity and the completed task show that:

a) each of the homogeneous members and all together act as the same members of the sentence: in the first example by additions, in the second by subjects and predicates;

b) any members of the sentence can be homogeneous - both main and secondary.

I. Homogeneous members connected only by intonation. Members of the proposal that are not homogeneous

With homogeneous members connected by intonation, commas, semicolons and dashes are used in writing.

1. Comma- the most common punctuation mark that separates homogeneous members from each other, connected by the intonation of the enumeration (a connecting union can be inserted between them and), For example:

The embankment is crowded steamships, schooners, barges . (A. Serafimovich)

Sentences with homogeneous members can be complicated by separate minor members. When punctuating, watch the intonation of the statement, and then analyze the structure of the sentence, for example:

Books are the spiritual testament of one generation to another, the advice of a dying old man to a young man who begins to live, an order transmitted by sentries going on vacation to sentries who take his place.(A. Herzen)

Exercise. Explain all the punctuation marks in this sentence. Which parts of the sentence are homogeneous?

2. Semicolon common homogeneous members are separated, connected by the intonation of the enumeration, especially if there are commas inside them. As a rule, this happens if in speech the statement is divided into clear parts-pictures, for example:

Along the ravine on one side neat barns, cells with tight behind closed doors; on the other side five six pine hut with shed roofs.(I. Turgenev)

Exercise. Prove that this is an incomplete sentence. Which part of the sentence is missing?

3. Dash is set if homogeneous members are connected by opposing relations, that is, they are opposed to each other, and unions can be inserted between them a or but. In speech, an intonation pause is made in place of the adversative union, for example:

Not fishing sail small - ships I dream.(N. Nekrasov)

Compare the synonymous sentence with the conjunction: Not a fishing sail, but (but) I dream of ships.

Exercise. Remember the figure of speech of non-union. What is its essence?

4. There are words and expressions that are not homogeneous members, they are used mainly in colloquial, artistic and artistic journalistic functional styles and give form to speech. Such words and expressions can generally be used without punctuation marks, separated by a comma and a hyphen.

no signs punctuation is not separated:

1) two verbs included in a complicated simple verbal predicate. The predicate in this case is a single semantic whole, for example:

I'll go horse with oatsfeed ;

2) repeated identical forms of words included in the complicated predicate, connected by particles no, so (believe it, don’t believe it, you don’t want to, write like that, you have to write it like that), For example:

Like it or not , but you will have to make a concession.

Comma is placed between repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, etc. These words act as one member of a sentence, for example:

White fragrant chamomile flowers run under his feet back, back. (A. Kuprin)

Hyphen put:

1) between repeated words, if the repetition is intended to enhance the action or feature; however, they are pronounced with a single intonation, different from the enumeration intonation, for example:

By blue-blue clouds float in the sky.(A. N. Tolstoy);

2) between paired combinations-synonyms (to know the truth-truth), antonyms (terms of sale), associative combinations (pick mushrooms and berries), which represent single concept, For example:

We called a neighbor from the other side and went more than once, this and that tasted, but soberly.(N. Leskov)

II. Homogeneous and heterogeneous single agreed definitions

Before you begin to study the paragraph, remember:

a) which adjectives are qualitative, which are relative;

b) what definitions are called agreed;

c) reasons for separating agreed definitions.

In the neighborhood of single agreed definitions expressed by adjectives and participles, it is quite difficult to establish their homogeneity and heterogeneity, since a comma is placed between homogeneous definitions, and not between heterogeneous ones.

Definitions are homogeneous (a comma is put) Definitions are heterogeneous (no comma)

1. In the reverse order of words, when agreed definitions are after the word being defined, for example (watch the intonation):

Alyosha gave him a mirror, small, foldable, round.

2. When direct order words, when agreed definitions come before the word being defined, if the adjectives or participles expressed by them are combined according to some common features(in appearance, the similarity of the impression made, causation, etc.). Then:

1) each definition directly refers to the noun being defined;

2) there are synonymous relations between definitions, the intonation of enumeration arises when the conjunction is allowed and.

For example: Big, fat, fat the boar was digging with its nose in the ground right next to the house.

The boar is big and fat and well-fed; all definitions characterize the noun being defined as "the appearance of the object."

3. In direct word order, if this definition is an epithet:

Gloomy, homeless night found the travelers in the forest.

4. In direct word order, if the first definition is an adjective, and the second is a participle:

It was kinda sad about that. old, already touched by autumn garden.

 In direct word order, if the adjectives or participles expressed by them characterize the subject from different sides, that is, they represent signs related to different concepts. Then:

1) the preceding definition refers to the combination of the subsequent definition with the noun being defined;

2) there are no synonymous relations between definitions, the intonation of enumeration does not arise and it is impossible to insert a union and.

For example: Alyosha gave him small folding round mirror on the chest of drawers.(F. Dostoevsky)

Three Definitions Related to Supplement mirror, heterogeneous: a) the adjectives expressed by them characterize the subject from different angles: small indicates the size of an object folding- on the property, what can be done with this item, plump- on appearance; b) each previous definition refers to the combination of the following definition(s) + noun: small folding round mirror(folding round mirror could be large), folding round mirror(a round mirror could not be folding).


Exercise. Homogeneous definitions-epithets serve to form a stylistic figure of gradation. What is the stylistic meaning of gradation?

It can be seen from the examples in the table that homogeneous definitions are most often expressed by qualitative adjectives. Heterogeneous definitions are usually expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives, since they denote different features.

A comma between definitions expressed by adjectives of different categories is placed if there is a proximity of lexical meanings, and refers to optional punctuation marks, for example:

ended summer, warm night.(I. Sokolov-Mikitov) - Here, in the author's opinion, the concept warm is an integral part of the concept summer.

Exercise. Read the sentences in which the definitions are after the word being defined and therefore are homogeneous. Rewrite each sentence so that the definitions come before the word being defined. Analyze the phrasal intonation in both cases and evaluate the stylistic meaning of word order.

1. Katya quickly took off her glove, beautiful, velvet. 2. Women rushed to the soldier, wounded, walking in front. 3. After a few steps, a tree, large, like a huge giant, blocked our path. 4. There was an oak tree by the road itself, clumsy, old, squat. 5. Boys, not tanned, who had just arrived for the holidays, were fishing from a boat.