Non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. Non-Black Earth region of Russia. Economic complex of the Central Black Earth region

The zone is characterized by a temperate continental climate, sufficient, and in some areas excessive rainfall. The continentality of the climate increases in the direction from west to east. IN reverse direction the amount of precipitation and the sum of active temperatures change. With a general high amount of precipitation, their distribution during the growing season is uneven; droughts are not uncommon at the beginning of summer, and excessive precipitation often falls in the second half of it.

The soils of the Nonchernozem zone are represented by several types with a large number of subtypes, classes and varieties. The most common are soddy-podzolic soils with low potential fertility and unfavorable agronomic properties. These soils are poor organic matter and nutrients, biologically inactive, acidic, with unfavorable physical properties.

The climatic conditions of the zone allow, with the active regulation of soil conditions in intensive agriculture, to obtain high and stable yields of grain and fodder crops, fiber flax, vegetables and root crops. Developed fodder production allows for high-intensity dairy and meat animal husbandry, as well as industrial poultry farming.

The leading grain crops of the Non-Chernozem zone are winter rye and wheat, spring barley and oats; peas and spring wheat are less cultivated. The main industrial crop is fiber flax. The main potato areas are concentrated here, and vegetable growing is developed.

The soils of the zone, along with an increase in fertility, need cultural and technical improvement. The arable land is represented by small and small fields (small-contour), the arable layer is hardened, microdepressions and saucers are frequent in the fields, and there is a lot of shrubs.

Crop rotations are introduced in large farms of the Non-Chernozem Zone different types and types. If necessary special meaning give the agrotechnical organization of the territory and a complex of soil protection measures, including also soil protection crop rotations.

Without touching on the features of individual crop rotations, we will only give the best predecessors for the main field crops of the zone. Winter crops are placed mainly on occupied fertilized fallows. Various fodder mixtures, perennial grasses after the first mowing, early potatoes and vegetable crops are used as fallow-occupying crops. In the northern regions of the zone, and also, if necessary, to have a so-called repair field, winter crops are placed in clean fallows. In specialized crop rotations, winter crops are also placed on non-fallow predecessors: after barley, fiber flax, and oats.

Potatoes and vegetable crops are most expediently placed after winter perennial grasses in the layer, according to the turnover of the layer. Repeated cultivation of potatoes and alternation of different types of vegetable crops are acceptable.

The classic predecessor of fiber flax long time there was a layer of perennial grasses. Now it is placed in specialized flax crop rotations after winter crops, as well as after tilled crops.

The most important agrotechnical role in the crop rotations of the Non-Chernozem zone is played by clover and clover-cereal mixtures. They are sown under the cover of winter and spring cereals. With a high yield of winter crops, oversowing perennial grasses under them does not always give positive results. In this case, fodder mixtures from annual crops of the continuous sowing method are used for overseeding of perennial grasses.

The soil treatment system of the Nonchernozem zone takes into account their unfavorable physical properties: high density, the possibility of excessive moisture. Therefore, the main processing is carried out, as a rule, to the full depth of the arable layer, mainly with its wrapping. Taking into account biological features crops during the main processing deepen the arable layer of the soil. Deep autumn plowing is preceded by stubble peeling as an important agrotechnical method of weed control.

Pre-sowing tillage is carried out by loosening working bodies to a shallow depth. Combined implements are widely used in pre-sowing treatment.

Post-sowing tillage and crop care practices are built taking into account the reduction of mechanical impact on the soil (minimal tillage) and the widespread use of herbicides.

The fertilization system is intensive. Moisture conditions and soil features of the zone provide high efficiency of mineral and organic fertilizers, as well as liming. A special place is occupied by organic fertilizers, which provide extended reproduction of soil fertility in the zone in many respects. Advanced farms annually apply up to 20 tons/ha or more of organic fertilizers. At the same time, they not only receive high yields of all major crops, but also create conditions for the increasing efficiency of the entire agrotechnical complex. Along with organic, mineral fertilizers provide high efficiency. An important condition for a high payback of fertilizers is the periodic liming of acidic podzolic soils.

The system of methods for protecting plants from weeds, pests and diseases includes such important agrotechnical measures as strict adherence to accepted crop rotations, timely and high-quality processing methods, all field work. At the same time, with the use of advanced technologies for the cultivation of field crops, the use of chemicals plant protection - pesticides.

Required condition further intensification of agriculture in the Non-Chernozem zone - land reclamation. Its high efficiency is due to the presence of a large number of waterlogged soils, as well as waterlogged areas and peat bogs.

Modern normative-technological systems of farming in the zone are being developed by scientific and design and survey institutions. They define all the specific technological methods of cultivating agricultural crops. Agrotechnical complexes are inextricably linked with differentiated models of soil fertility, parameters of their reproduction, organizational and economic capabilities of the economy. Important distinguishing feature systems of agriculture in that the parameters of soil fertility are given in two levels: modern optimal and perspective. According to this gradation of fertility models, the level of soil productivity also changes.

At the same time, in the system of agriculture both today and in the near future, special importance is attached to soil protection in all its elements: erosion control, prevention of chemical pollution, mechanical compaction, etc.

The system of agriculture is the technological law of production. After its development, any deviation from the quantitative and qualitative standards provided for by it is unacceptable. At the same time, it implies a creative attitude of the agronomic service of the economy to specific technologies, taking into account the weather conditions of the growing season. In addition, from time to time new technological and organizational and economic elements are introduced into the farming system: new varieties, machines, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.

During the development of the farming system, the team of developers exercises authorial control over the correct implementation of its main elements. At the same time, possible minor flaws in the technological and organizational order are identified and promptly eliminated. In this and subsequent periods, the first results of the development of a new farming system are summarized, first of all, ensuring the planned yields of field crops and the corresponding economic indicators of their production, the correspondence of the actual parameters of soil fertility reproduction to the calculated ones, etc. All this is used for the systematic strengthening of the direction of the farming system, the regulatory and technological refinement of its individual elements.

The economy guarantees timely and quality assurance new farming system by all necessary resources, strict observance of technological standards, and also provides favorable conditions for the author's control over the development of the farming system and its further improvement.

The effectiveness of the application of scientifically based zonal farming systems finds concrete confirmation in the practice of advanced farms in the Non-Chernozem Zone.

The Non-Chernozem Region, or, more precisely, the Non-Chernozem Zone of the RSFSR, is a vast territory stretching from the shores of the Northern Arctic Ocean to the forest-steppe zone in the south with its chernozem soils and from Baltic Sea to Western Siberia. There are 29 regions and autonomous republics that are part of four large economic regions - North-Western, Central, Volga-Vyatka and partly Ural. The total area of the Non-Chernozem zone is 2824 thousand km 2. This is more than the area of France, Spain, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Germany combined. About 60 million people live in the Non-Chernozem region, that is, almost 74 of the population of the USSR.

Since ancient times, the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia has played and is playing an important role in the history of our Motherland, in its economic and cultural development. Here, in the interfluve of the Oka and Volga, at the end of the 15th century. the Russian centralized state arose. The Russian national culture was created in the Non-Black Earth region, from here the Russians settled throughout the vast country. For centuries, the Russian people have defended their freedom and independence on this territory. Here the industry of Russia was born, the Russian proletariat grew and grew stronger.

And in our time, the Non-Chernozem region has retained a paramount role in the political, economic and cultural life country. The center of the Non-Black Earth Region, Leningrad, the Urals are the most important industrial bases, forges of scientific and working personnel. In the Non-Black Earth Region there is the capital of our Motherland - Moscow, the second in economic and cultural significance the city of Leningrad and such major cities and industrial centers as Gorky, Sverdlovsk, Perm, Yaroslavl, Izhevsk, Tula, etc.

The Non-Chernozem region is an important agricultural region of the RSFSR. Here is 1/5 of the area of agricultural land of the republic.

The development of agriculture here is favored by the presence of huge tracts of arable land, many meadows and pastures, as well as good moisture, and the almost complete absence of droughts. True, the soils here are poor in humus. However, the soils of the Non-Chernozem region in climatically favorable areas, when carrying out the necessary reclamation (drainage, liming, mineral fertilizers), can produce up to 80 centners of grain and up to 800-1000 centners of potatoes per hectare.

The decision of the party and the government "On measures for the further development of agriculture in the Non-Chernozem zone of the RSFSR", adopted in 1974, outlined the accelerated development of agriculture in the Non-Chernozem region on the basis of its intensification, melioration, comprehensive mechanization and chemicalization and was put on the level of a national task.

The development of the Non-Black Earth Region will take more than one five-year period. By 1990, it is planned to increase the production of various agricultural products here, in comparison with 1975, by 2-2.5 times.

But the accelerated growth in the production of grain, meat, milk, potatoes, vegetables, and other products is only one of the aspects of the growth of agriculture in the Non-Black Earth region. After all, all the products received must be stored and processed. Therefore, new grain elevators, meat processing plants, dairy plants, storage facilities for potatoes and vegetables are being built here.

It is especially important to organize large mechanized farms in dairy and meat animal husbandry, the main branch of agriculture in the Non-Chernozem region. The population of this zone is the largest consumer of milk and fresh meat.

Work is underway to change the structure and geography of cultivated crops. Thus, due to wheat, the areas under oats and barley are being expanded, as they are more productive and, in addition, suitable for livestock feed, work is underway on a more rational distribution of industrial crops (primarily flax), on the concentration of planting potatoes and vegetables.

The primary task is to develop new non-chernozem lands for arable land, to improve the existing arable land, and to increase its fertility. Another important task is the creation of cultural pastures.

In the eleventh five-year plan, the Non-Chernozem region was given an important task - to implement a comprehensive program to transform the Non-Chernozem zone of the RSFSR into a region of highly productive agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as to develop the industries associated with them.

It is unthinkable to fulfill the tasks of transforming the agriculture of the Non-Chernozem region without the active participation of young people. The Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League declared the land reclamation and rural construction of the Non-Chernozem region to be an All-Union shock Komsomol construction project. As L. I. Brezhnev noted, “The Central Committee of the Party expects that the Lenin Komsomol, the Soviet youth, will make a worthy contribution to the development of agriculture in the Non-Chernozem zone of the RSFSR. We are convinced that this major program will be attractive to young men and women, here there is an opportunity for everyone to apply their knowledge, energy, and show love for work on the ground.”

Considering great importance Development of the Non-Chernozem Zone, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in September 1977 established a special medal "For the Transformation of the Non-Chernozem Region of the RSFSR". Since 1980, wages for agricultural workers in the Non-Chernozem Zone have been increased.

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The Non-Chernozem Region, or, more precisely, the Non-Chernozem Zone, is a vast territory stretching from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the forest-steppe zone in the south with its chernozem soils and from the Baltic Sea to Western Siberia. There are 28 regions and republics, as well as the Perm Territory, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and two federal cities. The Non-Chernozem zone is included in four large economic regions - North-Western, Northern, Volga-Vyatka and Central. Its total area is 2824 thousand km 2. This is more than the area of France, Spain, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Germany combined. About 60 million people live in the Non-Chernozem region, that is, more than 1/3 of the population of Russia. Since ancient times, the Non-Chernozem Zone has played and continues to play an important role in the history of our Motherland, in its economic and cultural development. Here, in the interfluve of the Oka and Volga, at the end of the 15th century. the Russian centralized state arose. The Russian national culture was created in the Non-Black Earth region, from here the Russians settled throughout the vast country. For centuries, the Russian people have defended their freedom and independence on this territory. Russian industry was born here, large Russian cities have grown and are developing.

And in our time, the Non-Chernozem region has retained a paramount role in the political, economic and cultural life of the country. The center of the Non-Black Earth Region, St. Petersburg, the Urals are the most important industrial bases, forges of scientific and working personnel. In the Non-Chernozem region are the capital of our Motherland - Moscow, the second city in terms of economic and cultural significance - St. Petersburg and such major cities and industrial centers as Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Perm, Yaroslavl, Izhevsk, Tula, etc.

The Non-Chernozem region is an important agricultural region of Russia. Here is 1/5 of the area of agricultural land in the country.

The development of agriculture in the Non-Black Earth region on the basis of its intensification, melioration, complex mechanization and chemicalization is the level of a national task.

The development of the Non-Black Earth region will take more than one decade. It is necessary to increase the production of various agricultural products.

The primary task is to develop new non-chernozem lands for arable land, improve existing arable land, and increase its fertility. Another important task is the creation of cultural pastures.

An important task has been set before the Non-Chernozem region - the transformation into a region of highly productive agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as the development of industries related to them.

It is unthinkable to fulfill the tasks of transforming the agriculture of the Non-Chernozem region without the active participation of young people. This goal will be attractive to young men and women, here there is an opportunity for everyone to apply their knowledge, energy, and show love for work on earth.

INTERNATIONAL INDEPENDENT

ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLITICAL UNIVERSITY

INTERNATIONAL INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITY

OF ENVIRONMENTAL & POLITICAL SCIENCES

BY SUBJECT:

RATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

"PROBLEM OF RATIONAL USE OF NON-BLACK EARTH LANDS"

Completed by: 3rd year student

Specialty: SK service and tourism

Soprunova Julia Vyacheslavovna

Checked by: teacher

Shcherba Vladimir Afanasievich

Introduction

1. The composition of the non-chernozem zone.

2. Characteristics of the Non-Black Earth Region.

3. Problems of rational use of non-Chernozem land and ways to solve them.

Conclusion.

Introduction

Earth - universal natural resource necessary for many branches of human activity. For industry, construction, land transport, it serves as the ground on which production facilities, buildings, and structures are located.

Earth- a kind of resource. First, it cannot be replaced by other resources. Secondly, although land is a universal resource, each of its plots can be used most often for only one purpose - for arable land, haymaking, construction, etc. Thirdly, land resources can be considered exhaustible, since their area is limited by the size of the earth's land, the state, and a particular economy. But, having fertility, land resources (namely soil), with their proper use and agricultural technology, regular fertilization, soil protection and reclaimed measures, resume and even increase their productivity.

1. Composition of the non-chernozem zone

Non-chernozem, Non-chernozem zone- Agricultural and industrial region of the European part of Russia.

In total, the Non-Chernozem region includes 32 subjects of the federation, incl. 22 oblasts, 6 republics, 1 krai, 1 autonomous okrug and 2 federal cities. The area is 2411.2 thousand square meters. km

It was named after the predominant type of soil as opposed to Chernozem.

Includes four economic regions:

Northern economic region

Northwestern economic region

Central economic region

Volga-Vyatka economic region,

as well as individual regions of Russia:

Kaliningrad region

Perm region

Sverdlovsk region

Udmurtia

northern region

Republic of Karelia

Komi Republic

Arhangelsk region

Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Vologodskaya Oblast

Murmansk region

Northwestern region

Includes the following subjects of the Russian Federation:

Leningrad region

Novgorod region

Pskov region

St. Petersburg

central District

Includes the following subjects of the Russian Federation:

Bryansk region

Vladimir region

Ivanovo region

Kaluga region

Kostroma region

Moscow region

Oryol Region

Ryazan Oblast

Smolensk region

Tver region

Tula region

Yaroslavl region

Volgo-Vyatsky district

Includes the following subjects of the Russian Federation:

Mordovia

Kirov region

Nizhny Novgorod Region

The Non-Chernozem region is a huge territory stretching from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the forest-steppe zone and from the Baltic Sea to Western Siberia. The Non-Chernozem region is named after the soil cover, which is dominated by podzolic soils.

Since ancient times, the Non-Chernozem region has played and is playing an important role in the history of Russia, in its economic and cultural development. Here, in the interfluve of the Oka and Volga, at the end of the 15th century, Russian state, from here the population then settled over a vast country. For centuries, people have defended their freedom in this territory. The industry of Russia was born here.

In our time, the Non-Chernozem region has retained a paramount role in the political, economic and cultural life of the country. Here are located big cities- centers for the training of qualified personnel, the most important industrial bases, areas most developed by man, good hayfields and pastures for livestock, since the landscapes of the Non-Black Earth region are mostly favorable for life and economic activity person.

2. Characteristics of the Non-Black Earth Region

The Non-Chernozem region is an important agricultural region. Here is 1/5 of the area of agricultural land in Russia. The development of agriculture here is facilitated by good moisture, the almost complete absence of drought. True, the soils here are poor in humus, but with proper reclamation they can give good harvests rye, barley, flax, potatoes, vegetables, forage grasses. But since the first half of the 1960s, there has been a decrease in the growth rate of agricultural products. The reasons for this lie in the adverse human impact on the landscapes of the Non-Black Earth Region, and in the social sphere. The outflow of the population of agricultural areas to the cities turned out to be very unfavorable. The rural population here has declined by an average of 40% in recent years. The reasons for this can be very different: increased industrial construction, more favorable living conditions in cities, underdevelopment social sphere in the villages. As a result of the lack of workers, agricultural land was reduced, attention to anti-erosion work was weakened, swamping and overgrowing of fields began. This eventually led to a drop in the productivity of agricultural land and the lag of the agriculture of the area.

In order to solve the problems that have arisen, a resolution “On measures for the further development of the economy of the Non-Black Earth Region” was adopted. It involved the following measures: improving the living conditions of people, especially in the regions of the North;

improvement (reclamation - a set of measures to improve soils with the aim of a long-term increase in their fertility) of lands by draining and irrigating them, fertilizing, liming soils, effective fight with erosion, uprooting of trees and shrubs, snow retention and regulation of snowmelt, enlargement of fields and improvement of their shape;

3. Problems of rational use of non-Chernozem land and ways to solve them

In the bowels of the Non-Chernozem region there are deposits of iron (KMA), stone (Pechersk basin) and brown (Podmoskovny basin) coal, apatite Kola Peninsula, table salts of Lake Baskunchak. Oil is produced between the Volga and the Ural Mountains, as well as in the northeast of the region. Most of the deposit is located in well-developed areas. This increases their value.

During the extraction of minerals, there is a violation of the lands, the destruction of their fertile layer, the creation of new form relief. With the mine method of mining large areas occupy waste rock dumps. In areas of open mining, quarries are formed on the surface of the earth. Sometimes these are extensive pits with a depth of 100-200 m or more. There are many disturbed lands in the Moscow basin, in the areas of development of building materials and peat. The restoration of the value of these disturbed lands (their reclamation) is now given great attention. In their place are reservoirs. They are returned to agricultural and forestry use. For densely populated areas, this is especially important.

The problem of the Non-Chernozem Region is associated with the use natural resources this region, especially with the development of agriculture in it. The soils here are not as fertile as black soils, however, soil and agro-climatic resources make it possible to grow rye and barley, flax and potatoes, vegetables and oats, and fodder grasses. Forest floodplain meadows are good hayfields and pastures for livestock. However, agricultural production is not enough here now.

For further development Agriculture of the Non-Black Earth Region requires rational use and improvement (reclamation) of land, construction of roads and improvement of people's living conditions.

The main type of land reclamation here is the drainage of excessively moistened lands. Along with drainage, fertilization and liming of soils, in some places irrigation and soil erosion control, removal of stones and uprooting of tree and shrub vegetation, snow retention and regulation of snowmelt, enlargement of fields and improvement of their shape are required.

Conclusion

Land degradation has occurred throughout human history. Numerous studies have shown that in the history of agriculture alone, as a result of the development of erosion, secondary salinization, soil dehumification and other phenomena, humanity has lost more than 105 billion hectares, which significantly exceeds the entire world area arable land. According to the calculations of soil scientists, about 8 million hectares are annually removed from agricultural use in the world due to their development by settlements, highways, mining and other objects.

Rational use of land: expansion of areas under oats and barley due to wheat, as more productive and suitable for fodder crops; rational use of land under crops of flax, potatoes, vegetables. However, the adopted program of transformations could not be implemented, since the economic crisis of the 1980s. profoundly affected the whole country. It is impossible to solve the problem of the Non-Black Earth Region in any one area. Only a complete recovery of the economy will help in this.

The problem of rational use of land resources, their protection from destruction and increase in soil fertility is one of the main tasks of scientific research. They involve a whole range of sciences - agrochemical, biological, chemical, economic. Geography also plays an important role as a complex science and its branch areas - soil geography, hydrology, geomorphology, climatology, agricultural geography, etc. Only as a result of complex studies can areas requiring reclaimed work be studied and identified, and their consequences predicted. influence on other components of natural complexes.

Bibliography

1. Rakovskaya E.M. Geography: the nature of Russia, a textbook for the 8th grade of educational institutions. M.: "Enlightenment", 2004

2. Abramov L.S. Fundamentals of constructive geography. M.: "Enlightenment", 1999

3. Dronov V.P., Rom V.Ya. Geography of Russia: population and economy, textbook for the 9th grade. M.: Bustard, 2002.

5. www.geography.kz

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The non-chernozem zone occupies 9 million square meters. km, or 52.7% of the territory of the Russian Federation, it accounts for about 40% of the country's population. There are 42.6 million hectares of agricultural land here, or only 17.4% of its territory in Russia.

There are 4 natural and agricultural zones in the Non-Chernozem zone, which differ significantly in geographic location, soil and climatic conditions, afforestation, population and economic development and other conditions.

1. The polar tundra natural and agricultural zone covers an area of 1.98 million square meters. km, or 11.6% of the territory of Russia, and covers the northern part of the Arkhangelsk, Murmansk regions and the Komi Republic with arctic, tundra, gley soils. European part The zone differs from the Siberian one in the smaller development of permafrost and the significant distribution of peat bogs. However, the peat-humus horizon, which underlies the gley horizon, is shallow. In the southern part of the tundra there are peat-bog soils.

The average daily temperature in July is from 5 to 11°C. The number of days with temperatures above 10°C per year is no more than 30-40, and the sum of physiologically active temperatures does not exceed 400°C. Snow cover persists for 220-250 days. The average annual rainfall is from 150 to 400 mm.

Most of them fall in winter, however, due to low evaporation, the zone is recognized as excessively humidified.

The harsh climate and the presence of permafrost make it difficult to farm here. Agricultural lands, mainly natural hayfields and pastures, occupy less than 0.03% of the zone.

Agriculture specializes in reindeer breeding and fur farming. Dairy farming is developing in the river valleys on the basis of natural fodder lands. Agriculture is practically non-existent. Of the crop industries, vegetable growing has been developed in protected ground conditions.

2. The forest-tundra-northern taiga natural and agricultural zone covers an area of 2.34 million square meters. km, or 13.7% of the territory of Russia. The European part of the country covers central part Arkhangelsk, Murmansk regions and the Komi Republic, as well as the northern part of Karelia. It differs from the polar tundra in greater forest cover (37.7% of the territory) and swampiness (14%). Among the marshes, upland ones predominate. Lowland swamps suitable for agricultural use make up no more than 11% of the total area of swampy massifs.

This natural zone also belongs to the cold belt with short period possible vegetation of plants (40-90 days) and the sum of active temperatures of 1200-1400°C. Average annual quantity precipitation- 400-600 mm, including for warm period- 150-200 mm. Snow cover reaches 60-90 cm.

The zone is dominated by gley-podzolic and permafrost-taiga soils in combination with marsh-podzolic and marsh soils. Soils with lighter mechanical composition are located in the west of the region, while loamy soils on moraine deposits predominate in its central and eastern parts. Along the banks of the rivers there are floodplain lands most suitable for agricultural use.

Agricultural lands occupy a small part of the territory of the zone and are located mainly on sandy loamy podzolic illuvial-humus soils with more favorable water-air and thermal regimes.

The leading branch of agriculture is animal husbandry (including reindeer breeding and fur farming). Agriculture is developed along the river valleys near large settlements and roads. Early maturing varieties of barley, fodder crops, as well as potatoes and vegetables are cultivated here.

3. The middle taiga natural and agricultural zone covers an area of 2.23 million square meters. km, or 13% of the country's territory, and covers the southern part of the Arkhangelsk region and the Komi Republic, the northern part of the Vologda and Leningrad regions, part of Karelia, the Kirov and Sverdlovsk regions, Perm Territory. The zone is moderate climate zone with an average degree of continentality. The forest cover of the zone is 76.4% of common territory zones.

The sum of active temperatures here reaches 1600°C, and the period of possible vegetation of plants is 90-110 days. The average annual amount of precipitation is 500-800 mm. They provide sufficient soil moisture during all growing seasons, but their level increases from spring to autumn. Due to the low temperatures of this period, excessive moisture and waterlogging of the soils are observed. The soil cover of the zone is represented mainly by podzolic soils, most of which, according to their mechanical composition, are classified as light and medium loamy. A significant part of the territory is occupied by swampy soils. In Prionezhie there are sod-calcareous soils with higher fertility. Floodplain lands are common along the river valleys.

The natural conditions of the middle taiga zone are suitable for dairy farming and farming, in which the leading crops are winter rye and wheat, oats, and barley. Among fodder crops, perennial grasses occupy a leading place. In the southern regions, fiber flax is grown. Potato growing and vegetable growing are developed around the cities.

Agricultural development of the territory is about 6%. In this zone, there are great opportunities for the further development of agriculture through the development of unused arable land with the help of their reclamation. To improve soil fertility in this zone, liming, the application of organic and mineral fertilizers, and the creation of a deep cultivated root-inhabited soil layer are of particular importance.

4. The southern taiga natural and agricultural zone occupies a vast territory of 2.45 million square meters. km, or 14.4% of the entire territory of Russia. This zone includes South part Vologda, Leningrad regions and Karelia, the entire territory of the Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Kaliningrad, Smolensk and Yaroslavl regions, as well as part of the Kaluga, Moscow, Bryansk, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Sverdlovsk regions, the Republic of Mari El , Udmurtia and Perm region. The degree of afforestation of the zone is 57.6%. The main areas of agricultural land and arable land of the entire Non-Chernozem zone of Russia are concentrated in the zone. The area of agricultural land in the southern taiga zone is 42385 thousand hectares, of which arable land - 25480 thousand hectares, natural fodder land - 16905 thousand hectares, or 39.9% of the agricultural land area.

The territory of the southern taiga zone is divided into two natural agricultural provinces: the Baltic and Central Russian.

The Baltic province includes Kaliningrad, Pskov, Novgorod region and almost: the entire Leningrad region. The climate of this province is slightly continental. The period of possible vegetation of plants is 105-140 days, and the sum of active temperatures is 1600-2200°C. The average annual amount of precipitation is 500-800 mm with their uniform distribution over all seasons. Forests occupy 40% of the territory, swamps - about 9%, and lowlands account for 43% of the total area of \u200b\u200bmarshes. Agricultural land makes up 34% of the total territory, of which half of the area is arable land.

Soddy-podzolic loamy soils on the moraine and sandy and sandy loam soils on glacial deposits predominate in the Baltic province. One third of the arable land is located on marsh-podzolic and marsh soils. Loamy bog-podzolic soils have excessive moisture; sandy loamy, sandy and sod-calcareous soils are less waterlogged. A significant part of arable land is located on moraine and calcareous deposits and contains many stones.

To improve the fertility of soils in this province, their drainage, liming and cleaning of stones, and the introduction of increased doses of organic and mineral fertilizers are of great importance.

The natural conditions of the Baltic province favor the intensive development of animal husbandry, in particular dairy. Quite a lot of arable land here is occupied by fodder crops, especially perennial grasses. Flax growing, potato growing and vegetable growing are developed. Grain crops are cultivated on significant areas, primarily rye, barley and oats.

The Central Russian province, which occupies 24% of the territory of the entire Non-Chernozem zone of Russia, includes the southern parts of the Kirov and Vologda regions, as well as the Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Tver, Smolensk, Moscow, Bryansk regions, Udmurtia, Marie-Eyl; and the northern part of the Nizhny Novgorod and part of the Ryazan region.

According to climatic conditions, this province belongs to the temperate mid-continental zone, characterized by mild winters in the western part and cold in the eastern, moderately cool summers. The sum of active temperatures here ranges from 1600 to 2200°C, and the duration of the growing season is 110-140 days. On average, 525-650 mm of atmospheric precipitation falls per year, moisture in normal precipitation years is sufficient. The probability of excessively wet years is 25-40%, semi-arid and arid - 12-20%. IN individual years seasonal droughts occur in the southeast of the province. Thermal conditions for agricultural crops are less favorable here compared to the Baltic province (early frosts, more harsh winters). The sums of temperatures over 10°С decrease from 2200-2300°С in the southwest to 1700-1800°С in the northeast, the growing season shortens accordingly from 140-145 to 120-125 days.

In the central part of the zone, humidification is less stable compared to the western and northwestern parts; there is a significant unevenness of precipitation over the years and during the growing season. Periods of waterlogging are often replaced by dry ones.

Land resources include about 9 million hectares of arable land (35.5% of the zone's arable land). The plowed area averages about 25% and decreases from south to north. More than 85% of arable land is located on various soddy-podzolic soils (including waterlogged and waterlogged), up to 10% - on gray forest soils. There are more than 20% sandy loamy soils on arable land, 3% sandy soils, and about 7% stony soils. More than 75% of arable soils are acidic, less than 25% are close to neutral. The content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium in them is predominantly low and medium; soils with a high content of these elements are only 12-15%. Less than 3% are under swamps, over 40% are lowlands. Along with bushy lands and undergrowth, these swamps are a reserve for increasing arable land. 38% of the province's territory is used for agricultural land, over 60% of it is arable land. In the northern part of the province (Vologda, Kostroma and Yaroslavl region) the total area of agricultural land is 15-20%, and in the south (Bryansk, Kaluga regions and part of Ryazan) - more than 45-50% of the total territory.

Common type of soils: soddy-podzolic, loamy, sandy loamy and sandy with different thicknesses of soddy and podzolic horizons and unequal degree of moisture. In the southern part, small areas are occupied by light gray forest soils. Large masses of marsh peatlands are confined to the lowlands.

Due to the low natural fertility of the soils of the Central Russian province, they need further cultivation: deepening the root layer, liming, applying organic and mineral fertilizers, and introducing crop rotations with perennial legumes. Significant areas of arable land and natural fodder lands can be improved by draining and carrying out cultural and technical work.

resource potential. Soil and climatic conditions allow the cultivation of many grain crops here, including wheat and buckwheat, late-ripening potatoes, fiber flax, vegetable and fodder crops, perennial and annual grasses, sunflower, corn for silage, root crops.

The Volga-Kama region of the Non-Chernozem zone covers the territories to the west of the Ural Mountains.

The climate here is mid-continental, heat and moisture supply are somewhat lower, the probability of semi-arid and dry years is 15-25%.

In the Volga-Kama part of the zone, the unevenness in moisture over the years and during the growing season is as clearly expressed as in the central part of the zone.

The area of arable land in the region is more than 7 million hectares (about 21% of the arable land of the zone), the plowing of the territory is on average 20-22%.

The soils are mostly sod-podzolic (about 85% of arable land), as well as sod-calcareous, in the south of the zone - partly gray forest. In contrast to the more western regions, there are many heavy loamy and clayey soils (almost 40% of arable land) and less sandy and sandy soils. There are few rocky soils. About 85% of arable soils are acidic.

Due to the more severe and continental climate, the conditions in this part of the zone are not very favorable for the cultivation of winter wheat, and spring wheat is one of the leading crops.

The West Siberian, East Siberian and Far Eastern regions of the Non-Chernozem zone are characterized by poor heat supply, harsh continental climate, and a short growing season. There are relatively few arable lands here (about 1 million hectares), the plowing of the territory is low.

The poor agricultural development of these regions is due to a number of reasons, not only natural, but also socio-economic.

The sums of temperatures above 10°С differ within the zone of 1000-1100°С, the period with such temperatures is 50-60 days. To unfavorable natural factors In addition to the poor heat supply of the territory, there is a wide distribution of waterlogged soils in Western Siberia and the Far East and thin soils in the elevated territories of Eastern Siberia.

Cold soddy-podzolic soils of these regions are inferior in fertility to similar soils in the western part of the zone by 1.5-2 times. In Siberia and the Far East, soils freeze to a depth of 1.5-2 m or more, slowly thaw, and only by the end of summer warm up to a depth of 1 m. The soils of Siberia and Far East, especially in the colder regions of the zone, have reduced biological activity. The weak activity of soil microflora, primarily nitrogen fixers and bacteria that convert nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, does not favor the formation of mobile forms of nutrients in the soil.

Waterlogged soddy-podzolic soils, which are widespread on arable land, have even less favorable water-physical and physico-chemical properties.

The soddy carbonate and floodplain soils of the zone are much better in terms of properties and level of fertility. However, their areas are relatively small. Soddy-calcareous soils make up 4-5% of the arable land of the zone, floodplain soils - about 1.5%.

The soil and climatic conditions of Siberia and the Far East are favorable for the cultivation of fodder, vegetable crops and potatoes.

Soddy-podzolic soils, which make up the main fund of the arable land of the Non-Chernozem zone, despite significant differences in fertility in its different regions, also have a number of common features. They are characterized by increased acidity, low content of humus, low thickness of the humus horizon, low saturation of the absorbing complex with bases, and poverty of exchangeable calcium. Soddy-podzolic soils, poorly structured, prone to swimming and crusting, have a high density. Loamy and especially clayey varieties are characterized by low filtration coefficients in illuvial horizons. During periods of rain, waterlogging of these soils and their extremely weak aeration are observed. During dry periods, moisture from the lower, denser and heavier in mechanical composition illuvial horizons slightly moves to the upper layers, where the main mass of roots is concentrated.

Large areas are occupied lowland swamps, shrubs and small forests. This is a large reserve for increasing the area of agricultural land. Improvement in the use of arable lands can be largely facilitated by the elimination of the small-contour plots in areas where the average area of the contour of arable land does not exceed 3 hectares, and hayfields - 2 hectares.

Small contour reduces the efficiency of the use of agricultural machinery, complicates the organization of field work, the use new technology and the most productive technical means. A simple enlargement of the fields under such conditions does not give a significant effect. It should be accompanied by small melioration, i.e., the development of non-arable land separating arable land, and the elimination of redundant field roads, as well as cultural and technical work to equalize new plots in terms of fertility with old arable land.

The quality of agricultural land in the Non-Chernozem zone is very diverse. Along with cultivated soddy-podzolic, gray forest and chernozem soils, a considerable area is occupied by soils with high acidity, waterlogged, with high fossilization. Particularly large areas of such land fall on natural hayfields and pastures. So, swampy and waterlogged haylands make up about 35%, and pastures - about 25% of the total area.

A distinctive feature of the arable soils of the zone is their low fertility. The content of humus in soddy-podzolic soils is 1.5-2%, and on sandy soils - 1.0-1.3%. More than half of arable land has a very low and low content of easily digestible forms of phosphorus and potassium.

broken terrain, a large number of atmospheric precipitation and poor physical properties of most soils contribute to the development of water erosion. In the Non-Chernozem zone, there are significant areas of erosion-hazardous and eroded eroded lands. In the southern regions, its large areas are occupied by ravines and gullies formed as a result of water erosion. Only in one Central region 3444 thousand hectares, or 15.5% of the area of agricultural land, including 2493 thousand hectares, or 18.8% of the total area of arable land, are eroded to varying degrees.

In the northwestern regions, in the soils lying on the moraine, the arable layer contains many stones, which make it difficult field work and causing frequent breakdowns and premature wear of tillage, sowing and harvesting machines and implements. Soddy-podzolic soils have low total reserves and content of mobile forms of nitrogen and phosphorus. Most of the phosphates are in tightly bound, inaccessible forms for plants. Sandy and sandy soils are also characterized by a low content of exchangeable potassium.

Very significant differences in the level of fertility of soddy-podzolic and other soils of the zone are associated primarily with differences in climatic conditions, which are much less favorable in the east than in the western regions. To the west of the Urals, soddy-podzolic soils freeze weakly, shallowly and irregularly in winter, and in summer they warm up to a temperature of 10 ° C and above to a depth of 3 m.

In connection with these features of the soil cover, significant areas of land in the zone require radical measures to cultivate and increase land fertility. These include draining waterlogged and waterlogged soils, carrying out a full range of cultural and technical work on them, liming acidic soils, developing and implementing soil protection measures.

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