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What is made from recycled materials? How to recycle plastic bottles in non-industrial conditions and what can be produced from them for organizing a business, as well as useful tips What kind of garbage can be recycled

According to common stereotypes, made from waste paper exclusively inferior products. Most prominent representatives – packaging and toilet paper. Of course, in the post-Soviet space it is priority direction use of secondary raw materials, while Western countries for a long time already with might and main involved the resource of waste paper in the production of various goods of good quality. Our country is gradually adopting this positive experience. As a result, more and more production technologies are emerging:

  • building materials;
  • insulating materials;
  • fabrics (clothes);
  • accessories for the automotive industry;
  • disposable tableware;

And of course, waste paper remains the main raw material for

  • cardboard;
  • corrugated cardboard;
  • egg packaging;
  • kraft bags;
  • technical paper;
  • office paper;
  • printed products.
  • personal hygiene products;

The growing popularity of waste paper as a semi-finished product in pulp production is primarily due to its relatively low cost. At the same time sent to the landfill along with others household waste paper becomes unsuitable for further reproduction and turns into garbage.

And in order to get the cellulose necessary for the production of paper products, more than one tree has to be destroyed. Therefore, waste paper is gradually becoming a fairly valuable commodity, the search continues effective methods its processing, the number of companies involved in this industry is increasing.

Waste paper types

As already mentioned, suitable for reuse can only be properly prepared waste paper. All of it, depending on the quality, is divided into 13 varieties- from white paper waste to old canvas and cement bags. Special meaning has the appearance, color and composition of the paper. Lighter waste paper, as a rule, goes to the production of white paper. If it contains a lot of cellulose, more durable products are made from it. Thus. the composition of secondary raw materials after processing affects the direction of its further use.

Waste paper recycling technology

The traditional waste paper recycling technology consists of several stages. Sorted paper is soaked and crushed to a homogeneous mass and filtered from impurities.

know how

The improvement of this technology allows you to receive goods more High Quality, for example, such a heat-insulating material as ecowool.

Few people know that it consists of 80% waste paper, and only 20% of special additives that reduce the combustibility of ecowool, and other components.

Also, recycled paper gives life finishing and roofing materials: fiber boards used in ceiling cladding, as well as roofing material, are made from waste paper. Such products have sufficiently high technological characteristics, but at the same time its main advantage is still environmental safety.

However, the bulk of waste paper goes to the manufacture cardboard and packaging materials. For their manufacture, about 80% of all used waste paper is recycled. The cardboard obtained in this way surpasses cellulose cardboard in some properties, in particular, only cardboard based on waste paper is used for book bindings.

Ecowool - Thermal insulation material

Thus, the advantages of using paper secondary resources obvious. And all that is required to make this process more efficient is to treat waste paper as a valuable raw material, that is, collect it separately from other waste and send it for recycling.

Consciousness of citizens is growing every day. Separate waste collection is gaining popularity in Russia. An increasing number of people are not indifferent to environmental problems, many are not too lazy to sort waste into paper, plastic, glass and hand it over to special points reception.

Is it really self-awareness and responsibility to the future generation or just another fashion trend? In any case, there is nothing bad in this, but there are more than enough benefits. By separating waste paper from plastic bottles, we help recycling companies get recyclables, and manufacturing companies produce other useful things. So, in what form does the discarded garbage return to us?

Writing accessories

Recycled plastic makes great ballpoint pens. It looks quite stylish, pleasant to the touch and quite inexpensive. In Russia, there are not so many companies involved in the production of stationery from recycled materials, but they do exist. For example, Vicky Vostok obtains the necessary plastic for pens from Tetra Pak packaging - three bags are enough to make two pens.

Toilet paper

Toilet paper is obtained, as you might guess, from recycled waste paper. If at least ten people use rolls made from the newspapers they read in the toilet, then, according to approximate estimates, they will save three trees in a year. But not all manufacturers care about the conservation of forests on the planet. For those who want to use the “right” toilet paper, Greenpeace has compiled a collection of “How to choose the right toilet paper”. Take a look before heading to the store.

Clothing and footwear

Yes, clothes and shoes are also made from plastic bottles and waste paper. Moreover, this is one of the largest niches in the field of waste processing. Such people are engaged in the fight for the environment famous brands- H&M, Patagonia, Adidas, Asics, Melissa, Levi's and many more. Syntepon, polyester and nylon are obtained from recycled plastic. These textile materials are also obtained from the recycling of old clothes. And Nike, in addition to recycled clothing, also has packaging and various sports equipment.

aluminum cans

We can definitely say that the aluminum can of Pepsi-Cola you bought was once a can of some other drink. Aluminum is 100% recyclable, and a used aluminum can is the most recyclable waste in the world. About 75% of the aluminum used in industry today was produced more than 20 years ago and it still continues to be reborn into new products.

Construction Materials

Recycled waste can be found in construction and landscaping. For example, cullet is obtained from glass containers, which is used to manufacture glass wool and glass concrete. Approximately 3,000 empty glass bottles will be required to insulate a standard country volume with glass wool.

The website browser Elizaveta Semenova figured out how to build a business in the field of recycling and waste processing, what funds and resources will be needed for this, how things are with competition in this area and whether it is possible to make money on such a business.

Garbage is a unique resource: they are ready to pay for both its purchase and sale. In addition, this resource is inexhaustible.

Waste management is a headache for municipal authorities, a potentially science-intensive industry with almost zero competition and a highly profitable business.

None of the regions of Russia has a developed waste management system. To understand the magnitude of the problem: this moment there are more than 31 billion tons of unutilized waste in the country. Unutilized - that means those with which nothing has been done: they have not been burned, not buried, and even more so not recycled - they are simply on the territory of Russia.

The problem of waste disposal in the 21st century seems especially ridiculous because at every stage of this process you can make money - literally from nothing.

Legal side of the issue

State participation in recycling consists in environmental supervision, licensing, organization of reporting, control over the implementation of standards and setting tariffs for waste disposal.

The legal regulation of waste relations (FZ "On Production and Consumption Wastes") is determined by five classes: from "extremely hazardous" waste of the first class to "practically non-hazardous" of the fifth. Categorization is based on damage level for environment(examples in order of decreasing damage: mercury, asbestos dust - petroleum products, acids - pig manure, diesel fuel- tires, paper - shells, sawdust), but for commercial analysis it is more convenient to group the classes by origin. The first three classes are industrial and construction garbage, and the fourth and fifth - household (the so-called MSW - municipal solid waste).

The owner of wastes of classes 1-4 can transfer the right to dispose of them to a person only if he has the appropriate license: for their use, neutralization, transportation, disposal. From January 1, 2016, any unlicensed activity of this kind will be considered illegal. In addition, all people involved in such a business must have a certificate confirming their professional training.

To find out what class of waste you will have to deal with, their owner (legal entity) must order an examination. In addition to the fact that garbage is considered property, it also has a passport.

The law does not say anything about MSW of the fifth, non-hazardous class. Thus, no permits are needed if the business works with food waste, metals, waste paper, wood, plastic containers, plastic wrap.

There are several main stages of disposal and processing of MSW.

Transportation

The primary task of waste disposal is their direct removal from the territory of the consumer.

Canadian Brian Scudamore's company began with a $700 used truck and the slogan "We'll stash your trash in a flash!" ("Destroy your trash in the blink of an eye!") in 1989. Saving money for college, Skudamord took away the garbage in his spare time, which the local authorities could not handle.Relieved of the problem, customers willingly paid, and the entrepreneur eventually preferred the garbage to his studies. Today, his 1-800-GOT-JUNK company generates over $100 million in annual revenue and operates franchises in the US, Canada, and Australia.

Pros: there is no need for rent, complex equipment and expensive specialists.

Minuses: a significant cost item is fuel costs. In addition, it will not work to unload garbage on the side of the road, you need to negotiate with the landfill.

Profitability: the cost of exporting a standard container (0.8 cubic meters) in Moscow - from 330 rubles. One garbage truck contains 25-60 such containers. Pricing in this area is subject to the laws of the market, but strongly depends on the tariffs for the storage (burial) of waste.

Starter kit: special vehicles, drivers.

Competition: garbage collection of private individuals is included in the "maintenance of the residential premises" and is under the jurisdiction of the municipalities, in the service of legal entities competition is quite high - in Moscow alone, about 500 official companies are registered.

Peculiarities: main problem this business is to reduce transport costs. The solution is achieved in two ways, and both are associated with an increase in capacity garbage containers: a garbage truck with a press (at times increases the productivity of transportation and reduces the cost of burial), a bin with a press (beneficial for the client, since it reduces the frequency of garbage removal).

Pressing

In 2004, the American company Seahorse Power took up the development of bins with a press, showing the world autonomous BigBelly pressing plants on solar panels. The operation of the press is based on a chain transmission without the use of hydraulic principles, and the maintenance of the installation is reduced to an annual lubrication of the door locking mechanism.

The wireless notification system allows you to automatically track the level of filling the container, giving additional opportunities to improve the logistics of the process. The price tag for the device ($3.1-3.9 thousand) can be considered as a long-term investment, since the capacity of the container is five times higher compared to a conventional tank.

The company is now valued at $5 million.

Source: Wikipedia

Despite the importance of timely waste disposal and compaction, the above manipulations do not solve main problem: garbage needs to be stored somewhere or somehow destroyed.

You can look at waste as trash that needs to be disposed of, or you can look at it as a resource. These opposing principles form two approaches to waste management.

Accommodation

Waste disposal - their storage or burial: garbage with an uncertain fate needs to be stored somewhere, while burial implies complete isolation that prevents any interaction with the environment.

Pros: business for the lazy.

Minuses: rapid depletion of the area (a million-plus city annually needs an additional 40 hectares), relatively low profitability (since the tariffs for burial are set by the municipality).

Profitability: burial of a ton of MSW in Leningrad region costs 400-1000 rubles, a non-compressing garbage truck can bring from two to ten tons at a time.

Starter kit: several hectares of free land outside locality, water protection and recreational zones.

Competition: There are officially 1,092 landfills in Russia, and the occupancy of almost all of them is already approaching or exceeding 100%.

Peculiarities: The landfill must have a waterproof bottom and wind protection, so it should ideally be built. However, most of the landfills are of "natural" origin - like, for example, "Krasny Bor" in the Leningrad region, located above the deposits of clay. Clay was supposed to protect groundwater from toxic substances- it turned out not.

Legal subtleties: it is necessary to obtain permission to create a placement (confirms compliance with geological, hydrological and other standards), enter the landfill into a single State Register and monitor the environmental situation - even after the end of operation.

garbage incineration

In most cases, arson is arranged illegally - in order to somehow unload the landfills. There are only about ten legal waste incineration plants in Russia today.

Low competition should not create illusions: although it is supposed to achieve profit through associated energy generation, most waste incineration plants are exclusively subsidized, since incineration of MSW is, according to all the rules, a very expensive procedure. Therefore, it would be overly optimistic to consider such recycling as a business.

The only plus of incineration is in reducing the volume of waste by 90-95%, that is, in saving space at the landfill, but this cannot justify the monstrous damage that this causes to the environment.

Those who are on fire with the idea of ​​more progressive waste management need to be prepared for the following obstacle: the fact that in Russia the disposal is charged by the state - and charged cheaply - demotivates people to look for any alternative ways recycling. By comparison, in the United States, landfilling and incinerating waste is three times more expensive than recycling.

Sorting

Any processing is impossible without sorting. Wherein most of recyclable materials lose their consumer properties when mixed in a common container - paper, for example, becomes damp and rots. Therefore, recycling is most effective (and easy to implement) if sorting is carried out at the stage of garbage collection - up to 60-80% of the MSW composition can be reused in this way. However, this requires a revision of the entire recycling paradigm (a well-known project in this area is the Japanese concept of Zero Waste).

Pros: the demand for sorting is quite high - you can find a buyer even abroad (for example, the Swedes and Danes import waste from Germany and Norway to generate electricity).

Minuses: expensive equipment - a full-fledged waste sorting complex costs around 4 million rubles. The cost of organizing separate collection waste in St. Petersburg alone costs 1.5 billion rubles.

Profitability: depends on the quality of raw materials. In rubles per ton: waste paper - from 500 to 10000, cullet - 2000-3000, plastic - up to 4000, ferrous scrap metal - up to 8000.

Starter kit: premises, installations (grinder, press, conveyor, crusher, etc.), workers, (optional) vehicle fleet.

Competition: There are only 50 waste sorting complexes registered in Russia.

Peculiarities: sorting can be implemented in the form of buying up certain types of waste (sorting at the collection stage). This is less profitable, but does not require any expensive installations.

Recycling

Recycling is anything that turns garbage into something useful, be it energy, new raw materials, fertilizers, and so on.

Composting

The simplest option is composting - recycling organic waste into a uniform, odorless brown dust that improves soil properties. It consists in accelerating the natural processes of decomposition and may include up to 30% of MSW (food, grass, manure, cardboard, sawdust). It does not require any complex equipment, the compost pile only needs to be mixed and moistened.

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of waste that occurs without access to oxygen. It differs from simple combustion in that at the output, in addition to recyclable materials, it allows you to get electricity, gasoline, diesel and heating oil (an analogue of fuel oil). The quality of the pyrolysis product directly depends on the composition of MSW, so pre-sorting plays a decisive role here. This type of recycling has many advantages: it is environmentally friendly, significantly reduces the amount of waste and provides thermal energy that can be used.

The cheapest is the processing of mono-raw materials. Successful example the Danish company Gypsum Recycling International can serve. GRI was founded in 2001 and thanks to a well-thought-out system of collection, logistics and patented mobile technology recycling is today the world leader in recycling efficiency (the process of returning waste, discharges and emissions to the processes of technogenesis - ed.), giving a second life to 80% of gypsum waste.

Pros: high profitability and demand for recyclables, low level competition, the interest of foreign investors and the favor of the authorities, a fairly quick payback (from two to five years).

Minuses: a solid initial investment is required (the account goes to tens of thousands of dollars, in the case complex processing- millions, at the same time you can save on used equipment), there are no guarantees for the full utilization of the capacities of such high-tech plants, since the waste collection system in Russia today is extremely chaotic.

Due to the underdevelopment of the market, prices for recyclables are very unstable: when demand increases, suppliers cease to cope with waste collection and prices rise sharply, when demand falls, goods quickly accumulate and fill storage, and therefore are sold at bargain prices.

Profitability: very high, especially if the recycling plant is also the manufacturer of the recycled product. For example, buying a ton of green cullet for 2000 rubles, processing it into glass powder, and then blowing a batch of bottles and selling each for 50 ( approximate price in Moscow), as a result, you can save about 100 thousand rubles.

Starter kit: production premises with an area of ​​at least 200 square meters, a warehouse with an area of ​​at least 100 square meters, equipped in accordance with sanitary and fire requirements, installations, technologists and workers, (optional) a car park.

Competition: in Russia, only 5% of the total waste is recycled, while 50% of MSW consists of raw materials that can be reused. In total, 243 waste processing plants are registered in the country, and none of them carry out full cycle processing.

Peculiarities: the efficiency of waste recycling depends on the quality of sorting, so the best waste processing complex is a complex system, established from collection and sorting to sale to the consumer. Here, one cannot do without close interaction with the authorities and a whole campaign to create a culture of waste management.

Legal subtleties: a processing permit is required.

Recycling at home is one of the keys to a green lifestyle. Our home is a treasure trove of items that can be reused or recycled. And if we get off the path of disposable use, which is imposed by manufacturers and the consumer society, then many objects will appear before us in a different light. It turns out that things that we threw away without hesitation can be inhaled. new life. They can be processed independently or used in another capacity. Here are 9 household items that you can recycle at home.

1. Plastic bottles from various drinks

There are countless uses for an ordinary plastic bottle, you just have to search the Internet. This is one of the most versatile things in home recycling. In addition to being reusable for storing drinks, it can be used to make a huge number of useful objects for the home and garden. For example, you can make a bird feeder, a plant pot, decorations and all kinds of organizers. However, when processing this type of plastic, it must be remembered that when heated, it can release substances harmful to health, so it is not recommended to melt or burn it.

I would also like to note that instead of purchasing bottled water, it is better to use reusable filter bottles. If too many plastic bottles have accumulated and you do not know what to do with them, then it is better to take them to a recycling center.

2. Old worn out jeans

Old jeans can be used to make bags, aprons, skirts, quilts, pillows, organizers, and so on. Some cities have collection points for old clothes to be recycled or donated to those in need. You can read more about the industrial processing of clothing in this article.

3. Old unnecessary CDs, DVDs, VHS cassettes

From CD and DVD discs you can make a scarecrow, thanks to the reflected light from the disks, the birds will fly around delicious fruits in the garden or vegetable garden. From them you can make all sorts of decorative crafts, curtains, lamps, discus throwers, garlands, etc. In Russia, some companies are engaged in the processing of CDs and DVDs, so sometimes they can be taken to a collection point. Film from old video cassettes can be used instead of ropes.

4. Plastic bags

old plastic bags, while they are still whole, you can use them to go to the store. Although, of course, it is better to go grocery shopping with a reusable bag and try not to purchase disposable plastic bags. Old bags are a good substitute for purchased trash bags. Plastic bags can also be used to make many different decorative crafts. They knit and weave various useful things, make bags and toys.

Plastic bags are rarely accepted for recycling because their light weight makes recycling unprofitable, but some companies accept single-use plastic bags.

5. Old cell phones

Recycling cell phones is a high-tech process. But if you have an old phone, you can clean it, find a new panel and give it to someone who needs it, you can sell it via the Internet, take it to a thrift store or a specialized collection point. Some manufacturers have programs to take back old cell phones when you buy new ones.

6. Waste paper

You can make designer paper from waste paper, you can read about it in the article “Paper recycling at home”. Envelopes can be used to store seeds. You can also make garden mulch out of paper. Waste paper can be handed over to the collection point. You can read more about waste paper recycling technology here.

7. Wine corks

Corks can be cut and used to make a hot plate, hallway rugs, all kinds of decorative items and decorations. They can plug bottles with homemade sauces, oils and drinks.

8. Hair bands

Soft hair bands can be washed, dried and used to tie up plants in the garden or to tie bags in the kitchen. Large hair ties can be used as curtain ties.

9. A variety of organic waste

A number of organic waste can be recycled at home through composting. Suitable for processing food waste excluding meat, bones, butter, egg yolks, garden waste such as grass clippings, flowers, cuttings, leaves, hay, sawdust, paper, etc. Compost is very useful for the garden, it is used to improve the quality of the soil and as a mulch. You can read more about composting waste in this article.

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Recycling plastic bottles as a business at home, do-it-yourself equipment is of interest to many due to the availability of raw materials. You can only use material that has the appropriate symbol. This is an image of a triangle made up of three arrows. Inside the triangle, the marking of the specific plastic from which the product is made is placed. For recycling, only such plastic is selected, which, when heated, does not emit harmful substances to health.

In some cases, when stripes are made from plastic bottles for the subsequent production of wicker products, bottles from any type of plastic can be used.

interesting material for reuse serve bottles made of HDPE, high-density polyethylene. Plastic is made from petroleum products, it is easily chipped, resistant to alkalis and acids. The scope of manufacturing from such material is very extensive. Tanks for storing motor oils, water, bearings, and various handles were created from it.

Do not use plastics with a different label for recycling at home - when melted, they can release harmful substances or simply ruin the composition.

General principles for recycling plastic containers at home

Plastic becomes plastic at a temperature of 180 ° C, so it can be used for recycling at home. Previously, the plastic is crushed, and then the resulting mass is heated. It is sometimes advised to heat the plastic at home, as it is sometimes advised - in the oven, to a state like a liquid it is impossible, it becomes simply plastic, therefore any product can be easily formed from the heated mass of crushed plastic in the appropriate form, but there will be cavities in the craft.

Modern equipment for small business

Russian-language sites traditionally describe the processes of processing plastic bottles using domestic equipment, which requires more than two hundred square meters to accommodate and about six hundred thousand rubles to purchase. Along with this, today there are a lot of equipment, small in size and very cheap in terms of production cost, for processing plastic bottles at home.

Such equipment does not require a lot of space for placement, it is easy to rebuild it to change the products produced, to do it yourself. Naturally, it will not make it possible to earn millions every month, but it will make a start-up for the processing of plastic raw materials accessible to almost everyone and will serve as a foundation further development similar business.

A complete plastic bottle recycling line includes:

  • shredder;
  • agglomerator;
  • extruder.

Such a set of units will ensure the complete processing of plastic bottles.

shredder

This unit is designed for grinding plastic products. The resulting small plates of plastic are called flex. Industrially manufactured devices are quite expensive.

For example, the simplest AMD-200D crusher, which processes about fifty kilograms of feedstock per hour, will cost about one hundred and thirty-five thousand rubles. And to make such a unit with your own hands will not be much work.

Those interested will benefit from drawings:

If conditions permit and it is possible to place a bath for washing the resulting flex, a centrifuge for drying - it can be limited to its production. Today, according to Flagma, such material is sold from thirty-five to forty-nine rubles per kilogram, and bought - from twenty to thirty-five rubles per kilogram.

Agglomerator

This unit is intended for sintering flex. The cost of the cheapest industrial designs is about two hundred thousand rubles. Therefore, it is not surprising that craftsmen make such units on their own. Of course, it is impossible to make such a unit from scratch without milling and turning. However, you can use the drawing and ask friends working at the factory to make the necessary parts.

Many organizers of the recycling of plastic bottles in garages and other utility rooms outside the attention of government agencies that monitor compliance with sanitary environmental standards use existing electric furnaces as the working chamber of the agglomerator, since the flex begins to sinter at temperatures ranging from 180˚C. Dave Hackens' agglomerators are the most popular.

extruder

This unit is a device for obtaining finished products or granules used for subsequent processing. The screws feed the flakes into the chamber, where they are heated and become plastic, up to liquefaction. Passing through the filter, the plastic is cleaned and, after passing through the extruder, it takes the form of threads. These threads can be used for various products, or cut and sold.

Dave Hakkens offers homemade extruders that are combined with a press and allow you to get any product that fits the shape. In the unit, the flex is heated to almost liquid state and screws under pressure is fed into the mold.

What can be made from PET bottles

For creative people plastic bottles- inexhaustible material for inspiration.

You can also make strong ropes from plastic bottles. To do this, you need a "bottle cutter". Craftsmen make this simple device from a blade, a few washers, mounted on a wooden base.

When assembled, the bottle cutter looks like this.

Spools that are wound with threads obtained from PET bottles can also be made from bottle necks. First, cut off the necks of two bottles and the tops of two caps. Cropped caps are fixed on the rod, on which the cut necks are then wound, holes are made in the necks with a red-hot carnation, through which the beginning of the thread is passed and, having tied a knot, fix it.

The resulting tapes can be used not only for the manufacture of ropes, but also to make tubes from them. To do this, a strip cut from a plastic bottle is passed through a hole of the diameter required for the tube and heated, they begin to be pulled through it. The principle of operation is clear from the photo.

It is quite possible that such a mini-business is suitable for someone, requiring only a bottle cutter with coils and premises, such as making brooms and brooms from plastic ribbons. How such products are made can be easily understood from the picture.

Perhaps, to many, the bottle ribbon business will seem very small, not worthy of attention. However, in India it is serious business. Several vertically placed bottle cutters are used, the cut strips are wound on reels that rotate from a mechanical drive. One worker sets the bottles on the bottle cutters and ties the resulting strips, the second worker controls the speed of rotation of the coils, on which the strips are wound, from which ropes are subsequently made.

AT recent times in southern countries Tiles made from PET bottles are becoming increasingly popular. The molten flex is mixed with mineral filler (sand fines) and filled into molds through an extruder. In the countries of the former USSR, such a business is just beginning, so the field for the activities of craftsmen is quite wide.

Paving slabs, chain-link mesh, greenhouse walls and much, much more are also made from plastic bottles.

But, so that an entrepreneur does not decide to make such recycled materials - success, as in any business, will depend on the literacy of drawing up a business plan. Such a document will not only streamline knowledge, build a system of actions, but can be useful if you need to attract investment money.

Principles of writing a business plan

Like any other business plan for the organization and operation of an enterprise aimed at processing plastic bottles, other plastic products are drawn up in accordance with the requirements for such documents by the considering specialists. This must be taken into account, because the business plan is prepared not so much for oneself, but for those who, on its basis, will allocate the money needed to turn the idea into practice. Financial professionals are the most picky. If they themselves do not know something thoroughly, they will definitely turn to specialists to obtain an assessment of the proposed document. Therefore, the created document should correspond as much as possible to accepted norms, because, as they say, they meet by clothes.

Before writing, you need to clearly understand for yourself that a business plan, in fact, is just a written explanation of the proposed project, the amounts necessary for its implementation, as well as the optimal implementation timeframe. Such an approach to the matter will immediately clarify what is the main thing in it and what is secondary, what needs to be emphasized, and what should be moved to the background.

Information about the project of the future enterprise is divided into several sections:

  • Section I Title page. Preamble information about the name of the enterprise, its form of ownership and address is placed here, the name of the proposed project is placed, telephone numbers and e-mail addresses are placed. The date of preparation of the document is indicated and information is provided on the need to calculate cash costs and profits, which are included in the document or placed in a separate application.
  • Section II. This copyright section is often referred to as the "Privacy Statement". It sets out data on the authors of the business plan materials and their rights, obligations not to disclose the information received without the author's consent, as well as obligations to return the business plan after reading it if the decision on it is not positive.
  • Section III. This section is often referred to as the "Summary". This section summarizes the entire business plan and outlines the essence of the project. This section is recommended to be created after writing the entire business plan and arrange the information following the following structure:
  1. project description;
  2. availability of resources;
  3. ways and means of implementation;
  4. the answer to the question - what is the uniqueness of the project;
  5. required investment amount;
  6. projected profit;
  7. ways to return money to investors;
  8. the effectiveness of the proposed project.
  • Section IV. Objective of the project. This section describes the intended purpose of the proposed business, describes the services or goods supplied to the market, and indicates the benefits that customers will receive. For this, the advantages of the products produced are described in detail. If there is their uniqueness, this moment should be described as carefully and extensively as possible. If used Newest technologies- you need to specify how copyright will be implemented.
  • Section V Market analysis in the area of ​​the proposed business. Here are the results marketing research regarding the products offered, as well as analyzes the activities of competitors. If, when writing a business plan, there is no uniqueness of the proposed business in a given region, the emphasis is on reducing costs through the use of new technologies, reducing energy costs, personnel, and so on. Be sure to take into account that today there are practically no areas that are no longer covered by business, therefore, having found competitors, you need to justify how the proposed business is more attractive.
  • Section VI. Position of the created enterprise in the industry. Here the main characteristics of the enterprise are described and, based on their analysis, the place of the planned production or trade in the existing industry is noted. The preferred form of ownership of the enterprise and what costs will have to be incurred to create it are indicated. The section also contains information about:
  1. company address;
  2. the type of premises required, indicating whether it already exists or needs to be purchased, whether it is necessary to make repairs or not;
  3. economic indicators work;
  4. temporal characteristics of the specifics of production activity.

If the business is planned to start from scratch, the prospective management has or does not have experience in this area. The lack of managerial experience in the proposed area is a very negative characteristic, as a rule, it initiates the refusal of third-party investors.

  • Section VII. Product description. The section is created after the analysis of the existing market. Based on the analysis, a conclusion is made about the advantages of the proposed product and the competitiveness of the company. This section must contain or be accompanied by product samples or their photos, a description of technical characteristics. If several units of the product are produced, each of them is described in detail. Structurally, the section is divided into several subsections:
  1. the name of the product, as well as its description;
  2. purpose and areas of use;
  3. specifications
  4. competitive advantages;
  5. the presence or absence of copyright;
  6. environmental friendliness of the product or its absence;
  7. quality certificates;
  8. service and operation.
  • Section VIII. Sales of products. The section contains marketing plan realization of the produced product. Such a plan should include:
  1. models of behavior in the market;
  2. a reasoned explanation of the quantity of the purchased product by customers;
  3. describes the methods used to influence demand;
  4. describes the methodology for calculating prices;
  5. provides information on how to sell;
  6. indicated legal status main consumer.

Any material on organizing a business includes a governing advice - find a consumer. That's what the marketing plan is for. This structural unit is under close scrutiny, so it must be specified in detail:

  1. what criteria for evaluating the product from the point of view of the consumer were studied when writing a business plan;
  2. what place in the supply chain is occupied by the customer to whom the goods are supplied.

This section is based on the characteristics by which the product is evaluated not by the manufacturer, but by the consumer. It is highly desirable to analyze the evaluation of a similar product by consumers of competitors and, on the basis of this information, justify the attractiveness of your own product. This section also includes the logistics concept - how and to whom the goods are delivered, who is responsible for sending them. A strategy for conducting advertising campaigns is given. Prices and sales volumes are indicated by time periods. Payback periods and profitability are calculated.

  • Section IX. Production plan. The material of the section requires close attention and elaboration, especially in cases of planning to open a company from scratch. The section describes and analyzes in detail the production chains of the product, considers the premises and the equipment located in it, its location, ways of transporting the source material, parts, finished products etc. Not only an exhaustive description of production is given, but also the control over its processes, it is indicated what moments will be entrusted to subcontractors, the reasons for their choice are indicated. This section describes all production costs, and also calculates the cost of the product, provides an estimate of costs, specifies variables and fixed costs. Information is arranged following a specific structure:
  1. production structure;
  2. technology used;
  3. what premises are needed;
  4. the need for staff;
  5. raw materials;
  6. equipment characteristics;
  7. production capacity;
  8. cost estimate;
  9. selection of subcontractors;
  10. cost analysis.
  • Section X. Organizational plan. This section describes organizational matters, normative documents are laid out and it is described how they will be implemented.
  • Section XI. financial planning. Here you will find information about the required financial investments and their spending. It also sets out the timing of financial movements, the timing of the stages, finances are determined for working capital. It also indicates if there is a need to attract loans and how they will be returned. In this section, the conclusion of the above is an analysis of the effectiveness of the company and its work. Structurally, it looks like this:
  1. received profit;
  2. tax payment structures;
  3. the need for investment;
  4. loan servicing;
  5. description of the effectiveness of the project
  • Section XII. Risk analysis. The section contains information about the difficulties that may impede the implementation of the project. This includes difficulties provoked by legislation, weather, competitors, and so on. The more complete the list, indicating ways to solve difficulties, the higher the assessment of the plan as a whole.

The difficulties of doing business include the wrong choice of employees - success does not depend on the degree of acquaintance, but on professionalism.

To assess the degree of risk, the following methods of analysis are used:

  1. statistical method (the basis is the study of named statistics);
  2. analogy method - analysis based on studying the development of similar projects;
  3. expert method, the basis of analysis - expert opinion;
  4. modeling - the response to external influence is analyzed.

Also, a description of possible systems for countering risks is carried out, possible guarantees are called - authorities, guarantees for goods, bank guarantees, and so on.

  • Section XIII. Applications. Documents that are not included in the planning description but are important are collected here, copies of contracts for similar products, data sources, price lists, and so on.