Elimination of morphological and stylistic errors in the use of numerals. Errors in the use of nouns

7.10 MISUSE OF NUMBER

INTRODUCTION

Words that represent numbers are called numerals. The numeral name can name an abstract number, the number and order of objects when counting. Therefore, by value, numerals are divided into quantitative and ordinal. Among the quantitative ones, numerals stand out, naming integers and fractional numbers, as well as collective numerals. By composition, numerals are simple, complex and compound.

When using numerals, the main difficulties are associated with the declension of complex and compound cardinal numbers. Knowledge of these rules is tested in task type 6. In task 7, there will be tasks related to the ability to combine certain numbers with nouns.

MAIN TYPES OF RULES AND ERRORS

7.10.1 Errors in the use of collective numbers

Collective numerals two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten are combined only

1)with nouns male And generic naming MALE persons: four schoolchildren, two teachers, three friends, two orphans;

2) with names of baby animals: five kittens, two puppies, three cubs;

3) with nouns children, guys, people, faces

4) with nouns having the form only plural or denoting paired objects: three scissors, two socks, five nights, two trousers;

5) with personal pronouns: There were seven of us, them, you.

6) with substantiated words, that is, those that can be used as nouns: arrived, latecomers, sick and many others. For example, three latecomers entered the auditorium, four patients were waiting in the waiting room

If the type of the word with which the numeral is used is not specified in the rule, it is impossible to build a phrase with it.

1. Seven girls and five boys left the school.

2. Three copies were donated to the museum.

3. For two days and nights we were preparing for the exam.

1. Seven girls left the school (feminine, not collective) and five boys.

2. Three copies (not a male person, not allowed) were donated to the museum.

3. Two days (not a male person) and two nights (feminine gender We were preparing for the exam.

7.10.2 Errors in the use of the numeral BOTH / BOTH

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

1. Linden trees grew on both sides of the road.

2. Both guys were concerned about something.

Here is the corrected version.

1. Linden trees grew on both sides of the road. (feminine gender!)

2. Both were preoccupied with something (the word BOTH has no plural)

7.10.3 Errors in the use of simple numbers ending in two, three, four

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

1. Twenty-two/two/two negotiations took place.

2. He spent twenty-three/three days in the hospital.

3. Three swings were installed in the yard.

4. Twenty-four sleighs participated in the expedition

Here is the corrected version.

1. Participated in twenty-two negotiations (you won’t be able to do “twenty-two” negotiations, there is no such collective numeral.)

2. He was in the hospital for twenty-three days. (only with replacement for during/during)

3. Three swings were installed in the yard (the word "swing" does not have the form of a single number, so we use the collect. numerals.)

4. Crews of twenty-four sledges participated in the expedition (we change the case, it’s impossible in another way)

Combinations like "33 scissors", "22 pliers", "24 days" can neither be read correctly nor written down.

7.10.4 Errors in the management of the date

In combinations of ordinal numbers with nouns that denote dates,

the numeral controls the noun, which means that when the numeral is declined, the noun must remain in the same form.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Let's highlight the wrong endings.

1. Congratulations on the 8th of March

2. Prepare a presentation for the first of April

3. Remember the Ninth of May

Here is the corrected version.

1. Congratulations on the 8th of March

2. Prepare a presentation for the first of April

3. Remember the Ninth of May

7.10.5 Errors when using fractional numbers one and a half (one and a half) and one and a half hundred

One and a half hundred is 150, one and a half is one and a half.

These fractional numbers are easily combined with nouns in the nominative and accusative cases, for example one and a half meters, one and a half apples, one and a half weeks, one and a half hundred rubles. Difficulties arise when changing by cases. What should you pay attention to?

1. On the form of the numeral.

2. On the form of a noun.

Please note that these cases are often used in task 6.

These numerals have only two forms when changing by cases.

in the nominative and accusative use the word one and a half for male and cf. kind: a day and a half, a glass and a half; 1.5 for women: one and a half weeks, one and a half seconds; The noun is put in the singular.

In all other cases - ONE AND A HALF, the noun is put in the plural:no more than one and a half liters, within one and a half minutes, one and a half kilometers

The word one and a half hundred in all cases, except for the nominative and accusative, has the form one and a half hundred, regardless of gender; The noun is always in the plural.

For example: about 150 people, 150 kilometers from the regional center

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

1. We spent no more than one and a half thousand rubles on the purchase.

3. About one and a half asta residents took part in the rally.

4. We were one and a half hundred kilometers away.

Here is the corrected version

1. Spent no more than one and a half on the purchase (genus case) thousand (plural) rubles.

3. About a hundred and fifty took part in the rally (genus case) residents (plural).

4. We were in a hundred and fifty (genus case) kilometersAH (plural).

The use of numerals in speech causes considerable difficulties. There are errors in their declension: These persons are allowed to work part-time, as long as the total amount does not exceed three hundred rubles (it is necessary: three hundred). There are more than one and a half hundred amateur brass bands in our republic (follows: one and a half hundred). At four hundred and sixty polling stations, everything is prepared for a meeting with voters (correctly: at four hundred and sixty); mixture of masculine and female numeral "both-both": Double-edged sticks, he was beaten with both (instead of both, meaning the ends). When deriving the equation, we assumed that in both frames of reference the size of the light clock is the same (it follows: in both).

Sometimes, by mistake, collective numerals are combined with feminine nouns: Four young female workers were assigned another professional rank (four female workers).

Not isolated errors in case form noun in phrases denoting dates in which the numeral must always govern the genitive of the second word: The administration promises to eliminate wage arrears by December 15 (instead of: December); By the first of May will be produced lump sum payments veterans (instead of: May); the letter is dated December 23, 1943 (followed by December 23, 1943).

Countable nouns are involved in the system of numerals, but their use in speech is not always stylistically motivated, since they often introduce an undesirable colloquial coloring into the text: Currently, a pair of tong taps (two ... taps) are operating in the span of heating devices. The diploma was presented to Anna Fedorovna Golubeva, who will soon turn eighty (who will soon celebrate her 80th birthday).

When literary editing a manuscript, the editor must carefully check the correctness of the numerical designations and in necessary cases justify their preference for the verbal name of the number, control the author's use of decimal and simple fractions, while avoiding confusion.

When denoting mixed numbers (whole number and fraction), the noun is controlled not by the whole number, but by the fraction. This rule is violated in such proposals, for example: The number of unemployed in Germany has reached 2,131,828 people, which means that the unemployment rate has increased from 8.4 to 8.6 percent over the month (follows: percent); The head of the Department of Food Resources of Moscow... explained that only 19.2 thousand tons of powdered milk were imported (follows: thousands).

There are frequent mistakes in choosing the case form of a numeral in a phrase with an animate noun, which require stylistic correction:

1. Twenty-two wounded were delivered to the hospital by helicopters. - ... delivered twenty-two wounded.

2. The battalion commander could not talk about it calmly: how many comrades he lost in battle! - ... how many comrades he lost in battle!

3. For the whole day we caught only two crayfish and three tench. - ...caught two crayfish and three lines.

Here are some more examples of stylistic editing speech errors caused by incorrect formation of collective numbers (from two-digit and three-digit numbers), as well as violation of the norms of coordination in quantitative-nominal combination:

1. Worked without rest for 23 days. - Worked without rest for 23 days (23 days).

2. For labor lessons, you need to buy 34 scissors.

3. There are 24 mittens in a bag. - There are 24 pairs (two dozen) of mittens in a bag.

4. 22 sledges slowly moving along stretched out in a long line. - A long line of 22 sledges moved slowly.

5. The Papaninites spent 274 days on a drifting ice floe. - Papanin's people spent 9 months on a drifting ice floe.

6. The garage was built one and a half meters from the house. - ... a hundred and fifty meters from the house.

7. I had to wait up to one and a half hours. - ...up to an hour and a half.

Because in writing numerals are often transmitted in numbers, one should especially carefully “voice out” texts of this kind. This should be remembered by radio and television announcers, as well as editors preparing materials with numerals for broadcast.

Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language - M., 1997

Task 25. Speech. Language tools expressiveness. TRAILS 1. Metaphor– use of the word in figurative meaning. The bow of the ship, the leg of the table, the hail of bullets, the sunset is burning, the speech is flowing. An expanded metaphor is built on several similarity associations and includes several words (two, three, four). 2. Metonium - the use of the name of one object instead of the name of another object on the basis of an external or internal connection between them. A) the relationship between the object and the material from which the object is made. Not on silver - on gold ate. B) relationship between content and containing. I ate three bowls! C) the relationship between the action and the instrument of action. The pen of his revenge breathes. D) the relationship between the author and his work. I read Apuleius willingly, but I did not read Cicero. E) the relationship between a place and the people in that place. The teacher entered the classroom and the class froze. 3. Personification - image inanimate object as animated. What are you howling about, night wind. 4. Synecdoche - special case metonymy: Management is unhappy instead of chief); All flags will visit us(in meaning ships) 5.Comparison- a turn of speech, which consists in the fact that one object is likened to another on the basis of some common features. Comparison can be shown in different ways: a) instrumental case: And the dew shines on the grass with silver. B) comparative degree adjective or adverb: Raise a jet of lighter azure ... c) comparative turnover with unions: The air is clean and fresh, like a baby's kiss. D) with words similar, similar: Pyramidal poplars look like mourning cypresses. 6. Epithet - an unusual colorful definition that gives the expression figurativeness and emotionality. An epithet can be not only an adjective, but also a noun-application ( cheerful wind, black melancholy, gray-haired old man, frost-voivode). 7.Hyperbole - means of artistic representation based on exaggeration ( knee-deep sea, tears flow in a stream). 8. Lita - a figurative expression containing an exorbitant underestimation of the size, strength, significance of a phenomenon. Below a thin bylinochka, one must bow one's head. 9.Paraphrase (paraphrase) - descriptive figure of speech used to replace a word ( Lion is the king of the animals). 10.Allegory - depiction of an abstract concept or phenomenon through specific image(cunning is a fox, deceit is a snake, greed is a wolf). eleven. irony - subtle mockery, expressed in a hidden form. Where, smart, are you wandering, head? 12. Paphos - a way of expressing feelings that are characterized by emotional loftiness, inspiration. 13. Sarcasm- one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic mockery, highest degree irony. FIGURES OF SPEECH (TECHNIQUES) 1. Anaphora - repetition of consonances or identical words at the beginning of a poetic line or prose phrase. 2.Antithesis - contradiction, opposition. You are rich, I am very poor. 3.Gradation - the arrangement of words in a sentence in ascending or descending order. Whispered, spoke, shouted. 4. Inversion - the arrangement of the members of the sentence in a special order that violates the usual, direct order to enhance the expressiveness of speech He wrote a wonderful story. 5. Syntactic Parallelism– the same syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech. Your mind is as deep as the sea. Your spirit is as high as the mountains. 6. Epiphora - a stylistic figure opposite to anaphora and consisting in the repetition of the same elements at the end of each parallel row (verse, stanza, sentence). I would like to know why I am a titular councillor? Why am I the titular adviser? 7. Rhetorical question - a stylistic figure, consisting in the fact that the question is posed to attract the attention of the reader or listener to the subject of speech. Who is not affected by novelty? 8. Rhetorical exclamation - a stylistic figure, which is an exclamatory sentence containing a special emotionality, elation, strong feelings. And what miracles in the world do not happen! 9. Rhetorical appeal- a stylistic figure, consisting in an underlined appeal to someone or something, not so much to name the addressee, but to express an attitude towards the subject of speech, give it a description, enhance the expressiveness of speech. Dreams! Dreams! Where is your sweetness? 10.Parceling - such a division of sentences in which the content of the statement is contained not in one, but in two or more sentences. He indifferently entered the auditorium. He stood. I thought. Sat. ( Wed He indifferently entered the audience, stood for a moment, thought, and sat down.) 11. Oxymoron - a stylistic figure consisting in the combination of two concepts that contradict each other, logically excluding one another, for example: bitter joy, ringing silence, eloquent silence, sweet grief, gray-haired youth, hating love, the night shines, poor rich man. 12. Alliteration– deliberate repetition of the same consonant sounds in order to create a certain image. The echo rumbles over the mountains, Like thunder rumbling over thunders. ( G.Derzhavin. Waterfall. ) hiss foamy glasses and punch flame blue(Pushkin). 13. Assonance– repetition of the same vowel sounds in poetic speech to enhance expressiveness poetic speech. I hammered the charge into the cannon tightly and thought: I will treat my friend! 14. Lexical repetition– intentional repetition in the text of a word to which special attention should be paid. SYNTACTICAL MEANS OF EXPRESSION Exclamatory sentences, interrogative sentences, homogeneous members sentences, introductory constructions, incomplete sentences, quoting, question-answer form, dialogue, rhetorical questions, rhetorical exclamations, rhetorical appeals, one-part sentences. LEXICAL MEANS OF EXPRESSION 1. Author's neoplasms - words invented by the author in order to create a bright, unusual, memorable image. Beautiful autumn trees fly away, but if they fall, their human wolves will gnaw them ... ( Voznesensky ). 2. Antonyms - words with opposite meanings. Used in journalism as a means of expression to create contrast. Good evil. 3. Contextual antonyms. Words that enter into antonymous relations only in a certain context. Out of context, they are not antonyms. Words are like honey, but deeds are like wormwood. 4. Archaisms - obsolete words or expressions that are obsolete for a certain era. The belly is life, the actor is an actor, the mirror is a mirror, shame is a spectacle. 5. Dialectisms - words outside literary language and used only in certain areas. Kochet - a rooster, pitching - a duck, gutar - to speak, garbuz - a pumpkin. 6. Individual author's education- a word that is not in explanatory dictionary, it exists only in the author's context, but its meaning can be guessed, since it is formed with the help of known morphemes, i.e. suffixes, prefixes, roots. 7. Historicisms - obsolete words that have fallen into disuse due to the disappearance of those objects that they called. Boyar, oprichnik, camisole, policeman, collectivization. 8. Book vocabulary. Words used in scientific literature, journalism, official business documents. View, factor, hypothesis, prerogative, state, lose. 9. Polysemantic word - a word that has two or more meanings related to each other. The sickle of the moon is reaped with sickles. Hand - grape brush, paint brush. 10. Neologism - a word or figure of speech created to designate a new subject or to express a new concept. Computerization, PR, make-up artist, teenager, laptop. 11. Homonyms - words that belong to the same part of speech and sound the same but have different meanings. Key - for the castle key - spring; bathe guilt bathe in the bath. 12. Estimated vocabulary: expressive vocabulary. Words expressing a positive or negative assessment of the designated phenomenon. Expressive vocabulary can express affection, joke, irony, disapproval, neglect, familiarity, indignation ... Edge, silly, rhymer, dunce, talker. Emotional vocabulary. Words expressing emotional experiences, moods, feelings. Bastard, nice little, stuffy, bravo. familiar vocabulary. Vocabulary peculiar to colloquial speech and having a too laid-back, unceremonious character. Lie, talk, old woman, 13. colloquial vocabulary - rude words used mainly in everyday colloquial speech and characterized by shades of vulgarity, contempt, ridicule, disapproval, etc. Dylda, eat, sleep, head, vtemyashitsya, hatch zenki 14. Professionalism - word or expression characteristic of speech any professional group. Flask - "half an hour"- from the speech of sailors, issue to the mountain - "raise from the mine to the surface" - from the speech of the miners. 15. Colloquial vocabulary - words characterized by ease, simplicity, familiarity and are used mainly in oral speech. Know-it-all, locker room, gobble up, chat, record book, ambulance. 16. Synonyms - words that are close or identical in meaning, expressing the same concept, but differing in shades of meaning or stylistic coloring, sometimes both. Hot, hot, burning, sultry, burning, scorching. Wasting, wasting books, wasting simple. 17. Term - a word or phrase that accurately denotes any concept used in science, technology, art. Prefix, positron, duet, accumulator. 18.Phraseologism - lexically indivisible, stable in its composition and structure, a phrase that is integral in meaning. Beat the buckets, hold a stone in your bosom, a delicate issue, stake, win, be defeated, day after day, no light no dawn, etc. 19. Lexical repetition– intentional repetition in the text of a word to which special attention should be paid.

The use of numerals in speech causes considerable difficulties. There are errors in declension: These persons are allowed to work part-time, as long as the total amount does not exceed three hundred rubles (it is necessary: three hundred).

There are more than 150 amateur brass bands in our republic (follows: 150). At four hundred and sixty polling stations, everything is prepared for a meeting with voters (correctly: at four hundred and sixty); a mixture of the bases of the masculine and feminine numeral "both-both": Double-edged sticks, he was beaten with both (instead of: both, meaning the ends). When deriving the equation, we assumed that in both frames of reference the size of the light clock is the same (it follows: in both).

Sometimes, by mistake, collective numerals are combined with feminine nouns: Four young female workers were assigned another professional rank (four female workers).

There are not isolated errors in the case form of a noun in phrases denoting dates in which the numeral must always control the genitive case of the second word: The administration promises to eliminate wage arrears by December 15 (instead of: December); By the first of May, lump-sum payments to veterans will be made (instead of: May); The letter is dated December 23, 1943 (it should have been December 23, 1943).

Some common mistakes in choosing the forms of nouns used in combination with numerals should also be warned. So, with numerals that call fractional or mixed numbers, the noun is put in the singular, genitive case and, as a controlled form, should not change when declining a quantitative-nominal combination: one tenth of a second; five and three tenths of a second; from one tenth of a second to seven tenths of a second; with three tenths of a second, etc. However, it is not uncommon to observe the incorrect use of noun forms in such combinations: by 126.7 percent, "in 40.0 seconds. The noun is controlled by a fraction, so it should be in the singular form: by 126.7 percent," in 40.0 seconds.

When editing a manuscript, the editor must carefully check the correctness of the numerical designations, control the use of decimal and simple fractions by the author, while avoiding inconsistency. When denoting mixed numbers (whole number and fraction), the noun is controlled not by the whole number, but by the fraction. This rule is violated in the proposals: The number of unemployed in Germany has reached 2,131,828 people, which means that the unemployment rate has increased over the month from 8.4 to 8.6 percent (follows: percent). The head of the Department of Food Resources of Moscow... explained that only 19.2 thousand tons of powdered milk were imported (follows: thousands).

Here are some more examples of stylistic correction of speech errors caused by the incorrect formation of collective numbers (from two-digit and three-digit numbers), as well as violation of the norms of agreement in quantitative-nominal combinations: Unedited text 1.

They worked without rest for 23 days. 2.

For labor lessons, you need to buy 34 scissors. 3.

There are 24 gloves in the package.

Edited text 1.

They worked without rest for 23 days (23 days). 2.

For labor lessons, you need to buy 34 pieces of scissors. 3.

There are 24 pairs (two dozen) of mittens in a bag. 4.

A convoy of 22 sledges moved slowly. five.

Papanin's people spent 9 months on a drifting ice floe. 6.

One and a half meters from the house. 7.

Up to an hour and a half. Since numerals are often expressed in numbers in written speech, texts of this kind should be especially carefully “voiced”. This should be remembered by editors preparing materials with numerals for broadcast.

Elimination of morphological and stylistic errors in the use of numerals. Errors in the use of nouns

7.10.1 Errors in the use of collective numbers

7.10.2 Errors in the use of the numeral BOTH / BOTH

7.10.3 Errors in the use of simple numbers ending in two, three, four

7.10.4 Errors in the management of the date

7.10.5 Errors when using fractional numbers one and a half (one and a half) and one and a half hundred

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