Summer fishing in the Barents Sea. Scary and exotic inhabitants of the Barents Sea (7 photos) What red fish are in the Barents Sea
114 species of fish belonging to 41 families are known for the Barents Sea. As you move east, within the Barents Sea, the species diversity of fish quickly decreases, and in the eastern part of the sea barely half of the indicated amount was found. IN in this case The main negative factor is a significant decrease in temperature and mainly severe winter conditions and floating ice.
Among all the fish of the Barents Sea, the following families are distinguished by the number of species: cod (12 species), flounder (11 species), eelpout (13 species), goby (10 species) and whitefish (7 species). Most families are represented by one or two species. Such single species are also important commercial targets - sea bass (Sebastes marinus) and herring (Clupea harengus).
A little more than 20 species can be classified as commercial fish of the Barents Sea, of which only about a dozen are of the most significant importance. In the first place in the fishery are cod (Gadus callarias), haddock (Gadus aeglefitius), sea bass and herring (Fig. 205).
Figure 205.
The importance of these fish in the fishery varies greatly from year to year (Table 50).
| Years | Cod | Haddock | Sea bass | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1923 | 74,0 | 22,0 | 0,6 | 3,4 |
| 1926 | 67,0 | 21,0 | 7,0 | 5,0 |
| 1930 | 47,5 | 20,7 | 24,2 | 7,6 |
| 1936 | 85,1 | 9,9 | 2,0 | 3,0 |
| 1938 | 56,7 | 37,0 | 3,5 | 2,8 |
Minor fisheries include several species of catfish (Anarrhichas), flounder (Pleuronectes platessa), ruffed flounder (Hippoglossoides platessoides), halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), pollock (Gadus virens) and shark (Somniosus macrocephalus).
The discovery by N. Knipovich at the very beginning of this century of the possibility of large-scale development of trawl fishing in the Barents Sea was not used for a long time in Tsarist Russia, and fishing on Murman was of a purely artisanal coastal nature of longline fishing. Only attempts were made to organize a trawl fleet by private industrialists. IN Soviet time trawl fishing began to develop rapidly (Table 51).
In 1938, in the Barents Sea, the trawl fleet of the USSR, England and Germany produced about 6 million cwt. To this should be added at least 1 million quintals from coastal fishing.
Herring fishing in the Barents Sea is not yet regular, but in other years it provides our country with up to 1 million quintals.
There are also abundant fish in the Barents Sea that are very valuable from a nutritional point of view, which are still very little or not yet caught in the fishery, but represent very great opportunities in the future. These, by the way, include small pelagic fish: capelin (Mallotus villosus) and cod (Boreogadus saida), ruff flounder and some others (Fig. 206).
Figure 206.
This entire mass of commercial fish, estimated in millions of tons, requires significantly larger quantities for its nutrition. food organisms- plankton and benthos. We have determined the total amount of both at 200–240 million tons; In some part, this huge mass of organisms is used by commercial fish. The main fish species are distributed according to their diet mainly among different food groups of organisms - some feed on plankton (herring, sea bass), others feed on benthos ( sole, haddock), others - fish (cod) and planktonic crustaceans.
Small mass pelagic fish are sometimes used by the most various fish and other animals, as can be seen in the example of the polar cod.
The main food of cod is small pelagic fish: herring, capelin, juvenile cod and haddock and arctic cod. Fish makes up at least 60% of cod's diet. In second place after fish are large planktonic crustaceans from amphipods, euphausiids and decapods. In the eastern part of the sea, a significant part of the diet consists of bottom animals - crab, hermit crab and various other more major representatives amphipods, isopods and coumacea, and to a lesser extent worms and molluscs.
Haddock, in contrast to cod, feeds on benthos: mollusks, worms, crustaceans and echinoderms.
The main food of herring, as we indicated, is planktonic copepods.
It remains to say a few words about birds, since they are essential for marine organisms, mainly for planktonic crustaceans and small fish.
Large bird colonies are concentrated along the western coasts of Novaya Zemlya. The main form is the guillemot (Uria lomvia), the number of which on Novaya Zemlya is estimated at 4 million. The waters of the Barents Sea, teeming with life, provide abundant food for this entire mass of birds, which consume mainly capelin and cod from fish, and euphausiids from crustaceans.
How to get to the fishing spot:
The most convenient and cheapest way to get to Teriberka is by car. To make it profitable and comfortable for you on the road, there must be three people in the car (two drivers are required).
Why exactly three people and at least two drivers in the car?
This number of people allows you to comfortably get to Teriberka, without long stops. One driver drives the car, the second one takes a nap lying in the back seat, and the third participant provides backup.
*These are our recommendations based on experience, you make your own decision about the trip. You can go alone, but will it be safe? And you will have to pay for all the gasoline yourself. You shouldn’t put passengers in all the seats, you will deprive people of comfort and you most likely will not have enough trunk space for things and loading fish on the way back.
How many kilometers to Teriberka?
- from Vyborg 1550 km.
-
from St. Petersburg 1400 km.
- 2000 km from Moscow.
How long does it take to get to the fishing spot?
- the road from St. Petersburg usually takes 18-26 hours, depending on road conditions, snacks, stops for photography, rest.
How much does it cost to buy gasoline?
- on average, a round trip for gasoline costs 15,000 rubles. to the car.
If I don’t have a car or don’t want to drive my own, how can I get to Teriberki?
There are several options:
- if there are free seats in the cars of other participants and the owner wishes, you can be taken with them.
- encourage friends who have a car to travel.
- buy a plane or train ticket to Murmansk, so as to be in time for the exit to the sea, order a transfer to Teriberka. In this option, there are disadvantages: due to weather conditions, the road may be closed, then there is a high probability of being late to Murmansk at the right time. And an interesting question arises: how to bring the caught fish?
Tackle for sea fishing on the Barents Sea in Teriberka.
A reminder for those who want to buy equipment for sea fishing. This article contains purely personal recommendations based on many years of experience. We'll tell you what gear we use and explain why.
What does sea fishing gear consist of?
Spinning rod, sea reel, braided cord, equipment - single hooks, carabiners, rings, punda with tee.
Spinning rod for sea fishing in the Barents Sea.
The length of the spinning rod must be no less than 1.6 meters and no more than 2.1 meters with a dough weight of 300 to 1000 grams. With a large test, you can drag the fish without fear that something will break, but the pleasure of fishing is proportionally reduced by the test. But with a small dough the opposite is true. The rod is very sensitive, every jerk is felt, but you need to be careful with sudden movements, the spinning rod may not withstand excessive jerks.
The longer the rod, the more jerking the fish is felt, with a long rod it is not very convenient on the boat, it will get in the way everywhere, it is more difficult to untangle, and it is more difficult to lift the fish on board.
You need to find a middle ground for yourself; there is no ideal option.
There are two options for spinning rods with rings or rollers. Each has its own pros and cons
Pros and cons of spinning rods with rollers:
The main advantage of rollers is that they withstand blows and throwing of a spinning rod very well, and this very often happens on an iron vessel when pulling out fish. It is believed that spinning with rollers less tert braided The downside is that sometimes the cord jumps off the rollers and gets stuck; you definitely need to keep an eye on this.
Sea rod Mystic Heavy Pilk 59EH (175 cm, 500-1000g)
Sea fishing rod Surf Master Commander with rollers 1.65m (300-700gr) 
Pros and cons of spinning rods with rings:
Silent and lightweight, rarely found with large dough and small long ones. Very often, inserts in rings fly out and break during transportation and fishing. You should always carefully place the spinning rod on the deck.
Sea rod Maximus Deep Hunter 210H 
Recommendations:
- be sure to disassemble the spinning rod immediately after each fishing trip and wash it in fresh water.
- The end of the handle must be equipped with an axial rotation locking cross.
- The thicker the handle, the more comfortable it is.
- It is advisable to have an aluminum ring for attaching the coil.
Marine reel.
The best reel in terms of price-quality-reliability ratio Penn Comander pro 30. For many years the reel has not failed.
Recommendations:
- be sure to lubricate the mechanisms after each fishing season
- More comfortable thick handle
- The more bearings a reel has, the better.
- Mandatory presence of a line layer.
- The reel must hold at least 250 meters of braided fishing line with a diameter of 0.4 - 0.8 mm.
Cord
Braided cord should be selected with a diameter of 0.4 to 0.8 mm. The breaking load must be at least 30 kg. The fishing line is not suitable for sea fishing, since it stretches during sharp swings of the rod, and the equipment practically does not move at depth.
Recommendations:
- Take a cord with a color change every 10 meters. You can easily determine the depth and level of reeling of the bait.
- The most common cord diameter is 0.5 mm. with a breaking load of at least 45 kg.
- Use special knots for the cord 
- It’s better to buy a winding of 300 meters.
- The cord is a consumable item, there is no point in buying very expensive ones.
Equipment
The equipment consists of a spoon and one or two single hooks.
We use “pondas” with a tee and no more than two hooks in the suspension.
"Pundas" have relatively heavy weight– from 500 gr. up to 1 kg. The most optimal weight is 700 grams. This weight is necessary for the “punda” to sink to the bottom as quickly and smoothly as possible without interfering with other fishermen; very often in the Teriberka area there are strong undercurrents, light tackle will be carried away and you will constantly get confused with your partners.
The size of “Punda” is from 15 to 30 cm, this is the approximate size of capelin, herring and juvenile cod. We recommend making “Pundas” yourself from stainless steel pipes and filling them with lead; it will be much cheaper than store-bought ones.
“Punda” is equipped with a large, strong tee no less than No. 12. The larger the hook, the easier it is to pull it out of the fish’s mouth. You can attach a red cambric to the tee.
The tackle is equipped with a suspension, one or two single hooks with red cambrics of at least size No. 10, tied to the main cord on short leashes at a distance of 50-80 cm from each other above the “punda”.
The gear should look like this:
Cord, swivel, carabiner, rig with two hooks, carabiner, swivel ring, punda, ring, swivel, ring, tee
Recommendations:
- do not buy cheap and Chinese fittings, everything breaks and bends.
How to catch?
Fishing takes place using vertical lures. At the captain’s signal, the tackle is lowered to a depth, usually 1–2 meters from the bottom. Next, you need to jerk the spinning rod sharply and rhythmically. The amplitude of the strokes should be 1-2 meters. During the flashing process, we change the speed, amplitude, try different variants. When changing the fishing location, the captain gives a signal and everyone lifts the gear on board.
What time do we start and finish fishing?
Since ancient times, Teriberka has been considered the most profitable place for sea fishing due to its proximity to the open sea. Capelin comes here to spawn, and this is a delicacy for cod. And the cod itself spawns here. From March to June, huge schools of fish gather in the Teriberka area and it is easy to catch them at depths from 20 to 120 meters.
07:30 - 08:00 from the port of Teriberka
- Boarding the boat
- Checking documents by border guards
- Vessel departure
Going to the fishing spot: Dolgaya Bay - 40 minutes, Cape Teribersky - 1 hour, Opasovo Bay - 1.5 hours, about. Kildin - 3 hours
At the request of guests, to prepare fish soup or other delicacies, you can hide from the excitement in the nearest lip. There you can fish in a calm atmosphere and clean the deck. At sea, as a rule, we don’t cook food, it’s rocky.
In case of stormy weather, force majeure, MORF exercisesThe captain makes his own decision to stop fishing and proceeds to the port.
18:00-20:00 Arrival in Teriberka
Checking the catch by a fish inspector
- Unloading the catch
Some readers had a reasonable question... Why actually dive there at all?
I admit honestly, it’s quite difficult to explain... The world that hides under water is so amazing and fantastic, so unlike anything in our everyday superficial life, that it is almost impossible to describe it in words... Even photographs, in fact, can convey little ... However, the question is hanging in the air and I will still try to answer it...
I won’t talk for long here about the kelp gardens, meditatively swaying in time with the movement of the water masses...
Or about the colorful underwater “flowers” of sea anemones, which feel surprisingly good in such cold water...
Or about the glades of sea urchins that lie on the sandy bottom, like pebbles on the beach...
Or about starfish, which are so fun to attach to your “epaulets”...
Or about strange fish that you won’t find in other seas...
Or about bizarre monsters - Kamchatka crabs, at the sight of which gourmets dreamily swallow their saliva...
I’ll probably tell you about the birds!
Yes, yes... this is not a reservation! It is about the birds, for the sake of which we went on such a long journey!..
For reference:
Guillemots are sea auks the size of an average duck (0.75 to 1.5 kg). They have a rather modest color: black above, white below; the chin, throat and sides of the head are chocolate brown. They mostly live in the sea, coming to land only for nesting periods. They feed on small fish, shrimp, young crabs, and sea worms. They are considered the most common inhabitants of bird colonies in the Far North.
And these birds... DIVE!!!
This is actually how they get their food. But guillemots don’t just lower their heads or bodies under water, but fully dive to depths of up to 20 meters, where they can stay for up to several minutes! Underwater they move with the help of wings, which they use to fully row in the right direction...
Yes, most of all it resembles a real underwater flight!!! The fact is that birds have positive buoyancy. To stay underwater they need to constantly row! As soon as they stop doing this, they are immediately carried to the surface...
At the same time, the speeds at which they move in the water column are simply amazing! And the trail of bubbles that trails behind each bird completes the picture!
“Guillemots lubricate their feathers with a special composition, which is produced by the coccygeal gland, located on the back at the base of the tail. This composition of the bird is evenly distributed throughout the body with its beak; it helps maintain the orderly structure of the plumage and protects it from getting wet. Because of this lubricant, guillemots appear silvery underwater - this is the glistening air bubbles stuck to the lubricated feathers.”*
By the way, it should be noted that they are not very good flyers. Narrow wings, perfectly adapted for swimming underwater, are frankly poor at keeping the bird in the air. Therefore, guillemots cannot take off from a standing position; they need a run-up platform or a cliff from which they “fall” down and, already in the process of falling, stand on the wing. It’s funny that if you startle a flock sitting on the water, half of the birds will scatter and fly up, and the other half, without hesitation, will go under the water and emerge somewhere further away.
Murres are not at all afraid of divers... Moreover, they even specifically dive towards them, out of curiosity. It’s amazing to watch how a bird rushing past you at a decent speed follows you very accurately with its eyes!!! At the same time, they “fly up” quite close, sometimes even at a distance of 1-2 meters... And some even circle around, looking at the strange creature from all sides! You can’t help but wonder who is watching whom...
The first bird sets the tone: if she dives to look at the submariners, the rest are guaranteed to follow her!!! The active diving of some birds attracts the attention of others, and now a real bird soup is bubbling around!!! This is a fantastic sight... It is impossible to describe in words!
The most decent video from those places that I managed to find on the net:
It's a mix of different films... Already the first film gives a good idea of what is underwater in the Barents Sea (yes, yes... we saw exactly that... exactly). Birds appear after 25 minutes. And after the 30th minute, another inhabitant of these places appears, whom we also happened to meet on that trip... But that’s another story!..
The Barents Sea, or rather the Semiostrovie Nature Reserve, where these bird colonies are located, is one of the few places in the world where it was possible not so long ago to dive with guillemots!.. Now, due to the fact that the research vessel "Kartesh" has stopped existence, getting there has become almost impossible. Although
The ichthyofauna of the Barents Sea is the richest. At least 140 species have been recorded here. Most of them are typical marine forms, which spend their entire lives in salty waters and reproduce here. Some species are migratory (salmon, brown trout, char, whitefish, etc.). their life cycle takes place in both salt and fresh water. Some species belong to river fish and are found only in desalinated waters near river mouths (pike, ide, palim)
All fish and fish-like species living in the Barents Sea represent 53 families. The richest species are cod (18 species) and eelpout (13 species). gobies (12 species), flounders (9 species), salmon and skates (7 species each). Most families are represented by 1-2 species.
Many commercial fish make long migrations and different seasons years can be found in various areas, penetrating far to the north and east. These are, first of all, the most important fish for trawl fishing, such as cod, haddock, and sea bass. Some fish, such as capelin and herring, dramatically change their habitat with age, others, living in the bottom layers, do not migrate and are found throughout all seasons in the same places.
In relation to temperature conditions, all barnacled fishes can be classified into two groups: representatives of the boreal-arctic or warm-water-boreal fauna. Most of sea fish. of commercial importance, belongs to the boreal-low Arctic fauna, i.e. organisms widespread in the seas south of the Arctic Circle, but adapted to life in more harsh conditions. For such species (ceibdb. capelin, cod), the Barents Sea is the northern or eastern limit of distribution. The borsal fauna is home to about half of all species, but they are usually found only in the western part of the sea, without going far to the east. Typical representatives of the other group are cod and navaga. Among the warm-water guests in the Barents Sea, mackerel, blue whiting, whiting, and argentina are noted. gate
Compared to the Barents Sea species composition The ichthyofauna of the White Sea is much poorer. According to some researchers, 51 species have been registered. according to others, 68. Of these, 12 are semi-passable. The impoverishment of the ichthyofauna of the White Sea is explained primarily by the unique living conditions of animals; it is not for nothing that it is called a sea of contrasts. By its nature, it is a harsh and cold sea. But in summer it becomes warm water. Boreal inhabitants are forced to adapt to existence in different temperature conditions, as well as conditions of long-term (up to 6 months) fasting, naturally, sacrificing a lot. As a result, they are characterized by slower growth, smaller size and fecundity, and a shorter lifespan than similar species inhabiting the Barents Sea, where seasonal changes in conditions occur gradually, without a sharp transition from winter to summer. This is clearly seen in the example of the White Sea cod, which is an ancient native Atlantic Ocean. In the process of thousands of years of adaptation to difficult living conditions, it acquired a number of characteristic features, which sharply distinguish it from Atlantic cod. The Belomorskaya is inferior to it in life expectancy by 2 times, in body length by 3 times, and in weight by tens of times. The average body growth per year for Atlantic cod is 16 times greater. It can reproduce for 16 years, and the White Sea - only 8 years. The fertility of the latter is also significantly lower, so during its entire life it lays almost 15 times fewer eggs.
The Arctic inhabitants of the White Sea are in incomparably better conditions. Low water temperature does not affect their life activity. All of them reproduce in winter, and after this they begin to fatten up.
The main commercial fish of the White Sea are herring, navaga, smelt, cod, flounder and whitefish. A special place is occupied by salmon. Until the mid-60s, it was caught 3-4 times more than on the Murmansk coast, and the total catch was a third of the world catch of this type of salmon. Now catches have dropped sharply. Human activity has significantly changed the ichthyofauna, unfortunately, not for the better. The introduction of new fishing gear and improved means of transportation led to the destruction of previously numerous populations, such as Atlantic herring. Pollution of water bodies, regulation of river flows. the creation of artificial reservoirs, the construction of dams, and the floating of timber seriously affect fish stocks. Negative consequences may have various measures for acclimatization - breeding new species. This can and has already led to the undermining of local populations and the disappearance of the fish species most adapted to certain conditions.
Sharks. A rather primitive group of animals, which has a number of specific differences from bony fish. For example, sharks do not have real bones; their skeleton is cartilaginous. Top part the caudal fin is larger than the lower one. The skin is covered with special placoid scales. Shark jaws are well armed sharp teeth, located in several rows.
Several species of sharks live in Arctic waters. Of these, the giant shark stands out for its size, reaching 11-13 m. The herring shark, as well as the widespread spiny dogfish shark, reaching only 1 m in length, are much smaller. The latter species began to be hunted in our century due to fish oil, which is extracted from the liver, and also began to be used for processing into fishmeal. Previously, back in the last century, the basis of the shark fishery was the polar shark, whose length exceeds 6 m and weighs about 1000 kg. Currently, this fishery has almost completely ceased.
TO cartilaginous fish include stingrays, very peculiar marine animals. These are typically bottom-dwelling organisms, as is clearly evidenced by their appearance: the stingray’s body is flat, as if flattened. In our region there are star, arctic, smooth, shagreen and spiny stingrays.
The Herring family includes the most common commercial species, such as Atlantic and Atlantic-Scandinavian herring. The biology of herring is very interesting. Upon reaching sexual maturity (by 5-6 years), such fish form spawning schools. Depending on the time of spawning, eggs are deposited in a continuous layer on the bottom either near the coast or on ocean banks. The main spawning grounds for Murmansk herds are the shores of Norway. Herring no longer returns to the Barents Sea. During the first year of life, hatched larvae form large clusters. The size of the larvae is 0.5 cm, the size of an adult animal reaches 40 cm and weighs 600 g. Usually, the herring is much smaller. In summer and autumn, herring approaches the northern shores of the Kola Peninsula. In rich harvest years, Atlantic herring also enters the Beloye Mors.
A variety of Atlantic herring is the small White Sea herring, in individual years playing an important role in fishing. Herrings also include sprat and others.
Whitefish family. One of the hard to define groups. There are believed to be 6 species in Northern Europe, which are divided into more than 50 subspecies and forms. Whitefishes are related to another family - salmonids. What both families have in common is the presence of an adipose fin. But there are also differences: whitefish have larger scales and a smaller mouth. lack of teeth on the jaws and a deep notch on the caudal fin. The color of whitefish is silver-gray. They are very widespread in both rivers and lakes.
IN Murmansk region whitefish is the most important commercial fish. Forms a large number of groups - each large lake has more than one herd, which differ in appearance, lifestyle, behavior. Some herds migrate. Whitefish feed on various small crustaceans. Spawning usually occurs in the fall, but different groups timing may vary. Eggs are deposited on pebble shallows. Its further development before hatching takes place within 2 months.
The same family includes vendace and peled.
Family Salmonidae. Representatives of this family have quite large sizes. The body (except for the head) is completely covered with scales. All have an adipose fin, which is located between the dorsal and caudal fins. The origin of this family is connected only with northern hemisphere, they got to more southern reservoirs due to acclimatization. Many species make feeding migrations to the sea and thrive in cold waters. Due to the ability to live in both sea (salt) and fresh water and migration from rivers to lakes and seas, these fish are called anadromous. The most important migratory species is salmon.
Atlantic (noble) salmon. In the North of Russia, Atlantic salmon is called salmon. This - big fish, reaching a length of 1.5 m. Individual specimens can weigh up to 30-40 kg. The body of salmon is elongated, moderately compressed laterally, with a relatively thin caudal peduncle. The caudal fin in adult fish has a shallow notch. The color of Atlantic salmon changes at different stages of its life cycle. Juveniles have from 8 to 11 wide dark transverse stripes on their sides, between which small red spots are visible, hence the name parr. Towards the end of the river life period, the juveniles change their color: the transverse striping disappears, and the body color from yellowish-greenish or olive becomes silver. Salmon that live in the sea have a silver-white body underneath and a brown-green back. Small X-shaped dark spots are scattered across the surface of the body, especially above the lateral line. As spawning approaches, sexually mature fish begin to acquire nuptial plumage (loose). They lose their silver color and become bronze or brown. Red and orange spots appear on the head and sides. Not only the appearance changes, but also the skeleton. In males, the front teeth enlarge, the snout and lower jaw lengthen and curve in a hook-like manner (sometimes similar changes are observed in old females). During this period, the fish stop feeding.
Being a typically migratory fish, Atlantic salmon spends part of its life in the sea and part in the river. On Kola Peninsula Lake Imandra is home to salmon, whose entire life cycle takes place in fresh water. Salmon from the rivers of the Barents and White Seas feed in the Norwegian Sea, where they stay close to the shore - at depths of no more than 120 m. They feed on capelin, sand lance, herring, smelt and other fish, as well as some crustaceans. Having lived at sea from 1 to 3-4 years. adult individuals migrate (up to 1.5 thousand km long) to the rivers where they hatched. Here, sea-raised salmon reproduce.
Salmon spawning occurs in October - November, when the water temperature in the rivers drops to 9-7 ° C. For this, areas with a current speed of 0.5 to 1.5 m/ss and depths of 0.2 to 1.5-2 m are selected. The female uses body movements and tail, digs a depression 2-3 m long in the sand and pebble soil, where it lays eggs, which are immediately inseminated by males. She then uses her tail to cover the eggs with gravel and pebbles, thus making a nest. Spawning of each female can last up to two weeks. During this time, she makes several nests.
Most adult Atlantic salmon die after the first spawning. Some of the spawned spawners survive and come to spawn a second time. Individual specimens can survive even after the second spawning and come to the river for the third, and in exceptional cases, for the fourth time. The surviving spawned individuals (the roller) sometimes roll into the sea water soon after spawning, but more often they remain in the river for the winter and leave in the spring after the ice breaks up. At the same time, they begin to actively feed. Interesting biological feature salmon is the presence of dwarf males in its population. Unlike ordinary migratory fish, they never leave rivers and become sexually mature already in the second year of life with a length of only about 10 cm. In appearance, dwarf males differ little from juveniles (pargers), but they participate in spawning together with ordinary males.
Hatching of the embryos occurs in April - May. Juveniles spend from 1 to 5 years in rivers, most often 2-4 years. It grows slowly during this period: before migrating to the sea average length juveniles are 10-15 cm, and body weight does not exceed 20 g.
Despite the high fertility of salmon (one female lays from 3 to 10 thousand eggs), the commercial return from eggs spawned by the female is very low - only 0.04-0.12%,” with 87-90% of the fry emerging from the nests dying on the first same year of life in the river, and less than 1% survive to go to sea.
Industrial salmon fishing was carried out in 18 rivers of the Kola Peninsula. However, due to unsustainable fishing, the numbers of many populations decreased significantly, and fishing had to be stopped. So. As a result of hydraulic construction, the populations of the Teriberka and Voronya rivers were lost. In the future, there may be a loss of Drozdovka populations. Ivanovka and Iokangi. Currently, only some rivers of the peninsula have preserved salmon populations of commercial importance (the Var-Zuga and Umba rivers). The largest population in the Barents Sea basin is the Pechora population, the average annual number of which in different periods ranged from 80 to 160 thousand. last decade annual catches decreased by 2 times. There are many reasons for this. Continued rafting of timber on salmon rivers, construction of various types of hydroelectric power stations. unsustainable fishing, poaching, water pollution industrial waste- all together leads to a decrease in the reserves of this most valuable fish in our region.
Pink salmon. Work on the acclimatization of Pacific salmon - pink salmon - in the waters of the Barents and White Seas began in 1956. Caviar from the Far East was delivered by plane to fish hatcheries in our region, where it was pre-incubated. For a number of years, factories Northern Basin released from 6 to 36 million juveniles. In addition, for several years at the Taybolsky plant, additional fry were obtained from eggs collected from local producers. In some years, pink salmon entered the rivers of the European North in large quantities. Such massive visits to the Kola Peninsula were observed in 1960, 1965, 1971, 1973, 1975 and 1977. After the import of caviar ceased in 1978, the number of pink salmon began to decline. IN last years Single specimens enter the rivers of the Barents Sea basin.
Spawning of pink salmon in the rivers of the Murmansk region occurs in August - October when the water temperature in the river drops to 5 ° C and below. In sexually mature individuals, the nuptial plumage begins to appear while still at sea, but it takes on its final form already at the spawning grounds. The spawning of pink salmon is similar to the spawning of other salmon. The average fertility of a female is 1.5 thousand eggs. After spawning, the spawners die. The young come out of the nests next year when the water temperature in the river is above 5° C and almost immediately migrates to the sea. In a year. Having become sexually mature, pink salmon return to the river to procreate. The entry of fish begins in May, reaches its maximum in July - August and continues until October.
Many years of work on acclimatization of fbush in the Barents and White Seas did not produce encouraging results. However, this species of salmon can be quite used as an object of mariculture. In this regard, in recent years, the development of methods for pasture cultivation of pink salmon has begun in Bely Mors. For these purposes, in 1984-^-1985. The delivery of pink salmon caviar from the Magadan region to the Onega fish hatchery was resumed, which was reconstructed specifically for the incubation of caviar of this species.
In recent years, a new species has been used for acclimatization - steelhead salmon, of which rainbow trout is one of the varieties. This species was originally distributed in rivers West Coast North America, but then they actively began to spread it to other continents. Representatives of this species grow well and are more resistant to high temperatures, tolerate slight pollution of water bodies, so it is used for breeding in reservoirs where heated water is discharged from nuclear power plants. For example, at the Kola Nuclear Power Plant such experiments had some success.
However, the release of new species into local water bodies is highly undesirable, since they can displace valuable local species such as brown trout. It lives in lakes and can weigh up to 4 kg. To spawn, it rises into rivers and streams with fast currents. The biology of brown trout is similar to that of its close relative, salmon. Brown trout have 2 main forms - migratory and residential. It is extremely sensitive to water quality and absolutely cannot tolerate pollution of water bodies.
The rapids of most rivers in the Murmansk region are inhabited by brook trout, which are smaller than brown trout, although both belong to the same species. The difference in size is explained by their habitat and... hence, differences in nutrition and growth rates. Trout and brown trout differ in color only as adults, but juveniles are very similar.
Arctic char, or palia, a fish with very small scales that reaches large sizes (up to 10 kg or more), should also be included in this species. Lake char is much smaller. Char is a valuable fishery target, like other salmon. It is very sensitive to water quality, temperature conditions, pollution by chemicals, as well as acclimatizing species. In this regard, special methods of protecting char are needed to prevent its loss from the ichthyofauna of our water bodies.
Just as sensitive to unfavorable factors is grayling (family Harpus). This species is widespread in water bodies of the Murmansk region. The size of grayling is small, usually does not exceed 40 cm (rarely - up to 50 cm), weight - in the range of 1 -1.5 kg. This is typical River fish who prefers clean clear water, rich in oxygen. Grayling also lives in lakes. It feeds on insect larvae (caddis flies, mayflies), as well as mollusks, small crustaceans and adult insects that have fallen into the water, especially during the mass summer of mayflies and caddis flies.
Smelt family. Small relatives of noble salmon and brown trout. Very widespread. Many of them are typical marine species, some go to fresh water bodies to spawn, and a small part lives there permanently. Representatives of this family have dorsal and adipose fins, and scales fall off easily. Freshwater smelt rarely exceeds 20 cm. The mouth is large, and there are large teeth on the jaws. Freshly caught smelt smells fresh cucumber. Spawning is taking place in early spring, still under the ice. In addition to the fact that smelt is of commercial importance, it is also of great importance as an object of mass food for other species of fish. Very sensitive to water pollution.
Capelin. This is a medium-sized schooling pelagic fish with a body length of up to 20-22 cm. It is found in the Arctic waters of the North Atlantic, including throughout the Barents Sea. Sometimes, in years of large numbers, it enters the White Sea. During the year it makes regular migrations (feeding, wintering, spawning). Depending on the season, fish concentrate in different areas of the sea. In summer, during the feeding period, schools of large mature capelin live in the northeastern regions of the sea; smaller immature (at the age of 1-2 years) accumulates in central regions. In September - October, with the seasonal cooling of the Barents Sea waters, the wintering migration of sexually mature capelin begins: from the feeding areas, the fish moves in the southern and southwestern directions. IN initial period wintering in the central regions of the Barents Sea, accumulations of individuals of different age groups are observed - here there is a mixing of mature and immature fish. Later, separation occurs: large individuals (14-20 cm long) migrate to the southern regions for spawning, and immature capelin remain in wintering areas (north of 74°30"N).
The main spawning of Barents Sea capelin occurs most often from February to May in the areas of Finnmarken and on the Murmansk coast at depths from 12 to 280 m. Females spawn weakly sticky eggs directly to the bottom - onto sand or fine gravel. In the period from April to June, a massive hatching of larvae occurs, which are carried from the spawning areas by the Murmansk and Novaya Zemlya currents in the eastern and northeastern directions. At the end of August - beginning of September, juvenile capelin (its length at this time is 3-4 cm) spreads in the central part of the Barents Sea (up to 76-77° N). and to the east it reaches the shores of Novaya Zemlya. In October - November, capelin underyearlings, mixing with mature fish that come from the feeding grounds from the north, create wintering aggregations.
Capelin is characterized by a rapid growth rate in the initial period of life. By the end of the first year, the length of the fish averages 10-12 cm. Barents Sea capelin reaches its maximum length (20-22 cm) at the age of 4 years. The maximum age for males is 7 years, for females - 6. Capelin is a typical planktivore.
Its main food is mass species meso- and macroplankton (calanus, euphausiids, hyperiids, chstognaths). In general, capelin feed on any available food. Following food, it makes vertical migrations, the daily rhythm of which is most pronounced in March - April: with sunrise, capelin descends to the bottom layers of the sea, and with sunset it rises to the upper horizons. In summer, under polar day conditions, vertical migrations, although observed, do not have a clear daily rhythm.
In recent years, capelin stocks have been severely undermined, mainly due to the irrational method of fishing - deep-sea trawls. Therefore, it was decided to stop fishing for several years to restore capelin stocks.
Cod family. Exclusively marine fish (except for one species). They have 2-3 dorsal fins and 1-2 anal fins, a barbel on the chin, and small scales. Distinctive feature These fish are characterized by the absence of spines on all fins. IN European waters There are about 30 species, of which the most important is cod, which is very widespread. Keeps in packs. It feeds on various crustaceans, worms, fish, especially small species such as gerbil and capelin. Adult fish migrates because different races Cod spawn at different depths and in different areas.
Cod has long been the most important commercial species. If earlier there were quite large specimens - up to 90 kg, then in recent years cod has been much smaller in size - on average about 10 kg or less. The biology of cod is well understood, but there are still many problems. The most important of them is determining the size of the fish catch and proper management of the fishery, since the cod population in the Barents Sea basin has been severely undermined.
Other commercial marine fish include: sea bass, haddock, halibut and catfish. Among the representatives of freshwater fauna, in addition to the species already mentioned, it is worth noting pike and river perch, which are found in many reservoirs and are well known to amateur fishermen.
Finishing short review class of fish, we note that the ichthyofauna of the Murmansk region is rich and diverse. Since ancient times, fish have been hunted in the seas, lakes and rivers of the Kola North. The most important commercial species There were and still are cod, halibut and salmon. Excessive fishing, irrational fishing methods, and severe environmental pollution have sharply reduced fish stocks. It is no coincidence that in recent years the fishing fleet has been fishing far beyond our territorial waters. At the end of the 80s, the question arose about introducing a ban on fishing in the Barents Sea. Several fish hatcheries were built, 3 fishery reserves were organized on the rivers Note, Ponoye and Varzuga, and the fight against poaching and pollution of water bodies is underway. However, this is clearly not enough and more drastic measures are required to prevent the depletion of the composition of the ichthyofauna and the population size of especially valuable species.
About the Barents Sea.
This is the marginal sea Arctic Ocean washes the Russian and Norwegian shores. Its water area lies within the continental shallows, between the northern coast of Europe and three archipelagos - Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land and New Earth.
The sea area exceeds 1400 thousand sq. km, average depth about 200 m, maximum - 600 meters. Large rivers feeding the sea are Pechora and Indiga.
The largest island is Kolguev.
In the West it borders with the Norwegian Sea, in the south with the White Sea, in the east with the Kara Sea, and in the north with the Arctic Ocean basin.
BARENTS SEA - marginal sea of the North. Arctic approx. between the northern coast of Europe and Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land and New. Earth. 1424 thousand km². Located on the shelf; depth is mainly from 360 to 400 m (maximum 600 m). Large. Kolguev.... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
BARENTS SEA - BARENTS SEA, marginal sea water of the Arctic approx. between northern the coast of Europe and the islands of Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. 1424 t. km2. Located on the shelf: deep. preim. from 360 to 400 m (max. 600 m). Large island Kolguev.... ...Russian history
BARENTS SEA - Arctic Ocean, between the northern coast of the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Kola Peninsula and the islands of Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. Area 1424 thousand km2, depth up to 600 m. Large island of Kolguev. The Pechora River flows into ... Modern encyclopedia
Whitefish family. One of the hard to define groups. There are believed to be 6 species in Northern Europe, which are divided into more than 50 subspecies and forms. Whitefishes are related to another family - salmonids. What both families have in common is the presence of an adipose fin. But there are also differences: whitefish have larger scales and a smaller mouth. lack of teeth on the jaws and a deep notch on the caudal fin. The color of whitefish is silver-gray. They are very widespread in both rivers and lakes.
In the Murmansk region, whitefish is the most important commercial fish. Forms a large number of groups - each large lake has more than one herd, which differ in appearance, lifestyle, and behavior. Some herds migrate. Whitefish feed on various small crustaceans. Spawning usually occurs in the fall, but timing may vary among groups. Eggs are deposited on pebble shallows. Its further development until hatching takes place in 2
The same family includes vendace and peled.
Family Salmonidae. Representatives of this family are quite large in size. The body (except for the head) is completely covered with scales. All have an adipose fin, which is located between the dorsal and caudal fins. The origin of this family is connected only with the northern hemisphere; they came to more southern bodies of water due to acclimatization. Many species make feeding migrations to the sea and thrive in cold waters. Due to the ability to live in both sea (salt) and fresh water and migration from rivers to lakes and seas, these fish are called anadromous. The most important migratory species is salmon.
Atlantic (noble) salmon. In the North of Russia, Atlantic salmon is called salmon. This is a large fish, reaching a length of 1.5 m. Individual specimens can weigh up to 30-40 kg. The body of salmon is elongated, moderately compressed laterally, with a relatively thin caudal peduncle. The caudal fin in adult fish has a shallow notch. The color of Atlantic salmon changes at different stages of its life cycle. Juveniles have from 8 to 11 wide dark transverse stripes on their sides, between which small red spots are visible, hence the name parr. Towards the end of the river life period, the juveniles change their color: the transverse striping disappears, and the body color from yellowish-greenish or olive becomes silver. Salmon that live in the sea have a silver-white body underneath and a brown-green back. Small X-shaped dark spots are scattered across the surface of the body, especially above the lateral line. As spawning approaches, sexually mature fish begin to acquire nuptial plumage (loose). They lose their silver color and become bronze or brown. Red and orange spots appear on the head and sides. Not only the appearance changes, but also the skeleton. In males, the front teeth enlarge, the snout and lower jaw lengthen and curve in a hook-like manner (sometimes similar changes are observed in old females). During this period, the fish stop feeding.
Being a typically migratory fish, Atlantic salmon spends part of its life in the sea and part in the river. On the Kola Peninsula, Lake Imandra is home to salmon, whose entire life cycle takes place in fresh water. Salmon from the rivers of the Barents and White Seas feed in the Norwegian Sea, where they stay close to the shore - at depths of no more than 120 m. They feed on capelin, sand lance, herring, smelt and other fish, as well as some crustaceans. Having lived at sea from 1 to 3-4 years. adult individuals migrate (up to 1.5 thousand km long) to the rivers where they hatched. Here, sea-raised salmon reproduce.
Salmon spawning occurs in October - November, when the water temperature in the rivers drops to 9-7 ° C. For this, areas with a current speed of 0.5 to 1.5 m/ss and depths of 0.2 to 1.5-2 m are selected. The female uses body movements and tail, digs a depression 2-3 m long in the sand and pebble soil, where it lays eggs, which are immediately inseminated by males. She then uses her tail to cover the eggs with gravel and pebbles, thus making a nest. Spawning of each female can last up to two weeks. During this time she nested several times.
Most adult Atlantic salmon die after the first spawning. Some of the spawned spawners survive and come to spawn a second time. Individual specimens can survive even after the second spawning and come to the river for the third, and in exceptional cases, for the fourth time. The surviving spawned individuals (the roller) sometimes roll into the sea water soon after spawning, but more often they remain in the river for the winter and leave in the spring after the ice breaks up. At the same time, they begin to actively feed. An interesting biological feature of salmon is the presence of dwarf males in its population. Unlike ordinary migratory fish, they never leave rivers and become sexually mature already in the second year of life with a length of only about 10 cm. In appearance, dwarf males differ little from juveniles (pargers), but they participate in spawning together with ordinary males.
Hatching of the embryos occurs in April - May. Juveniles spend from 1 to 5 years in rivers, most often 2-4 years. During this period, it grows slowly: before migrating to the sea, the average length of juveniles is 10-15 cm, and their body weight does not exceed 20 g.
Despite the high fertility of salmon (one female from 3 to 10 thousand eggs), the commercial return from eggs spawned by the female is very low - only 0.04-0.12%,” with 87-90% of the fry emerging from the nests dying on the first year of life in the river, and less than 1% survive to go to sea.
Industrial salmon fishing was carried out in 18 rivers of the Kola Peninsula. However, due to unsustainable fishing, the numbers of many populations decreased significantly, and fishing had to be stopped. So. As a result of hydraulic construction, the populations of the Teriberka and Voronya rivers were lost. In the future, there may be a loss of Drozdovka populations. Ivanovka and Iokangi. Currently, only some rivers of the peninsula have preserved salmon populations of commercial importance (the Var-Zuga and Umba rivers). The largest population in the Barents Sea basin is the Pechora population, the average annual number of which in different periods ranged from 80 to 160 thousand. In the last decade, annual catches have decreased by 2 times. There are many reasons for this. Continued rafting of timber on salmon rivers, construction of various types of hydroelectric power stations. Unsustainable fishing, poaching, pollution of water bodies with industrial waste - all together lead to a decrease in the reserves of this most valuable fish in our region.
Pink salmon. Work on the acclimatization of Pacific salmon - pink salmon - in the waters of the Barents and White Seas began in 1956. Caviar from the Far East was delivered by plane to fish hatcheries in our region, where it was pre-incubated. Over the course of a number of years, hatcheries in the Northern Basin produced from 6 to 36 million juveniles. In addition, for several years at the Taybolsky plant, additional fry were obtained from eggs collected from local producers. In some years, pink salmon entered the rivers of the European North in large quantities. Such massive visits to the Kola Peninsula were observed in 1960, 1965, 1971, 1973, 1975 and 1977. After the import of caviar ceased in 1978, the number of pink salmon began to decline. In recent years, single specimens have entered the rivers of the Barents Sea basin.
Spawning of pink salmon in the rivers of the Murmansk region occurs in August - October when the water temperature in the river drops to 5 ° C and below. In sexually mature individuals, the nuptial plumage begins to appear while still at sea, but it takes on its final form already at the spawning grounds. The spawning of pink salmon is similar to the spawning of other salmon. The average fertility of a female is 1.5 thousand eggs. After spawning, the spawners die. leaves the nests the next year when the water temperature in the river is above 5° C and almost immediately migrates to the sea. In a year. Having become sexually mature, pink salmon return to the river to procreate. The entry of fish begins in May, reaches its maximum in July - August and continues until October.
Many years of work on acclimatization of fbush in the Barents and White Seas did not produce encouraging results. However, this species of salmon can be quite used as an object of mariculture. In this regard, in recent years, the development of methods for pasture cultivation of pink salmon has begun in Bely Mors. For these purposes, in 1984-^-1985. The delivery of pink salmon caviar from the Magadan region to the Onega fish hatchery was resumed, which was reconstructed specifically for the incubation of caviar of this species.
In recent years, a new species has been used for acclimatization - steelhead salmon, of which rainbow trout is one of the varieties. This species was originally distributed in the rivers of the West Coast of North America, but then it began to actively spread to other continents. Representatives of this species grow well, are more resistant to high temperatures, and tolerate slight pollution of water bodies, so they are used for breeding in reservoirs where heated water is discharged from nuclear power plants. For example, at the Kola Nuclear Power Plant such experiments had some success.
However, the release of new species into local water bodies is highly undesirable, since they can displace valuable local species such as brown trout. It lives in lakes and can weigh up to 4 kg. To spawn, it rises into rivers and streams with fast currents. The biology of brown trout is similar to that of its close relative, salmon. Brown trout have 2 main forms - migratory and residential. It is extremely sensitive to water quality and absolutely cannot tolerate pollution of water bodies.
The rapids of most rivers in the Murmansk region are inhabited by brook trout, which are smaller than brown trout, although both belong to the same species. The difference in size is explained by their habitat. hence, differences in nutrition and growth rates. Trout and brown trout differ in color only as adults, but juveniles are very similar.
Arctic char, or palia, a fish with very small scales that reaches large sizes (up to 10 kg or more), should also be included in this species. Lake char is much smaller. Char is a valuable fishery target, like other salmon. It is very sensitive to water quality, temperature conditions, chemical pollution, as well as to acclimatizing species. In this regard, special methods of protecting char are needed to prevent its loss from the ichthyofauna of our water bodies.
Grayling (Harpus family) is also sensitive to unfavorable factors. This species is widespread in water bodies of the Murmansk region. The size of grayling is small, usually does not exceed 40 cm (rarely - up to 50 cm), weight - in the range of 1 -1.5 kg. This is a typical river fish that prefers clean, transparent water rich in oxygen. Grayling also lives in lakes. It feeds on insect larvae (caddisflies, mayflies), as well as mollusks, small crustaceans and adult insects that have fallen into the water, especially during the mass summer of mayflies and caddisflies.
Smelt family. Small relatives of noble salmon and brown trout. Very widespread. Many of them are typical marine species, some go to fresh water bodies to spawn, and a small part are constantly there. Representatives of this family have dorsal and adipose fins, and scales fall off easily. Freshwater smelt rarely exceeds 20 cm. The mouth is large, and there are large teeth on the jaws. Freshly caught smelt smells like fresh cucumber. Spawning takes place in early spring, while still under the ice. In addition to the fact that smelt is of commercial importance, it is also of great importance as an object of mass food for other species of fish. Very sensitive to water pollution.
Capelin. This is a medium-sized schooling pelagic fish with a body length of up to 20-22 cm. It is found in the Arctic waters of the North Atlantic, including throughout the Barents Sea. Sometimes, in years of large numbers, it enters the White Sea. During the year it makes regular migrations (feeding, wintering, spawning). Depending on the season, fish concentrate in different areas of the sea. In summer, during the feeding period, schools of large mature capelin live in the northeastern regions of the sea; smaller immature ones (at the age of 1-2 years) accumulate in the central regions. In September - October, with the seasonal cooling of the Barents Sea waters, the wintering migration of sexually mature capelin begins: from the feeding areas, the fish moves in the southern and southwestern directions. During the initial wintering period in the central regions of the Barents Sea, accumulations of individuals of different age groups are observed - mixing of mature and immature fish occurs here. Later, separation occurs: large individuals (14-20 cm long) migrate to the southern regions for spawning, and immature capelin remain in wintering areas (north of 74°30"N).
The main spawning of Barents Sea capelin occurs most often from February to May in the areas of Finnmarken and on the Murmansk coast at depths from 12 to 280 m. Females spawn weakly sticky eggs directly to the bottom - onto sand or fine gravel. In the period from April to June, a massive hatching of larvae occurs, which are carried from the spawning areas by the Murmansk and Novaya Zemlya currents in the eastern and northeastern directions. At the end of August - beginning of September, juvenile capelin (its length at this time is 3-4 cm) spreads in the central part of the Barents Sea (up to 76-77° latitude). and to the east it reaches the shores of Novaya Zemlya. In October - November, capelin underyearlings, mixing with mature fish that come from the feeding grounds from the north, create wintering aggregations.
Capelin is characterized by a rapid growth rate in the initial period of life. By the end of the first year, the length of the fish averages 10-12 cm. Barents Sea capelin reaches its maximum length (20-22 cm) at the age of 4 years. The maximum age for males is 7 years, for females - 6. Capelin is a typical planktivore.
Its main food is abundant species of meso- and macroplankton (calanus, euphausiids, hyperiids, chstognaths). In general, capelin feed on any available food. Following food, it makes vertical migrations, the daily rhythm of which is most pronounced in March - April: with sunrise, capelin descends to the bottom layers of the sea, and with sunset it rises to the upper horizons. In summer, under polar day conditions, vertical migrations, although observed, do not have a clear daily rhythm.
In recent years, capelin stocks have been severely undermined, mainly due to the irrational method of fishing - deep-sea trawls. Therefore, it was decided to stop fishing for several years to restore capelin stocks.
Cod family. Exclusively marine fish (except for one species). They have 2-3 dorsal fins and 1-2 anal fins, a barbel on the chin, and small scales. A distinctive feature of these fish is the absence of spines on all fins. About 30 species live in European waters, of which the most important is cod, which is very widespread. Keeps in packs. It feeds on various crustaceans, worms, fish, especially small species such as gerbil and capelin. Adult fish migrate as different races of cod spawn at different depths and in different areas.
Cod has long been the most important commercial species. If earlier there were quite large specimens - up to 90 kg, then in recent years cod has been much smaller in size - on average about 10 kg or less. The biology of cod is well understood, but there are still many problems. The most important of them is determining the size of the fish catch and proper management of the fishery, because the cod population in the Barents Sea basin has been greatly undermined.
Other commercial marine fish include sea bass, haddock, halibut and catfish. Among the representatives of freshwater fauna, in addition to the species already mentioned, it is worth noting pike and river perch, which are found in many reservoirs and are well known to amateur fishermen.
Concluding a brief overview of the class of fish, we note that the ichthyofauna of the Murmansk region is rich and diverse. The Barents Sea has long been a fishery in the seas, lakes and rivers of the Kola North. The most important commercial species were and still are cod, halibut, and salmon. Excessive fishing, irrational fishing methods, and severe environmental pollution have sharply reduced fish stocks. It is no coincidence that in recent years the fishing fleet has been fishing far beyond our territorial waters. At the end of the 80s, the question arose about introducing fish into the Barents Sea. Several fish hatcheries were built, 3 fishery reserves were organized on the rivers Note, Ponoye and Varzuga, and the fight against poaching and pollution of water bodies is underway. However, this is clearly not enough and more drastic measures are required to prevent the depletion of the composition of the ichthyofauna and the population size of especially valuable species.
2009-2010 Valiullin Alexander
Severomorsk Children's Art House