Interesting facts on the topic: Entertaining philology

INTERESTING PHILOLOGY

There are a lot of languages and dialects in the world: English, German, Ukrainian, Belarusian…

For us, the native language is Russian. Everyone who lives in Russia must speak Russian, because. he is state language Russian Federation. And we read books in Russian, while using the literary Russian language, created by A.S. Pushkin!

Poets of many nationalities wrote about the Russian language. For example, a poem by the Ukrainian poet Rostislav Bratun:

I have been the language of Russia since childhood
According to Pushkin's fairy tales
He is the light of an unquenchable dream
Forever settled in my heart.
Lviv was drowning in the autumn night,
And rain, and snow, and thick darkness ...
I saw Tatyana's eyes,
Poltava golden afternoon ...
Oleg calls the combatants.
Pugachev leads people into battle,

Illuminates with a fairy tale
me childhood
Pushkin is a magician.
And “a storm covers the sky with darkness ...”,
But the sun - believed - will rise ...
The day dawns with a new dawn -
Russia is coming to our rescue!
That book is still with me.
My father taught me about it
Love Russia with all my heart
Her language, her people.

People have long said: “Literacy is a second language”. The centuries-old dream, deep wisdom, clear mind and subtle observation of the people are contained in this well-aimed proverb.

Ordinary people in tsarist Russia dreamed of being able to read and write. Strive for knowledge. Understanding perfectly well that "without a letter, as without a candle in the dark" and that "learning is light, and ignorance is darkness." But people's dreams long time remained dreams.

Today, literacy has become universal. But we also often encounter issues related to the Russian language. Why do they say so? What does this or that word mean? Where did the unusual phraseology come from?

These are the questions we will try to answer in our section.ENTERTAINING PHYDOLOGY,get acquainted with interesting and informative information about the language, the purpose of which isupbringing, education and development of children, solve our main task -- to instill in schoolchildren an interest in reading, to teach them to correctly analyze a literary text, to explain many phraseological units. Children must learn to understand which objects in literary work no longer exist in modern times, but which are present in today's life.

Where does the Russian language come from?

Russian language refers to largest languages of the world: in terms of the number of speakers, it ranks fifth after Chinese, English, Hindi and Spanish.

Among the Slavic languages, Russian is the most common

All Slavic languages show great similarities among themselves, but Belarusian and Ukrainian are closest to the Russian language. Together, these languages form the East Slavic subgroup, which is part of the Slavic group of the Indo-European family.

Proto-Slavic is the ancestral language of all Slavic languages. It had no written language and was not fixed in writing.

Where, in what territory did our common ancestors live?

The ancestral home of the Slavs, that is, the territory where they developed as a special people with their own language and where they lived until their separation and resettlement to new lands, has not yet been precisely determined due to the lack of reliable data. And yet, with relative certainty, it can be argued that it was located in the east of Central Europe, north of the foothills of the Carpathians.

Ancestor of modern Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian languages was Old Russian (or East Slavic) language.

The collapse of the Old Russian language led to the emergence Russian (or Great Russian ) language other than Ukrainian and Belarusian. This happened in the 14th century. The modern Russian language is based on northern and northeastern dialects Ancient Russia(by the way, the Russian literary language also has a dialectal basis: it was made up of the central Middle Great Russian akaya dialects of Moscow and the villages surrounding the capital).

Everything is tryn-grass

Mysterious "tryn-grass" - it is not at all some herbal medicine that is drunk in order not to worry. At first she was called"tyn-grass", and tyn is a fence. It turned out« weed grass», that is, nobody needs it, an indifferent weed for everyone.

Sour soup master

Sour cabbage soup is a simple peasant food: some water and sauerkraut. It wasn't hard to prepare them. And if someone was called a master of sour cabbage soup, it meant that he was not good for anything worthwhile.

put a pig

In all likelihood, this expression is due to the fact that some peoples do not eat pork for religious reasons. And if such a person was imperceptibly put pork meat in his food, then his faith was defiled by this.

Pour in the first number

Believe it or not, but... from the old school, where students were flogged every week, regardless of who is right, who is wrong. And if the mentor overdoes it, then such a spanking was enough for a long time, until the first day of the next month. By the way, the same educational measure gave one more phraseological unit - to prescribe Izhitsa.

Register Izhitsa

Izhitsa is the name of the last letter of the Church Slavonic alphabet. Traces of flogging on famous places negligent students strongly looked like this letter. So to prescribe Izhitsu - teach a lesson, punish, it's easier to flog. And you still scold the modern school!

Goal like a falcon

Terribly poor, beggar. Usually they think that we are talking about a bird. But the falcon has nothing to do with it. Actually"falcon" - old military ramming gun. It was completely smooth"naked") cast-iron blank, fixed on chains. Nothing extra!

Orphan Kazan

So they say about a person who pretends to be unhappy, offended, helpless in order to pity someone. But why is the orphan"Kazan"? It turns out that this phraseological unit arose after the conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible. Mirzas (Tatar princes), being subjects of the Russian Tsar, tried to beg him for all sorts of indulgences, complaining about their orphanhood and bitter fate.

unlucky person

In the old days in Russia"by way" they called not only the road, but also various positions at the prince's court. The falconer's path is in charge of princely hunting, the trapping path is dog hunting, the equerry's path is carriages and horses. The boyars, by hook or by crook, tried to get a way from the prince - a position. And to those who did not succeed, they spoke of those with disdain: "An unlucky person."

Inside out

Now it seems to be quite a harmless expression. And once it was associated with a shameful punishment. In the time of Ivan the Terrible, the guilty boyar was put back to front on a horse in clothes turned inside out and in this form, disgraced, was driven around the city to the whistle and ridicule of the street crowd.

Know all the ins and outs

The expression is associated with an old torture, in which the accused were driven under the nails with needles or nails, seeking a confession.

lead by the nose

In the old days, trained bears were taken to fairs. The gypsies led the bears by wearing a nose ring. And they forced them, the poor fellows, to do various tricks, deceiving them with the promise of handouts.

Sharpen laces

Lyasy (balusters) are chiseled curly columns of railings at the porch. Only one could make such beauty real master. Probably at first"sharpen balusters" meant to have an elegant, whimsical, ornate (like balusters) conversation. But craftsmen to conduct such a conversation by our time became less and less. So this expression began to denote empty chatter.

Out of court

This is very old omen: both in the house and in the courtyard (yard) only the animal that the brownie likes will live. And if you don't like it, you'll get sick, get sick, or run away. What to do - not to the court!

Nick down

In this expression, the word" nose " has nothing to do with the organ of smell."Nose" was called a commemorative plaque, or a tag for records. In the distant past, illiterate people always carried with them such boards and sticks, with the help of which all kinds of notes or notches were made as a keepsake.

Break a leg

This expression arose among hunters and was based on the superstitious idea that with a direct wish (both down and feather), the results of the hunt can be jinxed. Feather in the language of hunters means a bird, fluff - animals. AT old times a hunter going on a hunt received this parting word," translation " which looks something like this:« Let your arrows fly past the target, let the snares and traps you set remain empty, just like the trapping pit!» To which the miner, in order not to jinx it, also replied:" To hell! ". And both were sure that evil spirits, invisibly present at this dialogue, will be satisfied and fall behind, will not plot during the hunt.

Beat the thumbs

What are “backcloths”, who and when “beats” them? For a long time handicraftsmen have been making spoons, cups and other utensils from wood. To cut a spoon, it was necessary to chip off a chock - a baklusha - from a log. Apprentices were entrusted with preparing buckwheat: it was an easy, trifling matter that did not require special skills. Cooking such chocks was called"Baklusha beat." From here, from the mockery of the masters over the auxiliary workers -"bubblers" and went our saying.

After the rain on Thursday

Rusichi - ancient ancestors Russians - honored among their gods the main god - the god of thunder and lightning Perun. One of the days of the week, Thursday, was dedicated to him (it is interesting that among the ancient Romans, Thursday was also dedicated to the Latin Perun - Jupiter). Perun offered prayers for rain in a drought. It was believed that he should especially willingly fulfill requests in" my day " - Thursday. And since these prayers often remained in vain, the saying« After the rain on Thursday» began to be applied to everything that is not known when it will be fulfilled.

Get into a loop

In dialects, BINDING is a fish trap woven from branches. And, as in any trap, being in it is an unpleasant business. "

And what does it mean to roar a beluga? It turns out that we are not talking about a beluga here, but a beluga whale, as the polar dolphin is called. Here he is really roaring very loudly.

Scapegoat

The history of this expression is as follows: the ancient Jews had a rite of absolution. The priest laid both hands on the head of a live goat, thereby, as it were, shifting the sins of the whole people onto him. After that, the goat was driven out into the wilderness. Many, many years have passed, and the rite no longer exists, but the expression lives on ...

smoke rocker

In old Russia, the huts were often heated in black: the smoke did not escape through the chimney (it did not exist at all), but through a special window or door. And the shape of the smoke predicted the weather. There is a column of smoke - it will be clear, dragged - to fog, rain, rocker - to the wind, bad weather, and even a storm.

Hair on end

But what kind of rack is this? It turns out that to stand on end is to stand at attention, on your fingertips. That is, when a person is frightened, his hair stands on tiptoe on his head.

Throw on the rampage

Rozhon is a sharp pole. And in some Russian provinces, the four-pronged pitchfork was called that. Indeed, you don’t really trample on them!

upside down

Tormashit - in many Russian provinces this word meant to walk. So, upside down - it's just walkers upside down, upside down.

Grated roll

By the way, in fact there was such a kind of bread - grated kalach. The dough for him was kneaded, kneaded, rubbed for a very long time, which is why the kalach turned out to be unusually magnificent. And there was also a proverb - do not grate, do not mint, there will be no kalach. That is, a person is taught by trials and tribulations. The expression came from a proverb, and not from the name of bread.

Output to clean water

Once they said to bring the fish to clean water, i.e. in thickets of reeds or where driftwood sinks in the silt, a fish caught on a hook can easily cut off the line and leave. And in clear water, over a clean bottom - let him try. So is an exposed swindler: if all the circumstances are clear, he cannot escape retribution.

And there is a hole in the old woman

And what kind of hole (mistake, oversight / by Ozhegov and Efremova) is this, a hole (i.e. flaw, defect) or what? The meaning, therefore, is this: And a wise person can make mistakes. And on the old woman there is a blow Poruha (Ukr.) Well. razg.-decrease. 1) Harm, destruction, damage; 2) Trouble.

Language will bring to Kiev

In 999, a certain Kievan Nikita Shchekomyaka got lost in the boundless, then Russian, steppe and ended up among the Polovtsians. When the Polovtsy asked him: "Where are you from, Nikita?" , he answered that from the rich and beautiful city Kyiv, and so painted the wealth and beauty of his native city to the nomads that the Polovtsian Khan Nunchak attached Nikita by the tongue to the tail of his horse, and the Polovtsians went to fight and rob Kyiv. So Nikita Shchekomyaka got home with the help of his tongue.

Balloons

...1812 year. When the French burned Moscow and were left without food in Russia, they came to Russian villages and asked for food She rami ("give me"). So the Russians began to call them that (one of the hypotheses)

Great and powerful

or curious facts about the Russian language

MORPHEMICS

There is a word in Russian with a prefix unique to the language co- - nook.
The only word in the Russian language that does not have on a superficial level roots - take out . It is believed that in this word the so-called zero root, which is in alternation with the root-im- (take out-im-at). Previously, until about the 17th century, this verb looked like take out , and it had a material root, the same as intake off, embrace, understand(cf. take, hug, understand), but subsequently the root-nya- was reinterpreted as a suffix-well- (as in poke, puff).
The only words in Russian with three letters"e" in a row is long-necked (and others on the neck, for example, crooked, short-) and "snake-eater".
The only one-syllable adjective in Russian is evil.
There are words in Russian with prefixes unique to the language i-, - total and total and a- - maybe (obsolete and eight " and eight will not be lucky»), formed from unions and and a .

The words "for the future", "all-in" and "full face" are adverbs.

In Russian, conceptsIndian(aboriginal America) and Indian(inhabitant India) marked with different words (are nothomonyms). In almost all Western European languages, these two words are spelled the same.

Russian poets and writers have come up with many new words: substance(Lomonosov) , industry ( Karamzin) , bungling ( Saltykov-Shchedrin) , fade away ( Dostoevsky), mediocrity ( Northerner), exhausted, pilot(Khlebnikov).
Dalproposed to replace foreign word "atmosphere" in Russian or "myrrh".
AT Explanatory Dictionary 1940, edited by Ushakovthere is a definition of the word"Figly-migly" (!): "... used to refer to some tricks, jokes or some approaches to achieve something, accompanied by courtesies, antics, tricks, winks").

in the title of the novel Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" the word peace is used as an antonym to war (pre-revolutionary"world"), and not in the sense of "the world around" ( pre-revolutionary"world"). All lifetime editions of the novel were published under the title"War and Peace" and Tolstoy himself wrote the title of the novel in French as"La guerre et la paix". However, due to typographical errors in various editions in different time, where the word was written as"peace", controversy still rages on true meaning the title of the novel.

There is grammar rule, according to which native Russian words do not begin with the letter "a" (!)
Almost all Russian words that begin with the letter" a ", - borrowed. Nouns of Russian origin on" a " in modern speech there is very little - these are words"alphabet", "az" and "maybe".

The words bull and bee - single root. The fact is that in the works of ancient Russian literature the word bee was written as"bchela". The alternation of vowels ъ / ы is explained by the origin of both sounds from one Indo-European sound U. If we recall the dialect verb bucha, which has the meanings« roar, roar, buzz» and etymologically akin to words bee, insect and bull, it becomes clear what it was like general meaning of these nouns - producing a certain sound.

Mongolian warriors wore armor called" huyag " . During the wars of Russia with the Golden Horde, this word penetrated into the Russian language, but in an ennobled form - oriental armor of the brigantine type began to be called"kuyak".

Words souffle and prompter have little in common in meaning, but both come from the French souffle ( exhale, puff). The soufflé is so named because it is light and airy, and the prompter because it must prompt the actors very quietly.

The word "umbrella" appeared in Russian from Dutch in this form. Later, it was perceived by the people as a diminutive, and for large umbrellas they began to use the word" umbrella ".

AND MORE...

In the 19th century in Russian translations"Ivanhoe" called in Russian -"Ivangoe"
Until the XIV century in Russia, all obscene words were called"stupid verbs"
From 1910 to 1920, freight steam locomotives of the Y series were mass-produced in Russia.

MOST, MOST, MOST…

The most "sunny" geometric figure?

The biggest bear?

The biggest predatory animal?

The most toothy cutlery?

The most travel bag?

The most swimming shoes?

The sharpest heel?

The most heavenly color?

The most children's theater?

The most toothy ballet?

The most geometric headdress?

The most dishware headdress?

The most weeping character in ancient Russian literature?

The most famous song of Solovyov-Sedogo?

The most peaceful outcome of the duel?

The most children's swimming facility?

The biggest sporting event?

Longest distance in athletics?

The most "sporty" female name?

The very first school textbook?

The southernmost continent?

The highest scientific title in Russia?

The best feathered singer in Russia?

The most famous nanny of the most famous Russian poet?

The smartest sport?

The biggest waves?

The tallest police officer?

Longest parallel?

Most big piece ice?

The most ballet skirt?

The kindest doctor?

The bloodiest pirate captain?

The most faithful animal to man?

The most stellar flag in the world?

The world's largest gorge?

The slowest clock hand?

The lightest of chemical substances gas?

The most sporting village?

The most famous theatrical phrase with which many famous actors began their careers.

The most musical flower?

The best connoisseur and narrator of fairy tales?

The most truthful baron in the world?

The oldest medicine?

The strongest fairy girl?

The most vegetable fairy tale?

The most famous resident of the Flower City?

The most Ural stone?

The most famous phrase Sherlock Holmes?

The most popular instrument on the Black Continent?

The most beautiful bird in the world?

The world's most famous tourist?

The most outdoor musical instrument?

What is the longest key on a standard computer keyboard?

The world's largest nut?

The most bright Star in our sky?

The most space cape?

The most fabulous Russian artist?

The artist - the creator of the most mysterious smile?

The most "American" statue?

The saddest knight?

The most crooked of the lines?

Most fast way sports swimming?

The most famous tower in the world?

The most famous wall in the world?

The biggest football stadium?

The most Russian musical instrument?

The most wedding march?

The most famous letter from the fronts of the Great Patriotic War?

The best crocodile in the world?

What is the name of the book that tells about the most-most?

Word-record holders

The longest word listed in the Guinness Book of Records is found in the Hungarian language. It consists of 44 letters: megszentségteleníthetetlenségeskedéseitekért. When trying to translate it accurately, experts disagree, and not everyone will clearly be able to pronounce this “rebus”. According to some versions, the word can be roughly translated as: "because of (your) desire to maintain an unsullied reputation."

Difficulties in correctly pronouncing a foreign word often arise. So, in the spring of 2010, the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland seriously ruffled the nerves of airlines and passengers, and the correct pronunciation of its name became a real test for news anchors.

The Guinness Book of Records also mentions a word that has the largest number values in English language is the word "set". In the second edition of the Oxford English vocabulary(1989) the word "set" has 430 different meanings.

The rarest sound found in European languages is Czech [rzh]. The most common sound is the vowel [a], there is not a single language in the world in which it would not exist.

At the same time, in the Serbian and Croatian languages there are words that do not contain vowels, for example, the name of the island of Krk in the Adriatic Sea.

People-record holders

One of the greatest polyglots is considered Powell Alexander Janulus (74 years old), former employee provincial courts of Canada British Columbia He speaks 41 languages. Another great polyglot of the XVIII-XIX centuries. was considered Cardinal Giuseppe Mezzofanti, who knew 38 languages and 50 dialects, while he never left his native Italy.

Italian Vanessa Morabito was able to pronounce the most words per minute on February 8, 2012. She managed to say 380 words in the allotted 60 seconds. But Shishir Hatva set a different record: on May 12, 2012, he managed to pronounce 50 words in reverse in 1 minute 23 seconds.

Amazing facts about languages

The Basque language, spoken in northern Spain, is not included in any language group. The native speakers of this language are 800,000 people, and most of them live in the so-called Basque Country - in the autonomous region of Spain.

Enantiosemy is known as a linguistic phenomenon where the same word has opposite meanings.

There is also interlingual enantiosemy, which often manifests itself in Slavic languages. So, the Polish uroda means "beauty", zapominać - "to forget". Czech čerstvý means "fresh", potraviny - "products", pozor! - "attention!", úžasný - "delightful", and the Serbian "harmful" is translated as "value".

It is curious to note that "Russia" in some European languages sounds quite unusual. For example, for Estonians it is “Venemaa” (Venemaa), and for Finns it is “Venäjä”.

10 myths about the Russian language

What kind of "coffee", should you write "president" with capital letter and is it proper to say "eat" instead of "eat".

There are reference errors that the guardians of the Russian language like to refer to: the wrong stress in the word "at the same time" or confusion with the generic name "coffee". But there are more interesting cases. Most native speakers, for example, mispronounce the phrase "opinions differ": the norm says that the stress in this verb should be placed on the first syllable. We have selected the 10 most common misconceptions about the Russian language based on a lecture by Vladimir Pakhomov, editor-in-chief of the Gramota.ru portal, about myths in the Russian language.

Coffee

Coffee is a loanword ending in "e" but is masculine. The vast majority of such words acquire in our language neuter gender- so it is arranged, and this tendency is unusually strong. For example, “metro” used to be also masculine (from “metropolitan”), even the newspaper “Soviet Metro” was published. For foreigners, it is always a mystery why in Russian “cafe” is neuter, and “coffee” is masculine. But masculine supported by the presence of obsolete forms "coffee" and "coffee". Such a kind of language memorial.

"in Strogino"

Anna Akhmatova was very indignant when they said “I live in Kratovo” instead of “I live in Kratovo” in front of her. Another writer suggested that everyone who speaks “from Kemerovo” speak “from the window” in the same way. Apparently, in the decade during which the new indeclinable version has spread, we have managed to forget that this rule has always sounded differently. Indeclinable names settlements arose from the language of the military, for whom it was important to give initial forms in the message. Let's take, for example, the same Kratovo - from the declension "in Kratovo" it is not clear whether this is Kratov or Kratovo. One of the most authoritative dictionaries today, Zalizniak's Dictionary, writes about the indeclinable form as follows: "the degree of prevalence of this phenomenon is so great that, apparently, it is already approaching the status of acceptable."

"call"

“Ringing” - this bogey arises in any thematic discussion. There is a logic according to which the accents shift in the language, and whether we like it or not, these laws work. The transfer of stress from the ending to the root is natural - “smoke”, “cook” and “give” used to be also pronounced with stress on the last syllable, they just have already gone this way. Despite the fact that this makes everyone very angry, we will indeed say “call” in the future.

President and Patriarch

In fact, these words are written in capital letters only with official titles, in texts official documents. For example, in the text of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, this word is capitalized. And in a newspaper article there is no reason for this, and you need to write with lowercase. The myth is still very tenacious that “birthday”, congratulating a person, must be written from two capital letters- No, both words are written with small ones.

"in Ukraine"

This is a very painful question, and it constantly goes beyond linguistics. We adhere to the following position: the norms of the Russian language are formed over centuries, and they cannot change in five, ten or twenty years to please some political processes. Therefore, in Russian it is correct to say “to Ukraine”. In general, the formation of prepositions is not always easy to explain. Why, for example, “at school”, but “at the factory”? It so happened. Many do not like this, everyone needs to get to the bottom of the matter. “Everything has to be explained” is another myth, so many things in language cannot be explained.

There must always be one correct answer

It is not good when there are two norms, as in the case of the word "cottage cheese". This is a very common myth. Variation is by no means a flaw in a language; on the contrary, it is its wealth. And there are different options. There are equal options, as in the case of cottage cheese. There are options for the category "preferred/acceptable", "modern/obsolete", and even errors in dictionaries have their own gradations. In the orthoepic dictionary, in the dictionary of difficulties, there is a clear system of marks on this subject. Let's say a non-recommended option is "vandal", for example. There are wrong options, there are grossly wrong ones. The approach that considers that only one option is needed is typical for dictionaries addressed to radio and television workers. There are dictionaries that are aimed specifically at showing the dynamics of change and the richness of language norms. A dictionary is not a textbook, it should not fix the only possible options.

Instead of "who is the last" you need to say "who is the last"

Ouspensky wrote about this myth in the 1950s in his book The Word about Words. Ouspensky also explains in the book that each object - the same queue - has two edges, and the question is thus untenable. Kolesov has an explanation that this use of "extreme" instead of "last" is borrowed from Ukrainian language. There is also a superstition: everyone began to say "this was my last performance, my last lecture, my last broadcast." The word "last" has several negative connotations. For example, "bad" is the last villain. It is clear why the use of this word is avoided by people risking their lives: climbers, divers, circus artists and pilots. But when we are in speech ordinary person we hear “when I was last there”, it sounds funny.

The word "eat" is said only by ill-mannered people

There was such a recommendation in the dictionary of speech etiquette, according to which this verb can be used in relation to children, so women can talk about themselves, but men should not speak. I do not know how fair it is, but it is - as a simple recommendation.

The pronoun "you" is always capitalized.

In fact, "you" is capitalized only when referring to one person and only in texts of certain genres: personal letters, office notes, flyers. This, incidentally, is not always obvious to philologists. Gramote.ru has a Conference Calendar section, where applications from portal users come in, and almost every explanation has to be edited, because the appeal to respected colleagues includes the pronoun “you” with a capital letter.

Electronic dictionaries are less reliable than printed ones.

On the website Gramota.ru are laid out electronic versions printed dictionaries are the same material. For objective reasons, we have cases of discrepancy in recommendations. For example, people often ask how to stress the word "tiramisu". Previously, we answered that the norm is not defined in the dictionary, and since this word is not well-established, you have the right to choose the option that you like best. Academic edition released spelling dictionary 2012, and “tiramisu” is recorded there with an accent on the last syllable. That is, now that this word has received a residence permit in the language and dictionary fixation, we will begin to answer in a different way. But, let's say, for the word "arugula" there is no such fixation yet. Hesitation in the spelling of newly borrowed words is quite natural for the language. The same applies to the words twitter, facebook and others. It has not yet been determined how to write them. I would write differently: in the article I would write "Facebook" using quotation marks and capital letter, and in chat - with lowercase and without quotes.

AT this moment, being a primary school teacher, I work in the 3rd grade, on the basis of which an experimental platform for multilingual education "Optimization of the multilingual education system in a general education lyceum" was opened last year.

The object of her research is the learning process junior schoolchildren two foreign languages German and English with simultaneous start. The purpose of this experiment is to create an effective system for organizing the process of multilingual learning.

Together with a foreign language teacher Gunkina O.V. tasks were outlined that contribute to the achievement of this goal, in particular, this

adjust the content educational process in foreign and native languages;

development of integrated lessons based on the subjects of RL, FL1 and FL2, as well as other subjects;

development of extracurricular and reporting activities for FL1 and FL2 and RL

As part of this experiment, I developed optional course program

"Entertaining Linguistics".

The program of the optional course "Entertaining Linguistics"

Explanatory note

The Russian language is a complex academic subject, but at the same time it is socially significant: it is both a means of communication, an instrument of cognition, and the basis of our culture. Without a good knowledge of the language, it is impossible to achieve success in studies and in professional activities. However, one of the "sore points" of our society is still insufficient literacy. In school programs in the Russian language, great importance is attached to lexical work, which is mainly aimed at practical exercises in connection with the study of a number of rules, and not a generalization of theoretical foundations.

Today, a new idea is being formed that provides for taking into account the multifunctionality of the language itself in teaching.

The success of learning largely depends on interest in the subject being studied. Unfortunately, it is not often possible to meet students who name Russian as their favorite subject. The main task of the school is to teach how to write correctly. Meanwhile, in the language there are wonderful transformations of words, beautiful logic, the distance of history and the diversity of countries and peoples, but the lessons do not talk about all this.

Purpose of the program "Entertaining Linguistics"- to make learning the Russian language exciting and bringing joy, and, therefore, effective; help students learn the complex structure of the Russian language, comprehend its many mysteries and secrets, turning serious study into an interesting journey to a fairy-tale land of Entertaining Linguistics.

The strict scope of the lesson and the saturation of the Russian language program do not always allow this. In this case, extracurricular activities come to the rescue.

Extra-curricular work in the Russian language helps to fill this gap, because. it encourages learning something new about the Russian language, developing students' independence, their creative initiative.

A distinctive feature of this program is the activity approach to the education, training and development of students by means of the Russian language. At all stages of training, a variety of knowledge is provided that is associated with curriculum. Lessons are built on game methods work. The game technique helps to involve students in the creative process, activates cognitive activity, and contributes to the general interest of students in the subject.

In each lesson of this optional course, I use multimedia presentations, funny poems, riddles, crossword puzzles, games, proverbs, etc., which help to increase the activity and efficiency of students in the classroom, affect the quality of academic performance, develop logical and abstract thinking.

Do not forget that a rich vocabulary, high level speech competence in the native language is a prerequisite for the successful mastery of different types of competencies in a foreign language.

In this regard, this elective course promotes mutual enrichment of native and foreign languages(in particular German and English), improvement of linguistic thinking, speech culture.

During the course, it is decided problem of differentiation training, expanding the scope of the curriculum.

The main objective of this course is to promote the intellectual, moral and aesthetic development of younger students through the improvement of their linguistic thinking, speech culture, children's speech creativity; help to feel the Russian language as a harmonious harmonious system, to convince the children of the need to constantly improve their spelling skills.

This goal is achieved through:

familiarity with the main sections of linguistics,
improving the skills of linguistic analysis,
familiarity with various dictionaries, and the rules for working with them,
clarification and enrichment vocabulary
conducting integrated lessons.

In an accessible and entertaining way, students get acquainted with wonderful world words and their meanings, the origin and history of phraseological units, the laws of formation and change of words in the Russian language.

Extra-curricular activities with younger students are important for the implementation of continuity in the work on the Russian language between primary and secondary grades.

By the end of the training, students should have an understanding of the basic terms and concepts of linguistics;

basic linguistic terms and concepts;

the main sections of linguistics (lexicology, phonetics, morphology, syntax, punctuation, word formation, spelling, phraseology);
spelling and conditions for their choice;
phrases and sentences;
- sounds and letters, stress, syllable, word;
- lexical meaning the words
-basic rules of orthoepy;
genres journalistic style(article, note)

- the origin of some words and expressions;

have an idea about the Russian language as a system;

- use words correctly in speech;
- distinguish between paronyms, antonyms, synonyms, archaisms, neologisms, etc.;
- make proposals different types;
clarify meanings different words and use them correctly, use various dictionaries;
write articles, notes in accordance with the norms of modern Russian literary language;
to interview;
determine the topic and main idea of the text;
improve the content and language design of the essay (in accordance with the studied language material).

The program is designed for 34 hours.

Approximate thematic planning. Grade 3

№	Subject	Basic concepts
1	Great, powerful, magical language.	The historical path of the Russian language. Language writers. The most precious words Thematic groups words.
2	Wonderful transformations of words.	Charades, metagrams, logogryphs, shifters
3	On a visit to phonetics and graphics. Orthographic dictionary.	Spelling. What is a spelling? Acquaintance with the spelling dictionary.
4	How do the words sound? Our friend is the accent. Pronouncing dictionary.	Orthoepy. Pronouncing dictionary. stress. A culture of speech.
5	Word or no word. Acquaintance with explanatory dictionary. Multiple words.	Word, syllable. Dictionary. Multiple words.
6	Origin of words. Acquaintance with the etymological dictionary.	Etymology. Etymological dictionary.
7	What do our names mean?	Origin and meaning of names. Old Russian names. Surname. Surname.
8	Seasons. Where did the names of the months come from?	Origin of the names of the months. History of the Russian calendar.
9	Why are they called that? Journey into the world of plants.	Plant names. Origin of plant names.
10	Why are they called that? Journey into the world of animals.	Names of animals. Origin of animal names.
11	Journey to a fairy tale.	Names of fairy tale characters.
12	Twin words. Acquaintance with the dictionary of homonyms.	Homonyms. Dictionary of homonyms.
	Friends words. Synonym dictionary	Synonyms. Synonym dictionary.
14	The use of synonyms in speech.
15	Words are enemies. Dictionary of antonyms.	Antonyms. Dictionary of antonyms.
16	Words-old men and words-babies.	Obsolete words, archaisms, neologisms.
17	Journey through Phraseology. Acquaintance with the phraseological dictionary.	Phraseology. Phraseological turnover. Winged words. Phrasebook.
18	Red speech is a proverb.	Proverbs and sayings. Their interpretation.
19	The word under the microscope. Introduction to vocabulary.	Word formation. Morpheme. Word-building dictionary.
20	Adventures in the land of Morphology.	Morphology. Morphological analysis.
21	Let's look at the cases.	Case of noun and adjective. Case ending.
22	Journey to the Land of Action. Where does the verb go?	The verb is a part of speech. Inclination of verbs.
23	Journey to the Land of Signs. From a dictionary of epithets.	Adjective. Epithets.
24	"You can't execute - pardon." Journey to the Land of Unlearned Lessons.	Syntax. Punctuation. Punctuation marks.
25	Spelling tales.
26	Away from unstressed vowels.	Rules for checking unstressed vowels.
27	A chest with unchecked unstressed vowels.	vocabulary words
28	Consonants are twins.	double consonants.
29	Invisible in the fog.	Unpronounceable consonants.
30	On a visit to the sizzling. Visiting Tsarevich Ts.	Rules for writing words with hissing.
31	On a visit to the letters - the silent ones.	Words with ь and ъ.
32	Merged or separate.	Working with dictionaries.
33	Crosswords in Russian	Vocabulary.
34	Tournament of experts in the Russian language	Generalization of the material covered

There is such a historical anecdote. Somehow, furious zealots of the "truly Russian" language, who insist that the borrowed words are absolutely useless to us Slavs, were offered to voice the phrase in that very "truly Russian" phrase: "The dandy is walking along the boulevard from the theater to the circus." And do you know what they did? "A good place is coming along the abyss from a disgrace to the lists." As you can see, the experiment failed.

Why this did not happen, you will learn by reading Nigel P. Brown's wonderful book "The Oddities of Our Language. Entertaining Linguistics."

What is the origin of cases?

You will learn about this from the article by Ph.D. IN AND. Kovaleva

Spain - madre
Italy - madre
France - maman
Persian - maman, anne
Georgian - deda
Netherlands - ma
Hebrew - ima
Ukraine - Mati
Kyrgyzstan - apa
Lithuania - mamite
Japan - haha (about his mother)
okaa-san (about someone else's mother)
Bashkiria - Esay
Turkey - ana
Bulgaria - mamo, jersey
Sweden - moor
Korea - omma
Azerbaijan - ana
Greece - mitera, mana
Kazakhstan, apa, ana, sheshe

Source: http://englishworks.ucoz.ru/forum/25-61-1

Once upon a time, there were...

Muscovites live in Moscow, Odessans live in Odessa, Permians live in Perm. Everyone knows this. And here Mancunians live in Manchester (UK) paleshans- in the village of Palekh (Ivanovo region), Ivorians- in the state of Côte d'Ivoire, Donetsk residents- in Donetsk (Ukraine), Monegasques- in Monaco, Chelny residents- in the city of Naberezhnye Chelny, Varna residents- in Varna (Bulgaria), Arlesians- in Arles (France), Malagasy- on the island of Madagascar in the state of the same name, bergamaski- in Bergamo (Italy), in the same place where the famous servant of the two masters Truffaldino lived.

Source:O.A. Derkach, V.V. Bykov "1000 tasks for ingenuity", M: "AST-PRESS SKD", 2006.

Don't thank people

Few people living in modern cities know that the usual and familiar word"thank you" in the outback is perceived worse than a curse ...

Valery Rozanov, Doctor of Psychology, talks in his article about what words should be used in order to express gratitude to a person.