Where is the new land on the world map. archipelago new land

The archipelago consists of two large islands - North and South, separated by a narrow strait (2-3 km) Matochkin Shar, and many relatively small ones, the largest of which is Mezhdusharsky Island. The northeastern tip of the North Island - Cape Flissing - is the easternmost point of Europe. It stretches from the southwest to the northeast for 925 km. The northernmost point of Novaya Zemlya is the eastern island of the Bolshie Oransky Islands, the southernmost point is the Pynina Islands of the Petukhov Archipelago, the western one is an unnamed cape on the Gusinaya Zemlya peninsula of the South Island, and the eastern one is Cape Flissingsky of the Severny Island. The area of all the islands is more than 83 thousand km2; the width of the North Island is up to 123 km, the South - up to 143 km. The climate is arctic and harsh. Winter is long and cold, strong winds(the speed of katabatic (katabatic) winds reaches 40-50 m/s) and snowstorms, in connection with which Novaya Zemlya is sometimes called the "Land of Winds" in the literature. Frosts reach?40 °C. average temperature most warm month- August - from 2.5 °C in the north to 6.5 °C in the south. In winter, the difference reaches 4.6°. Difference in temperature conditions between the coasts of the Barents and Kara Seas exceeds 5°. Such a temperature asymmetry is due to the difference in the ice regime of these seas. There are many small lakes on the archipelago itself; under the rays of the sun, the water temperature in the southern regions can reach 18 ° C. About half of the area of the North Island is occupied by glaciers. On the territory of about 20,000 km there is a continuous ice cover, extending almost 400 km in length and up to 70-75 km in width. The thickness of the ice is over 300 m. In a number of places, the ice descends into the fjords or breaks off into the open sea, forming ice barriers and giving rise to icebergs. The total glaciation area of Novaya Zemlya is 29,767 km², of which about 92% is cover glaciation and 7.9% mountain glaciers. On the South Island - areas of arctic tundra. Creeping species, such as creeping willow (Salix polaris), opposite-leaved saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia), mountain lichen and others, are characteristic of the scarce flora of the islands. Vegetation in the southern part is mostly dwarf birches, moss and low grass, in areas near rivers, lakes and bays a lot of mushrooms grow: milk mushrooms, mushrooms, etc. big lake- Goose. It contains freshwater fish, in particular char. Of the animals, arctic foxes, lemmings, white partridges are common, as well as reindeer. Polar bears come to the southern regions with the onset of cold weather, being a threat to local residents. Marine animals include harp seals, seals, bearded seals, walruses, and whales. On the islands of the archipelago you can find the largest bird colonies in the Russian region of the Arctic. Guillemots, puffins, seagulls settle here. On September 17, 1954, the Soviet nuclear test site with the center in Belushya Guba. The landfill includes three sites: Black Guba - was used mainly in 1955-1962. Matochkin Shar - underground tests in 1964-1990 D-II SIPNZ on the Dry Nose Peninsula - ground tests 1957-1962. In addition, explosions were also carried out at other points ( official territory the landfill occupied more than half of the entire area of the island). From September 21, 1955 to October 24, 1990 (the official date of the moratorium on nuclear tests) 135 nuclear explosions: 87 in the atmosphere (of which 84 air, 1 ground, 2 surface), 3 underwater and 42 underground explosions. Among the experiments were very powerful megaton tests of nuclear charges, carried out in the atmosphere over the archipelago. On Novaya Zemlya in 1961, the most powerful hydrogen bomb in the history of mankind was detonated - the 58-megaton Tsar bomb at the D-II "Dry Nose" site. shock wave, resulting from the explosion, circled three times Earth, and on the island of Dixon (800 kilometers), the blast knocked out the windows in the houses. Only New Earth Showing lesson Persuaded to live not in vain, But with the mind and use. From a poem by V. G. Amazonov.

Invasion of polar bears in the Novaya Zemlya archipelago . It is important to note that in the period from December 2018 to February 2019, near settlementsarchipelago Novaya Zemlya local residents observe a fairly large cluster of polar bears. By decision of authorized persons, starting from February 9, 2019, on the territory of the Arctic Russian archipelago Novaya Zemlya state of emergency was declared. This was done in view of the massive invasion of polar bears.
For example, 52 polar bears were observed in the vicinity of the Arctic village of Belushya Guba. In addition, there have been cases of attacks by polar bears on people. There were also registered cases of polar bears entering residential and various office premises. It is worth noting that throughout the landscaped village of Belushya Guba archipelago Novaya Zemlya about six to nine polar bears live permanently.
According to one well-known scientist, the invasion of bears is associated both with the traditional seasonal migration of these animals and the presence of landfills with various food waste in the Arctic villages.
It is noteworthy that in order to ensure security, they began to take necessary measures precautions. For example, reliable additional fences were installed in the places of children's walks in local kindergartens. In addition, the delivery of local children to kindergartens was organized.
It is also already planned to organize a feeding ground for polar bears far from the village of Belushya Guba, which will significantly secure local residents from bear invasion.
After 10 days, namely on February 19, 2019, the state of emergency in the Arctic archipelago Novaya Zemlya was canceled due to the "voluntary" departure of the bears.
Location of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago .

Russian territory archipelago Novaya Zemlya is a fairly large archipelago, which is widely spread in the waters of the Arctic Ocean, namely between the Kara Sea.
is part of the northern region of the country. in the south it is separated from Vaygach Island by the Kara Gate Strait, which is approximately 50 km wide.
Characteristics of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago . Extensive archipelago Novaya Zemlya consists of two rather large islands, namely the North Island and the South Island, which are separated by a narrow strait Matochkin Shar, the width of which is approximately 2-3 km, and of many relatively small islands, of which the largest island is Mezhdusharsky Island. Northeast tip of the North Island archipelago Novaya Zemlya Cape Flissing is considered. This is the easternmost point.

length archipelago Novaya Zemlya in the direction from southwest to northeast is 924.9 km. northernmost point archipelago Novaya Zemlya is considered the eastern island of the Greater Orange Islands, and the most south point the islands of the Pynins of the picturesque Petukhovsky archipelago are considered, the westernmost point is the nameless cape, which is located on the Gusinaya Zemlya peninsula of the South Island, the easternmost point is the Cape Flissingsky of the North Island.
total area archipelago Novaya Zemlya is over 83,000 km². It is worth noting that the width of the North Island reaches 123 km, and the width of the South Island is 143 km. According to the 2010 census, archipelago Novaya Zemlya there were about 3000 inhabitants.
Severny Island of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago . Approximately half of the area of the North Island is occupied by glaciers. The area, which extends for almost 401 km in length and up to approximately 71-74.5 km in width, has a continuous snow-white ice sheet with an area of approximately 20,000 km². The thickness of the ice cover here is more than 300 meters. In some places, the ice descends into picturesque fjords or abruptly breaks off directly into the open sea, while forming large ice barriers and thus giving rise to huge ice blocks - icebergs, whose weight can sometimes reach several million tons.
Total area of glaciation archipelago Novaya Zemlya is 29,767 km², of which approximately 92% is glaciation and 7.9% is unique mountain glaciers.
In the South Island, above the said archipelago, there are stretches of the European tundra, which are amazingly charming in their beauty.
The climate of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago . On the Russian major archipelago Novaya Zemlya severe prevails. Winter here is very cold and long with strong winds and snowstorms. The speed of winter winds in the archipelago reaches approximately 40-50 m / s, therefore Novaya Zemlya is sometimes also called the “Land of Winds”. Frost on archipelago Novaya Zemlya reach -40 °C. The average air temperature of the warmest month of the year - August varies from +2.5 °C in the northern part of the archipelago to +6.5 °C in its southern part.
Thus, the difference in temperature regime between coasts Barents Sea and the Kara Sea exceeds about 5°С.
It is noteworthy that such a temperature asymmetry is explained by the difference in the ice regime of the seas mentioned above.
On the archipelago Novaya Zemlya there are many small lakes, the water in which, under the rays of the sun in the southern regions, can warm up to even +18 ° C.

The Novaya Zemlya archipelago is located in the Arctic Ocean between the Barents and Kara Seas. In the south, across the Kara Gate Strait, there is Vaygach Island. Administratively, the archipelago is part of the Arkhangelsk region. The area of the archipelago is about 83 thousand square meters. km., and the length from the southwest to the northeast is 925 km.

The Novaya Zemlya archipelago consists of a large number islands, the largest of which are the North Island and the South Island. They are separated by the narrow strait Matochkin Shar, its width is 2-3 km. Cape Flissingsky - the northeastern tip of the North Island - is the easternmost point of Europe.

The islands of Novaya Zemlya are a continuation of the Hercynian folded structures of the Urals. Intense neotectonic movements have raised them to a height of more than a hundred meters, so Novaya Zemlya stands out among all arctic islands with their heights. In the Pleistocene all the islands were covered continental ice. The center of glaciation was located here, from where the ice slipped to the East European and West Siberian plains.

About half of the North Island is occupied by glaciers. On the territory almost 400 km long and 70-75 km wide there is a continuous ice cover, its thickness is more than 300 meters. In a number of places, the ice descends into the fjords or breaks off into the open sea, forming ice barriers and giving rise to huge icebergs, the weight of which can reach several million tons.

The archipelago of Novaya Zemlya is dominated by severe, arctic climate. Winter here is very cold and long with strong winds and snowstorms. The speed of winter winds in the archipelago reaches approximately 40-50 m / s, therefore Novaya Zemlya is sometimes also called the “Land of Winds”. Frosts on the Novaya Zemlya archipelago reach 40 degrees C. The average air temperature of the warmest month - August, varies from +2.5 degrees C in the northern part of the archipelago to +6.5 in its southern part. There are many small lakes on the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, in which, under the rays of the sun in the southern regions, the water can warm up to +18.

Despite tough climatic conditions, there is life on the islands: some plant species survive here (mosses and lichens, cereal and carnation species, cruciferous flowers and some flowers like the polar poppy and cinquefoil), covering the southern coasts of the islands with sparse vegetation. Noisy bird markets nest on the rocks (herring and pink gulls, burgomasters - about 15 species of birds in total), and seals and walruses equip their rookeries under them. Previously (24,000-19,000 years ago), this territory was penetrated by large mammals(remains of mammoths were found). Now, in the south of the archipelago, only rare reindeer, lemmings, arctic foxes and wolves can be found. The owner of the territory was and remains a polar bear.

It is interesting:

- Local animal species save heat and try their best to reduce heat transfer. Many species achieve this by reducing their size: shortening their legs, ears, and beaks. And arctic foxes, it seems, pass their burrows from generation to generation (burrows have been found that are tens, if not hundreds of years old): they are incredibly difficult to dig in frozen ground, so animals do not scatter ready-made burrows.

- Cape Zemlyanoy on Schmidt Island of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago is the most remote point from the mainland: 470 km separates it from the Taimyr Peninsula.

— the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago receives the least sunny days on the planet - 12 per year, despite the fact that the polar day here lasts more than 130 days.

- The most powerful ice dome of the archipelago was passed in 2001. It provided scientists with an ice core from a depth of 724 m, which retained information for the last 8000-9000 years. The core is being studied in laboratories in Germany.

- On the island October revolution and Komsomolets, glaciers formed off the coast change the coastline for more than a kilometer during the year. The record size of an iceberg was recorded here in 1953. 12 km long and about 4 km wide.

- Nina Petrovna Demme became the first Russian woman polar explorer who participated in the wintering on Severnaya Zemlya in 1932-1934, and even in the position of chief. Interestingly, two more Ninas followed her in the same direction: actinometrist (specialist in measuring the intensity of electromagnetic radiation) Nina Freiberg and meteorologist Nina Voitsekhovskaya.

- The northernmost island point of Asia is located on Severnaya Zemlya - this is the Arctic Cape on about. Komsomolets. From here to the North Pole is 990.7 km, so polar expeditions use it as a starting point.

The island archipelago Novaya Zemlya is located on the border of the Kara, Barents and Pechora seas, which belong to the North Arctic Ocean. The Kara Gate Strait separates Novaya Zemlya from Vaigach Island by about fifty kilometers. It is believed that the first explorers and Novgorod merchants called the islands of the archipelago common name. Most likely, they believed that the lands they saw across the strait were new. The Novaya Zemlya archipelago consists of the two largest islands, North and South, they are separated by the narrow strait Matochkin Shar. How do they look?

In addition, there are small rocks and small islands nearby. Other islands and island groups include: Big Oransky, Gorbovye, Pastukhov, Pynina and Mezhdsharsky Islands. By the way, the latter is the third in the archipelago in terms of its area. The islands of the archipelago are spread over an area of more than 83 thousand square kilometers. The territory of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago belongs to Russian Federation. Administratively, it is included in the Arkhangelsk region, as a territorial municipality. Visit beautiful.

History of Novaya Zemlya

The Englishman Hugh Willoughby, in 1553, led an expedition that was aimed at opening routes through the north to India. He became the first European to see the islands of the archipelago. Gerard Mercator - Dutch cartographer and geographer, published a map in 1595 from Hugh's notes. On it, Novaya Zemlya appeared as a peninsula. In 1596, the expedition of Willem Barents circled the islands of Novaya Zemlya from the north and spent the winter on the North Island. In 1653, the Frenchman Pierre-Martin de la Martiniere, together with Danish merchants, visited Novaya Zemlya. They met representatives of the Samoyed tribe, who were local residents, on the coast of the South Island.

Emperor Peter I planned to build a fort on Novaya Zemlya to mark the Russian presence in the archipelago. In 1768-69, Fyodor Rozmyslov, the first traveler and Russian explorer on the islands of Novaya Zemlya, arrived here. Two centuries ago, the Russian Empire officially announced that the islands of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago belonged to it territorially. Then the forced settlement of the islands by Pomors and Nenets began. The village of Olginsky was founded on Severny Island in 1910, at that time it became the northernmost inhabited place Russian Empire.

In 1954, a Soviet nuclear test site was founded on these islands, the center of which was Belushya Guba. In addition, work in this area was carried out at three more sites in the archipelago. Unfortunately, in 1961, the most powerful explosion in the world occurred at this island test site. A 58 megaton hydrogen bomb exploded. To date, the nuclear test site at Novaya Zemlya remains the only operating nuclear test site in Russia. Also, the Novaya Zemlya archipelago has rich history and interesting landscapes.

Origin of the island

The area of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago is quite impressive. The length of the islands of the archipelago is 925 kilometers, and the width reaches 120-140 kilometers. East Island is the most northern zone Novaya Zemlya, it belongs to the Great Orange Islands. The Pynina Islands are the southernmost point; they are part of the Petukhovsky archipelago. Cape Nameless is the western side, it is located on Yuzhny Island, the Gusinaya Zemlya Peninsula. Cape Flissingsky is the easternmost point on Severny Island, it is also called the easternmost point in Europe.

The coasts of the islands of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago are distinguished by a sinuous line. Many fjords and bays are formed here, they are perfectly connected to the land. The bays on the western coast are considered the largest, among them: Krestovaya Bay, Mityushikha Bay, Glazov Bay, Mashigin Bay, Inostrantsev, Borzov, Nordenskiöld and Russian Harbor. And in the east there are lips: Oga, Rusanova, Schubert, Neznaniy and Bear. The islands of the archipelago have a mountainous relief, mostly rocky and impregnable coasts. The height of the mountains increases towards the center of the islands. On the island of Severny there is an unnamed mountain, considered the most high point archipelago. A significant part of this island is covered with glaciers. Closer to the coast, they form small icebergs.

Many small streams originate in mountainous areas Islands: North and South. These rivers flow into the Barents and Kara Seas. Notable lakes include Lake Goltsovoye, which is located in the south of Severny Island. And in the west of the South Island is Gusinoye Lake. Experts classify the islands of the archipelago by their origin as mainland. Most likely, they were formed during the movement of the continents, they are called peers Ural mountains. There is a hypothesis that the South Island was a peninsula somewhere before the 16th century. Therefore, earlier on the maps it was designated in this way. When sea bottom began to subside, then it became an island.

Others argue that the islands of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago were part of an ancient geological platform. Basically, the islands of the archipelago consist of granites and basalts, such is its geological structure. The discovered minerals include large deposits of iron and manganese ores. In addition to them, deposits of lead, silver, tin and rare earth metals were found.

A harsh climate reigns on the territory of these islands, experts classify it as arctic. Winter days are long enough and cold. At this time, strong gusty winds are typical. In winter, snowfalls and blizzards often fall, the temperature can drop to -40 degrees. Summer is relatively cold, the temperature rises above +7 degrees. Therefore, the climate of the islands is very cold, you can’t wait for warm weather here. sun rays. We recommend that you bring warm clothes with you.

Features of the islands of Novaya Zemlya

When a Soviet nuclear test site was created on the territory of the archipelago, indigenous people who lived here since the era of the Russian Empire. The settlements were empty, they were occupied by technical and military personnel. They began to ensure the life of the landfill facilities. To date, there are only two settlements on Yuzhny Island - these are Rogachevo and Belushya Guba. But on the other islands of Novaya Zemlya there are no permanent settlements. Total amount people living in the lands of the archipelago, there are no more than 2500 people. Mainly technical staff, military and meteorologists.

The island ecosystem is classified as a biome that is inherent in Arctic deserts. This applies to the north of the North and South Islands. The conditions for plants are not the easiest here, so lichens and mosses grow. In addition to them, arctic herbaceous annual herbs are found in the south of the archipelago, a significant part of them are classified as creeping species. Naturalists pay attention to creeping willow, saxifrage opposite-leaved and mountain lichen. On the South Island you can see low grasses and dwarf birches. Island mushrooms include: milk mushrooms and mushrooms. They are found in the lakeside and river valleys. Fish are found in island reservoirs, mainly arctic char.

The fauna is rather modest. Mammals such as the lemming, arctic fox and reindeer live here. In winter south coast polar bears live. TO marine mammals include: harp seals, walruses, sea hares and seals. in inland bays and coastal waters you can often see whales. The islands were chosen by various representatives of the bird world, these are: gulls, puffins and guillemots. They formed the largest bird colonies in Russia. Also on the islands there is a white partridge.

To date, the islands of Novaya Zemlya remain closed to a large number tourists and travelers. Tourism is not developed in these places, because there is a nuclear test site and other military facilities. To visit the islands of the archipelago, you must obtain a special permit from Russian authorities and must be kept in the strictest secrecy. Naturalists and scientists are not allowed to enter here, so there is discontent among the world community. Environmental organizations are concerned about the environmental situation on Novaya Zemlya, because nuclear tests were carried out here. Despite the fact that the islands of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago remain one of the closed territories, global community continues to show interest in relation to them. While no one predicts exact time changes in the sphere of tourism of the islands of Novaya Zemlya.

And that same morning at 11:32 a.m. over Novaya Zemlya at an altitude of 4000 m above the land surface, a bomb with a capacity of 50 million tons of TNT was exploded.
The flash of light was so bright that, despite the continuous cloud cover, it was visible even at a distance of a thousand kilometers. The swirling giant mushroom has grown to a height of 67 km. By the time of the explosion, while the bomb was slowly descending on a huge parachute from a height of 10,500 m to the calculated point of detonation, the Tu-95 carrier aircraft with the crew and its commander, Major Andrei Egorovich Durnovtsev, was already in the safe zone. The commander returned to his airfield as a lieutenant colonel, Hero of the Soviet Union.

Slavsky and Moskalenko, being congress delegates, specially flew to the northern test site early in the morning on the day of the experiment to observe the preparation and implementation of the explosion. From a distance of several hundred kilometers from the epicenter, being on board the Il-14 aircraft, they saw a fantastic picture. The impression was completed by the shock from the shock wave that overtook their plane.

One of the groups of participants in the experiment, from a distance of 270 km from the point of explosion, saw not only a bright flash through protective tinted glasses, but even felt the impact of a light pulse. In an abandoned village - 400 km from the epicenter - wooden houses were destroyed, and stone houses lost their roofs, windows and doors.

For many hundreds of kilometers from the test site, as a result of the explosion, the conditions for the passage of radio waves changed for almost an hour and radio communications ceased. Those who were at the airport Kola Peninsula under Olenya, the bomb makers and the leaders of the experiment, headed by the chairman State Commission Major General N. I. Pavlov for 40 minutes did not have a clear idea of what happened and in what condition the crews of the carrier aircraft and the Tu-16 laboratory aircraft accompanying it. And only when the first signs of radio communication with Novaya Zemlya appeared, with command post near Olenya they requested in plain text information about the height of the cloud. In response, they reported: about 60 km. It became clear that the design of the bomb had not failed.

In the meantime, the crews of the two planes taking off on a mission, and the documentary filmmakers who were filming at other points, experienced, by the will of circumstances, the most vivid and strong impressions. The cameramen recalled: “It’s creepy to fly, one might say, on horseback. hydrogen bomb! Will it suddenly work? Although it is on the fuses, but still ... And there will be no molecule left! Unbridled power in it, and what! The flight time to the target is not very long, but it drags on ... We are on a combat course. The bomb bay doors are open. Behind the silhouette of the bomb - a solid cotton wool of clouds ... And the bomb? Have the fuses been removed? Or will they be removed when resetting? Reset! The bomb went and sank in a gray-white mess. Here the doors slammed shut. Afterburner pilots leave the drop site... Zero! Under the plane from below and somewhere in the distance, the clouds are illuminated by a powerful flash. Here is the illumination! Behind the hatch, light-sea simply spilled out, an ocean of light, and even layers of clouds were highlighted, manifested ... At that moment, our plane went out between two layers of clouds, and there, in this gap, from below, a huge light-orange balloon appears! He, like Jupiter - powerful, confident, self-satisfied - slowly, silently creeps up ... Breaking through the hopeless, it would seem, clouds, he grew, all increased. Behind him, as if into a funnel, it seemed that the whole Earth would be drawn in. The spectacle was fantastic, unreal ... in any case unearthly "