Functional styles of Russian speech. Functional styles of speech (purpose, scope, design and language features)
Lecture 4. Functional styles of modern Russian literary language. Scientific style.
1. The system of functional styles of the modern Russian language.
2. The concept of stylistic norms.
3. Scientific functional style, its language features.
4. Speech norms of educational and scientific fields of activity.
functional styles are called special varieties of a single literary language that are used in any field, perform certain tasks (functions) and have some features in the selection and use of language means. In the modern Russian literary language, four functional styles are distinguished: colloquial, journalistic, official business, and scientific. Conversational style It is used in the sphere of everyday communication and is realized mainly in oral form. This style is opposed to other styles that are associated with various areas of social activity and are implemented mainly in writing. The main function of conversational style is the function of communication. The conversational style has such stylistic features as ease and emotionality. A distinctive feature of this style is the use of language tools with colloquial coloring: special vocabulary and phraseology, as well as incomplete sentences.
Journalistic style implemented in the social and political sphere. Its main function is the function of social impact. Initially, it appeared as a book style and was used in newspapers and magazines, ᴛ.ᴇ. journalism (hence its name), but today the oral version of the journalistic style is also actively developing, incorporating many features of colloquial speech. Style features - passion, appeal. In the journalistic style, socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, incentive and exclamatory sentences, rhetorical questions and appeals are actively used. Genres journalistic speech: article, essay, interview, information, reportage, commentary, campaign speech, etc.
Formal business style used in the field of administrative and legal activities. The most important role in official business speech plays the function of communication and social regulation (information-directive function). Stylistic features - insincerity, standardity. Typical language tools: neutral words, official business terminology, standard expressions and turns. The genres of business speech are extremely diverse. Among them are an autobiography, a statement, a report, a protocol, an order, explanatory letter law, charter, contract, etc.
scientific style used in science and technology. The main task of the scientific style is communication and logical proof of the truth of what is being reported (information-argumentative function). The scientific style has three sub-styles: proper-scientific, scientific-educational and popular science. The scientific style is dominated by neutral words and words with a generalized and abstract meaning. (reliability, research, analysis, etc.), special terminology and general scientific vocabulary are actively used (function, element, system, etc.). In morphology, the noun prevails over the verb, impersonal forms over personal ones, the so-called "real timeless" (Volga flows into to the Caspian Sea). The scientific style is dominated by a logically defined, bookish syntax. Among the genres of scientific speech, one should name an article, a monograph, a review, a review, a summary, an abstract, annotation, a textbook, an educational Toolkit etc.
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Abstract and abstract are of great importance in the system of these genres, the content and structure of which most clearly and clearly reflects the orientation of scientific speech towards a concise transmission of objective information.
Each functional style involves the purposeful use of linguistic phenomena, taking into account their meaning and expressiveness. The development of a particular style is associated with the choice of expressions, language forms, constructions that are most suitable for the purposes of communication in a certain social environment, for the most effective expression of certain thoughts. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, the selection of specific functional styles takes into account the originality of various areas of application of linguistic phenomena and the specifics of expressiveness (expressiveness) inherent in a particular style.
It must be borne in mind that functional styles, representing the largest speech varieties, fix the deepest style features. Each of them is also subject to further intra-style differentiation. This differentiation can be roughly compared to a nesting doll: the main functional styles are subdivided into a number of varieties, each of which includes even more particular varieties, and so on. For example, the scientific style, while retaining its basic style features, is divided into proper scientific and scientific and technical. In turn, both of them can have popular science presentation options.
At the same time, each of the stylistic varieties of the scientific and scientific-technical style must be differentiated in relation to specific types of science (biology, geology, history, ethnography, etc.). At the same time, differences arise both of a lexical nature and manifested in a number of linguistic features. Such stylistic varieties have an even finer differentiation: they take into account the genre and the way of presentation. Given the dependence on the genre, the scientific style can be implemented in dissertations, monographs, abstracts, articles, reports, scientific information, etc. This style acquires additional variability in connection with the method of presentation: description, narration, reasoning. Moreover, certain stylistic varieties differ from each other and, based on the author's individuality, bear its features.
As you can see, stylistic differentiation is associated with the action of a large number of non-linguistic factors. Without taking them into account, it is almost impossible to implement it. These factors influencing the selection of particular stylistic features are unequal in their role in the process of style formation. In addition, not all factors affecting speech are classified as style-forming. Many linguists believe that the development of style is based on the principle of choosing the necessary language means, but some, say, individual factors (gender, age, etc.) exclude the possibility of such a choice from the author of a particular statement.
Each functional style has its own rules. These norms are called stylistic, violation of them is the cause of stylistic errors. (For example: "Girl, what issue are you crying about?")
Functional styles have their own characteristics of using the general literary norm; it can exist both in written and oral form. Each style includes works of different genres that have their own characteristics.
Most often, styles are compared on the basis of their inherent word usage, since it is in word usage that the difference between them is most clearly manifested. At the same time, grammatical characteristics are also important here, for example, the style of many tabloid press texts should be defined as journalistic, largely on the basis of the syntactic structure; in the field of word usage, we can see both colloquial and non-literary (colloquial, slang) units in general. For this reason, when creating a work related to a particular style, one should observe not only lexical norms style, but also morphological and syntactic norms.
Conversational style associated with the sphere of direct everyday communication. This sphere is characterized by a predominantly oral form of expression (except for private correspondence of a domestic nature), which means that intonation and facial expressions play a large role. In everyday communication, there are no official relations between speakers, contact between them is direct, and speech is unprepared. In colloquial style, as in all others, neutral words are widely used (lay down, blue, house, ground, left), but bookish words are not used. Normative use of words with colloquial stylistic coloring (joking, chattering, locker room, hype, completely, lack of time, sort of). It is possible to use emotionally evaluative words: affectionate, familiar, reduced (cat, brag, headless, intrude), as well as words with specific evaluative suffixes (grandma, daddy, sun, house). Phraseological units are actively used in colloquial style (hit your pocket, play the fool, two inches from the pot). Words are often used that are formed by constricting a phrase into one word or a long one. compound word in a shortened word (unsuccessful, cash, communal, ambulance, condensed milk, electric train).
The morphological norm of conversational style, on the one hand, generally corresponds to the general literary norm, on the other hand, it has its own characteristics. For example, in oral form, the nominative case prevails - even where it is impossible in writing. (Pushkinskaya, come out 7 Child, look), truncated forms of function words are often used (at least, so that eh, really). The norm of the use of the verb allows you to form forms that do not exist in normative book speech with the meaning of multiplicity (sitting, talking) or, conversely, one-time (pushed, punched). In a colloquial style, the use of participles and gerunds, which are considered a sign of book speech, is inappropriate. More often a prepositional case is formed with the ending -y (on vacation), plural with ending -a (reprimand). It is important to note that for the syntax of the colloquial style, the norm is the use of such sentences in which some component is omitted, but some component is easily restored. (He is back to Me - incomplete). Such sentences are called elliptical. . Simple sentences predominate, word-sentences are often used (I see. No. You can. Why?), as well as interjections and interjection phrases (Here's more! Moms! Oh! Oh you!).
Formal business style serves the sphere of purely official relations. This is the style of administrative and clerical documentation, legislative acts, diplomatic documents. It is worth saying that it is characterized by the utmost concreteness of the content with abstract, typified, stamped means of expression. Official speech is characterized by specificity, standard presentation and the nature of the prescription, obligation. This determines the language norm of style. Against the background of neutral and general words (worker, commission, control and marriage, dominate) words and phrases are used that can be attributed to professional (legal, accounting, diplomatic, etc.) terminology, such as plaintiff, impute, contractor, taxpayer, declaration, notice, memorandum, tariff scale, rent ͵ federal bodies, budgetary institutions, as well as clerical stamps, the use of which in an official business style is not a drawback, and even less a mistake, but a special stylistic norm: appropriate, the foregoing, for the purpose of improvement, come into force, past, bring to the attention. An extremely dry and neutral style of presentation should be free not only from colloquial and especially jargon or dialect layers, but also literary words with emotionally expressive coloring. Compound abbreviated words are often used in official business style (CIS, GKO, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, AIC, St. Petersburg State University, JSC, IMF) and nouns formed from verbs (documentation, storage, non-compliance), since this style is characterized by a clear predominance of the name over the verb.
The official business style is characterized by the frequent use of verbs in the form of the imperative mood and in the indefinite form in the meaning of the imperative mood (release from rent, establish a monthly surcharge). If the verbs are used in the present tense, they also have the character of a prescription. iwkoh establishes, the exemption does not apply). The norm is the use of the so-called logical, bookish syntax: the use of narrative, two-part, complete sentences with direct word order; proposals complicated homogeneous members, participial and participle turnovers; complex sentences.
The journalistic style is focused, on the one hand, on the communication of information, and on the other hand, on the impact on the reader or listener. For this reason, it is characterized by a combination of expressiveness (for maximum impact) and standard (for speed and accuracy of information transfer). This is the style of newspaper and magazine articles, interviews, reports, as well as political speeches, radio and television programs.
In addition to neutral in a journalistic style, evaluative and emotional words are often used. (ambition, totalitarian, foppishness, narrow-mindedness, bully), words in figurative meaning (dirt in the meaning of ʼʼimmoralityʼʼ, penny's meaning ʼʼpettyʼʼ, emphasize in the meaning of ʼʼ to bring to the foreʼʼ). Typical for journalism can be considered ʼʼpoliticalʼʼ vocabulary: president, parliament, faction, dissident, deputy, patriot, society, speaker, constitution. Used in a journalistic style and high book vocabulary: uplift, raise, mark. This style is characterized by the use of metaphor as a way of assessing the surrounding reality, for example, ʼʼmilitaryʼʼ metaphors (mobilize, landing),ʼʼconstructionʼʼ metaphors (ʼʼbuilding of obsolete politicsʼʼ, ʼʼcellars of cultureʼʼ, ʼʼnational flatsʼʼ),ʼʼroadʼʼ metaphors (political off-road ʼʼ, ʼʼship of reformsʼʼ, ʼʼtrain of the federationʼʼ). Colloquial words and phraseological units are also used in this style. (smear, slouch, hindsight is strong, hang noodles on your ears, with a sin in half).
Morphological norms of journalistic style largely determine the possibility of combining bookish and colloquial. Often adjectives and adverbs are used with evaluative meaning: serious, minor, significant, contemptuously, magnificent). The pronounced personality of style determines the frequency of personal pronouns. The present tense of the verb is often used (the so-called ʼʼpresent reportageʼʼ): ʼʼHalfway make a decision climb the other way, ʼʼLet's start looking around neighborhood ʼʼ Along with the present - frequent past tense: ʼʼEverything and always wrote only about love and warʼʼ, ʼʼOffers acted of the most varied nature.
The syntactic norms of journalism are associated with the extreme importance of combining expressiveness and information richness: exclamatory sentences, interrogative (including rhetorical questions), repetitions, changing the order of words in a sentence to highlight a word are used (This is a short-sighted policy).
In modern journalism, borrowed words associated with new economic, political, everyday, scientific and technical phenomena are extremely frequent, such as broker, distributor, investment, impeachment, inauguration, dianetics, kidnapping, killer, croupier, sponsor, rating, display. The terms of various fields of knowledge are being rethought, most often economic, political, ʼʼcomputerʼʼ: wild market, consensus, stagnation, data bank. Colloquial and slang vocabulary is intensively used, which becomes a special expressive means: scoop, hangout, disassembly, rubbish, fan, lawlessness. Religious vocabulary is also becoming an expressive means of journalism: faith, orthodoxy, righteous. Book words are used that used to be of little use; it is through journalism that half-forgotten words return to us, such as mercy, charity. At the same time, the journalistic style still remains mainly a bookish style, as evidenced not only by word usage, but also by the syntactic structure - the syntax of journalism is bookish-oriented.
The scientific style is used in the field of science and technology. The scientific style is used in the field of science and technology. The main task of the scientific style is the message and the logical proof of the truth of the reported (information-argued function). Within the framework of the scientific style of speech, the following substyles were formed:
1) actually scientific (academic);
2) scientific and educational;
3) scientific and technical;
4) popular science
The academic style is the core of the scientific functional style. It has such features as accuracy, responsibility, generalization, logic. On the academic basis, scientific monographs, articles, dissertations are written, discussions are held between specialists.
The scientific and technical substyle is used in production area. It is worth saying that abstraction is less characteristic of it, due to the extreme importance of a specific description of production processes. IN this respect scientific and production sub-style is approaching the language of documents, official business style.
In the scientific, educational and popular science substyles, the use of expressively colored and figurative language means is allowed. At the same time, the scientific and educational substyle is distinguished by a more systematic presentation, which is associated with its main task - to teach the basics of a particular discipline.
The task of the popular science style is essentially to interest the mass reader, to encourage him to raise his cultural level. Among the genres of the scientific style, one should name an article, a monograph, a review, a review, a summary, an abstract, annotation, a textbook, a teaching aid, guidelines, etc.
The scientific style is dominated by neutral words and words with an abstract and generalized meaning. Almost every word appears in a scientific text as a designation of an abstract concept or an abstract object - ʼʼspeedʼʼ, ʼʼtimeʼʼ, ʼʼlimitʼʼ, ʼʼquantityʼʼ, ʼʼregularityʼʼ, ʼʼdevelopmentʼʼ. Often such words are used in the plural, which is not typical for other styles: ʼʼsizeʼʼ, ʼʼprivateʼʼ, ʼʼstrengthʼʼ, ʼʼlengthʼʼ, ʼʼbreadthʼʼ, ʼʼemptinessʼʼ, ʼʼspeedʼʼ. The scientific style actively uses special terminology and general scientific vocabulary (function, element, system, etc.). The use of grammatical categories and forms is distinguished by its specificity in the scientific style. The noun here prevails over the verb, the impersonal forms over the personal, the so-called ʼʼtrue timelessʼʼ (for example: ʼʼCarbon is the most important part of the plantʼʼ, ʼʼThe sum of the squares of the legs equals the square of the hypotenuseʼʼ.). The forms of the 1st and 2nd person singular of verbs and personal pronouns are uncommon in the scientific style. Adjectives in scientific speech are not used as often as in other styles. As a rule, they are part of the terms, have an exact and highly specialized meaning (hence the predominance of relative adjectives over qualitative adjectives in scientific speech).
Scientific speech is distinguished by emphasized logic and bookishness. Logic is extremely important at all language levels: in a phrase, a sentence, between two adjacent sentences, in a paragraph and between paragraphs, in the whole text. Consistency is ensured by using the following tools:
1) linking sentences with repeated nouns, often in combination with demonstrative pronouns ( the one given etc.);
2) the use of adverbs indicating the sequence of the flow of thought ( first, first of all, next, then);
3) use introductory words, expressing the relationship between the parts of the statement ( therefore, secondly, finally, so, thus);
4) the use of unions ( because, because, in order to);
5) the use of constructions and turnovers of communication ( now let's dwell on the properties ...; let's move on to the issue ...; further note... etc.)
Requirements of strict logic scientific text causes the predominance in it of complex sentences with an allied connection, especially complex ones.
An abstract, being a summary of any information, is self-sufficient in certain situations and in business communication, since - unlike annotations, abstracts and abstracts - it is a complete text. At the same time, annotation and summarizing, due to their importance in such areas of relevance to modern youth as scientific and business, and certain difficulties in mastering the skills of writing them, require more attention. For this reason, training in these types writing considered separately as an additional, but very important aspect of speech communications.
Word annotation comes from the Latin annotatio - remark, note. Annotation is currently called a brief description of a book (or article), containing a list of the main sections, topics or issues considered in the work. Annotation to the book may include, in addition, an indication of the features in the presentation of the material and the addressee (for whom it is intended). Speaking schematically, an annotation for a book (primarily scientific or educational) answers questions about what / from what parts? as? for whom? These are, as it were, its basic, standard semantic elements. Each of them has its own language means of expression, which are indicated below.
Annotation for a book is placed on the reverse side of its title page and serves (along with its title and table of contents) as a source of information about the content of the work. After reading the abstract, the reader decides how much he needs the book. At the same time, the ability to annotate the literature read helps to master the skills of summarizing.
Word essay comes from the Latin referre, which means ʼʼ to report, informʼʼ. Today, an abstract is called, first of all, a brief, most often written, presentation of a scientific work - an article or a book (or several scientific works). The presentation of one work usually contains an indication of the topic and composition of the work being reviewed, a list of its basic provisions with arguments, less often - a description of the methodology and the conduct of an experiment, the results and conclusions of the study. Such an abstract will be called simple, informational. In Russia, special abstract journals are published, which contain abstracts of this kind and thereby introduce the latest Russian and foreign literature in various areas scientific knowledge: in physics, philosophy, etc.
Students in Russian universities they usually write essays on certain topics that are offered to them in the departments of general engineering and social disciplines. It is worth saying that in order to write such thematic abstracts, it should be extremely important to involve more than one source, at least two scientific papers. In this case, the abstract is not only informational, but also an overview.
A simple informational abstract may contain an assessment of certain provisions, which are called by the author of the work being reviewed. This assessment most often expresses agreement or disagreement with the author's point of view.
The abstract contains quotations from the work being reviewed. Οʜᴎ are always put in quotation marks. Three types of quotation should be distinguished, while punctuation marks are placed, as in sentences with direct speech.
1. The quote is after the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case, a colon is placed after the words of the compiler of the abstract, and the citation begins with a capital letter. For example: The author of the article claims: ʼʼIn our country, there has really been a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ.
2. The quotation is before the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case, a comma and a dash are placed after the quotation, and the words of the compiler of the abstract are written with a small letter. For example: ʼʼIn our country, there is really a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ, the author of the article claims.
3. The words of the compiler of the abstract are in the middle of the quote. In this case, they are preceded and followed by a semicolon. For example: ʼʼIn our country, - says the author of the article, - there is indeed a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ.
4. The quotation is directly included in the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case (and it is the most common in the abstract), the quote begins with a small letter. For example: The author of the article claims that ʼʼin our country there is really a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ.
Lecture 4. Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Scientific style. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Lecture 4. Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Scientific style." 2017, 2018.
functional style (f.s.) is a subsystem of the literary language, which is implemented in a certain area of social activity (for example, in the field of science, business communication, everyday communication, etc.) and is characterized by a set of stylistically significant linguistic means
In accordance with the spheres of social activity in the modern Russian language, there are f.styles: scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic, colloquial. Let's call fields of activity and styles that "serve" these areas:
1) science (scientific style);
2) administrative and legal (official business style);
3) socio-political (journalistic style);
4) art and literature (artistic style / language fiction);
5) household (colloquial and everyday style).
F. styles are created depending on the goals and objectives of communication and differ in the selection of language means.
Let's characterize purpose, scope (genres) and main structural and linguistic features every style. Characterize F.s. - means to describe the most common groups of means for him, which are subject to the main style-forming (constructive) principle.
Constructive principle of language organization f.s. corresponds to the type of thinking manifested in it.
Main principle scientific style - generalization and abstractness (formal-logical way of presentation).
1. Scientific style serves to convey scientific information and is used in different genres scientific literature(abstracts, scientific articles, reports, monographs, textbooks, dissertations, etc.).
2. For the scientific style, the consistency and evidence of presentation is important.
3. This style is characterized by the use of a large number of special terms denoting scientific concepts.
Main principle formal business style - the ultimate accuracy, not allowing discrepancies.
1. Business style is used to convey information in the administrative and legal sphere and is used in statements, powers of attorney, business letters, orders, laws, and in various business documents.
2. For a business style, clarity and unemotionality of presentation are important.
3. This style is characterized by the use of standard language turns (cliches business language), forms and forms.
Main principle journalistic style - social appraisal.
1. Journalistic style serves not only to convey information, but also to influence the thoughts and feelings of people. It is used in the media, in oratory (speeches from the parliamentary rostrum, at rallies and meetings, etc.).
2. The journalistic style is characterized by a special expressiveness and emotionality.
3. The evaluative nature of the journalistic style is manifested: 1) in words with evaluative semantics (“leader”, “leader”, “pseudo-democrat”); 2) in the use of phraseology; 3) in the use of oratorical speech techniques (rhetorical figures, expressive syntactic constructions, etc.)
Scientific, official business and journalistic styles are designed to convey rather complex content (mainly in writing) and are used in the field of official communication. They are called styles of book and written speech.
Everyone bookish styles opposed colloquial style.
Main principle conversational style - connection with the everyday life of people, situationality (i.e. reliance on the context and situation of speech).
1. The conversational style serves to convey the thoughts and feelings of people during their informal personal communication in an oral dialogic form.
2. The conversational style is characterized by unpreparedness, incompleteness of linguistic expression, emotionality.
3. This style is characterized by such features of colloquial speech as: syntactic interruptions; unfinished structures; logical restructuring of speech "on the go". It is characterized by freedom in the choice of language means (colloquial words, jargon and even vernacular can be used in r.p.).
Main principle artistic style / language of fiction is figurative specification.
1. The artistic style is used in the field of literature and art and performs an aesthetic function (the function of influencing the reader) that is not characteristic of any other style.
2. The artistic style is characterized by reliance on all wealth national language, i.e. depending on his aesthetic task, the author of the work can use the means of any style, and, if necessary, such language variants as dialects, jargon and vernacular (for example, in the speech of characters).
2. This style is characterized by the use of emotional-evaluative and figurative means - tropes (metaphors, epithets, comparisons, etc.), as well as the use of rhythm, rhyme, a special harmonic organization of speech.
Style-forming principles determine the features of the functioning of language means in a particular style. The actual speech specificity of F.s. manifests itself in vocabulary, morphology, syntax, compositional organization of the text.
In each f.s. can be identified stylistically colored language units used only or mainly in this area (in this style). For example, in colloquial style colloquial and colloquial vocabulary and phraseology, in scientific– scientific terminology and stable terminological combinations, in journalistic- socio-political vocabulary.
Thus, each style creates its own intra-style system. F.s. selects from the general literary language, first of all, what corresponds to its goals and objectives.
Questions and tasks on topic 3:
- Name the main varieties of the national language.
- What are the options n.i. not included in the literary language?
- Define the term "literary language".
- What are the characteristics of literary language?
- What is "functional style"?
What are the main areas human activity and functional styles that are used in these areas.
What are the main constructive principles and main features of functional styles: a) scientific, b) official business, c) journalistic, d) artistic, e) colloquial.
Section 2. Culture of business speech
Topic 4. Official business style of speech as a language subsystem
FUNCTIONAL STYLES,
LISTENED SPEECH, GENRE
Plan
1. General characteristics of the concept of "functional style of speech" (definition, style-forming factors, sub-style and genre originality).
2. Features of the conversational style of speech.
3. Features of the literary and artistic style of speech.
4. Features of the public-journalistic style of speech.
5. Features of the scientific style of speech.
6. Features of the official business style of speech.
1. It is known that, depending on the purpose of communication, the form of communication, the addressee, speech situations are grouped and correlated with one or another sphere of human activity, for example, educational, business, social, etc. In this sense, speech is also typified: some language means become preferable in situations business sphere of communication, others - in the scientific, etc.
This is how they are formed functional styles- varieties of literary language. The term "functional style" itself emphasizes that the varieties of the literary language are distinguished on the basis of the functions(role) that the language performs in each specific case. For example, for a scientific article, first of all, accuracy in the designation of concepts is important, and in fiction and journalism - emotionality, figurativeness of expression. At the same time, in each specific case, special language means are selected, and in some cases the method of presenting these means also matters.
Word style(gr. style) in ancient Greek meant a pointed stick, a rod for writing on wax tablets. In the future, this word acquired the meaning of "handwriting", and later began to denote the manner, method, features of speech.
So under style in linguistics it is customary to understand a kind of literary language that serves one side public life, has a special sphere, a certain range of topics, is characterized by special conditions of communication. It is called functional, since it performs a certain function in society in each case.
The doctrine of styles goes back to M.V. Lomonosov, who wrote: “... the Russian language, through the use of church books, has different degrees of decency: high, mediocre and low. This comes from three kinds of sayings of the Russian language.
Functional style is created by a combination of neutral language means and special means used only in this style. Depending on the basis of classification, various types of functional styles are distinguished. The communicative and everyday function serves as the basis for the opposition colloquial styles to bookish styles. In turn, according to specific stylistic manifestations, in accordance with the spheres of social activity, specific book functional styles are distinguished. The traditional classification of styles can be represented as the following scheme:
| Literary and artistic |
Each functional style is a complex system, the features of which are manifested both in oral and written forms of its implementation (although to a different extent). At the same time, stylistic differences cover all language levels: pronunciation of words and stress, morphological means, lexical and phraseological composition, characteristic syntactic constructions.
In functional styles, as a rule, stand out substyles that meet the requirements of a particular type of activity. So, in the scientific style, the actual scientific substyle (academic sphere), scientific and technical (engineering sphere), educational and scientific (field higher education) and other substyles.
Note that the peculiarity of each style is not only the scope and purpose of communication, general requirements, conditions of communication, but also genres in which it is implemented.
What is a genre? Let's define this concept. Genre is a specific type of texts that preserves common features of one or another style (its dominant), but at the same time characterized by special compositional speech structures and linguistic means.
For example, in the literary and artistic style, such genres as novel, short story, story, poem are distinguished; in a journalistic style - essay, reportage, interview, feuilleton; in official business - a statement, order, certificate, letter of guarantee; in scientific style - monograph, report, abstract, abstract, etc.
It is clear from the definition that each genre (speech work) requires its own linguistic means of expression and a special way of organizing them. At the same time, one must always remember that the choice of stylistically colored words is justified, that the language means used belong to the style to which this or that genre belongs. Otherwise, this will lead to misinterpretation, ambiguity and will indicate a low level of speech culture.
Therefore, we can talk about the existence of the so-called style-forming factors, which are designed to set parameters for each functional style. In particular, this can be observed in the selection of linguistic means (orthoepic, grammatical, lexical) that form a certain system. This system is manifested in the interaction of neutral (common) units and special (stylistically colored). Note that style-forming factors have a strict hierarchy. Among them we single out three main ones: scope, purpose and mode of communication. It is they who determine the choice of the type of speech, its form, the way of presentation and the requirements of certain qualitative characteristics.
Thus, it is customary to distinguish between the following areas of communication: socio-political, scientific, legal, domestic, etc.
The purpose of communication can be not only the transfer of information, but also persuasion, prescription, aesthetic impact, establishing contact, etc.
Concerning way of communication, then, on the one hand, mass and personal methods are distinguished, and on the other, contact, non-contact and indirectly contact.
If the speaker or writer is well aware of the features of these factors, it will not be difficult for him to determine or choose a style.
Of course, in practice we often observe a mixture of styles. In a live speech stream, styles can interact. Especially often this takes place in the colloquial everyday style of speech. But in order to understand the degree of permissibility of using different manifestations language, you need to know the rules and quality characteristics inherent in one style or another. It is for this purpose that we turn to a brief analysis of them.
2. Conversational style used for direct everyday communication in different areas activities: everyday, unofficial, professional and others. True, there is one feature: in everyday life, the conversational style has oral and written forms, and in the professional sphere - only oral. Compare: colloquial lexical units - reader, teacher, spur and neutral - reading room, teacher, cheat sheet. In written speech of professional content, colloquial vocabulary is unacceptable.
Spoken speech is uncodified speech, it is characterized by unpreparedness, improvisation, concreteness, informality. Conversational style does not always require strict logic, sequence of presentation. But it is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of expressions, subjective-evaluative character, arbitrariness, simplicity, even some familiarity of tone.
In conversational style, the following are distinguished genres: friendly conversation, private conversation, note, private letter, personal diary.
In terms of language colloquial speech is distinguished by an abundance of emotionally colored, expressive vocabulary, the so-called condensate words ( evening -"Evening Moscow") and doublet words ( freezer- evaporator in the refrigerator). It is characterized by appeals, diminutive words, free word order in sentences. At the same time, sentences that are simpler in construction are more often used than in other styles: incompleteness, incompleteness are their feature, which is possible due to the transparency of the speech situation (for example: Where are you going? - In the tenth .; Well? - Passed!). They often contain subtext, irony, humor. Colloquial speech carries a lot of phraseological turns, comparisons, proverbs, sayings. It tends to constantly update and rethink linguistic means, the emergence of new forms and meanings.
Academician L.V. Shcherba called colloquial speech "a forge in which verbal innovations are forged." Spoken language enriches book styles with lively, fresh words and phrases. In turn, book speech has a certain effect on colloquial speech: it disciplines it, gives it a more normalized character.
One more feature of the conversational style should be noted: for him great importance has knowledge of speech etiquette both in written and oral form. In addition, for oral colloquial speech, it is very important to take into account the specifics of extralinguistic factors: facial expressions, gestures, tone, environment. Takova general characteristics conversational style.
3. Literary and artistic style. The main distinguishing feature of the language of fiction is its purpose: the whole organization of language means is subordinated here not just to the transfer of content, but to the impact on the feelings and thoughts of the reader or listener with the help of artistic images.
The main features of the artistic style are imagery, aesthetic significance, manifestation of the author's individuality. In this style, in order to create an artistic image, metaphor, metonymy, personification and other specific means of expression. Note that some non-literary elements of the language (dialectisms, vernacular, jargon) or linguistic means of other styles may be present in a work of art.
As an example, we can cite an excerpt from V. Shukshin's story "Freak", in which artistic purposes the features of the official business style are played out:
“At the airport Chudik wrote a telegram to his wife: “Landed. Lilac branch fell on the chest, dear Pear, do not forget me. Vasyatka. The telegraph operator, a strict dry woman, after reading the telegram, suggested:
- Do it differently. You are an adult, not in kindergarten.
- Why? asked the Weird. This is how I always write to her. This is my wife! … You probably thought…
- You can write anything in letters, but a telegram is a type of communication. This is plain text.
The weirdo rewrote: “Landed. Everything is fine. Vasyatka. The telegraph operator corrected two words herself: “Landed” and “Vasyatka”. It became: “Arrived. Basil".
As we can see, works of fiction use different possibilities of the national language, so the language of fiction is exceptionally rich and flexible.
The literary and artistic style is realized in the form of prose, drama and poetry, in which the corresponding genres Keywords: novel, short story, short story, short story; drama, comedy, tragedy; poem, fable, etc.
I would like to note one important circumstance: when analyzing the language of fiction, we usually talk not only about the manifestation of the culture of speech as such, but also about the talent, skill of the writer, who managed to use all the facets, all the riches of the national language in his work.
4. Journalistic style performs 2 main functions- informational and influencing - and is addressed to the mass reader and listener. It is used both in written and oral forms, which within the framework of this style closely interact and converge. This style is quite complex and branched, characterized by numerous inter-style influences. It highlights the following substyles And genres:
1) newspaper and journalistic (article, information note, essay, interview);
2) propaganda (appeals, appeals, leaflets);
3) official political and ideological (party resolutions);
4) mass-political (speeches at meetings and rallies of a political nature), etc.
However, the journalistic style is most fully and widely, in all the variety of genres, represented in newspaper bed. Therefore, the concepts of "newspaper language" and "journalistic style" are often considered as identical or close. Let us dwell in more detail on the features of this substyle, which has received the widest distribution.
According to Academician V.G. Kostomarov, the newspaper sub-style is interesting in that it combines two opposite tendencies: the tendency towards standardization, characteristic of strict styles (scientific and official business), and the tendency towards expressiveness, characteristic of colloquial speech and the language of fiction.
Therefore, the newspaper often contains stable, standard expressions that have an expressive coloring. Typical for the newspaper and journalistic substyle are, for example, the following phrases: good tradition, bloody coup, amass political capital, escalation of the situation, convincing victory and others. In addition, the language of newspapers is replete with so-called "labels" (pseudo-democrat, fascist, retrograde).
The most important in the public-journalistic style are genres used in tools mass media such as: reportage, interview, oratory, public speaking, discussion and some others.
In general, journalistic style texts are characterized by informative richness, simplicity, accessibility of presentation, logic, appeal, emotionality, social appraisal, and the presence of elements of declarativeness. An important feature can be considered the fact that the journalistic style always strives for figurativeness and at the same time brevity in expressing thoughts.
And now let's move on to the analysis of the features of the scientific and official business styles, which will be considered in more detail, since they are closely related to the educational activities of the university.
5. Scientific style of speech designed to communicate scientific information, explain facts both orally and in writing, and to a greater extent designed for the advanced reader.
In the scientific style of speech, as in journalistic, depending on the nature of the addressee and goals, the following are distinguished substyles and their respective genres:
1) actually scientific, or academic (monograph, article, report);
2) scientific and informative (abstract, annotation, patent description);
3) scientific reference (dictionary, reference book, catalogue, encyclopedia);
4) educational and scientific (textbook, methodological manual, lecture);
5) popular science (article, essay).
The first three substyles are designed to accurately convey scientific information with a description scientific facts. Their distinguishing feature is the academic presentation addressed to specialists. The main features: the accuracy of the transmitted information, the persuasiveness of the argument, the logical sequence of presentation, conciseness.
Substyle 4) is addressed to future specialists, therefore it is distinguished by greater accessibility, the presence of rich illustrative material, numerous examples, explanations, and comments.
Substyle 5) has a different addressee. This is a wide readership, so scientific data can be presented in it not in an academic, but in a more accessible and entertaining form, and it does not strive for conciseness.
All sub-styles of scientific style are characterized by precise and unambiguous expression of thoughts, which is explained by the nature of scientific knowledge. The scientific style, like the formal business style, does not tolerate ambiguity, which can lead to misinterpretation of facts or phenomena.
In addition, scientific thinking is designed to establish patterns. Therefore, the scientific style is characterized by analyticity, emphasized logical presentation, clarity, reasoning.
It is known that, at its core, scientific speech is written speech. This means that it has all the features and all the norms of written speech.
In terms of language, scientific style uses neutral and special vocabulary, terminology. In general, the lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation. There is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloring.
Often the scientific style is called "dry", devoid of elements of emotionality and imagery. However, it should be remembered that the beauty of a scientific text is associated not with expressiveness, but with logicality and high persuasiveness. By the way, it should be noted that in some scientific works, in particular polemical ones, emotionally expressive and figurative means of language are allowed, which (although being, however, an additional device) give scientific prose additional persuasiveness.
Finally, I would like to note that, unfortunately, the language of scientific texts is often unnecessarily complicated; examples of the so-called pseudo-academic style can often be observed in them.
Let us cite at least one of them, in which the abuse of borrowings and complex syntactic structures is obvious.
“The category of time, due to its universality, has an integrating function and can be considered ... on the basis of the isomorphism of knowledge structures, especially in culture and language. ... The universal, invariant, typologically general content of the category of time finds its national and cultural expression in a particular language and receives a subjective, axiologically marked interpretation.
In our opinion, the main requirement for the culture of mastering the scientific style of speech can be formulated as follows: express yourself as complicated as the object of study is, but no more.
6. Official business style - it is a kind of literary language that functions in the field of government, as well as in the legal, administrative, public and diplomatic spheres of activity.
The official business style, as well as the scientific style of speech, is divided into substyles: legislative, clerical, business correspondence, diplomatic.
Within each substyle there are the following genre varieties:
1) legislative genres: charter, constitution, decree, law, decree;
2) stationery genres, which, in turn, are divided into:
a) personal documents: application, CV, resume;
b) administrative and organizational documents: contract, agreement;
c) administrative documents: order, order, instruction, resolution;
d) information and reference documents: certificate, act, report (service) note, explanatory note;
3) genres of business correspondence: a letter of request, a letter of inquiry, a letter of response, a letter of confirmation, a letter of guarantee, a commercial letter, a complaint, an invitation, a message, transmittal letter;
4) genres of diplomatic substyle: treaty, communiqué, note, statement, memorandum.
Character traits formal business style- standardization, brevity, accuracy of presentation. The official business style is distinguished by clear, unambiguous wording.
In terms of use language tools this style is characterized by a combination of neutral vocabulary and bookish, special.
So, we found out what distinguishes one style of speech from another, determined the qualitative indicators of all functional styles. We emphasize that knowledge of style features and the ability to distinguish them is necessary in order to correctly express one's thoughts in accordance with a specific communication situation.
Questions for self-control:
1. What is a functional style of speech?
2. What is the basis for dividing the literary language into functional styles?
3. What functional styles do you know?
4. What do the terms "substyle" and "genre" mean?
5. What substyles and genres stand out in each functional style of speech?
6. What are the salient features:
a) colloquial-everyday style;
b) literary and artistic style;
c) social and journalistic style;
d) scientific style;
e) official business style?
7. How are the functional styles of the Russian literary language related?
Lecture 3NORMS OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE (OPTIONS, TYPES OF NORM)
Plan
1. The concept of the language norm (literary norm).
2. Norm options.
3. Norm types.
1. The most important quality of speech culture is its correctness, in other words, its compliance with language norms.
What is included in this concept? Let's offer a definition.
The norm of the language (literary norm) is the rules for the use of language means, the uniform, exemplary, generally recognized use of the elements of the literary language in a certain period of its development.
The linguistic norm is a complex and rather contradictory phenomenon: it dialectically combines a number of opposite features. We list the most important of them and give the necessary commentary.
1. Relative stability And stability language norms are necessary conditions for ensuring the balance of the language system for a long time. At the same time, the norm is a historical phenomenon, which is explained by the social nature of the language, which is constantly developing along with the creator and native speaker - society itself.
The historical nature of the norm is due to its dynamism, change. What was the norm in the last century and even 10-15 years ago, today may become a deviation from it. If you turn to dictionaries and literary sources 100 years old, you can see how the norms of stress, pronunciation, grammatical forms of words, their (words) meaning and use have changed. For example, in the 19th century they said: cabinet(instead of cupboard), zhyra(instead of heat), strict(instead of strict), quiet(instead of quiet), Alexandrinsky theater (instead of Alexandrinsky), returnedhis(instead of returning); at the ball, weather, trains, this beautiful paleto(t) (coat); certainly(instead of necessarily), need to(instead of necessary) etc.
2. On the one hand, the norm is characterized prevalence And obligatory nature compliance with certain rules, without which it would be impossible to "manage" the elements of speech. On the other hand, one can also talk about "linguistic pluralism" the simultaneous existence of several options (doublets) that are recognized as normative. This is a consequence of the interaction of traditions and innovations, stability and variability, subjective (the author of the speech) and objective (language).
3. Basic sources of language norms- these are, first of all, works of classical literature, exemplary speech of highly educated native speakers, generally accepted, widespread modern usage as well as scientific research. However, recognizing the importance literary tradition And source authority, should also be kept in mind author's individuality capable of violating the norms, which, of course, is justified in certain situations communication.
In conclusion, we emphasize that the literary norm is objective: it is not invented by scientists, but reflects the regular processes and phenomena occurring in the language. Norms of the language are obligatory for both oral and written speech. It must be understood that the norm does not divide linguistic means into “good” and “bad”. It indicates the appropriateness of their use in a particular communicative situation.
In general, the literary norm enshrined all the best that was created in the speech behavior of representatives of this society. It is necessary because it helps to preserve the integrity and intelligibility of the literary language, protects it from vernacular, dialectisms, and jargon.
2. The change in linguistic norms is preceded by the appearance of their options(doublets) that actually already exist in speech and are used by native speakers. Variants of the norms are reflected in special dictionaries, such as the Orthoepic Dictionary, the Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language, the Dictionary of Word Combination, etc.
Exist 3 degrees of normativity:
– norm of the 1st degree- strict, rigid, not allowing options (for example, put, but not lie down; t, call but not calls; socks, but not sock);
– norm of the 2nd degree- less strict, allowing equal options, combined in a dictionary entry by the union "and" (for example, right And , right blinds(cf. And pl.), immoral And immoral);
– norm of the 3rd degree- the most mobile, where one option is the main (preferred), and the second, although acceptable, is less desirable. In such cases, the second option is preceded by a note "additional"(permissible), sometimes in combination with stylistic marks or only a stylistic mark: "colloquial"(colloquial), "poetic."(poetic), "prof."(professional) etc. For example: bank sprat(additional sprats),Cup tea(additional expansion tea), compass(prof. compass).
The norm of the 1st degree is called imperative norm, norms of the 2nd and 3rd degree - dispositive rules.
At present, the process of changing linguistic norms has become especially active and noticeable against the background of events of historical and political significance, economic reforms, changes in social sphere, science, technology. It should be remembered that the language norm is not a dogma: depending on the conditions, goals and objectives of communication, on the characteristics of a particular style, a deviation from the norm is possible. However, these deviations should reflect the variants of the norms that exist in the literary language.
3. In accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of language tools, the following are distinguished types of norms.
1. Orthoepic norms(gr. correct speech) - the norms of stress and pronunciation. Spelling errors interfere with the perception of the speaker's speech. social role correct pronunciation is very large, since knowledge of orthoepic norms greatly facilitates the process of communication.
In order not to make mistakes in speech, you need to use special dictionaries, such as the Dictionary of Russian Stress, Orthoepic Dictionary, Dictionary of Oral Speech Difficulties, etc.
Options that are outside the literary norm are accompanied by prohibitive marks: “ no rivers."(Not recommended), "not right."(not right), "rude."(rough), "bran."(swear words), etc.
2. lexical rules, or norms of word usage are: a) the use of the word in the meanings that it has in modern language; b) knowledge of its lexical and grammatical compatibility; c) the correct choice of a word from a synonymic series; d) the appropriateness of its use in a particular speech situation.
3. Morphological norms regulate the formation and use of grammatical forms of the word. Note that the morphological norms primarily include: the norms for determining the grammatical gender of some nouns, the norms for the formation of the plural of nouns, the norms for the formation and use of case forms of nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns; educational standards for comparative and superlatives adjectives and adverbs; norms for the formation and use of verb forms, etc.
4. Syntactic norms associated with the rules for the construction and use of phrases and various sentence models. When building a phrase, it is necessary first of all to remember about management; when building a sentence, one should take into account the role of word order, follow the rules for using adverbial phrases, the laws of constructing a complex sentence, etc.
Morphological and syntactic norms are often combined under the general name - grammar rules.
5. Spelling norms (spelling norms) And punctuation norms do not allow distortion of the visual image of a word, sentence or text. To write correctly, you need to know the generally accepted rules of spelling (writing a word or its grammatical form) and punctuation (punctuation marks).
Questions for self-control:
1. What is the norm of the language and what are its features?
2. What is the inconsistency of the norm?
3. What are the differences in the degree of normativity?
4. What types of norms can be distinguished in accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of language means?
Let us turn to a detailed consideration of the types of norms indicated above.
B. ORPHOEPIC STANDARDS
Plan
1. Norms of setting stress (accentological norms).
2. Pronunciation of vowels.
3. Pronunciation of consonant sounds.
4. Features of the pronunciation of foreign words.
1. Orthoepic correctness of speech is to comply with the rules literary pronunciation and accents. Correct placement of stress and correct, exemplary pronunciation are important indicators of the general cultural level of a person. In order for an oral presentation to be successful, it must be expressive, and expressiveness is achieved by competent, clear and clear pronunciation, correct intonation and stress. Let's analyze sequentially main aspects of Russian orthoepy, namely: stress norms, rules for pronunciation of stressed and unstressed vowels, hard and soft, voiced and deaf consonants, rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms and words of foreign origin.
Due to the heterogeneity and mobility of stress in the Russian language, there are words with the so-called double stress, or accent options. Some of them are equal. For example: rust And rust, meatballs And meatballs, crispy And sparkling, loop And loop´, pale And , the waves are pale And waves. However, most often the stress variants are characterized as unequal, i.e. one of them is the main (preferred), and the other is acceptable (additional). For example: cottage cheese[add. cottage cheese],satiety[add. ta dosy], otherwise[add. otherwise], phenomenon[add. phenomenon],briefly[add. briefly].
If the dictionary contains two unequal accentological options without marks, then the main option is put in first place, followed by an acceptable, less desirable option.
There is also the problem of distinguishing between so-called semantic variants- pairs of words in which the diversity of stress is intended to distinguish the meaning of words: flour And flour, sharpness And sharpness, cowardice And shake, castle And castle, submerged And immersed etc. These pairs of words are called homographs.
Sometimes the diversity of stress somewhat modifies the ending of words that are semantic variants. For example: clear prizes(cry) - conscription(age), developed(about activities) – developed(child), linguistic(about sausage) – linguistic(about the error).
Among the unequal options, one should distinguish stylistic options. These are such pairs of words that, depending on the place of stress, are used in different functional styles of the literary language or narrow areas of communication, or belong to professionalism. In these cases, stylistic variants are accompanied in dictionaries by the corresponding labels: "specialist."(special use) "poetic."(poetic speech) "tech."(technical term) "prof."(professionalism), etc., in contrast to "common use"(common variant). Compare: underbite(generally used) – bite(specialist.), silk(generally used) – silk(poet.), atomic(generally used) – atomic(prof.), compass(common) - compass(for sailors) stroke(generally used) – Advice(honey.).
The unequal options are normative-chronological options. These are m pairs of words in which the variability of stress is associated with the time period of the use of this word in speech. The obsolete, obsolete version is accompanied in dictionaries by a note "outdated". For example: industry(modern) – industry(outdated), Ukrainian(modern) – Ukrainian(outdated), angle(modern) – perspective(outdated), waited(modern) - waited(outdated), visible(modern) – watery(outdated), needed(modern) - need(outdated), apartments(modern) – apartments(outdated).
According to L.I. Skvortsov, in the Russian language, researchers have more than 5 thousand commonly used words in which stress fluctuations are recorded.
Stylistics(the word "style" comes from the name of the needle, or stylet with which the ancient Greeks wrote on waxed tablets) is a branch of the science of language that studies the styles of the literary language (functional styles of speech), the patterns of language functioning in different areas of use, the features of the use of language means in depending on the situation, content and goals of the statement, the scope and conditions of communication. Stylistics introduces the stylistic system of the literary language at all its levels and the stylistic organization of correct (in compliance with the norms of the literary language), accurate, logical and expressive speech.
Stylistics teaches the conscious and expedient use of the laws of language and the use of linguistic means in speech.
There are two directions in linguistic stylistics: language stylistics and speech stylistics (functional stylistics). The stylistics of the language explores the stylistic structure of the language, describes the stylistic means of vocabulary, phraseology and grammar.
Functional stylistics studies, first of all, different types of speech, their conditionality by different goals of the utterance. M. N. Kozhina gives the following definition: “Functional style is linguistic science, which studies the features and patterns of the functioning of the language in various types of speech, corresponding to certain areas of human activity and communication, as well as the speech structure of the resulting functional styles and the "norms" of selection and combination of language means in them.
At its core, style should be consistently functional. She must reveal the connection different types speech with the subject, the purpose of the statement, with the conditions of communication, the addressee of the speech, the attitude of the author to the subject of the speech. The most important category of style is functional styles- varieties of literary speech (literary language), serving various aspects of public life. Styles are different ways of using language in communication.
Each style of speech is characterized both by the originality of the selection of language means, and by their unique combination with each other.
Thus, five styles of the Russian literary language are distinguished:
Colloquial;
Official business;
Scientific;
journalistic;
Art.
Speaking serves for direct communication, when we share our thoughts or feelings with others, exchange information on everyday issues. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. The conversational style is characterized by emotionality, figurativeness, concreteness, and simplicity of speech.
In colloquial speech, the emotionality of the utterance, unlike artistic speech, is not the result of creative work, artistic skill. It is a living reaction to events, to the actions of people around.
Easy communication causes greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are used more widely (stupid, rotosey, talking shop, giggle, cackle), vernacular (neigh, deadhead, awful, stupid), slang words (ancestors - parents ).
In colloquial speech, words with evaluation suffixes are often used, especially diminutives: candle, candle (neutral candle), window, window (neutral window), etc.
The conversational style is characterized by simple sentences, a dialogic form of speech, and appeals. The content of colloquial speech, sounding in direct communication, is replenished by the situation of speech. Therefore, incomplete sentences are inherent in the colloquial style: only that which complements the interlocutor's replicas of new information that develops the topic of speech finds expression in them.
An example of colloquial speech: A month before leaving Moscow, we had no money - it was dad who was preparing for fishing... And so the fishing began. My father sat down on the shore, laid out all his household, lowered the cage into the water, threw in his fishing rods - there was no fish.
scientific style is the style of scientific communication. His genres are Research Article, educational literature.
The scientific style of speech is characterized by the use of terms and abstract words; emotional colloquial vocabulary, phraseological units, etc. are completely excluded; widespread use of verbal nouns, participles and participles, the predominance of the genitive and nominative case name, verb forms of the present tense of the 3rd person, etc.; the use of complex sentences, including multicomponent ones, etc.
The main purpose of a scientific text is to describe phenomena, objects, name them and explain. Common features of scientific style vocabulary are: the use of words in their direct meaning; lack of figurative means (epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, hyperbole, etc.)? wide use of abstract vocabulary and terms. For example: The most important economic and biological characteristics of varieties are: resistance to growing conditions (climate, soil, pests and diseases), durability, transportability and storage time. (G. Fetisov)
Formal business style used for communication, informing in an official setting (the sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). Within the framework of this style, various documents are drawn up: laws, orders, resolutions, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates.
In the official business style there is no place for the manifestation of the author's individuality, therefore its main style trait- formality and accuracy. The business style is characterized by special vocabulary (decree, protocol, resolution, etc.) and stable combinations (make a decision, consider invalid, should be indicated, should be kept in mind, etc.).
An example of a formal business style of speech:
SYSTEM MENU
The system menu is called by the button located in the upper left corner of the window. The commands in this menu are standardized for all applications in the Windows environment. The system menu is available in every document window. It can be called even if the window is minimized to an icon by clicking on the icon once with the mouse button. There is also a way to open the system menu through the keyboard - using the key combination.
System menu commands are selected using the mouse, cursor keys, or by typing underlined letters in the command name along with . (V. Pasko)
Journalistic style- this is the style of newspapers, magazines, literary-critical books and articles, speeches on social and political topics in any audience in direct contact with the addressees of the speech, as well as speeches on radio, television, etc.
The main task is to influence the listener or reader in order to encourage him (them) to act, think, etc. The main topics are socio-political and moral-ethical problems.
In speeches on socio-political topics, there is a lot of specific vocabulary and phraseological units: society, debates, parliament, harsh measures, social explosion, stand guard, etc.
In order to influence the listener or reader in journalism, words and expressions are widely used that have positive-evaluative (valiant, wonderful, etc.) and negative-evaluative coloring (false philanthropy, thugs, yellow press, and etc.).
The journalistic style is freer in the choice of language means than the scientific and business style. Proverbs, winged expressions, phraseological units, artistic and visual means (comparisons, metaphors, etc.), colloquial vocabulary are appropriate in journalism; interrogative (often rhetorical questions) and exclamatory sentences, appeals and other techniques are widely used.
An example of a journalistic style of speech:
Needless to say, Russia is rich in natural resources, mineral reserves - everyone knows about it. But its real wealth is people, their intelligence, knowledge and experience. Outside of Russia, they have long understood what the truly inexhaustible source of our wealth is. As before, many young scientists are trying to go to the West. And the reason for this is not always money. Often there is no necessary equipment in laboratories, conditions for work. How to fix the situation? First of all, you need to learn how to correctly evaluate knowledge - the way it is done in all developed countries (according to V. A. Makarov)
Artistic speech- the speech of fiction (prose and poetry). Artistic speech, influencing the imagination and feelings of readers, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, possibilities different styles, characterized by figurativeness, emotionality.
The emotionality of artistic speech differs significantly from the emotionality of colloquial everyday and journalistic styles, primarily in that it performs an aesthetic function.
Elements of other styles easily penetrate into artistic speech, if they are necessary for the realization of certain goals and objectives, therefore it is distinguished by its diversity, stylistic diversity. So, to recreate a historical era, writers use historicisms (or archaisms), to describe the life of people in any locality - dialectisms, etc.
An example of artistic speech:
“Everything that you will meet on Nevsky Prospekt, everything is full of decency: men in long frock coats, with their hands in their pockets, ladies in hats. Here you will find unique sideburns, passed with unusual and amazing art under a tie, velvet, satin, black sideburns, like sable or coal, but, alas, belonging to only one foreign collegium ...
Here you will meet a wonderful mustache, no pen, no brush depicted; the mustache, to which the better half of life is devoted, is the subject of long vigils during the day and night, the mustache, on which the most delicious perfumes and aromas have poured out ... Thousands of varieties of hats, dresses, scarves - colorful, light, ... - will blind at least whom on Nevsky Prospekt. (N. Gogol)
Language styles are its varieties that serve one or another side of social life. They all have a few parameters in common: the purpose or situation of use, the forms in which they exist, and the set
The concept itself comes from the Greek word "stilos", which meant a stick for writing. As a scientific discipline, stylistics finally took shape in the twenties of the twentieth century. Among those who studied the problems of stylistics in detail were M. V. Lomonosov, F. I. Buslaev, G. O. Vinokur, E. D. Polivanov. D. E. Rosenthal, V. V. Vinogradov, M. N. Kozhina and others paid serious attention to individual functional styles.
Five in Russian
Functional styles of the language are certain features of the speech itself or its social variety, specific vocabulary and grammar that correspond to the field of activity and way of thinking.
In Russian, they are traditionally divided into five varieties:
- colloquial;
- official business;
- scientific;
- journalistic;
- art.
The norms and concepts of each depend on the historical era and change over time. Until the 17th century, colloquial and book lexicons differed greatly. The Russian language became literary only in the 18th century, largely thanks to the efforts of M. V. Lomonosov. Modern styles of language began to take shape at the same time.
Birth of styles
In the Old Russian period there were church literature, business documents and annals. Colloquial everyday language quite different from them. At the same time, household and business documents had much in common. M. V. Lomonosov made quite a lot of efforts to change the situation.
He laid the basis for the ancient theory, highlighting the high, low and middle styles. According to her, the literary Russian language was formed as a result of the joint development of book and colloquial variants. She took as a basis stylistically neutral forms and turns from one and the other, allowed the use of folk expressions and limited the use of little-known and specific Slavic words. Thanks to M. V. Lomonosov, the styles of the language that existed at that time were replenished with scientific ones.
Subsequently, A. S. Pushkin gave impetus to the further development of stylistics. His work laid the foundations of the artistic style.
Moscow orders and Peter's reforms served as the origins of the official business language. Ancient chronicles, sermons and teachings formed the basis of the journalistic style. In the literary version, it began to take shape only in the XVIII century. To date, all 5 styles of the language are well-defined and have their own subspecies.
Conversational and household
As the name implies, this style of speech is used in everyday communication. Unlike jargon and dialects, it is based on literary vocabulary. His sphere is situations where there is no clear official relationship between the participants. IN Everyday life use mostly neutral words and expressions (for example, "blue", "horse", "left"). But you can use words with colloquial coloring (“locker room”, “lack of time”).
Within the colloquial, there are three subspecies: everyday-everyday, everyday-business, and epistolary. The latter includes private correspondence. Colloquial and business - a variant of communication in a formal setting. The colloquial and official-business styles of the language (a lesson or a lecture can serve as another example) in a certain sense divide this subspecies among themselves, since it can be attributed both there and there.
Allows familiar, affectionate and reduced expressions, as well as words with evaluative suffixes (for example, "house", "bunny", "boast"). The colloquial and everyday style can be very bright and figurative due to the use of phraseological units and words with an emotionally expressive connotation (“beat the bucks”, “near”, “child”, “blessed”, “skirt”).
Various abbreviations are widely used - “bad”, “ambulance”, “condensed milk”. Colloquial easier than bookish - the use of participles and participles, complex multi-part sentences is inappropriate. In general, this style corresponds to the literary one, but at the same time it has its own characteristics.
scientific style
He, like the official business one, is very strict in the choice of words and expressions, sharply narrows the boundaries of what is permissible. The Russian language does not allow dialectisms, jargon, colloquial expressions, words with emotional overtones. Serves the spheres of science and production.
Since the purpose of scientific texts is to present research data, objective facts, this puts forward requirements for their composition and the words used. As a rule, the sequence of presentation is as follows:
- introduction - setting the task, goal, question;
- the main part is the search and enumeration of answer options, drawing up a hypothesis, evidence;
- conclusion - the answer to the question, the achievement of the goal.
A work in this genre is built consistently and logically, it presents two types of information: facts, and how the author organizes them.
The scientific style of the language makes extensive use of terms, prefixes anti-, bi-, quasi-, super-, suffixes -ost, -ism, -ni-e (antibodies, bipolar, supernova, sedentary, symbolism, cloning). Moreover, the terms do not exist by themselves - they form complex network relationships and systems: from the general to the particular, from the whole to the part, genus/species, identity/opposites, and so on.
Mandatory criteria for such a text are objectivity and accuracy. Objectivity excludes emotionally colored vocabulary, exclamations, artistic turns of speech, here it is inappropriate to tell a story in the first person. Precision is often associated with terms. As an illustration, one can cite an excerpt from the book by Anatoly Fomenko “Methods mathematical analysis historical texts.
At the same time, the degree of “complexity” of a scientific text depends primarily on the target audience and on the purpose - who exactly the work is intended for, how much knowledge these people supposedly have, whether they can understand what is being said. It is clear that at such an event as a school lesson of the Russian language, simple styles of speech and expression are needed, and complex scientific terminology is also suitable for a lecture for senior students of a university.
Of course, other factors also play an important role - the topic (in the technical sciences, the language is stricter and more regulated than in the humanities), genre.
Within this style, there are strict requirements for the design of written works: candidate and doctoral dissertations, monographs, abstracts, term papers.
Substyles and nuances of scientific speech
In addition to the actual scientific, there are also scientific and educational and popular science substyles. Each is used for a specific purpose and for a specific audience. These styles of language are examples of different, but at the same time similar outwardly communicative streams.
The scientific and educational sub-style is a kind of lightweight version of the main style in which literature is written for those who have just begun to study a new area. Representatives - textbooks for universities, colleges, schools (high school), part of the tutorials, other literature created for beginners (below is an excerpt from a psychology textbook for universities: authors V. Slastenin, Isaev I. et al., “Pedagogy. Study Guide ").
The non-fiction substyle is easier to understand than the other two. Its purpose is to explain complex facts and processes to the audience in a simple and plain language. A variety of encyclopedias "101 facts about ..." were written by him.
Official business
Of the 5 styles of the Russian language, this one is the most formalized. It is used to communicate between states, and institutions with each other and with citizens. It is a means of communication between citizens in production, in organizations, in the service sector, within the limits of their performance of their official duties.
The official business style is classified as bookish and written, it is used in the texts of laws, orders, orders, contracts, acts, powers of attorney and similar documents. The oral form is used in speeches, reports, communication within the framework of working relationships.
Components of the official business style
- Legislative. It is used orally and in writing, in laws, regulations, resolutions, instructions, explanatory letters, recommendations, as well as in instructions, article-by-article and operational comments. It is spoken orally during parliamentary debates and appeals.
- Jurisdictional- exists in oral and written forms, is used for indictments, sentences, arrest warrants, court decisions, cassation complaints, procedural acts. In addition, it can be heard during judicial debates, conversations at the reception of citizens, etc.
- Administrative- is implemented in writing in orders, charters, decisions, contracts, labor and insurance contracts, official letters, various petitions, telegrams, wills, memos, autobiographies, reports, receipts, shipping documentation. The oral form of the administrative substyle - orders, auctions, commercial negotiations, speeches at receptions, auctions, meetings, etc.
- Diplomatic. This genre in writing can be found in the form of treaties, conventions, agreements, pacts, protocols, personal notes. Oral form - communiques, memorandums, joint statements.
In the official business style are actively used set phrases, compound conjunctions and verbal nouns:
- based…
- in accordance with…
- based…
- due to…
- by virtue of…
- due to...
Only the scientific and official business styles of the language have clear forms and structure. IN this case this application, resume, identity card, marriage certificate and others.
The style is characterized by a neutral tone of narration, direct word order, complex sentences, conciseness, conciseness, lack of individuality. Special terminology, abbreviations, special vocabulary and phraseology are widely used. Another striking feature is the cliché.
journalistic
The functional styles of the language are very peculiar. Journalism is no exception. It is he who is used in the media, in social periodicals, during political, judicial speeches. Most often, its samples can be found in radio and television programs, in newspaper publications, in magazines, booklets, and at rallies.
Publicism is designed for a wide audience, so special terms are rarely found here, and if they are, they are sought to be explained in the same text. It exists not only in oral and written speech - it is also found in photography, cinema, graphic and visual, theatrical and dramatic and verbal and musical form.
The language has two main functions: informational and influencing. The task of the first is to convey facts to people. The second is to form the right impression, to influence the opinion about the events. The information function requires the reporting of reliable and accurate data that are of interest not only to the author, but also to the reader. The influence is realized through the personal opinion of the author, his calls to action, as well as the way the material is presented.
In addition to those specific to this particular style, there are also common features for the language as a whole: communicative, expressive and aesthetic.
Communicative function
Communication is the main and general task of the language, which manifests itself in all its forms and styles. Absolutely all styles of language and styles of speech have a communicative function. In journalism, texts and speeches are intended for a wide audience, feedback is realized through letters and calls from readers, public discussions, and polls. This requires that the text be readable and readable.
expressive function
Expression should not go beyond reasonable limits - it is necessary to observe the norms of speech culture, and the expression of emotions cannot be the only task.
aesthetic function
Of all the 5 styles of Russian speech, this function is present in only two. In literary texts, aesthetics plays an important role; in journalism, its role is much less. However, reading or listening to a well-designed, thoughtful, harmonious text is much more pleasant. Therefore, it is desirable to pay attention to aesthetic qualities in any of the genres.
Genres of journalism
Within the main style, there are quite a few actively used genres:
- oratory;
- pamphlet;
- feature article;
- reportage;
- feuilleton;
- interview;
- article and others.
Each of them finds application in certain situations: a pamphlet as a kind of artistic and journalistic work is usually directed against a particular party, social phenomenon or the political system as a whole, a reportage is a prompt and impartial report from the scene, an article is a genre with which the author analyzes certain phenomena, facts and gives them his own assessment and interpretation.
Art style
All styles of language and styles of speech find their expression through the artistic. It conveys the feelings and thoughts of the author, affects the reader's imagination. He uses all the means of other styles, all the diversity and richness of the language, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality, and concreteness of speech. Used in fiction.
An important feature of this style is aesthetics - here, unlike journalism, it is an indispensable element.
There are four types of artistic style:
- epic;
- lyrical;
- dramatic;
- combined.
Each of these genera has its own approach to displaying events. If we talk about the epic, then the main thing here will be a detailed story about the subject or event, when the author himself or one of the characters will act as a narrator.
In lyrical narration, the emphasis is on the impression that the events left on the author. Here the main thing will be experiences, what happens in the inner world.
The dramatic approach depicts an object in action, shows it surrounded by other objects and events. The theory of these three genera belongs to V. G. Belinsky. In the "pure" form, each of the above is rare. Recently, some authors have identified another genus - combined.
In turn, epic, lyrical, dramatic approaches to describing events and objects are divided into genres: fairy tale, story, short story, novel, ode, drama, poem, comedy and others.
The artistic style of the language has its own characteristics:
- a combination of language tools of other styles is used;
- the form, structure, language tools are chosen in accordance with the intention and idea of the author;
- the use of special figures of speech that give the text color and figurativeness;
- aesthetic function is of great importance.
Tropes (allegory, metaphor, comparison, synecdoche) and (default, epithet, epiphora, hyperbole, metonymy) are widely used here.
Artistic image - style - language
The author of any work, not only literary, needs the means to contact the viewer or reader. Each art form has its own means of communication. This is where the trilogy appears - an artistic image, style, language.
The image is a generalized attitude to the world and life, expressed by the artist using the language he has chosen. This is a kind of universal category of creativity, a form of interpretation of the world through the creation of aesthetically active objects.
An artistic image is also called any phenomenon recreated by the author in a work. Its meaning is revealed only in interaction with the reader or viewer: what exactly a person will understand, see, depends on his goals, personality, emotional state, culture and values in which he was brought up.
The second element of the triad "image - style - language" is related to a special handwriting, characteristic only for this author or era of the totality of methods and techniques. In art, three different concepts are distinguished - the style of the era (covers a historical period of time, which was characterized by common features, for example, the Victorian era), national (it means features that are common to a particular people, nation, for example, and individual (we are talking about an artist whose work has special qualities that are not inherent in others, for example, Picasso).
Language in any kind of art is a system of visual means designed to serve the goals of the author when creating works, a tool for creating an artistic image. It enables communication between the creator and the audience, allows you to "draw" an image with those very unique style features.
Each type of creativity uses its own means for this: painting - color, sculpture - volume, music - intonation, sound. Together they form a trinity of categories - artistic image, style, language, help to get closer to the author and better understand what he created.
It must be understood that, despite the differences between them, styles do not form separate, purely closed systems. They are capable of and constantly interpenetrate each other: not only the artistic one uses the language means of other styles, but also the official business one has many mutual points with the scientific one (jurisdictional and legislative subspecies are close in their terminology to similar scientific disciplines).
Business vocabulary infiltrates and vice versa. The journalistic type of speech in oral and written form is closely intertwined with the sphere of colloquial and popular science styles.
Moreover, the current state of the language is by no means stable. It would be more accurate to say that it is in dynamic equilibrium. New concepts are constantly emerging, the Russian dictionary is replenished with expressions that come from other languages.
New forms of words are created with the help of existing ones. The rapid development of science and technology also actively contributes to the enrichment of the scientific style of speech. Many concepts from the field of artistic science fiction have migrated to the category of quite official terms that name certain processes and phenomena. And scientific concepts have entered everyday speech.