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On the approval of the rules for the fight against subcutaneous gadflies and the prevention of hypodermatosis in cattle. Treatment and prevention of gadfly diseases in cattle and horses

Registration N 6225

In order to increase the effectiveness of the fight against subcutaneous gadflies, prevention of hypodermatosis large cattle and in accordance with paragraph 5.2.11. Regulations on the Ministry Agriculture Russian Federation, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 28, 2004 * , order:

1. Approve the Rules for the fight against subcutaneous gadflies and the prevention of hypodermatosis in cattle (according to the appendix) **.

2. To impose control over the implementation of this order on Federal Service for veterinary and phytosanitary supervision.

Minister

A. Gordeev

* "Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation", 2004, N 27, art. 2778.

Appendix

Rules for the fight against subcutaneous gadflies and the prevention of hypodermatosis in cattle (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2005)

I. General information about hypodermatosis

1.3. Pathological changes in hypodermatosis. During the autopsy of animals during the period of infection with larvae in the subcutaneous tissue, small vesicles are found on the fascia, in which larvae from 1 to 5 mm in length are visible, greenish stripes of secretions are visible on the migration routes. The areas of the esophagus affected by the larvae are hemorrhagic, edematous. In the spinal canal in places of accumulation of larvae - hemorrhages.

When stripping at meat processing plants, carcasses affected by gadflies, from 0.2 to 7 kg of meat are discarded. The loss of raw hides is 8% of the surface of all harvested skins.

1.4. Diagnosis. The diagnosis of hypodermatosis is made on the basis of examination and palpation of the skin of the animal in places of accumulation of larvae of II and III stages of subcutaneous gadflies on the back from the withers to the sacrum.

II. Restrictions on the use of animal products from animals with hypodermatosis

2.1. During the peak of invasion from March to June, it is not recommended to carry out planned slaughter of animals clinically ill with hypodermatosis. Forced slaughter of sick animals is carried out at a sanitary slaughterhouse, and in its absence - on a common conveyor after the slaughter of healthy animals. Veterinary and sanitary examination of meat and other slaughter products is carried out in accordance with the rules of veterinary examination of slaughter animals and veterinary and sanitary examination of meat and meat products. Tissues affected by gadfly larvae are removed and disposed of. Carcasses from animals with hypodermatosis are sent for industrial processing in the prescribed manner.

2.2. The subdivision of the state veterinary supervision at the meat processing plant is obliged to report cases of detection of hypodermatosis in animals received for slaughter to the chief state veterinary inspector of the district (city), veterinary specialist and head of the farm from which the animals came.

III. Requirements for the prevention of hypodermatosis in cattle

3.1. According to Article 18 of the Law of the Russian Federation of May 14, 1993 N 4979-1 "On Veterinary Medicine" (Bulletin of the Congress people's deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1993, N 24, Art. 857) the owners are responsible for the health, maintenance and use of animals.

Organizations and citizens of the Russian Federation - owners of animals are obliged to:
to carry out economic and veterinary measures that ensure the prevention of the occurrence of animal disease with hypodermatosis;
provide veterinary specialists, at their request, with animals for examination and anti-water treatments;
follow the instructions of veterinary specialists in the field of veterinary medicine on the implementation of measures to prevent and combat hypodermatosis;
present, at the request of veterinary specialists, information about newly acquired animals;
ensure the implementation of the restrictive measures provided for by these Rules to prevent the disease of animals with hypodermatosis.

3.2. Veterinary specialists of farms are obliged to carry out measures for the prevention and control of hypodermatosis provided for by these Rules in the service area.

3.3. The state veterinary inspectors of districts (cities), the chief state veterinary inspectors of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, exercise control over the implementation by organizations and citizens - owners of animals of measures for the prevention and control of hypodermatosis in cattle.

IV. Epizootological monitoring of well-being for hypodermatosis

4.1. Epizootic control over the welfare of cattle for hypodermatosis is carried out by veterinary specialists of organizations - owners of animals and the state veterinary service.

4.2. The affection of animals by the larvae of the subcutaneous gadfly is determined by the presence of larval capsules (nodules) in the back, detected by examination and clinical palpation examination.

4.3. Cattle in all categories of farms, including those in the personal use of citizens, are subject to annual control for infestation with subcutaneous gadflies. Each animal is examined once during the approach period. maximum number larvae to the skin of the back, before they start to pupate: young - in April, adult animals - in May.

4.4. Farms, settlements and administrative territories (districts, regions, territories, republics) are considered safe for hypodermatosis, in which during routine diagnostic studies, as well as during the slaughter of animals at meat processing plants and slaughterhouses, animals affected by larvae of the subcutaneous gadfly are not detected.

V. Restrictive measures in places unfavorable for hypodermatosis

5.1. Article 17 federal law dated May 14, 1993 N 4979-1 "On Veterinary Medicine" organizations and settlements in which animals are diagnosed with hypodermatosis, on the proposal of the chief state veterinary inspectors, state veterinary inspectors for assigned service areas, their deputies, by decision of local governments, bodies executive power the subjects of the Russian Federation are declared unfavorable, restrictive measures are introduced in them to prevent the spread of invasion.

5.2. When carrying out restrictive measures, it is prohibited:
grazing of animals affected by gadfly larvae;
withdrawal (export) from the organization and individual farm of sick animals that have not been treated by special means against hypodermatosis;
regrouping of cattle within a farm that is unfavorable for hypodermatosis without the permission of a veterinary specialist serving the farm or locality;
pasture on pastures of animals newly brought to the organization, settlement without their preliminary treatment with drugs that kill gadfly larvae in the body.

5.3. Restrictions are removed after the improvement of animals in the organization, settlement.

VI. Veterinary measures to combat subcutaneous gadflies and prevent hypodermatosis

6.1. Veterinary measures to combat subcutaneous gadflies, aimed at preventing and improving cattle from hypodermatosis, are carried out annually within the time limits provided for by these Rules, targeted programs or plans for anti-epizootic measures approved by the heads (or their deputies) of the veterinary services of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

6.2. Planning and implementation of measures against hypodermatosis is carried out veterinary services subjects of the Russian Federation, stations for the fight against animal diseases, heads and veterinary specialists of organizations - owners of animals, local authorities municipalities. Veterinary activities include:
conducting autumn preventive treatments of cattle against hypodermatosis;
epizootological control over the infestation of animals with subcutaneous gadflies;
treatment of animals with hypodermatosis (spring treatments);
restrictive measures in settlements, disadvantaged by hypodermatosis;
veterinary reporting on the incidence of hypodermatosis and the conduct of therapeutic and prophylactic treatments;
control over the safety of meat and dairy products.

6.3. Autumn preventive measures against hypodermatosis. In order to prevent hypodermatosis in October - December, cattle are treated with systemic drugs that cause the death of stage I larvae in the animal body. Process all livestock in all categories of farms, including those of individual owners. Newly received animals on the farm are subjected to processing during the quarantine period, regardless of the time of year. For the treatment of animals, registered and duly certified drugs of systemic action are used, which ensure the death of at least 99% of gadfly larvae in the body.

When using drugs, they are guided by the relevant instructions for their use.

Dairy cattle are treated with drugs that are not excreted in milk.

Fattening cattle are treated with drugs according to the instructions (instructions) for their use.

It is not allowed to use meat and offal from animals killed before the end of the period for slaughter of animals specified in the instructions (manual).

Persons processing animals are obliged to warn owners in writing about the terms of slaughter of animals, about the procedure for selling forcedly slaughtered animals and about the responsibility of owners for violation of these requirements. (clause 6.3 as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation of 12/29/2005) (clause 6.4 as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation of 12/29/2005)

6.6. In case of forced slaughter of animals treated with the drug before the expiration of the established waiting period, the issue of using meat for feeding the population is decided in accordance with the manual (instruction) for use and the results of the veterinary and sanitary examination of slaughter products.

VII. Hypodermatosis reporting

7.1. Statistical reporting on the incidence of hypodermatosis in cattle and anti-water treatments of animals is formed by district (city) stations for the fight against animal diseases on the basis of acts on diagnostic examinations, anti-hypodermatosis preventive (autumn) and therapeutic (spring) treatments of cattle carried out in settlements, organizations and citizens - owners of animals.

7.2. Reports on diagnostic and preventive studies, treatment of animals with hypodermatosis are submitted in the prescribed manner.

Application text taken from the site

The disease occurs mainly in young cows. This is due to the thin structure of the subcutaneous fat layers, as well as low level immunity. body adult can reduce the manifestation skin rashes except for other diseases.

The causes of hypodermatous lesions include the following factors:

  1. Animals that are infected with the pathogen.
  2. Underdeveloped immune defense.
  3. Climate, location of the farm.

Cattle can become infected on any pasture, because gadflies live everywhere.

Symptoms

On the initial stages disease, the following symptoms appear:

  • swelling of the esophagus;
  • wrong swallowing,
  • the presence of belching;
  • refusal of food;
  • protrusion of the neck;
  • paralysis of the hind limbs;
  • staggering gait.

After the gadfly has entered the skin, a dense painful seal begins to form. A fistula with transparent contents is formed from this tubercle; in rare cases, suppuration of the abscess is possible.

One individual may have 200 or even more of these dense balls, mainly located along the spine. The foci can merge into papules, forming an inflammatory process.

In addition, the gadfly larva in the process of migration under the skin of the animal releases toxic substances that inhibit the productivity of the cow. General intoxication contributes to necrotic changes in tissues, muscles and fascia.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis at an early stage of the disease will allow appropriate treatment. Obvious signs of inflammation are noticeable in the later stages. Therefore, it is recommended to use serological and allergic tests as an antidermatous procedure.

A blood test is done for antibodies in autumn period. This method guarantees absolute reliability and accuracy. AT winter time and in summer it is difficult to establish an infection with larvae of the waterfly.

Treatment

Treat an inflammatory infection in the early stages by resorting to chemical drugs. Key to successful treatment precise definition localization of larvae on individuals. Animals are treated in the fall, when there is a peak in the activity of adult gadflies.

The following drugs are used:

  • hypodermin (at the rate of 6-8 ml per 100 kg), is injected once on the skin along the vertebral part;
  • ivomek (according to the formula 0.2 mg per 1 kg), injected subcutaneously once;
  • estrosol (60 mg per 1 cubic meter), applicable once for group spraying.

Wounds should be regularly treated from purulent impurities. Dead tissue is removed exclusively by surgery. If it is possible to tighten the abscess, excision is performed connective tissue. AT this case using complex therapy.

Prevention

Let the cows out to pasture better in the morning and in the evening, during the period of low activity of gadflies. When kept in a stall, feces should be removed every day, which will prevent the reproduction of insects.

If there is obvious inflammation of the skin of cattle with characteristic bulges, you should contact your veterinarian. After conducting a visual and palpation examination, the doctor will select the correct treatment.

Etiology. The disease is caused by larvae of subcutaneous gadflies from this family. Hypodermatidae. There are two types: N. bovis (spinal-vik, large subcutaneous gadfly, common gadfly) and N. lineatum (esophagus, small subcutaneous gadfly). The development cycle of gadflies is about a year. Adult gadflies emerge from pupae in spring. They do not feed, their mouth opening is rudimentary, their life expectancy is on average 7-10 days. After mating, female gadflies attack livestock and lay eggs on the hair of the lower limbs, lower abdomen and udder. The eggs hatch into small first-stage larvae that penetrate the hair follicles under the knife. About 5 months they migrate through the subcutaneous tissue and muscle fascia and reach the tissues chest. Here, the larvae of the large subcutaneous gadfly enter the spinal canal and stay in the epidural layer for three months. And the larvae of the small subcutaneous gadfly usually penetrate the submucosal layer of the esophagus and stay here for up to 5 months.

The larvae then migrate again and reach the back, where they enter the second and then the third stage. An inflammatory reaction of the surrounding tissue develops around the larvae, and a connective tissue capsule is formed. The larvae gnaw a hole in the skin, as a result, the cavity is connected to the external environment. Cases of pecking out of larvae from under the skin by jackdaws and starlings are described. Under the skin of the back, the larvae stay for about 50 days, and then fall out of the hole and burrow into the soil, where they pupate, and after 20-40 days they can turn into adults.

Pathogenesis. The larva, penetrating through the skin, has a damaging effect on various organs and tissues. At the site of introduction of the larvae, serous dermatitis develops, which can intensify and be complicated by a bacterial infection. In the wall of the esophagus, the larvae cause serous and hemorrhagic inflammation, and damage tissues in the spinal canal. In the epidural layer, inflammation occurs, exudate accumulates, tissues swell and squeeze, and toxic products are formed. Note nervous disorders. The final location of the larvae is the region of the back, where large nodules are formed in the subcutaneous connective tissue, communicating with the external environment through a fistulous opening in the skin.

clinical picture.
Animals show great anxiety when buzzing a gadfly during oviposition. In areas of penetration of gadfly larvae through the skin, itching and swelling of the subcutaneous tissue are noted, and focal dermatitis occurs. With an intense lesion of the esophagus, general oppression sets in, the animals chew sluggishly and swallow food with difficulty due to pain and narrowing of the lumen of the esophagus. In the case of mass penetration of larvae into the spinal canal, signs of ataxia appear, the animals rise with difficulty, and paralysis is possible. In the locations of the larvae in the skin of the back there are holes, it is unevenly thickened, dense, inelastic, painful and with increased local temperature.

Pathological changes correspond to the stage of development of the larva. From migrating larvae, dirty green secretions remain. Near the larvae in the surrounding tissue, there is a picture of serous inflammation, and in the esophagus, the inflammatory process is often hemorrhagic. In large numbers, the larvae accumulate in the spinal canal. Very significant changes develop in the subcutaneous tissue and on

Rice. 15. Skin with holes in the locations of the gadfly larvae.

Rice. 16. A gadfly larva in a connective tissue capsule on the inner surface of the skin.

the surface of the muscles of the back, where the larvae appear, reaching large sizes. Forming nodules are easily palpated, round holes are visible (Fig. 15), through which serous or purulent exudate is released, and when pressed, the larva itself can be removed. When skinning, larvae are exposed with a gelatinous-infiltrated tissue around. Each larva is enclosed in a connective tissue capsule (Fig. 16).

During pathohistological examination of the tissues surrounding the larvae last stage, reveal proliferative inflammation with the presence of eosinophils in the granulation tissue that forms the connective tissue capsule. Around the dead larvae and the chitin shed by the larvae, a cellular infiltrate is formed with the presence of mononuclear cells, eosinophils, fibroblasts, and giant cells.

The diagnosis is established by the presence of eggs on the hair and larvae under the skin. Differential diagnosis is carried out in relation to injuries, as well as abscesses and granulomas of bacterial etiology. In these cases, there are no holes and larvae in the foci of dermatitis.

Hypodermatosis is a chronic disease of cattle caused by larvae of subcutaneous gadflies of the genus Hypoderma fam. Hypodermatidae.

Pathogens. Hypodermatosis is caused by the larvae of the common subcutaneous, or string (Hypoderma bovis).

The winged common podkoznik is a large (up to 2 cm long) dark-colored insect. The female gadfly lays one oval-shaped egg with a shiny surface for each hair of the animal.

On the ground, the larvae crawl under the leaves or burrow into the ground and turn into a pupa, from which the imago emerges after 20-30 days. The cycle of one generation of subcutaneous gadflies is completed within a year.

Pathogenesis. Larvae of subcutaneous gadflies, penetrating under the skin, and then into the spinal canal and others internal organs animals, cause mechanical tissue damage, accompanied by inflammatory processes regressive-exudative type.

Clinical signs. Clearly expressed from the moment the larvae approach the skin of the back and the formation of nodules. On the animal's body, 90% of the nodules are localized in the sacrum, on the chest, neck and other places. Animals lose fatness, lag behind in growth, cows have reduced milk yield.



Diagnosis for hypodermatosis is established in the conditions of Belarus from March to September inclusive. By identifying seals and nodules by palpation. In autumn, an allergic diagnosis of hypodermatosis is carried out.

Treatment. The clinical form of hypodermatosis is treated with ivermectim at a dose of 3 ml per animal weighing 150 kg or more, for smaller animals this drug is used at a dose of 2 ml. Effective and ivermectim 1% 1 ml per 50 kg of body weight, as well as intradermal administration of ivermectim 1% 0.2 ml once.

Prevention and control measures. During the mass summer of gadflies, animals are grazed at night or transferred to stall keeping. Preventive spraying of animals with a 0.1% solution of cypermethrin or ectomine is effective.

In September-November, all cattle older than 3 months. of age, animals weighing 150 kg or more are treated with ivermectim at a dose of 3 ml subcutaneously, animals weighing up to 150 kg - 2 ml. Intradermal administration of ivermectim 1%, 0.2 ml once, is also effective.

GNUS

To combat the midges and protect animals from it, a set of general and special measures should be carried out.

Farms, summer camps and paddocks should be located away from swampy forests, swamps, in dry, well-blown areas.

In farms and settlements, it is necessary to carry out measures that limit the breeding of midges by reclamation of wetlands, regulation of water in reservoirs.

It is important to carry out land reclamation and hydrotechnical works, the construction of dams and dams that prevent large river overflows, cleaning the banks and riverbeds from bushes, backfilling small reservoirs, etc.

In case of a massive attack of midges on animals, they must be transferred from swampy to dry, well-ventilated areas, grazing animals (to prevent the attack of midges, midges and mosquitoes) in daytime, and when attacked by horseflies - in the morning and in the evening. Sometimes night grazing of animals is practiced.

For shelter from the attack of midges, animals are driven under shady canopies.

If it is impossible to warn by the indicated means mass attack midges on animals they are put on stall content.

An important measure is the treatment of animal hair with repellents and insecticides to protect them from midge attacks.

Many insecticides can be dangerous to animals and humans, so handling them requires accuracy, clarity and punctuality. Their use must be carried out strictly according to the instructions. Particular attention should be paid to the preparation of working solutions of insecticides and repellents, compliance with the terms and doses of their use. Special attention must apply for personal hygiene. It is necessary to observe the terms of the use of milk and meat in food when using these drugs to animals.

AT recent times Synthetic pyrethroids are used to combat midges, among which PERMETRIN is often used. Permethrin contains a mixture of cis - and trans isomers in a ratio of 2:3, is an oily liquid with a slight odor, readily soluble in organic solvents. Permethrin is a moderately toxic compound: its LD50 for rats is 430-4000 mg/kg, for mice - 540-2690 mg/kg.

For systematic use against midges, permethrin is recommended at a dose of 0.25 g per adult animal and 0.125 g each when treating young animals by the method of medium-volume spraying with a 0.05% aqueous emulsion, respectively, 500 and 250 ml and by the method of low-volume spraying 0.25 emulsion of 100 and 50 ml, respectively, per animal. In these modes of application, permethrin is non-toxic, does not accumulate in the body and is not excreted in milk.

STOMOZAN - a preparation of the pyrethroid group, contains 20% permethrin. The drug is used in cattle, pigs, horses. In accordance with the recommendations of the companies offering it, Stomozan is safe for animals, does not remain after processing in food products. Stomozan is usually produced in the form of a 20% emulsion containing 20% ​​permethrin and is used in a 0.1% concentration.

PROTEID - the drug contains 3% alphacypermethrin and 30% chlorfenvinphos. It is low toxic. Animals are treated at an air temperature of at least 18ºС in a 0.1% concentration based on the consumption of the working emulsion per adult animal of 5-10 liters. Milk for food is allowed to be used after 6 hours, meat - 7 days after the processing of livestock.

BUTOX (deltamethrin) is a synthetic pyrethroid with low toxicity. LD50 for white rats when administered orally in an aqueous suspension is 5000 mg/kg. Against insects, butox is applied to the animal in a 0.0025% concentration. Slaughter of animals for meat and consumption of milk is allowed immediately after the application of butox.

ECTOMIN is a synthetic pyrethroid, the active ingredient of which is the cis-isomer-containing cypermethrin. The drug has low toxicity to animals. The oral LD50 for rats is 1108 mg/kg, and for mice it is 2000 mg/kg for dermal administration.

Cattle, sheep and pigs for irrigation of the body surface and for bathing in ectomine baths - 100 k.e. used in 0.1% concentration. Three days before the slaughter of animals, they should not be treated with ectomine. When using the drug, there are no restrictions on the use of milk in food.

CYPERIL is a synthetic pyrethroid, the active principle of which is cypermethrin. To protect against midges, animals are sprayed with a 0.0125% emulsion with an interval of 2-3 days, with a high number of insects - daily before pasture to pasture with a consumption rate of 250-500 ml per animal. Milk and meat in the processing of animals are used without restrictions.

NEOCIDOL - refers to organophosphorus compounds. LD50 for white rats neocidol - 600 c.u. when administered orally is
1053 mg / kg, when applied to the skin - 3100 mg / kg. The drug is toxic to bees, birds and fish. When spraying cattle, the drug is used in a 0.1% concentration. Slaughter of animals is allowed 14 days after treatment with neocidol, milk for food purposes can be used 3 days after treatment.

Before each mass treatment of animals should be carried out control application drug on a small group of animals and observe for 3 days.

Animals should be watered before bathing. Weakened animals are not treated with a solution.

Ectodip forte 60% is safe to use. But in cases of poisoning, it is recommended to use atropine as an antidote.

Ectodip forte 60% has a toxic effect on bees and fish. Therefore, the solution should not be poured into sewers, ponds, reservoirs, lake rivers.

Elimination period: meat - 7 days, milk - 72 hours.

Storage: Ectodip forte 60% is flammable. Therefore, it should be stored in a cool place, protected from light and heat, out of the reach of children. It must be stored away from food warehouses.

cypermethrin 10% is effective against gnats. Apply it at the rate of 1-2 liters per animal. The effectiveness of the drug is above 95%.

If necessary, to combat midges, you can use other effective drugs according to their instructions for use.

demodicosis

Pathogens. Ticks of the genus Demodex have a worm-like shape, undivided cephalothorax and abdomen. The proboscis is well developed, lyre-shaped. The legs are short, three-segmented, ending in nails. Body posteriorly pointed and transversely striated. The body length of the female is up to 0.3 mm, the male is 0.2 mm. The female D. bovis lays oval-shaped eggs.

Biology of pathogens. Most often, mites live in the hair follicles of the sweat and sebaceous glands, where they form colonies. After 4-6 days, three-legged larvae hatch from the eggs, from which, after a double molt, adults develop. The development of ticks occurs 30-40 days. Outside the body of the host, ticks live up to 9 days.

Epizootology. Infection occurs when healthy animals come into contact with sick animals and through care items. Young animals are more susceptible to demodicosis. Most widespread invasion occurs in spring-summer period when adult mites come to the surface of the skin.

Pathogenesis. Accumulating in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands, mites cause atrophy of the latter, which leads to a violation of the physiological function of the skin. In addition, ticks open the gate for infection.

Demodicosis in cattle is clinically manifested from January to August in the form of characteristic bumpy skin lesions on the neck, shoulder blades, back and chest. In July-August, the process may be complicated by secondary infection with the appearance of purulent pustules or abscesses.

Foci of demodicosis are located in the region of the hair follicles and the reticular layer of the skin, where the grayish dense shell of the focus is clearly visible. In foci with a thickened grayish capsule, a large number of decaying mites are found.

Diagnosis set according to clinical picture and confirmed by microscopic examination of deep skin scrapings. In cattle, material for research is taken from demodectic tubercles with a bloodletting needle. A skin scraping or the extruded contents of the tubercle is placed on a glass slide or watch glass, mixed with the same amount of vaseline oil or kerosene, mixed thoroughly, and examined under a low or medium magnification microscope.

Treatment. Sick animals are treated (bathed, sprayed, wiped) with the following acaricidal preparations:

0.1% solution of 10% cypermethrin 1 time per week 6-8 times;

0.1% neocidol solution once every 5-7 days 5-6 times;

0.5% aqueous emulsion of cyodrin 1 time in 4-5 days (only 5-6 treatments. The aerosol preparation - cyodrin is used at a dose of 60-80 g per animal). Aerosol foam is applied to the areas of the skin affected by ticks, followed by rubbing with a glove;

- "Dermatozol" - a drug consisting of neopamine and cyodrine in aerosol and propellant-free containers - is applied to the affected skin 4 times with an interval of 4-5 days at a dose of 60-80 g per animal with obligatory subsequent rubbing;

- "Acrodex" - used in aerosol packages or propellant-free containers of 60-80 g per animal four times with an interval of 5-7 days;

Ivermectim is administered to animals subcutaneously at a dose of 1-1.5 ml per 50 kg of body weight twice with an interval of 14 days.

The introduction of alimentary (technical) sulfur in therapeutic doses (25 g for cows, 20 g for heifers, 10 g per animal per day for young animals under the age of one year) for 30 days leads to a decrease in the extent and intensity of animal damage.

Prevention and control measures. All animals entering the farms should be quarantined and carefully examined for demodicosis. Infected animals should be isolated and treated. Before the end of the quarantine period, healthy animals should be treated twice with an interval of 4-5 days with a 0.1% solution of cypermethrin.

When completing farms (complexes) with young stock, it should be treated with a 0.1% solution of cypermethrin.

AT March-May conduct an annual survey of livestock for demodicosis, starting from young animals of 3 months of age. Patients and suspected of being infected with demodicosis should be immediately isolated. In the premises where sick animals were isolated, after mechanical cleaning, carry out desacarization with a 1% solution of cypermethrin or ectomine at the rate of 200 ml per 1 m 2. . Animal farms where the infested animals are placed, treat twice (before and after treatment) with the same preparations. In disadvantaged herds, decontaminate animal care items by immersing them in the indicated acaricides for 1 hour.

Livestock workers must take personal precautionary measures.

Dictyocaulosis

Dictyocaulosis - nematodosis diseases of animals, occurring acutely or chronically with signs of decreased appetite, as well as coughing and emaciation.

Epizootology. Infective larvae of dictyocaulas in cold and rainy weather may long time stay alive in external environment. Some of the larvae safely overwinter on the pasture. The initial infection of animals on pastures occurs in May, by autumn their infestation gradually increases. In lambs of the current year of birth, the first cases of clinically pronounced course of dictyocaulosis are observed in June - July, the maximum invasion occurs in July - October. In calves of the current year of birth, the first cases of the clinical course of dictnocaulosis are observed in July-August, the maximum invasion in August-October.

Pathogenesis. Helminths cause sensitization of the body, injure tissues during migration, and can inoculate pathogenic microflora.

pathological changes. With dictyocaulosis, bronchopneumonia develops, with a complication of a secondary infection, purulent-catarrhal pneumonia appears. The corpses are emaciated, anemia of the mucous membranes.

Diagnosis. They are put on the basis of epizootological, clinical data and the detection of larvae of dictyocauls in the study of animal feces according to the Berman-Orlov method.

Treatment. Fenbendazole, ivermectin, albendazole, fascoverm, tetramizol and other drugs are used.

Prevention and control measures. One of the main activities is the isolated keeping of young animals of the current year of birth from other age groups of animals, the use of cultivated pastures. Preventive deworming of calves of the last year of birth is carried out in the spring 20 days before they are put out to pasture. In the spring it is necessary to organize selective surveys of young animals: the first time in 45-50 days after the start of the pasture season, and then every 15 days. If necessary, carry out deworming.

Deworming of lambs of the current year of birth should be carried out in the second half of June. The second deworming of lambs should be carried out depending on the nature of the course of the invasion in July - September. Deworming of lambs and adult sheep is also carried out when they are placed in a stall.

isosporosis

Definition. Protozoan disease of pigs, which is characterized by damage to the small intestine, is accompanied by diarrhea, exhaustion and death of animals. Most often sick piglets under the age of 2 months. Sick piglets lag behind in growth and development. In various countries, the death of piglets can reach 20-50%. Especially many animals die with simultaneous infection with eimeria, trepanema, salmonella, Escherichia coli, Trichomonas, helminths.

In the course of the development of the disease, the content of sulfhydryl groups in the blood and the electrokinetic potential of erythrocytes are significantly reduced. The number of T-lymphocytes, hemoglobin, gamma globulins increases up to 25.1 ± 0.6%. The content of lysozyme was low (5.3 ± 0.15%), bactericidal activity of blood (32.6 ± 1.1%).

Pathogenesis and clinical signs of the disease. In sick piglets, isosporosis proceeds acutely and subacutely. At acute course in piglets, there is a decrease in appetite, depression. Feces are watery, diarrhea is often mixed with blood. In subacute course, there is a decrease in appetite, diarrhea, developmental delay. Many piglets die. The main changes in the intestine in the form of acute catarrhal or catarrhal-hemorrhagic enterocolitis.

Diagnosis put on isosporosis in the same way as on eimeriosis. However, once oocysts have been identified, the latter or faeces with them must be placed in a thermostat for sporulation. Isospore oocysts differ from eimeria oocysts in that 2 sporocysts are formed in the former, and 4 sporocysts in the latter.

Isosporosis is differentiated from eimeriosis, trepanemosis (spirochetosis), balantidiasis, trichomoniasis, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, etc.

Treatment. With therapeutic purpose sick piglets are given one of the following drugs:

Himkoktsid-7 at a dose of 420 mg / kg body weight 2 times a day with meals for 3-5 days;

Farmkoktsid - 25 mg / kg body weight 2 times a day.

Ixodid PLIERS

Biology. In some species of ixodid, females can lay from 3 to 15 thousand eggs, after which the females die. Six-legged larvae hatch from the eggs, they feed on the blood of the host and turn into nymphs. Nymphs also feed on the host's blood and turn into adults. They can be one-, two- and three-hosted. In the latter, the larva, nymph, and adult feed on three different hosts.

Clinical course. Animals develop an allergic state, the general reactivity of the organism changes, oppression appears, refusal to feed, milk yields decrease. In the blood, the level of red blood cells and hemoglobin decreases, eosinophilia appears.

The fight against ixodid ticks is carried out by destroying them in biotopes and on animals.

In biotopes, ticks are destroyed by reclamation, pastures are plowed up and grassed using perennial grasses. Carry out decontamination of premises.

On animals, ticks are destroyed using various acaricides. Animals are treated with acaricides before the ticks attack them. More often, animals are sprayed with drugs. It is important that the drug had a prolonged effect.

As acaricidal preparations, preparations of the pyrethroid group, avermectins, and a number of others (neocidol, tifatol, etc.) can be used. Of the pyrethroids, cypermethrin is widely used, ectomine, deltamethrin (butox), permethrin and others are also effective.

Of the avermectins, they are effective against ivermectim ticks.
1%, you can also use ivermectin, ivomek, baymek, etc.

CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS

Definition. Protozoal disease of many species of animals and humans, which is characterized by damage to the intestines and is accompanied by diarrhea, refusal to eat, vomiting. It belongs to little-studied diseases, although the causative agent of cryptosporidiosis was first described by Tyzzer E. in 1907 when studying the wall of the stomach of a mouse. Cryptosporidium does not have a narrow specificity, since calves from lambs, piglets, rats, etc. are relatively easily invaded. It was possible to infect lambs, piglets, calves with human oocysts. Humans are also infected from these animals. All hosts of cryptosporidium can be conditionally divided into two groups. The hosts of one group remain clinically healthy after infection, they include small laboratory animals (mice, rats, Guinea pigs, rabbits), also cats, dogs, etc. The second group is formed by animals in which cryptosporidiosis occurs with clinical signs of the disease (young farm animals, monkeys, turkeys, etc.).

pathogens cryptosporidiosis belong to the coccidia r. Cryptosporidium, fam. Cryptosporidiidae, cl. Sporozoa, t. Apicomplexa. No clear morphological and antigenic differences were found between cryptosporidium species from different hosts. Most researchers describe 2 types of cryptosporidium in mammals (C.murius and C.parvum), in birds C.meleagridis and C.bailey, C.crotali - in reptiles, in fish - C.nasorum.

In calves, the ileum is more often damaged; in piglets, the development of cryptosporidium occurs not only in the intestines, but also in the trachea, conjunctiva; in foals, invasion is recorded in the pancreatic duct. In birds, the small and large intestines, the bursa of Fabricius, Airways, salivary glands, kidney; in humans - mainly the intestines.

The natural reservoir of cryptosporidium is most often calves, lambs, piglets, etc. With cryptosporidiosis, the fecal-oral mechanism of spread of the pathogen predominates.

The transmission of oocysts from one animal to another or to a person occurs in various ways - through food, water; described airborne route transmission of cryptosporidium.

Pathogenesis and immunity not explored.

In humans, cryptosporidiosis occurs acutely (more often in children) and chronically with symptoms of gastroenteritis (fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea).

In the pathoanatomical examination of corpses, the main changes are found in the small intestine. The mucous membrane is reddened, covered with mucus. The content in the intestine is usually absent. Enlarged mesenteric nodes.

Diagnosis. To diagnose cryptosporidiosis, it is necessary to find oocysts in the intestinal contents. Most in a simple way is the staining of smears with carbol fuchsin according to Ziehl-Nielsen or safranin according to Koestler. After Ziehl-Nielsen staining, cryptosporidium are pale pink in color and are clearly visible against a green background.

You can stain smears with azure-eosin according to Romanovsky. Cryptosporidium oocysts are visible as unstained or weakly stained formations, 4-6 µm in diameter.

For coloring, you can also use a 1% solution of nigrosine, 1% water solution gentian violet or 1% methylene blue in 1% boric acid.

To increase the concentration of oocysts in the test material, use various methods enrichment, most often flotation. As flotation liquids, a solution of sodium chloride or sucrose is used.

A method of fluorescence and latex agglutination reaction has also been developed. To set up a bioassay, it is necessary to feed 3-5-day-old white mice a small amount of feces containing cryptosporidium oocysts. AT positive cases after 5-8 days, cryptosporidium oocysts are found in the feces.

Treatment. With the therapeutic purpose of testing many drugs, however, positive results have not been obtained. You can use polymyxin at a dose of 30-40 thousand AD per 1 kg of animal weight for 5-6 days. Positive results have also been obtained in the treatment of animals with sulfomethaxine. Sick animals are prescribed symptomatic and pathogenetic treatment. Of great importance is the feeding of patients with dietary feed. Drugs are used to regulate water-salt metabolism.

Control measures and prevention. In disease prevention great importance allocate to a good veterinary and sanitary condition of the premises, their timely cleaning, biothermal disinfection of manure.

A person should eat clean food and water, observe personal hygiene measures.

RNIUP "Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine named after A.I. S.N. Vyshelessky of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus "was developed" Instructions on measures to combat cryptosporidiosis in animals”:

Etiology. Imago - an insect about 2 cm long, consists of a head, chest and abdomen. The body is covered with dense hairs. The exit of adult gadflies from pupae occurs within a few seconds, after which the insect can fly.

Years of gadflies and egg-laying begins with the onset of warm sunny days. The female gadfly lays eggs on the hair of the abdomen, the lower surface of the chest, the lateral surfaces of the body, on the hair of the limbs, groin, and udder. Female gadflies can lay about 700-800 eggs.

The larvae emerging from the eggs penetrate the host body through the skin, after which they migrate along the vessels and nerves to the spine and enter the spinal canal. The gadfly larvae remain in the spinal canal for 5-6 months, after which they penetrate into the back and lower back. Here they form capsules in which fistulous openings are drilled and molt.

After maturation, the larvae of the gadflies emerge from the capsule through the fistulous openings and fall to the ground, burrow into it, and after 1-3 days turn into pupae. Their development depends on temperature and humidity and is 17-43 days.

Along the way, the larvae injure tissues, inflammation develops, rupture of blood vessels. Availability a large number larvae of the subcutaneous gadfly in the spinal canal can cause paralysis of the limbs. Characteristic nodules form in the back and other parts of the body.

Diagnosis. Examination of animals (cows, heifers, calves) in order to determine the defeat of the subcutaneous gadfly is carried out from March to September inclusive. In addition, fattening animals, as well as calves born before October last year, not grazing on the pasture, but kept in summer pens, are examined for damage to the subcutaneous gadfly.
The diagnosis of hypodermatosis is made by the presence of nodules in the back, lumbar and sacrum.

Treatment. Pharmacin, ivermectim 1% - 0.2 ml per head intradermally using a needle-free injector, 24 ml per head by irrigation, ivomek - 1 ml / 50 kg of animal weight, hypodectin, hypodectin-chlorophos and other drugs are used.

Control and prevention measures. To prevent infection of cattle with hypodermatosis, it is not allowed to pasture animals affected by gadfly larvae, as well as import animals from disadvantaged regions to farms without treating them with insecticides.

Early chemoprophylaxis of hypodermatosis is carried out in the period from September 15 to November 15 in order to destroy the larvae of the subcutaneous gadfly of the first stage in the body of cattle.

In autumn, insecticide treatment in disadvantaged farms and settlements, cows, heifers, heifers, fattening animals and young cattle over 3 months of age are kept in summer pens near the premises.

To destroy the larvae of the second and third stages of the subcutaneous gadfly, insecticide treatment in disadvantaged farms and settlements is carried out by cows, heifers, heifers, fattening animals and young cattle older than 6 months of age from March 1 ( southern zone) or from March 15 (central and northern zone) through September.