Large urban agglomerations of Russia. Concept of urban agglomeration
With the increasing industrial development of cities in the 20th century, the world's population gradually moved to cities.
So, at the end of the 20th century, the number of city dwellers on the planet became almost 50%, while at the beginning of the century the urban population was an insignificant 13% of the Earth's population.
On at the moment There are more than 50% of city dwellers on the planet and everyone strives to live in a metropolis.
In this article I want to look at the 10 largest agglomerations in the World, which shelter more than 230 million residents within their borders.
The largest metropolitan area is Tokyo with a population of 37.7 million inhabitants, which is equal to the population of Poland.
The total territory occupied by the Tokyo metropolitan area is 8677 km? and a population density of 4340 people per km?. The Tokyo metropolitan area is so large because it combines 2 major cities Tokyo and Yokohama and a number of other smaller settlements.
Second place on this list belongs to the capital of Mexico, Mexico City.
The number of inhabitants of the Mexico City agglomeration reaches 23.6 million people, who live on an area of 7346 km?. At the same time, the population density is 3212 people per km². The Mexico City metropolitan area is located above all others on this list.
The third largest metropolitan area by population is New York City, which is home to 23.3 million people over an area of 11,264 km². The population density is 2,070 inhabitants per km². The city is the largest financial center in the world.
In fourth place is the agglomeration of Seoul, the capital of South Korea. The population is 22.7 million inhabitants. The total area occupied by the agglomeration is 1943 km? and a population density of 11,680 people per km?.
Fifth place in this list belongs to the Mumbai agglomeration (until 1995 Bombay). The number of inhabitants in the agglomeration is 21.9 million. Territory - 2,350 km? and a population density of 9,320 inhabitants per km?. The city itself and the entire agglomeration are developing very quickly.
Sixth on our list was the urban agglomeration of Sao Paulo (Brazil). The number of residents living within this administrative unit is 20.8 million inhabitants. The agglomeration area is 7944 km? and a population density of 2620 inhabitants per km?.
The Philippine capital Manila ranks seventh on the list of urban agglomerations and has 20.7 million inhabitants. The agglomeration area is 4863 km? and a population density of 4256 people per km?.
The capital of Indonesia, Jakarta, is ranked 8th on this list with a population of 19.2 million inhabitants. The Jakarta metropolitan area is 7,297 km? and a population density of 2631 people per km?.
The ninth place among the largest urban agglomerations in the world is occupied by the capital Delhi. The population in this agglomeration is 18.9 million people with an area of 1425 km?. The population density is 13,265 inhabitants per km2, which puts this agglomeration in first place in terms of population density.
Lotus Temple in Delhi
Introduction
1 The concept of urban agglomeration
1.1 Hierarchy of urban systems
1.2 Spatial structure of urban agglomerations
1.3 Ways of agglomeration formation
1.4 Problems of big cities
2 Largest urban agglomerations in the world
2.1 Overseas Europe
2.2 Overseas Asia
2.3 USA and Latin America
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
The city is one of man's greatest and most complex creations. The appearance of cities - the stone chronicle of humanity - preserves the memory of major events world history. Cities are the main arena for political, economic, social processes taking place in modern world, the place where the greatest values created by human labor are concentrated.
How and why do cities grow? How to reveal mysterious secret spatial concentration of cities in different points globe? What is their internal structure? These questions concern all people and constitute professional task geographical study of cities.
Purpose course work is a consideration of the largest urban agglomerations, ways of their formation and development.
The objectives of this work are:
· in identifying the features of the structure and formation of the largest urban agglomerations;
· in considering the hierarchy of urban systems;
· in identifying urban problems.
Urban agglomerations are a developing form of settlement and territorial organization of the economy. Concentrating huge scientific, technical, industrial and socio-cultural potential, they are the main bases for accelerating scientific and technological progress and have great influence to the vast territories surrounding them, so their study is especially relevant today.
1 . Concept of urban agglomeration
In the historical evolution of settlement forms, traditional types of populated areas - urban and rural settlements developing relatively autonomously - are increasingly being replaced by new “group” forms of highly concentrated settlement, formed when settlements are placed close together and intensive connections are formed between them. These are urban agglomerations - clusters of populated areas that are rapidly developing throughout the world, often consisting of tens, and sometimes hundreds of settlements, including rural settlements, closely connected with each other. There is no uniform terminology to refer to these population clusters. Along with the term “urban agglomeration”, the terms “local settlement systems”, “districts of large cities”, “group settlement systems”, “constellation of cities” are used.
The most common term “urban agglomeration” is not entirely appropriate. In technology industrial production agglomeration means “the formation of large pieces (aggregation) from fine ores and dusty materials by sintering.” In economic literature, the term “agglomeration” characterizes territorial combination, concentration of industrial enterprises in one place.
The term “agglomeration” in relation to settlement was introduced by the French geographer M. Rouget, according to which agglomeration occurs when the concentration of urban activities goes beyond administrative boundaries and spreads to neighboring settlements.
IN Russian literature the concept of urban agglomeration was used, and quite widely, already in the 10s and 20s, although under different names: this is also the “economic district of the city” A.A. Krubera, and “agglomeration” by M.G. Dikansky, and the “economic city” of V.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky.
There are many definitions for the word “agglomeration”.
According to N.V. Petrov, urban agglomerations are compact clusters of territorially concentrated cities and other populated areas, which in the process of their growth come closer (sometimes grow together) and between which diverse economic, labor, cultural and everyday relationships intensify.
E.N. Pertsik gives another definition: an urban agglomeration is a system of territorially close and economically interconnected populated areas, united by stable labor, cultural, social and production ties, a common social and technical infrastructure, - qualitatively new form resettlement, it arises as a receiver of the city in its compact (autonomous, point) form, a special product of modern urbanization. And large urban agglomerations are the most important areas in which progressive industries, administrative, economic, scientific and design organizations, unique cultural and art institutions, and the most qualified personnel are concentrated.
The boundaries of an urban agglomeration are mobile in time due to changes in the most important parameter of agglomeration - the range of daily movements from the place of residence to the places of employment: within the framework of the spatial self-organization of these movements, their range increases in proportion to the increase in the speed of means of transport, and the time spent increases slightly.
The development of urban agglomerations is characterized by: the build-up of gigantic urban clusters, including non-stop growing and spreading cores, drawing ever new territories into their orbit, and the concentration of large masses of the population in them; the rapid development of suburbs and the gradual (although not clearly visible everywhere) redistribution of the population between city centers and suburban areas; attracting the rural population to non-agricultural work, especially in urban areas; pendulum migrations and systematic movements of people within agglomerations to work, places of study, cultural services and recreation, acquiring an unprecedented scale.
E.N. Pertsik offers various criteria for urban agglomerations: urban population density and continuity of development; availability big city-center (usually with a population of at least 100 thousand people); intensity and range of work, cultural and social trips; proportion of non-agricultural workers; share of people working outside their place of residence; the number of satellite urban settlements and the intensity of their connections with the center city; number of telephone conversations with the center; industrial relations; communications for social, domestic and technical infrastructure (unified engineering systems of water supply, energy supply, sewerage, transport, etc.). In some cases, a combination of characteristics is taken as a criterion, in others it is focused on one of them (for example, the boundaries of an agglomeration are distinguished by 1.5- or 2-hour isochrones of labor movements from the center city).
1.1 Hierarchy of urban systems
Cities are growing and developing. In some cases, formerly small cities have become megacities, often with populations above 8 million.
The evolution of settlement forms under the influence of development processes and concentration of production leads to the convergence and fusion of agglomerations, the formation of megalopolises - urbanized zones of the supra-glomeration level, including vast territories (city - agglomeration - urbanized zone - urbanized area - megalopolis).
So, there are five main hierarchically subordinate forms of urban settlement (according to Yu.L. Pivovarov):
1.A compact city (in its traditional form) is the main element of settlement in initial stages urbanization of a country or region. According to the Dictionary of General Geographical Terms, a city is understood as: “a collection of monasteries, incorporative (that is, registered as an accounting unit) and governed by a mayor or alderman.” A city in Denmark is understood as a settlement with over 250 inhabitants, in Japan - 30 thousand, in Russia from 5 to 12 thousand inhabitants.
2. Agglomeration - (from Latin agglomero - add, accumulate) an elementary form of developed group settlement. It represents a cluster around the center (big city) of closely located urban and rural settlements united by intensive and stable ties. We consider agglomeration for areas with great development potential as a stage form in the transition from an autonomous city to a more complex forms resettlement.
3.Urbanized (metropolitan) area - main structural element resettlement in the future. It means a relatively extensive area, the core of which is usually several agglomerations with their surroundings, united by common functional and morphological characteristics. This socio-spatial form of settlement is based on the comprehensive planning of vast territories, specialization and clear identification of functional zones. It includes the agglomeration itself and the territories of the vast metropolitan region.
4. The urbanized zone is the largest link (combining several elements) in the prospective spatial structure of the country’s settlement. This is an area with a high density of urban settlements and a large proportion of the urban population. An urbanized zone is distinguished by the intensity of development of urban settlements (and not by their number).
5. Megalopolis (from the Greek megalu - large, polis - city) is the largest form of settlement. These are extensive urbanized zones with a strip-like configuration, which are formed as a result of the actual merging of many neighboring agglomerations of different ranks. Typically, such urbanized strips stretch along the most important transport routes and multi-highways, or some kind of economic axes.
Everything in this world has the ability to change. Moreover, sometimes these changes occur very quickly. Just a century ago, most of the world's inhabitants lived in villages. Today, cities are becoming locomotives of scientific and technological progress, centers of economic, political and cultural life. Cities increase in size, grow and eventually merge with each other, forming large agglomerations.
The meaning of the word "agglomeration"
This term is currently used in three scientific disciplines - biology, geology and urbanism. However, it is believed that it originally appeared in the bosom of geological science.
In geology, agglomeration is heat treatment ore and ore concentrate.
Later, this term migrated to social geography, urban studies and demography. Here, by analogy, agglomeration is the merging of urban settlements into a single whole. In the second half of the twentieth century, urbanists began to actively use this word to refer to general global trends provoked by processes of global urbanization.
Urban agglomeration
Cities are expanding, acquiring new factories and enterprises, and attracting an increasing number of new residents. As a result, more and more residential areas and sleeping areas are being built on the outskirts... Unnoticed by itself and its residents, the city begins to “absorb” the once independent villages and towns located nearby. This is how the process of connection is born.
An agglomeration is a compact merger of several cities, which from now on become a single whole, one organic system with its own internal stable connections.
To more vividly imagine what agglomeration is, imagine that you are flying high into the sky on a clear, cloudless night. Looking down you will see earth's surface, in some parts of it, there are dense and bright clumps of light, indicating places of compact urban development. It is by these spots of light that the largest urban agglomerations can be identified.
All agglomerations are divided into two types:
- monocentric (those that formed around one large nucleus);
- polycentric (formed from several centers).
Historical aspect
The process of formation of urban agglomerations is very interesting and sometimes unexpected. For example, the city of Vasylkiv, founded in 988, was once an equally important city Kievan Rus, like Kyiv. Today it is just part of the large Kyiv agglomeration.
The very first agglomerations, oddly enough, appeared in ancient world. These were Rome, Alexandria and Athens. In the 17th century, London and Paris joined the ranks of urban agglomerations. True, these were tiny (by modern standards) agglomerations, numbering only 700 thousand inhabitants.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, blocks of buildings stretching for many kilometers into the distance seemed completely wild. Today this is perceived very prosaically. Moreover, children from large cities may not see a forest, a wide field or an ordinary village for years. All this is the reality of our century.
By 1970, there were already 16 large agglomerations in the United States, in which about 40% of the country's population was concentrated. However, agglomerations continue to grow today! And if individual cities used to merge with each other, today entire urban agglomerations are merging. Scientists have even come up with a name for this phenomenon - conurbation.
Formation of Russian agglomerations
All Russian agglomerations are the creations of the 20th century. Previously, there were simply no conditions for their formation. The only exception here can be considered only St. Petersburg, the agglomeration of which began to form somewhat earlier.
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, during the era of the industrial boom, plants and factories began to appear near large Russian cities. The settlements that naturally appeared nearby became the basis for future satellite cities. Thus, already at the beginning of the twentieth century, Mytishchi, Lyubertsy, Kuskovo, Orekhovo-Zuyevo and others were “born” around Moscow.
The largest agglomerations in Russia
According to modern Russian standards, an agglomeration is a group of settlements with a population in its central city (core) of at least 100 thousand inhabitants. At the same time, there must be at least two more cities or towns within 1.5-hour transport accessibility from it.
Monocentric agglomerations with one central core city dominate in Russia. Such a center, as a rule, far exceeds its surroundings both in size and level economic development. Russian agglomerations are not alien to global characteristics and trends: high population density, high degree industrialization, as well as an abundance of scientific and educational complexes.
Today in Russia there are 22 millionaire agglomerations (that is, more than one million people live in each of them). The largest Russian agglomeration, it goes without saying, is Moscow with a population of about 16 million people. It is followed by St. Petersburg (approximately 5.5 million), Rostov (about 2.5 million), Samara-Togliatti (2.3 million), Ekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod (2 million inhabitants in each agglomeration).
Not all inhabitants of the Earth realize that the largest agglomerations in the world accommodate more people than some countries. That is why all people should know before traveling to these settlements interesting information about them. If a person lives in a small town or village, then information about these agglomerations may seem truly incredible.
Constant leader
For six years now, the list of the largest agglomerations in the world has been headed by the capital of Japan, Tokyo. Its population in 2010 was more than thirty-seven million people. This huge metropolis has a density of 4,400 people per square kilometer.
In the Land of the Rising Sun, it is divided into different districts and is a city of many possibilities. It is worth noting that the agglomeration with Tokyo includes the port city of Yokohama, which has a population of more than three million, but even without it the Japanese capital would take first place.
Second place
The list of the largest agglomerations in the world continues with the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta. Its population at the beginning of 2017 is almost 32 million people. But the population density is twice as high as in Tokyo, amounting to 9,600 people per square kilometer.
This, by the way, indicates a low standard of living. This agglomeration is located in the north-west of the island of Java, right on the seashore. This is one of its problems, because during the rainy season many low-lying areas are flooded.
Despite the fact that Jakarta is located in the delta of two rivers, all of them are highly polluted. Approximately 70% body of water completely unusable, another 20% are in average condition, and only ten percent are lightly soiled.
The history of this metropolis begins back in 39 AD, when a local king founded his capital called Sunda Pura on the site of Jakarta. The official founding date is June 22, 1527, when the Portuguese took the settlement and renamed it.
Third and fourth place
Delhi trails behind the top two places with 26 and a half million people. The population density is 12 thousand people per square kilometer. It is worth noting that in the 21st century the population of this agglomeration has doubled and continues to grow. Residents from all over the country come here in search of a better life.
The fourth place in the list of the largest urban agglomerations in the world belongs to the Philippine capital Manila. It would seem that such a large metropolis cannot exist on an island state, but recent studies confirm the opposite. The population density here is even greater and amounts to 13.6 thousand per square kilometer, and total quantity population - a little more than 24 million.
The city is located on the island of Luzon, the climate all year round warm. In addition, many sea and railway junctions intersect here.
Middle of the list
Seoul, the capital of South Korea, is in fifth place among the largest agglomerations in the world. The agglomeration, along with this metropolis, also includes Incheon, which is considered the outport of the country’s main city in the Yellow Sea.
The population of the Seoul agglomeration is only 150 thousand less than that of Manila. Its density is 8,800 people per square kilometer, which is quite a large figure.
Seoul is the high-tech center of the country, most people live in skyscrapers, and therefore there are so many people per unit area.
In sixth place is the port city of Karachi, located in the south of Pakistan. With its surrounding areas, the metropolis includes 23.5 million people, who are crammed into 1,010 square kilometers of area, which explains the high density of 23 thousand.
Karachi is the country's largest port, which was founded at the end of the eighteenth century.
Seventh and eighth place
Shanghai could not be included in the list of the largest agglomerations and cities in the world. This huge city of Chinese People's Republic located in the Yangtze River delta.
In this cultural and shopping center The country is home to 23.39 million people. The metropolis stretches over an area of almost 4,000 square kilometers, and therefore the population density here is only six thousand.
The climate here is mild, with warm winter, the geography of the location is favorable. It is not for nothing that Shanghai is a financial center, because many corporations and research centers are concentrated here.
Eighth place in the list went to the metropolis of Mumbai, which is located on the banks of Arabian Sea in India. In the top ten, this agglomeration has the highest population density (26 thousand) and covers an area of only 881 square kilometers.
Latest agglomerations in the top ten
In ninth place in the category “Largest agglomerations and megacities of the world” is the city that all the inhabitants of the Earth dream of, New York. Its territory with surrounding lands covers 11,875 km². Thanks to this, 21.5 million people are freely located in this part of the world. The population density is only 1.7 thousand, which is the most favorable indicator.
New York is the cultural, tourist and financial center of the United States.
The list ends with Sao Paulo, a city in southeastern Brazil. Its population with its suburbs is 20.8 million people in 2017. The density is 6.9 thousand people, which is not the worst indicator in the ranking.
All data is taken from fresh topographic materials and satellite images. Population, density and area are indicated from information about the agglomerations of the cities listed.
An agglomeration is a city without division into administrative units, which is an area of continuous development. To identify such urbanized areas, the “light fingerprint” method is used - an area of artificial lighting in the city and its suburbs, which can be observed from an airplane on a clear night.
Let's look at the largest agglomerations on Earth:
Moscow agglomeration - 16 million people
Has an area of 4662 sq. km. and population density of 3500 people. per 1 square kilometer. The center of the agglomeration is Moscow. The largest agglomeration in Russia.
Osaka - Kobe - Kyoto agglomeration - 17.4 million people
Has an area of 3212 sq. km. and population density 5400 people. per 1 square kilometer. Has three centers. The second largest agglomeration.
Mumbai metropolitan area - 17.7 million people
The city is located on the shores of the Arabian Sea. It is the second largest agglomeration in. Its area is 546 sq. km., and the population density is 32,400 people. per 1 square kilometer.
Mexico City agglomeration - 20 million people
The capital is the largest agglomeration in the country. Its area is 2072 sq. km. and population density 9700 people. per 1 square kilometer.
Agglomeration of Sao Paulo - 20.3 million people
The largest includes 39 municipalities. The agglomeration area is 2707 sq. km. and a population density of 7,500 people. per 1 square kilometer.
Agglomeration Guangzhou - Foshan - 20.5 million people
The agglomeration area is 3432 sq. km. and population density of 6000 people. per 1 square kilometer. The distance between city centers is 27.6 km. The third largest agglomeration.
New York metropolitan area - 20.6 million people
The New York metropolitan area is considered the largest in the United States. The agglomeration area is 11642 sq. km. and a population density of 1800 people. per 1 square kilometer.
Beijing agglomeration - 21 million people
It is the second largest in China. The agglomeration area is 3820 sq. km. and population density 5500 people. per 1 square kilometer.
Karachi metropolitan area - 22.1 million people
Karachi is the largest port city in Pakistan. The agglomeration area is 945 sq. km. and population density 23,400 people. per 1 square kilometer.
Shanghai agglomeration - 23.4 million people
is the largest agglomeration in China. The agglomeration area is 3820 sq. km. and population density 5500 people. per 1 square kilometer.
Seoul - Incheon agglomeration - 23.5 million people
This is the largest agglomeration in South Korea. Its area is 2266 square meters. km. and population density 10,400 people. per 1 square kilometer.
— 24.1 million people
Capital. The agglomeration area is 3225 sq. km. and population density of 9500 people. per 1 square kilometer.
Tokyo - Yokohama agglomeration 37.8 - million people
The largest agglomeration on the planet. Located in Japan. The agglomeration area is 8547 sq. km. and population density 4400 people. per 1 square kilometer.