Transport of France: types, development. General characteristics of the transport infrastructure

The transport system of France has a fairly developed transport network that covers all the cities of the country. France's transport is varied and reliable, as most Vehicle produced by the French themselves.

Air transport of the country

The largest number of air transportation in France is carried out by the national airline Air France. It owns most of the direct international and local routes. Domestic flights are operated by FlyWest, which is responsible for low-cost flights. For example, to get from one part of France to another, you will have to pay about 100 euros, and using the special offers of the airline, you will spend only 25 euros.

Major airports in France

Arriving in France, your plane will definitely land at one of the two international airports. The first of these is Roissy-Charles de Gaulle Airport, which has terminals in its arsenal. Not far from it are the railway stations "Aeroport Charles-de Gaulle 1" and "Aeroport Charles-de Gaulle 2-TGV". Buses No. 350 and 351 regularly run to the airport. The second is Orly Airport, which includes only 2 terminals: South and West. Official website of Paris airports: www.aeroportsdeparis.fr.

In addition, there are other equally significant airports in France, namely:

• Bordeaux airport - website: www.bordeaux.aeroport.fr/
• Cannes Airport CEQ - website: www.cannes.aeroport.fr/
• Lyon airport LYS - website: www.lyonaeroports.com/

Major carriers

The main air carriers in France are:

• Air France is the national carrier for international and domestic flights. Company website: www.airfrance.ru
• Corsair airline - operates flights to resort destinations. Website: www.corsair.fr/
• Ryanair (FR) is a European low cost airline. Website: www.ryanair.com/en
• easyJet is also a European low cost airline. Website: www.easyjet.com/en/

Rail transport in France

French railways are managed by the national transport company SCNF (the company's official website is www.sncf.fr). This railway carrier offers passengers various options fares, depending on how many people are traveling. In addition, transfers between cities are carried out by express trains TER (website: www.ter-sncf.com) and TGV (website: www.tgv-lyria.fr). Trains connect Paris with cities such as Avignon, Lyon, Bordeaux, Orange, Calais, as well as with some European countries. If you decide to travel by TGV, then you should reserve your ticket in advance. This can be done at any station, no matter what your final destination is.

Where can I buy train tickets?

Railway tickets can be purchased via the Internet by paying with a plastic card. In this case, they are sent by e-mail, and then they should be printed on a printer. You can also order tickets by regular mail. You can also buy tickets at the box office of railway stations and in special machines, and you do not need to pay an additional commission.

Websites of railway carriers in France

• General website of the French railway transport company: www.sncf.com
• railway website: www.voyages-sncf.com
• website of regional trains: www.ter-sncf.com
• website of French tourist trains: www.lafrancevuedurail.fr
• on this site you can buy cheap tickets for some high-speed trains: www.idtgv.com

Transport nuances

France's rail transport network is not very user-friendly as all trains run through Paris.

It is also worth noting that on high-speed trains, luggage should be left either at the beginning or at the end of the car. In ordinary trains, luggage is left depending on where there is free space. Each train has first and second class carriages. In addition, one train can have carriages with compartments and “common” carriages with seats. On some routes there are double-decker trains.

Before you board the train, you should validate your ticket in advance. Composters are painted orange and installed at each exit to the platform. If this is not done, the controller may issue you a fine.

France bus service

Buses - Enough popular view transport in France. In large cities, due to the fact that the city authorities have allocated separate lanes for the movement of buses, their movement has become uniform, with the exception of peak hours. In addition, separate bus stations have been built for intercity buses, which, as a rule, are located near SNCF stations.

French bus companies websites

There are 2 main intercity bus carriers in France:

• Eurolines - transport of this company connects France with the main European cities. Company website: www.eurolines.fr
• Intercars - specializes in intercity flights within the country. The site of the company:

Feature of the national economic complex. France has a significant share of the public sector in it. 25% of the employed population work at state enterprises. State monopolies control 25% of industrial production. Foreign monopolies play an important role in the development of the country's economy.

France is a highly developed post-industrial country with a powerful agro-industrial complex. However, in structure. GNP share of industrial products is several times higher than the share of agricultural products.

Industry

characteristic trend of industrial development. France in recent years are the high pace of development of industries that determine. NTP. For this, the country has highly qualified personnel, transport communications, and new technological equipment. A significant role is played by industries processing agricultural products.

Since own energy resources. France provides less than half of its own needs, the fuel industry focuses mainly on imported raw materials. The share of mined hard coal in the country's energy supply is approximately 9%. Oil refineries process about 60 million tons of crude oil. Oil comes from countries. Persian Gulf and North. Africa, natural gas from. Algiers.

The nuclear power industry is especially developed, according to the level of development of which. France ranks second in the world after. USA, and in terms of the share of generated energy at. Nuclear power plants (more than 85%) - the first place in the world. work a nuclear power plants mainly on their own uranium, the production of which is about 1.5% of the suite.

Ferrous metallurgy c. Lorraine, where the old factories are located, is in a state of depression. Now it in the country is almost completely focused on imported raw materials and fuel, and therefore the enterprises of this industry t gravitate towards seaports and regions where cheap hydroelectric power is produced. The country has a developed non-ferrous metallurgy, especially aluminum and lead-zinc. The first focuses on its own raw materials - bauxite (south of France). The country ranks fifth in lead production in the world.

Mechanical engineering is the country's leading industry. France is famous in the world market as a manufacturer of competitive products, especially diesel locomotives, electric locomotives and electronic products, household electrical appliances. The automotive industry stands out in particular. For the production of passenger cars. France ranks fifth in the world. The country is a leader in the manufacture of bullet trains. In terms of TV production, it is in the top ten among the countries of the world.

In. The aerospace industry has gained great importance in France. The third country in the world launched its own artificial satellite into space. Earth. It has its own spaceport. An important industry - shipbuilding, has recently been in a state of depression.

Most machine-building enterprises are concentrated in the region. Big. Paris. Lyon,. Marseille, industrial centers of the north of the country

The chemical industry has reached a high degree of development, especially such branches as the chemistry of organic synthesis and basic chemistry. They specialize in the production of polymers, synthetic fibers, mineral fertilizers, rubber, plastics, perfumes, medicines, and caustic soda (the fifth largest in the world). Chemical industry enterprises are guided by raw materials (Lorraine, Alsace), cheap electricity; the main chemistry is concentrated in the refinery center.

Among the branches of light industry in. France is in the lead in clothing and textiles. The country ranks third in the production of textiles. Europe. Enterprises textile industry located in most large and medium-sized cities of the country.

In the food industry importance has a winery which is concentrated in. Eastern and. Southwestern regions. France is the largest producer in. Europe butter, cheese, meat

Agriculture

Agriculture. France in terms of total agricultural production ranks first among European countries, and in the world concedes only. USA and. Canada. A large share of it is produced by small farms (up to 20 hectares of land). However, in the face of increased competition from countries. EU all greater value acquire large farms that are supported by the state.

In structure Agriculture animal husbandry predominates. Grain farming is the leading one in agriculture. Wheat occupies 1/4 of arable land, and its yield is 60 centners per 1 ha. The annual harvest of one hundred and new wheat is about 40 million tons (fourth place in the world), and of all grains - 60 million tons. Of other crops, corn and barley are important. The main wheat growing areas are the northeast. France, kuk urudza and wheat - southwest. Among industrial crops, sugar beet stands out in the northern part, and sunflower in the southern part. In some areas, flax, rice, potatoes, hops, tobacco, color and olive are grown. Among fruit orchards, apple orchards predominate, especially in the northwest. France has a high level of development of viticulture and vegetable growing. In terms of grape production, it comes only in the world. Italian women of Italy.

leading livestock industries. France is cattle breeding of meat and dairy direction, pig breeding and sheep breeding. It is predominantly concentrated in Western and. Central regions animal husbandry is characterized by a high level of intensity. Northern and. In the Parisian districts, hunting is a branch of specialization of the districts located along the Atlantic coast.

Transport

. Transport complex. France is one of the most Europe Rail transport ranks second in terms of freight turnover, although its importance has recently been declining. The length of the railway tracks - more. 3000 km, half of them are electrified 4

The leading role is played by road transport, which transports most of the passengers and goods. The country is provided with a dense network of high quality roads "their length is the longest in Europe - about 900 thousand kilometers.

The country has many pipelines that stretch from seaports to. Paris and. Strasbourg. Waterways. France have a length of almost 7 thousand km

Maritime transport plays a leading role in foreign trade. France, is important in cabotage

Air transport annually transports more than. 3 million passengers. The largest center of air transportation is. Paris

Foreign economic relations

One of the most important forms of economic relations. France with foreign countries is the export of capital, which markedly exceeds foreign capital investments (USA, countries. EU). According to the level of external commodity yoke. France is also one of the world leaders.

The country's exports are dominated by finished products of industry and agriculture, namely: equipment, cars, chemical products, consumer goods. For the export of products of the chemical industry. F. France ranks third in the world, and grain crops - second, second only. USA.

Imports are dominated by industrial raw materials, equipment for various industries, cars, fuel and energy resources

Approximately 2/3 of foreign trade. France accounts for countries. European. Union. Significant state revenues from international tourism, as well as transport and other services

Rail transport in France is the most popular of all types. Among the members of the European Union, the country ranks first in the field of high-speed rail transport. Although rail transport is not cheap, its advantage has always been speed and comfort, which the French appreciate very much.

Due to the influx of tourists from all over the world, air transport is also developing rapidly. The country has its own large company called "Air France".

Maritime transport in France is not developing as fast as others. Although the country has 89 seaports, their cargo turnover is small. The largest port, Marseille, transports only 50 million tons.

Among other modes of transport in France, metro and trams are very common. Metro is in Paris, Lyon and Marseille. The first of them was opened in 1900. You will be interested to know about the features of the Paris metro. Trams are interesting because they are one of the oldest modes of transport in the country. Its active development fell on the second half of the 19th - the first half of the 20th century. After the war, it seemed that this mode of transport would gradually disappear. But, in 1970, due to oil strikes and overloading of city centers, a new wave of development of this type of transport arises. In 1985, the world's first network of modern trams appeared in France, which began to operate actively in eight major cities x countries, in 2000 the number of cities that use tram services increases to nineteen.

Original French transport laws

1) If you are going to travel around France on a flying saucer, then you should know the law of the French government, according to which it is forbidden to land or park this type of transport in vineyards throughout the state. So, owners of flying saucers, we strongly recommend: be careful when parking your vehicle!

2) Also of interest is the fact concerning the control of stowaways. In France, there are practically no controllers, but the fines for traveling without a ticket are prohibitive. Therefore, a person who wants to ride a “hare” is at great risk not only with his reputation, but also with his material condition.

Characteristic transport infrastructure France: air, rail, road and water transport. Methods of delivering tourists to the tourist centers of France: to Paris and Corsica. Tourism potential of the country, resorts, cultural centers.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY

TOURISM AND SERVICE

INSTITUTE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

Department of "Organizations and technologies in the hotel business"

Course work

in the discipline "Transport services for tourists"

"Transport infrastructure of France"

Completed:

Student gr. TT3-1 Shirokov A.V.

Checked:

Teacher Osipova O.Ya.

INTRODUCTION

1. Characteristics of the transport infrastructure of France

1.1 Air transport

1.2 Rail transport

1.3 Road transport

1.4 Water transport

2. Methods of delivering tourists to the tourist centers of France

2.1 Ways to deliver tourists to Paris

2.2 Ways to deliver tourists to Corsica

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

INTRODUCTION

The French Republic is a state in Western Europe. The capital is the city of Paris. The name of the country comes from the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe - the Franks.

France occupies a very convenient geographical position. Having the shape of a regular hexagon, the country is sheltered from external elements on all sides. France in the west and north is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, in the south - by the Mediterranean Sea. In the southwest it borders on Spain and Andorra, in the southeast - Monaco and Italy, in the east - with Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. The western and northern regions of France are plains and lowlands; in the center and in the east - medium-altitude mountains. In the southwest - the Pyrenees, in the southeast - the Alps, where the highest point of France and Western Europe is located - Mont Blanc. Major rivers of France: Seine, Rhone, Loire, Garonne, in the east - part of the Rhine. The Greek historian and geographer Strabo wrote that "Providence itself erected mountains, brought seas closer, laid riverbeds to create here the most flourishing place on earth."

France is divided into 26 regions, of which 21 are on the European continent, one is on the island of Corsica, and four more are on the overseas territories.

The flow of tourists to France and overseas territories is growing every year. France has a great tourist potential, namely beach and medical resorts, business and cultural centers, a large number of monuments of culture and art, from Roman aqueducts to modern art, as well as educational centers that are visited with educational programs. The development of tourism in France was facilitated by the diversity of nature, favorable climate, the presence of cultural sites, the spread French, long-term friendly relations with other countries and, of course, the development of transport infrastructure.

Transport is the third leading branch of world material production and the basis of the geographical division of labor. All means of communication, vehicles and transport companies form the transport system of each country. The scientific and technological revolution had a huge impact on transport. Thanks to the minds of many scientists, vehicles have developed speed, are technically transformed and are in a state of constant development. World countries account for 80% of the world's freight and passenger traffic. The French Republic is one of the most developed countries in Europe and the world. It has the longest rail and road structure in Europe, and the national airline Air France ranks third in the world in terms of passenger traffic.

The purpose of this work is to study the transport infrastructure of France and consider the transport accessibility of two tourist centers. To achieve this goal, to give a complete description of the individual sectors of transport and consider various methods of delivering tourists to the main tourist centers.

The object of this work is the French Republic, the subject is the transport infrastructure of the country.

To study the current state of transport in this course work, the task is to collect various information about the types of transport presented in the country, and then further processing and systematization of the data obtained. Thus, scientific research methods such as synthesis, analysis and comparison are used in this work.

In the theoretical part of the work, a comprehensive description of the country's transport infrastructure for each type of transport is given. Then, using the example of two tourist centers in the practical part of the work, various methods of delivering tourists are considered, both to the tourist centers themselves and the methods of movement of tourists inside these centers.

1. Characteristics of the transport infrastructure of France

France has a developed transport system, transport links have been established with many countries of the world. The next section will look at the country's main modes of transport, the main carriers, rolling stock models, as well as the country's particularly outstanding transport infrastructure facilities.

1.1 Air transport

Being practically in the center of Europe, France occupies a fairly convenient geographical position relative to a number of European countries, which contributes to the development of international and domestic air traffic. From Paris and a number of major cities in the country, you can get directly to all continents, with the exception of Antarctica. In the capital of almost every province there is a local airport, in the largest cities there are international airports. The main airports of the country are the Parisian Roissy - Charles de Gaulle and Orly. Also, a fairly large flow of passengers is received by international airports, namely Nice - Côte d "Azur, Lyon - Saint-Exupery, Marseille - Provence, Toulouse - Balagnac, Strasbourg, Bordeaux - Meregnac and Lille.

Roissy - Charles de Gaulle International Airport (fr. - Aeroport Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle or CDG) - located 25 km northeast of Paris, was designed by Paul Andre and opened on March 8, 1974. It is the main airport in France, one of the two main airports in Paris (the second is Orly Airport located in the south of the city) and one of the largest airports in Europe. It is named after Charles de Gaulle, General and President of France. The airport has eight terminals: 1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2F, 2E, 3. The second terminal was built for Air France, but this moment accepts planes of other companies. The third terminal is used mainly by charter and low-cost airlines, has a limited range of services and does not have boarding bridges. Communication between the terminals is carried out by free shuttle buses (Navettes Aeroport), running every seven minutes. The airport is full of bars, restaurants and shops. Roissy is also the main hub for the national airline Air France. Daily receives and sends over 1,400 flights from more than 100 airlines. Serves about 150,000 passengers per day.

The second international airport of Paris is Orly, located 14 km south of the city on an area of ​​15.3 km². Orly Airport is used mainly for domestic flights, a number of minor international air carriers are also assigned here. Between the two terminals located close to each other - western (Orly Ouest) and southern (Orly Sud) - there is a free bus. There are a number of shops, restaurants and bars in both terminals of the airport, as well as ATMs, banks and currency exchange offices. Other facilities also include an information point, an art gallery, a left-luggage office, and a health center where necessary vaccinations can be given. The airport also has Internet access points and wireless Internet access, including a business center with meeting rooms and the necessary equipment for this.

Cote d'Azur International Airport is located 7 km west of Nice. It is one of the main transport hubs for air traffic in France. It is second only to Parisian airports in terms of passenger traffic. In 2008, passenger traffic amounted to approximately 10 million passengers. The airport consists of two terminals, between which operate free shuttle buses, but the terminals are also within walking distance.From the first terminal there are flights to Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Rossiya Airlines operates flights to St. Petersburg from this terminal. Flights to Moscow (Aeroflot airline), as well as to European, North African cities and domestic flights are carried out from the second terminal. Hundreds of buses depart regularly from the airport to various cities, from Marseille to Genoa. Trains leave for Nice and Cannes, as well as most other major cities.

Lyon-Saint-Exupéry International Airport is located 24 kilometers east of Lyon. It was opened in 1975 by President Valerie Giscard de Stenn and replaced Bron Airport, which was technically outdated and located within the city. It consists of two terminals, between which the bus runs. Buses depart regularly from the airport to Lyon and other major cities, as well as cities in the Rhône-Alpes region. Literally a few steps from the airport there is a railway station, from which TGV trains depart regularly to major cities in France. In 2008, its passenger traffic was 7,320,952 passengers. This fact put the airport in fourth place in terms of passenger traffic after Roissy, Orly and Côte d'Azur.

It is also worth mentioning Marseille-Provence Airport, which is the fifth in terms of passenger traffic - 7 million in 2008. It is located 24 km north of Marseille and 26 km south of the city of Aix-en-Provence. The airport consists of four terminals. The first terminal, for the most part, serves flights to Africa and the countries of the Persian Gulf. Most of the flights from the second terminal are carried out to European destinations by the budget carrier Ryanair. Terminals 3 and 4 serve only Air France-KLM and their subsidiaries CCM Airlines and Brit Air. You can get to the airport from the Sainte-Charles railway station in Marseille, from which free shuttle buses leave every 20 minutes, as well as from the Aix-en-Provence bus station.

Regular flights abroad and within the country are carried out by such French airlines as Corsairfly, Airlinar, CCM Airlines, Twin Jet, Regional, Brit Air; charter flights are handled by Air Mediterranee. Many of them have a small fleet, and some of them are subsidiaries of the national airline Air France, which is the country's market leader in air transport.

The French airline Air France was founded in 1933. At the moment, it ranks third in the world in terms of passenger traffic, second in terms of the quality of air transport services and fourth in cargo transportation. Air France offers its customers 1,700 daily flights to over 200 destinations in 93 countries. Air Fleet The airline has 257 aircraft, including the most modern Airbus and Boeing of the latest models. Also, about 60 new aircraft were ordered to expand the fleet.

Figure 1.1. introduced the passenger fleet of Air France.

Fig.1.1 “Models and number of Air France aircraft”

It can be seen from this figure that the most a large number of aircraft, 65 pieces, Airbus A320 models, as well as Airbus A319 - 40 pieces. The smallest number is Airbus A319LR, the rest of the models are approximately equal.

Air France is a member of the Skyteam global aviation alliance, which also includes Aeroflot, Aeromexico, Alitalia, CSA, Delta Airlines, KLM, Korean Air. Its key European partners of the company are Alitalia and Aeroflot. The company is based at the airports of Orly, Saint Exupery and Côte d'Azur, and the Roissy-Charles de Gaulle International Airport is the home port.

1.2 Rail transport

The railway infrastructure of France has its origins in 1842 in the national railway program conceived by Victor Legrand, then Minister of Railways (at that time in France it was called the Ministry of Roads and Bridges). The purpose of the program was to allow the country to maintain technical excellence and the rapid expansion of communications, because at that time France lagged behind Britain, Germany and the United States in this regard. According to the program, the state reserved the creation, expansion and improvement of the railway infrastructure, and transferred management to private companies. By 1878, after partition and concession, there were 5 major railway lines: North, East, Paris-Leon-Mediterranean, Paris-Orleans and South. The starting point of each of the routes was Paris, and five large railway stations serving these directions, contemporaries called the "star of Legrand" For the reason that the management was carried out by various railway companies, over time their activities became unprofitable, which led to a new problem. By 1908, the western railway line remained undeveloped, and no one wanted to take it on. Then the government faced a number of new tasks, namely the development of the western direction, the unification of existing railways into a single whole and the creation of a national management company. In total, all goals were gradually achieved, and on September 1, 1937, SNCF was created on the basis of 5 main companies, which retained a number of powers until 1983, when the company became fully state-owned.

The length of the French railway network is 32 thousand km. Since the time of the "star of Legrand", the principle of building a railway network in France has remained radial-circular. The main railway lines start in Paris and diverge from it in all directions. Such a scheme leads to the fact that travel between cities lying on the same radius becomes fast and convenient, but moving between stations of different radii often requires a transit change in Paris. In this case, passengers must move from one station to another.

Societe Nationale des Chemins de fer francais (SNCF) is the national railway company of France. Its rolling stock fleet includes about 700 trains. It also includes the bus company SNCF. Buses ply in those directions where there is no railway track or passenger traffic is low. Often, SNCF sells a combined train + bus ticket to get to your destination. SNCF has various types of rolling stock, namely Corail high-speed trains, TER local express trains, AutoTrain car-loaded trains and TGV high-speed trains.

Most French trains have first and second class carriages. In the sleeping compartment (couchettes) of the second class - 6 beds (lower, middle and upper shelves), and in the first - four. A trip in first class costs 50% more than in second.

Corail high-speed trains are seated daytime trains with first and second class cars for smokers and non-smokers, equipped with bike racks. The speed of movement is less than that of the TGV, but sufficient to travel from Paris for one day, for example, to the coast of Normandy. In addition to sit-down trains, there are night trains, the service in which is comparable to Russian standards: a conductor, a dining car, two- and three-seater sleeping compartments of the first and second class with a washbasin.

Local express trains (Train Express Regional, TER) are classic railway trains with cars of the first (4 shelves per compartment) and second (6 shelves per compartment) classes, carrying passengers over short distances.

Trains with cars for AutoTrain cars are of two types: TAA - the owner and the car travel in the same train; TAS - the composition transports only cars. Owners can travel to their destination on a faster train. Such trains run only from May to September, from Paris to the Dordogne, Toulouse, Narbonne, Avignon and Nice.

calling card France's railways is a high-speed TGV train. Today, the TGV network covers cities in the south, west and northeast of France (see Annex 1). Some neighboring countries, including Belgium and Switzerland, built their own TGV lines and connected them to the French network. Germany and the Netherlands have a similar and TGV-compatible Thalys rail network, while the UK has Eurostar. It is planned to build new lines in France itself and neighboring countries.

The introduction of TGV has replaced air travel between cities included in its network: TGV travel is cheaper, takes less time, there are fewer check-in and boarding formalities, and train stations are usually located in the city center. In addition, TGV is a fairly safe mode of transport: for the entire period of operation, one case was recorded that resulted in the death of people. The incident happened in 1988. At the intersection of the railway with the road, the train collided with a truck carrying a transformer.

For TGV, special dedicated tracks are being built - LGV (French ligne a grande vitesse - high-speed line), which allow these trains to move at high speed. Initially it was planned that movement on the LGV would have no speed limits at all, but subsequently a limit of 250 km / h was set, which has now been increased to 320 km / h. TGVs can also move on conventional railway lines (lignes classiques); for safety reasons, they are limited to 220 km/h. With the ability to use existing rail infrastructure, including stations, these TGVs compare favorably with maglevs and high-speed trains of other systems. Due to gauge compatibility with conventional lines, TGVs serve more than 200 destinations. The railway gauge in France is standard for most European countries, and is 1,435 mm.

The trains are equipped with powerful traction engines, articulated cars, lightweight bogies, as well as automatic locomotive signaling (ALS) devices, thanks to which the driver does not need to look out for traffic lights at high speeds. The TVM system is used for signaling on the train. The information signal goes along the rails to the dashboard, in case of insufficiently fast reaction of the driver, the train will brake automatically. Passive safety systems appeared on these trains after the September 28, 1988 accident mentioned above.

At the moment there are three TGV lines in France, as well as Eurostar and Thalys are not structurally different from TGV, but serve international lines. Each line runs trains of a certain type and painted in a certain color. This is due to the fact that high-speed communication has been developing for several years and with the improvement of technology.

The first direction is TGV Sud-East (Southeast) and TGV Mediterranee (Mediterranean). It connects Paris with the southeast of the country: Dijon, Lyon, Geneva, Alps, Avignon, Marseille, Nice.

Trains of the TGV Sud-Est type were created for operation on the first Paris-Lyon high-speed line of the same name. In total, 107 passenger trains of this model were produced from the conveyor, of which nine were made three-system (for operation on lines in Switzerland with alternating current at 15 kV), the rest are two-system. In addition, two short trains were created to carry mail between Paris and Lyon. They differ from ordinary trains in that they have no seats and are painted yellow. Standard configuration of passenger class trains: two lead and eight passenger cars. Total capacity -- 346 seats .

The second direction is TGV Atlantique Sud-Ouest (Southwest) Atlantique Ouest (West). It links Paris with western and southwestern France. The route network includes such cities as Brittany, Nantes, Tours, Poitiers, La Rochelle, Bordeaux, Biarritz and Toulouse.

Trains of the TGV Atlantique type were built for operation on the new LGV Atlantique high-speed line. On the new model it was decided to install more powerful engines, larger diameter wheels, as well as improve aerodynamics and brake system. The standard composition of the train includes two head and ten passenger cars. Since that time, TGVs have changed color from orange to silver-blue. A modified model TGV Atlantique 325 in 1990 set a world speed record on the newly built and not yet opened LGV line, accelerating to 515 km / h.

TGV Nord, Thalys, Eurostar connects Paris with the north of France: Lille, Calais, Brussels, Antwerp, Amsterdam, Cologne, Ashford, London, Great Britain (via the Eurotunnel), Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands.

Rolling stock of the TGV Reseau type is used on these routes. The first TGV Reseau trains entered service in 1993. In 1990, the first 50 two-system trains were ordered, to which an order for another 40 three-system trains was subsequently added. Ten of the three-system compounds were painted in the standard Thalys colors and are now better known as Thalys PBA (Paris-Brussels-Amsterdam). Three-system trains, in addition to the standard voltage schemes in force in France, can be operated on a direct current of 3 kV (the standard of Italy and Belgium, in the Netherlands it is used only on a few lines where TGV runs). Standard composition of the train: two head and eight passenger cars. The trainsets for Belgium were specially converted to comply with the Belgian axle load limits (17 tons) - for this, the steel elements of the car body were partially replaced with aluminum.

Thalys PBA (Paris - Brussels - Amsterdam) is a joint project of several EU countries that allows you to combine three capitals within a short week-long trip. These trains also take you from Paris to Antwerp, The Hague, Cologne and, on weekends, Bruges. Booking tickets in advance, at least 14 days before departure, with immediate payment by credit card, saves more than half the cost of a 2nd class ticket.

Thalys POS line is planned to be opened in the near future. The name stands for Paris - Ostfrankreich - Suddeutschland (Paris - East France - South Germany). The route will start in Paris, pass through Germany and end in Switzerland. Thanks to this line, the journey from Basel to Paris will take 3.5 hours, from Zurich to Paris - 4.5 hours.

Eurostar is the second after Concord, a grandiose and more successful Franco-British project, reducing travel time from Paris to London to three hours, of which 20 minutes. in the Channel Tunnel. At the North Station of Paris, a special terminal is equipped with mandatory pre-registration, passport and customs control according to the standards of international airports.

The Eurostar train is essentially an extended TGV adapted for UK and Eurotunnel operation. Differences include a smaller profile to meet British size standards, British built asynchronous traction motors and an improved fire safety system in the event of a tunnel fire.

The Eurotunnel is a railway tunnel that runs under the English Channel and connects continental Europe with Great Britain. It is a symbol of a united Europe. At one time he held the title of the longest tunnel in the world. It was opened on May 6, 1994. The tunnel has a length of about 51 km, of which 39 km is directly under the seabed. The Eurotunnel consists of three tunnels - two main ones with a rail track for trains, and one small service tunnel. The service tunnel has passages every 375 meters that connect it with the rail tracks. It is designed for access to the main tunnels for service personnel and emergency evacuation of people in case of danger. Every 250 meters, both main tunnels are interconnected by a special ventilation system located on top of the service tunnel. This airlock system negates the piston effect of moving trains by distributing airflow into the adjacent tunnel. All three tunnels have two interchanges, allowing trains to move freely between the tunnels. The right-hand traffic of trains is organized in the tunnel. The American Society of Civil Engineers lists the Eurotunnel as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World.

One of the main advantages of TGV over other high-speed rail systems (such as maglev) is the ability to use existing infrastructure. Thanks to this, TGV trains arrive right in the very center of the city, to the platforms of old stations (for example, Gare de Lyon in Paris). TGVs can use tracks and stations on conventional lines.

However, the designers of the TGV lines did not refuse to build new stations in the suburbs and even in rural areas a few kilometers from the city. This arrangement of stations allows TGV trains not to waste time and speed on conventional lines. In some cases, stations were built halfway between two cities, such as the station serving the cities of Le Creusot and Montceau-les-Mines. Another, even more striking example, is the location of the Haute-Picardie station (fr. Haute-Picardie) between Amiens and Saint-Quentin. The construction of this station caused numerous controversies: the press and local authorities criticized this decision of the designers, citing the fact that the station was equally far from both cities to be in demand by residents, and too far from the nearest transfer stations to regular lines to be useful to travelers. The station was nicknamed "beetroot", as there is nothing around it but beetroot fields. Subsequently, this name became a household name for all TGV stations located far from cities.

New stations were built in the cities themselves, many of them recognized as architectural achievements and awarded prizes. The TGV station in Avignon, opened in 2001, built by the architects Jean-Marie Dutilleul and Jean-Francois Blacel, is rightfully recognized as the best in the entire French railway network. For a cone-shaped glass roof 340 m long, it is often compared to a cathedral. The station received the highest honor in the Major Stations category at the 2001 Brunel International Prize.

SNCF and Alstom (the company that makes TGVs) are currently researching new technologies that could be used for rapid ground transport in France. It is planned to continue the development of the TGV system, but already in new form-- AGV. It is planned that the engines on the new type of trains will be installed under each car, which will eliminate the need for locomotives. The goal has been set for the cost of the new trains to be the same as for the TGV, with the same level of passenger safety. The design maximum speed is 360 km/h. The first AGV prototype was presented on February 5, 2007 at the La Rochelle plant. The Italian company NTV has already ordered 25 trains. They are expected to be on the line in 2010 .

Research is also underway in the field of magnetic levitation. However, the cost of introducing maglev technology is too high. Construction of a new network and infrastructure is required. The task of laying a maglev line to city centers will require either intervention in their historical appearance, or expensive tunnel construction. There are also projects to create a hybrid railway-maglev line, when the magnetic canvas is laid between the rails.

1.3 Road transport

France occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of the provision of the population with cars, in terms of the length, density and quality of roads. The total length of motorways in France is about 1 million km. Types of roads on maps, in atlases and on road signs are indicated in Latin letters: "A" - expressway, "N" - national road, "D" - regional road.

High-speed highways "A" (autoroutes a peage) - for the most part paid, provide a link between Paris and major cities. Their total length is about 9,000 km. There is a rest area at every tenth kilometer of the highway; at every fortieth kilometer - a gas station, a car service and a cafe; there is a motel every hundred kilometers. The fare can be paid in cash or by credit card. On those sections of highways where the fare is small, you only need to lower the required amount in small change into a special machine. The machine does not give change. Some motorway sections may be free, such as the A26 and A75. City ring roads are usually free.

Entrance to the toll highway is free. Before leaving, automatic machines or booths of blue and white color with attendants are installed. They issue an entry ticket, by which you can determine the place of entry to the freeway. The ticket must be kept before leaving the motorway. Along the entire route there are signs indicating the distance to the nearest exit and payment terminal. When leaving, you must present the coupon to the employee or, if the employee is absent, insert it into the receiving device of the machine. The display will show the amount to be paid. It depends on the distance and type of vehicle: car, bus, truck, camper, motorcycle. Tariffs are given on information boards.

Speaking of toll roads, it is worth mentioning the A75 highway providing high-speed traffic from Paris through

Clermont - Ferrand to the city of Beziers. The last link of the route is the Millau viaduct (fr. le Viaduc de Millau) - a cable-stayed road bridge passing through the Tarn river valley near the city of Millau in southern France (Averon department). Prior to the construction of the bridge, traffic was carried out along the national route N9, passing near Millau, and led to large congestion at the end of the summer season. Many tourists coming from southern France and Spain choose this route as it is the most direct and mostly free. The bridge crosses the Tarn valley at its lowest point, linking the Larzac Plateau with the Red Plateau, and runs along the inner perimeter of the Great Plateau Nature Park. This is the highest transport bridge in the world, one of its pillars has a height of 341 m, its length is 2,460 m, and its width is 32 m. The bridge was solemnly opened on December 14, 2004, and for traffic on December 16, 2004.

Roads of type "N" (national road) and "D" (regional road) often duplicate motorways. Bis/Bison futee signs indicate that traffic is free on these roads, without traffic jams. Motorway exits to national and regional roads are numbered. Tourist routes, such as the Wine Road, are usually laid along regional roads and are marked with brown signs.

The famous "Wine Route" stretches over 150 kilometers along the eastern slopes of the Vosges Mountains in the province of Alsace, passing through many picturesque and peculiar small villages and towns in which wine producers live and cultivate vineyards. There are motels and guest rooms for rent along the entire road. Tasting rooms are organized along the road, where you can try and buy wine.

Bus service is well developed and connects all the largest cities in the country with each other and even with the smallest settlements. Bus stations are most often located next to SNCF stations. SNCF buses and buses from state and municipal transport companies operate on a stable schedule. The schedule of private bus companies may change. Bus travel is cheaper than rail travel, but takes longer.

Eurolines' bus lines connect Paris with other cities in France, Europe and Russia. Intercars also provides transportation by bus to European countries and Russia. The buses are quite comfortable, equipped with dry closets, air conditioning, comfortable reclining seats. However, one should take into account the considerable length of the country and bear in mind that a bus journey, for example, from Paris to Toulon (700 km) takes about 12 hours and can be quite exhausting.

1.4 Water transport

About half of France's borders are maritime, and the country also has a large number of navigable rivers and canals within the country. Despite these factors, water transport occupies the smallest percentage of passenger turnover among the main modes of transport. For a more convenient analysis, it is worth dividing water transport into sea and river.

After maritime passenger traffic between Greece and the islands Aegean Sea, communication between France and British Isles occupies the second position of leadership in terms of passenger traffic in Europe. First of all, we can highlight the route Dover - Calais. Links between France and the UK have dominated since 1998, with over a hundred transfers a day between the two sides. In 1998, more than 30 million British archipelago passengers used French ports to reach mainland Europe. In total, the ports of the coastline of the northern English Channel receive 80% of ships. The main passenger traffic falls on the port of Calais. Largest percentage of arrivals from UK, Ireland - negligible passenger flow.

Brittany ferries provides regular transportation from English cities to the cities of Britain and Normandy. There are such routes as: from Portsmouth to Caen, St. Malo and Cherbourg, Poole - Cherbourg, Plymouth - Roshoff (from mid-March to mid-November), as well as a route connecting Irish Cork with Roscoff. The company organizes day voyages on vessels with seating and night voyages on ships with sleeping cabins, since the average duration of a voyage is about 8 hours.

More carriers operate on the route Dover - Calais or Dover - Boulogne, since in this place the Pas de Calais has the smallest width - 32 m. The French company Sea France operates 15 flights a day from Dover to Calais, the duration of which is about 90 min. The company's ships are equipped with a deck for transporting cars. Speed ​​Ferries offers passenger transportation from Dover to Boulogne on a state of the art high speed catamaran. There are five flights a day; the trip takes 45-50 minutes.

There is also a connection with the Channel Islands, which belong to the UK. Hugo Express provides services between the island of Jersey and the Norman port of Granville and between Guernsey and the port of Carter. Flights are operated from April to September. The schedule depends on the low tides, and sometimes the departure can be 1 time in five days. Transportation is carried out on high-speed catamarans.

There are routes connecting Brittany and Ireland. Irish carrier Irish Ferries offers two routes. The first is from Rosslare to Cherbourg, it takes 18.5 hours. The second is from Rosslare to Roscoff, which is shorter and takes 16 hours. Vessels are equipped with seats and cabins for carrying passengers, compartments for cars and bicycles. Flights to these destinations are made 3 times a week.

About 6 million passengers pass through the ports of the Mediterranean. The message between Corsica and the continent is about 4 million passengers a year, and this puts this direction in second place in terms of passenger traffic. More details about the carriers operating flights in this direction will be discussed in the practical part of this work.

About a third of the passengers in Mediterranean ports come from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. The Tunisian Compagnie Tunisienne de Navigation links the city of Tunis and Marseille. There are 3 flights a week, the duration of each one way is 24 hours. The same company produces a message between Algiers and Marseille. From the Moroccan port of Tangier there are ferries to the French port of Sète. Transportation is carried out by carriers Comanav and Comarit. The passenger traffic in the Mediterranean area is constantly growing, which causes the government to take the initiative to improve the port and increase the number of passenger ships.

France ranks first in Western Europe in terms of the length of inland waterways, of which over 8.5 thousand km are considered suitable for navigation, including more than 4.6 thousand km are canals connecting all the most important rivers.

The main navigable rivers are the Seine, Loire, Oise, Rhine, Garonne. Traveling along these rivers, you can go to Atlantic Ocean or the Mediterranean Sea, as well as cruising through the channels, to reach large European rivers. They are best suited for inland river cruises on multi-deck ships. Navigation on them is carried out throughout the year, with the exception of the period of strong spring floods.

Table 1.1. the main characteristics of navigable rivers in France are given.

Major navigable rivers in France

This table shows the length and basin of the largest rivers in France. It can also be concluded that along the main waterways of the country, you can get to the main cities of the country, most of which are cultural and tourist centers of the regions of France. Also, using river boats, you can reach neighboring countries, namely Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria and Spain, as well as using the canal connecting the Seine with the Scheldt, to Belgium. From this it can be concluded that an extensive network of waterways and connections with neighboring countries have a beneficial effect on tourism, which involves water transport.

There are also a number of small rivers suitable for pleasure boats, namely Tartan, Garrona, Lot and Dordogne. Traveling through them, a tourist can relax and get to know the life of the French province well. In cities located on these rivers, you can rent a pleasure boat. A boat for 4-12 people can be rented by any adult, having passed a training lesson in management before that; Vessels of larger capacity can only be rented with a crew. On small rivers there is a speed limit of 10 km/h.

The canal system in France is essential for river navigation. Thanks to them, you can get from one corner of the country to another, transport goods, and also make an exciting journey. The most important shipping channels: Marne-Rhine, Rhone-Rhine, Southern Canal, Valenciennes - Dunkirk and others. Most of the waterways are located in the northern and northeastern regions. A large number of engineering structures have been built on them.

The most interesting, from a tourist point of view, is the Briare Canal (fr. Canal de Briare). It is one of the oldest canals in France, the prototype of modern canals; connects the Loire and Seine rivers. Length 56 km, depth 1.8 m. Built in 1604-1642. The canal was conceived to develop grain trade and alleviate food shortages. Construction began in 1604 and ended in 1642. In 1890-1896, an aqueduct across the Loire River was built on the canal, the longest in Europe: 11.5 meters wide and 662 meters long.

2. Methods of delivering tourists to the tourist centers of France

The practical part of the work is devoted to the consideration of various methods of delivering tourists to the tourist centers of France, namely to the capital of the republic - Paris and to the island of Corsica. After analyzing the methods of delivery to these tourist centers, the methods of transportation within the cities will be considered, as well as the availability of vehicles directly aimed at tourists.

2.1 Ways to deliver tourists to Paris

Paris is the capital of France, the most important economic and cultural center of the country, located in the northern part of central France, in the Ile-de-France region on the banks of the Seine River (see Appendix 2). Every year Paris attracts about 30 million tourists from all over the world. This is facilitated by a large number of museums and architectural monuments in the city, the sophistication of French cuisine and winemaking, cultural events, great shopping opportunities, and most importantly the romantic atmosphere of the city.

In the USSR they said: "See Paris and die"; the state collapsed, the iron curtain collapsed, but the phrase remained in the hearts of the people. Every year the flow of Russian tourists to Paris is increasing. This is facilitated by the availability of accommodation facilities, a large number of cultural and historical sites and developed transport links between Russia and France.

The fastest and convenient way get to Paris - air transport. Direct regular flights to Paris there are from Moscow, St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg. Aeroflot and Air France fly from Moscow to Paris eight times a day; all eight of their flights are joint, and tickets cost the same, regardless of the company. Air France and the State Customs Committee of Russia fly daily from St. Petersburg to Paris, and Ural Airlines fly from Yekaterinburg. If there are no special offers, then transportation tariffs start from 13.5 thousand.

If there are no seats in the Paris direction, you can use Aeroflot flights to Brussels, 2 hours to Paris by high-speed Thalys. Sometimes it is beneficial to use the services of other companies: for example, Lufthansa via Frankfurt or Munich, LOT via Warsaw, SAS via Copenhagen.

Paris has two international airports: Roissy - Charles de Gaulle (CDG) and Orly. Most airlines use Roissy Airport, which has two terminals. Aircraft of foreign airlines arrive at the CDG1 terminal, and Air France aircraft are serviced exclusively in CDG2. All flights from Moscow also stay in CDG2. Thanks to the signs, navigating the airport is quite easy, even without knowing French.

The fastest and cheapest way to get from Roissy to Paris is the RER line "B". From the CDG2 terminal you can go down the escalator to the RER station, from CDG1 you can take the free Navette bus. Travel time to one of the transfers to the metro Gard du Nord, Chatlet - Les Halles, St.-Michel or Denfert - Rochereau will take 30-45 minutes. RER operates from 4:56 am to 11:56 pm. Trains depart approximately every 10-15 minutes.

The second way to communicate with the city is by bus. It is especially convenient if the route passes through the place in Paris where you need to get. Air France buses leave from both terminals. In 35-60 minutes and 13 euros you can drive to Arc de Triomphe and Porte Maillot (every 15 minutes from 5.45 to 23.00) or for 14 euros - to the Gare de Lyon and Gare Montparnasse (every half an hour from 7.00 to 21.00). Buses Roissybus in 45 minutes (from 5.45 to 23.00) and for 8.50 euros go to the Opéra Garnier, next to which are the RER Auber station and the Opera metro. The inconvenience of buses is traffic jams on the way, but they only happen during rush hour.

There is a third option to get to the desired point - a taxi. At the exits in the parking lot, sometimes you need to stand in line, which, however, quickly resolves. A trip to the city center will cost from 30 to 50 euros plus 1 euro for each suitcase or bag. The journey, depending on traffic, takes about 50 minutes.

Orly Airport is used mainly for domestic flights, a number of minor international operators are also assigned here. Between two terminals located close to each other - western (Orly Ouest) and southern (Orly Sud) - there is a free bus.

There is no RER station right at the airport, so you have to get to one of the nearest stations with a transfer. The bus leaves for the RER Pont de Rungis station (line C2) - the ticket costs 5.75 euros and is valid for onward travel on the RER and metro. With all transfers, the trip will take about 50 minutes.

A little faster (35 minutes) you can get to the city center if you use the Orlyval. Val stands for Vehicule automatique leger (light automatic train). Orlyval trains are operated automatically, without a driver. Each train consists of two carriages moving on rubber tires. Trains link Orly with Antony station on the RER line B, which runs through Paris to Roissy airport. A ticket to Paris costs 9.10 euros. Orlyval leaves every 4-7 minutes, from 6.00 to 23.00.

You can not use the RER and get to the city by bus, but in this case, the duration of the trip is highly dependent on the presence of traffic jams (from 30 to 50 minutes). Air France buses for 9 euros will take you to Gare Montparnasse and Les Invalides. Orlybus buses go to Place Danfe - Rochereau, where you can transfer to the metro or RER.

The journey from Orly to the center of Paris by taxi will take from 20 to 40 minutes and will cost 20-30 euros plus 1 euro for each piece of bulky luggage.

Paris is a major transport hub of the country. Historically, the main roads of the country converged in radii in the capital. Roads of all possible directions go to Paris: A1 from Lille, A4 from Reims, A5 from Dijon, A6 from Lyon, A77 from Nevers, A10 from Orleans, A13 from Rouen and A16 from Amiens. A ring highway has been built directly around the city, with 2 to 4 lanes in each direction.

Regular buses of InterCars and Eurolines companies are the cheapest transport to get to Paris from Moscow or St. Petersburg, as well as from other European cities. The main bus station of Paris is located in the suburb of Bagnolet, where all international buses arrive. You can get from there by subway Gallieni.

InterCars offers 2 flights a week, on Tuesday and Friday, on the route Moscow - Minsk - Germany - Belgium - Paris. And one flight a week, on Thursdays, on the route St. Petersburg-Germany-Belgium-Paris. Prices for a round-trip ticket for a flight from Moscow are 230 euros, for a flight from St. Petersburg - 270 euros.

Eurolines operates flights from St. Petersburg and Moscow 2 times a week, on Tuesdays and Thursdays, on the route St. Petersburg - Germany - France. and Moscow - Germany - France. Transportation prices - 250 euros from Moscow and 285 euros from St. Petersburg.

The railway lines of the Paris stations connect the capital with all regions of France and neighboring countries. Communication between the stations is well established with the help of public transport.

At the central stations of large cities, a special edition of La Guide du Voyageur is distributed, which describes in detail all the opportunities that SNCF provides to a tourist traveling around France by train. There is also a free train schedule available at the stations.

At the Paris stations there are separate ticket offices for buying tickets: international flights, long-distance trains and suburban destinations. There are ticket machines at every railway station. The machine accepts credit cards, from the amount of 2 euros, as well as coins and banknotes. The machines have an interface in several foreign languages, which simplifies the purchase procedure. A ticket bought through a machine will cost a little more.

The names of the city's stations and their railway directions are given in Table 2.1.

Stations of Paris and their railway directions.

This table shows that there are six railway stations in Paris. Each of the stations accepts trains of a certain direction, and only the Saint-Lazare station does not accept TGV trains; Paris can be reached not only from the regions of France, but also from European countries.

One of the ways to get from Moscow to the French capital is a direct carriage from Moscow to Paris. The train runs to winter period twice a week, three times in the summer. The carriage departs from Moscow on Thursdays and Saturdays, arriving and departing again from Paris on Mondays and Saturdays. He comes to Moscow on Mondays and Wednesdays. A non-transfer car on the Moscow-Paris route departs from Moscow as part of train No. 13/14 Moscow-Berlin. In Berlin, the car is transferred to the night train No. 450/451 Berlin - Paris-East of the German railways. Since the schedule of the carriage provides for a daily stopover of the carriage in Berlin in the direction of Paris, which takes about 12 hours, and in reverse direction- about 7 hours, the passenger has the opportunity to get acquainted with the sights of Berlin. Travel time from Moscow - 51 hours from Paris - 48 hours.

RATP (Regie Autonome des Transports Parisiens) is a public transport company in the Île-de-France region founded in 1949. It includes 16 metro lines, bus service, tram lines, part of the RER, as well as the Montmartre funicular. The company is engaged in passenger transportation, as well as developing a fare payment system. A single type of ticket that is used for travel by bus, metro, tram, funicular and RER within Paris.

RER (full official name - Reseau Express Regional d "Ile-de-France," Express Network of the Ile-de-France Region ") - a system of high-speed public transport serving Paris and the suburbs. It is an association of suburban land railway lines, partly earlier existing, partly newly built and reconstructed, emerged in the 1960s-1990s.In ideology, the system is close to the S-Bahn in the German countries. An important feature is the active use of deep underground lines within the city and the popularity of intracity routes, which brings the RER closer to the metro. In addition, the RER and the Paris Metro are integrated through a transfer and payment system.

In total, there are 257 stations in the RER, including 33 within the borders of Paris. The length of the lines is 587 km, of which 76.5 km are underground. The system is used by 657 million passengers a year. Part of the lines is subordinate to the RATP transport company, and part to the SNCF railway. The fare for both types of lines is the same. Depending on the distance of the trip, there are 6 payment zones. Within the boundaries of Paris, RER has several transfers to the Parisian metro, within the city, the same tickets are valid for traveling on it as for the metro and surface transport, but when crossing city borders, you need to buy a separate ticket. Parisian RER stations are located much less frequently than in the metro, they usually have a greater depth, and the lines are much less curved (according to these parameters, the RER is closer, for example, to the Moscow Metro). Many journeys within the city using the RER take noticeably less time than the subway.

RER has five lines. All use forklift, in which one line has a branch, and part of the trains is sent along one branch, and part along the other.

The line is oriented in the latitudinal direction. It passes in the city through the Defense quarter, Place de la Star, Gare de Lyon. To the east, two branches - to Boissy-Saint-Leger and Chessy (where Disneyland Paris is located), they pass through Vincennes and

Fontenay-sous-Bois.

The line runs from southwest to northeast, in the city passes through the area of ​​boulevard Saint-Michel and Notre-Dame, Gare du Nord, there are transfers on lines A and D (Chatelet-les-Ales) and C (Saint-Michel-Notre - Dam). In the northeast direction, passing through Saint-Denis (Stade de France station), Le Bourget and Drancy, the line forks - one branch to Charles de Gaulle airport, and the other to Mitry. The southern direction serves the suburbs of Arceuil, the university campus, Fontenay-aux-Rose and Saint-Remy-le-Chevreuse. "Antony" station is connected by Orlyval automatic metro to Orly Airport.

The line running from north to south has many branches and two internal circuits. In the north it serves the suburbs of Clichy-la-Garenne and Neuilly-sur-Seine, terminating in Pontoise. Within the boundaries of the city, it runs along the Seine in a characteristic arc, passes through the Champ de Mars, has stations at Les Invalides and the Musée d'Orsay, as well as at the Austerlitz station. Its southern branches and rings serve Issy, Versailles, Ivry-sur-Seine, Orly airport, Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois, Etampes.

The line also runs from north to south and has two branches in the southern section. The terminal stations in the south are Melun and Malserbes, in the north - the city of Orly (via Saint-Denis). In the city, line D has stops at the Gare du Nord and Gare de Lyon, as well as a transition to lines A and B at Châtelet-les-Hales.

The line goes from the northern part of Paris (Gare Saint-Lazare) outside the city to the southeast (Tournans), one of the branches (to Gagny) in an easterly direction. Further development of the line is planned.

Paris Metro (Paris Metro) (fr. Metro de Paris, short for original name"metropolitan railway" fr. chemin de fer metropolitain) - the system of high-speed underground public transport in Paris. The entrance to the metro is marked with a capital letter "M". The metro network covers all of Paris and its immediate suburbs. Metro in Paris low level.

The Paris Metro is one of the oldest metros on the continent (second only to Budapest). The first subway lines were laid strictly under the carriageway of the streets; deviation from the axis of the streets threatened to fall into the basements and cellars of houses. Some stations have a curved platform due to the insufficient width of the streets. For the same reason, the side platforms at some stations are not exactly opposite each other.

The Paris metro has 14 numbered "large" lines, plus 2 short ones (3-bis and 7-bis) - former branches of the 3rd and 7th lines. The length of the tracks is 214 km, 300 stations, of which 62 are interchange stations. Since interchange stations belong to more than one line, then total number stops on all metro lines is 384. Almost all lines are underground, there are only 21 elevated stations, most of them on line 6. The average distance between stations is 562 m. average speed trains is 35 km/h. The length of the rolling stock is from three to six wagons. Lines 1, 4, 6, 11, 14 use trains on tires. Track width - standard - 1435 mm. Line 14 is the most modern, with automatic control of the movement of trains.

The Paris tram is the tram system of the city of Paris and its environs. A modern tram system has been operating since 1992 in the suburbs and since December 16, 2006 in the center of Paris. The Paris tram system consists of four unconnected lines. The track gauge on all lines is 1435 mm. The Parisian tram is operated by the Parisian transport organization RATP, with the exception of the T4 line which is operated by the National Society of French Railways SNCF.

Line T1 is the oldest modern tram line. It connects the Parisian suburbs of Saint-Denis and Noisy-le-Sec. T1 runs along the northern city limits of Paris. The T1 line was opened on July 6, 1992, in 2003 it was extended to its current terminus, Noisy-le-Sec. As of 2006, this line has 26 stops. The length of the line -- 11 km .

Line T2 of the Paris tram was opened in 1997. It connects the Parisian suburbs of Defense and Issy-les-Moulineaux. The route of the T2 line runs mostly along the former railway line ligne des Moulineaux. This railway was opened in 1889 and was used for train traffic until May 21, 1993. The length of the T2 line is 11.3 km, the number of stops is 13. In the future, it is planned to extend this line.

Line T3 is the first line of the new Parisian tram, which runs not in the suburbs, but in the city of Paris. Thus, with the opening of this line, the tram returned to Paris after a break of nearly seventy years. Line T3 was opened on December 16, 2006. This line runs along the southern part of the Parisian ring of boulevards, between the Pont Garigliano and Porte d'Ivry districts. Line T3 has a length of 7.9 km and has 17 stops.

Line T4 is the first tram line in France built according to the tram-train concept. This means that the tram uses railroad tracks, on which the movement of conventional trains is preserved. Line T4 connects Bondy and Onet-sous-Bois. Its length is 7.9 km. It has 11 stops.

In Paris, there is one line of the city funicular, which lifts passengers to the Montmartre hill. For the most part, it is used by tourists who go up to view the Sacré Coeur Cathedral.

Paris is covered by an extensive network of bus routes. Traveling by bus is quite convenient, as separate lanes are allocated for them on the roadways, and buses run 24 hours. At bus stops, there are separate schemes and timetables for ordinary buses, separate buses running in the evenings and separately buses running on Sundays and holidays. All stops are made upon request. There is a satellite navigation system on the main routes: there are boards at the stops that indicate the estimated waiting time for the next bus, and on the buses themselves, a running line informs about the next stop and the time of passage along the route. A special small electric bus Montmartrobus runs in Montmartre. It was created especially for the route from the Place Pigalle to the top of the Montmartre hill along the narrow streets of the hill.

Paris has a large taxi fleet. Landing in the car is carried out at taxi ranks. Parking lots are located on crowded streets, near railway stations and airports. The parking sign is a blue board with "Taxis" written in white letters. When the taxi is busy, the lamp on the roof is amber. If the travel time is known in advance, it is better to order a taxi by phone. It is enough to call in 10 minutes, and the operator will contact the nearest driver by radio. If the number of passengers is more than three people - Parisian taxi drivers, as a rule, do not allow passengers to ride in the front seat - you need to order a minivan right away. If the payment will be made by credit card, it is better to warn the operator about this in advance.

From mid-April to mid-September, Parisian attractions can be viewed from the window of the Balabus tourist bus. On weekends and holidays it runs from 12.30 to 20.00 from the Grand Arch of Defense to the Gare de Lyon. To travel, you need to present a travel card or validate ordinary tickets, in the amount of three pieces for the entire route. Every day, L "Open Tour buses, with an open terrace on the second floor, run along three routes between the main attractions of the city. During the trip, you can listen to the recording in different languages, including Russian. A ticket for one day costs 25 euros. then an alternative to these tours can be trips on regular buses No. 21, No. 83 and No. 96 - their routes pass by the main attractions of Paris.

On sunny days, a pleasant leisurely way to get around Paris is the Batobus river bus. They run every half an hour from 10.30 to 16.30 in winter, until 19.00 in spring and autumn, until 21.00 in summer. Its itinerary: Bourdone pier (Eiffel Tower and Trocadero), Solferino embankment (Musee d'Orsay), Malacca embankment (Saint-Germain-des-Pres), Monte Bello embankment (Notre Dame), Bernard embankment (Botanical Garden), embankment Hotel de Ville (Town Hall - Center Pompidou), embankment of the Louvre (Louvre), Champs Elysees pier (Alexander III bridge, Grand and Small palaces). A ticket for the entire route, for the whole day costs 12 euros, for 2 days in a row - 14 euros, for 5 days in a row - 17 euros, for a year - 55 euros. Discounts are provided for children under 16, students and travel card holders.

2.2 Ways to deliver tourists to Corsica

Corsica, an island in the northern part of the Mediterranean Sea, forms the department of the same name in France (see Appendix 2). The area is 8.7 thousand km 2. Corsica. It has the shape of an oval, elongated from north to south. Length 183 km, width up to 85 km. The western coast is rocky, steep, indented by numerous bays (Ajaccio, Porto, etc.) and bays. The eastern shore is flat, low, and slightly dissected. Most of the island is occupied by a meridional ridge, the height of which reaches 2710 m (Mon Sento), intensively and deeply dissected by river valleys.

Mild climate , sandy beaches, an abundance of greenery, and grandeur make the island attractive for tourists to visit. The island is conditionally divided into two parts: Upper (Bastia) and Southern (Ajaccio). The capital of the island of Ajaccio is the birthplace of the great emperor and famous statesman Napoleon; old villages in the mountains will acquaint tourists with the original history of the island, with the distant past.

There are four airports in Corsica: Campo del Oro, 8 km east of Ajaccio, Poretta, 24 km from the city of Bastia, Figari Airport, 21 km from the city of Bonifacio and Calvi Sant'Catarin, 7 km from Calvi. It accepts planes from major cities in France and abroad.

Throughout the year, Air France operates flights from Paris and Lyon to all airports with the exception of Figari. From May to October, from the French cities of Bordeaux, Lille, Nantes, Mulhouse and Strasbourg, as well as from London, Air France operates flights to Bastia and Ajaccio.

Corse Medeterranee (CCM Airlines) is a regional carrier with its home port of Ajaccio - Campo del Oro. The company was founded in 1989. It operates regular flights from Bastia and Ajaccio to Marseille, Lyon, Nice, as well as international regular flights to Swiss Geneva and Moroccan Tetouan.

On April 30, 2005, for the first time, a Russian aircraft landed in Corsica with a representative delegation on board. It brought journalists from leading Russian travel publications, as well as a group of Russian travel agencies. The meeting at the Ajaccio airport became the number one event in Corsica and was filmed by Corsican television. Our delegation was met by representatives of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Corsica, Ajaccio Airport, and employees of travel companies. Since then, in the summer, there is a charter service to the island. Jet Travel Airlines operates three flights per month. Flights are operated from Domodedovo Airport to Ajaccio. Travel time is 3 hours 50 minutes. Airfare is €550 in Economy Class and €950 in Business Class.

There are ferries to Corsica from Nice, Marseille and Toulon. Day trips are only available from Nice and take 4 hours. Communication between Corsica and Marseille and Toulon is carried out at night, as the travel time is 6 - 7 hours. You can get to Corsica even faster in 2.5 - 3 hours if you use high-speed NGV catamarans, which are owned by Corsica Ferries and SNCM.

From April to October, Corsica Ferries operates flights connecting Corsica with the Italian ports of Genoa, Livorno and Savona, as well as with the city of Porto Torres in neighboring Sardinia. Prices for transportation from Italy are lower than from France, since transportation is carried out over a shorter distance. The journey from Livorno to Bastia takes 2 hours; Fares start at €16 one way for an adult passenger and €32 for one way transport of a car.

Bus service on the island is slow, irregular and quite expensive, although it is operated by several independent companies. Long distance routes are operated by Eurocorse, usually 1, 2 at most 4 flights per day. There are very few flights on Sundays and holidays, except for the tourist season from July to August.

Corsica has a system of single-track railways with a non-standard meter gauge. She is about a hundred years behind the modern French high-speed lines of electric trains such as TGV, but for all this, train travel is exciting and comfortable. Small trains, 2-4 pastures, make their way through the mountains with a piercing hum, stopping at tiny rural stations to let a herd of sheep, goats or cows through. Special snow plows keep the possibility of winter use of the road even high in the mountains.

Two lines with a total length of 232 km intersect at the interchange station Ponte Leccia. From September to July, the line Ajaccio - Corte - Bastia is served by four trains a day, and on Sundays and public holidays - two trains. Year-round, coordinated with the trains of the Ajaccio - Corte - Bastia line, they connect Bastia with Ponte Leccia,

Les Iles Rousses and Calvi. There is a timetable at every railway station. There are discounts for children under 12 years of age. For them, the ticket will cost 50% of the cost. Children under four years of age are allowed to travel free of charge. Separately, you need to pay for the transportation of bicycles, and they are charged regardless of the distance. Trains are equipped with special chambers for their transportation.

There are two types of roads in Corsica: "N" - national road, "D" - regional road. N193 and N198 are the longest roads on the island. N193 connects the two largest cities in the country - Ajaccio and Bastia. The route passes through the mountains from the southwest to the northeast. N198 starts in Banifacio, then runs along the entire eastern coastline, and in the area of ​​Poretta airport it connects with N193. Traveling by car is the best way to travel around Corsica, which makes it possible not to depend on rare public transport flights, to get to know the traditions and life of the local population better, and to enjoy the beauty of the island's nature.

Conclusion

In this course work, detailed description the current state and degree of development of transport in France. In the course of the study, various modes of transport operating in the country were analyzed, transport links between France and other states, including Russia, were studied.

France has a fairly extensive network of road, rail, air and sea routes. The popularity and demand for different types of transport for passenger traffic in France is determined by the following factors: the country's geographical location in the center of Europe, the country's economic development, the standard of living of people, free movement within the Schengen area, and a number of other factors. The movement of tourists in France is carried out by all modes of transport, but the bulk of passenger traffic is realized through rail and road transport. In the country, there are several types to get to any point. The railways of France will quickly deliver the tourist to the right place. Travel on ships provides unique opportunity to see all the beauty of the castles and vineyards of the river coast, so tourists are happy to send cruises to the Loire. During a trip to France by car, you can visit small towns, villages, which will increase knowledge about the life and economy of the French. And, of course, all modes of transport connect France with its near and far neighbors, which allows for combined tours.

After analyzing the information obtained during the study, we can conclude that France has a powerful and well-established transport infrastructure, which favorably affects the flow of tourists arriving in the country every year in increasing numbers.

Bibliographic list

1. "Paris", ed. Beglyarova D.V., guidebook of the Afisha series, Novosti Printing House OJSC, 2007.

2. "France", ed. Kusogo I.A., guidebook of the series "The World Around Us", publishing house "Simon-press", 2004.

3. Kirimov Roman, Kolomeiskaya Irina. "France" // magazine "Business tourism. Business travel", 2004 No. 4, pp. 13-14.

4. Laurent Chapelon, Transport et Energique, Montpallyer, recluse CNRS GDR Libergeo, 2000

5. Nicola Willians & group, France, London, Lonely Planet, 2007

6. http://avia77.ru/aero-company/air-france/

7. http://corsica.ru/charter.php

8. http://en.wikipedia.org

9. http://pass.rzd.ru/wps/portal/

10. http//ru.wikipedia.org

11. http://www.sander.ru/articles/172.html

12. http://www.vinoline.com/modules.php

13. http://wb-air.narod.ru/6francem.htm

14. http://www.Eurolines.ru

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Transport

At the moment, the most important mode of transport in France is road, which is increasingly replacing the rail.

The length of the railway in France is 35 thousand kilometers, and the length of motor roads of national importance is over 90 thousand kilometers.

The main transport center of the country, of course, is Paris. 11 main railway lines and over 1.5 dozen important highways converge to the capital from all over the country. Railways in France find it difficult to compete with road transport. The length of the main railway lines in the country has decreased by 38,000 km, and the total length of the dense network of highways has already exceeded 350,000 km.

The air gates of Paris - 2 airports annually receive and send about 4.5 million passengers and a huge amount of cargo.

France is a maritime country. The largest port of its northern coast, Le Havre, located at the wide mouth of the Seine River, and on south coast Marseille is the most important port.

Le Havre is the first French port in terms of passenger traffic and Marseille - in terms of cargo transportation. Cotton and wool, coffee and rice, rubber, mahogany, spices and other goods are imported to France on ships.

Administrative and state structure

France is divided into 95 departments, including a special territorial administrative unit - Corsica, and 22 regions (communes). There is also a division into 37 historical provinces. In addition to the metropolis, France includes 4 overseas departments:

Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Reunion; 4 Overseas Territories: New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna, and French South Antarctic Territories; the capital Paris is also an independent unit.

France is a bourgeois republic. The country has a constitution of the 5th Republic of September 28, 1958. The political regime of the 5th Republic is characterized by a concentration political power in the hands of the head of state and the strengthening of executive power by limiting the rights of parliament. The head of state is the president, elected by an absolute majority of votes by universal direct suffrage for a term of 7 years. The president appoints the prime minister and ministers without the approval of parliament.

The executive power is exercised by the president and the council of ministers (government), the prime minister is appointed by the president, and the legislative power is appointed by the parliament, which consists of two chambers: the National Assembly and the Senate.

In the departments, the central authority is represented by a prefect appointed by the president. In communes, the local authority is a municipality elected for 6 years, which is headed by a mayor.

The monetary unit adopted throughout the country is the French franc.