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Where is the new earth on the map of the hemispheres. archipelago new land

And meridians 51°30` and 69°0` east longitude from Greenwich. This land belongs to the Arkhangelsk region. Undoubtedly, it is ranked by scientists among the islands of the mainland.

The two main islands are separated by a narrow, winding Strait Matochkin Shar. Of a number of small islands, the largest is Mezhdusharsky Island. New Earth serves as the western boundary. From the south, it is washed by the waters of the Kara Gate Strait, which separates it from the island. From the west and northwest it is washed by the Murmansk and Arctic Ocean. Within these limits, the two islands form an arc, slightly curved and bulging towards the west. Since the northern part of Novaya Zemlya has not yet been surveyed, and even the position of its northern extremity cannot yet be finally established, the total length and area cannot yet be precisely given. Its length is about 1000 km. The greatest width is not more than 130 km. The area is approximately 80,025 square kilometers. Of this number, the southern island accounts for 35,988 square kilometers, and the northern one 44,037 square kilometers. Mezhdusharsky - 282 square kilometers. All the rest are about 290 square kilometers.

The length of the coastline of Novaya Zemlya is about 4400 kilometers. The most south point- Cape Kusov nos, located on the island of Kusova Zemlya, separated from Novaya Zemlya by the Nikolsky Shar Strait. From this point, the ocean coast goes to the west, and the sea coast to the east. The ocean coast is characterized by a large indentation of the coast, forming here a huge number of bays, peninsulas and islands. The most southern part The coast is indented by smaller bays. The first significant bay is the Sakhanikha Bay (between 55 - 56 ° east longitude). One of the large Novaya Zemlya lip Sakhanikha flows into the strait. Further to the west is the Chernaya Bay strait, which extends far into the island for 30 kilometers. The western and northwestern direction of the coast is preserved up to Cape Cherny, starting from here, the coast turns directly to the north, and then to the northwest. It forms a vast bay between Capes Cherny and Yuzhny Goose. It has indented shores. Here is located the largest of the skeletons of Novaya Zemlya - Mezhdsharsky. It is separated from the coast of Novaya Zemlya by the Kostin Shar Strait, into which one of the most significant rivers of Novaya Zemlya, the Nekhvatov, flows. The length of the river is 80 kilometers. To the north of Mezhdushary Island there are two large bays: Rogachev and Belushya Bay.

Starting from Cape South Goose Nose, the coastline runs almost along the meridian, without forming any significant bays until Cape North Goose Nose. This part of the coast, 100 kilometers long, is the westernmost part of Novaya Zemlya. It is called Goose Land. Farther north, between Cape Goose Nose and Razor Nose, is Moller Bay, which in turn is indented by many coastal depressions, which form good moorings for ships, together with places lying near the islands. Here, in the Bay of Malyye Karmakul, there has been a camp for a long time, where several families of Samoyeds live in winter and summer. In the north, Moller Bay ends with a deep-lying Pukhov Bay, into the top of which the Pukhovaya River flows. Further flows the river Britvinskaya. To the north of Cape Britvin there are two large bays: the southern one - Bezymyannaya Bay and the northern one - Mushroom Bay, separated by a high one from Mount Pervousmochennaya. Further to the entrance to the Matochkin ball, the coast is flat and rocky. The entrance to the Matochkin ball presents some difficulty, since one can easily mistake for it the Silver Bay lying a little to the north. However, signs have already been placed to facilitate entry into this bay.

Following the west coast further north, we meet Silver Bay, surrounded by high mountains. Next are the lips of Mityushikha and Volchikha. They are located in a deep recess between the shore of Novaya Zemlya and Cape Sukhoi Nos. From the Dry Nose to another prominent place - the Admiralty Peninsula - the coast of Novaya Zemlya is again indented with bays. The largest of them, starting from the south, is Krestovaya Bay with several islands. Two bays of Sulmenev enter here - northern and southern - and Mashigin Bay. There are many bays from the Admiralty Peninsula to the Gorbovy Islands. There are several islands here: Pankratiev, Wilhelm, Krestovy and others.

Further, the coast gradually deviates to the east - to Cape Nassau. The eastern coast does not have as many deep bays and protruding peninsulas as the western coast. Starting from the south of Kusov Nose, the coast turns to the north. Here is the extreme southeastern part of Novaya Zemlya, Cape Menshikov. From here, the coast of Novaya Zemlya gradually recedes to the west, almost without bays, to Abrosimov Bay, which lies slightly south of the 72° parallel. northern latitude. The Abrosimova River flows into it. From the Gulf of Abrosimov, the coast of Novaya Zemlya takes the direction of the north and north-east. Here it becomes more indented up to the very Matochkin ball. From here, to the north, the coastline becomes more indented and forms in places quite significant bays, the largest of them: Chekina, Neznaniy, Medvezhiy. To the north of which lies the Krasheninnikov Peninsula and the Pakhtusov Islands (74°25` north latitude). Further, Pakhtusov discovered Cape Dalniy, lying slightly south of 75 ° north latitude. From where to Cape Middendorf the coast is almost unknown. Behind it to the north lies Ice Harbor Bay, where the Dutchman Barents wintered in 1598. Further, the coast of Novaya Zemlya rises straight along the northern meridian to Cape Zhelanie. Novaya Zemlya was first discovered by the Novgorodians, probably in the 11th century. But the first written information about it is found in the edition of Hakluyt: "The principal navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation" (London, 1859). Here is described the first journey of the English, under the command of Willoughby, east of the North Cape, in search of a northeast passage into

The Novaya Zemlya archipelago is located in the Arctic Ocean between the Barents and Kara Seas. In the south, across the Kara Gate Strait, there is Vaygach Island. Administratively, the archipelago is part of the Arkhangelsk region. The area of ​​the archipelago is about 83 thousand square meters. km., and the length from the southwest to the northeast is 925 km.

The Novaya Zemlya archipelago consists of a large number islands, the largest of which are the North Island and the South Island. They are separated by the narrow strait Matochkin Shar, its width is 2-3 km. Cape Flissingsky - the northeastern tip of the North Island - is the most eastern point Europe.

The islands of Novaya Zemlya are a continuation of the Hercynian folded structures of the Urals. Intense neotectonic movements have raised them to a height of more than a hundred meters, so Novaya Zemlya stands out among all arctic islands with their heights. In the Pleistocene all the islands were covered continental ice. The center of glaciation was located here, from where the ice slipped to the East European and West Siberian plains.

About half of the North Island is occupied by glaciers. On the territory almost 400 km long and 70-75 km wide there is a continuous ice cover, its thickness is more than 300 meters. In a number of places, the ice descends into the fjords or breaks off into the open sea, forming ice barriers and giving rise to huge icebergs, the weight of which can reach several million tons.

The archipelago of Novaya Zemlya is dominated by severe, arctic climate. Winter here is very cold and long. strong winds and blizzards. The speed of winter winds in the archipelago reaches approximately 40-50 m/s, which is why Novaya Zemlya is sometimes also called the “Land of Winds”. Frosts on the Novaya Zemlya archipelago reach 40 degrees C. average temperature the air itself warm month- August varies from +2.5 degrees C in the northern part of the archipelago to +6.5 in its southern part. There are many small lakes on the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, in which, under the rays of the sun in the southern regions, the water can warm up to +18.

Despite tough climatic conditions, there is life on the islands: some species of plants survive here (mosses and lichens, cereal and carnation species, cruciferous flowers and some flowers like the polar poppy and cinquefoil), covering with sparse vegetation southern shores islands. Noisy bird markets nest on the rocks (herring and pink gulls, burgomasters - about 15 species of birds in total), and seals and walruses equip their rookeries under them. Previously (24,000-19,000 years ago), this territory was penetrated by large mammals(remains of mammoths were found). Now, in the south of the archipelago, only rare reindeer, lemmings, arctic foxes and wolves can be found. The owner of the territory was and remains a polar bear.

It is interesting:

- Local animal species save heat and try their best to reduce heat transfer. Many species achieve this by reducing their size: shortening their legs, ears, and beaks. And arctic foxes, it seems, pass their burrows from generation to generation (burrows have been found that are tens, if not hundreds of years old): they are incredibly difficult to dig in frozen ground, so animals do not scatter ready-made burrows.

- Cape Zemlyanoy on Schmidt Island of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago is the most remote point from the mainland: 470 km separates it from the Taimyr Peninsula.

— the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago receives the least sunny days on the planet - 12 per year, despite the fact that the polar day here lasts more than 130 days.

- The most powerful ice dome of the archipelago was passed in 2001. It provided scientists with an ice core from a depth of 724 m, which retained information for the last 8000-9000 years. The core is being studied in laboratories in Germany.

- On the island October revolution and Komsomolets, glaciers formed off the coast change the coastline for more than a kilometer during the year. The record size of an iceberg was recorded here in 1953. 12 km long and about 4 km wide.

- Nina Petrovna Demme became the first Russian woman polar explorer who participated in the wintering on Severnaya Zemlya in 1932-1934, and even in the position of chief. Interestingly, two more Ninas followed her in the same direction: actinometrist (specialist in measuring the intensity of electromagnetic radiation) Nina Freiberg and meteorologist Nina Voitsekhovskaya.

- The northernmost island point of Asia is located on Severnaya Zemlya - this is the Arctic Cape on about. Komsomolets. From here to the North Pole is 990.7 km, so polar expeditions use it as a starting point.

Included in the Arkhangelsk region of Russia as the administrative district of Novaya Zemlya and, within the framework of local government, in the status of the urban district of Novaya Zemlya.

Geography and climate

The archipelago consists of two large islands - North and South, separated by a narrow strait (2-3 km) Matochkin Shar and many relatively small islands, the largest of which is Mezhdsharsky. The northeastern tip of the North Island - Cape Flissing - is the easternmost point of Europe.

The archipelago stretches from southwest to northeast for 925 km. The northernmost point of Novaya Zemlya - east island the Greater Orange Islands, the southernmost - the Pynina Islands of the Petukhov Archipelago, the western - an unnamed cape on the Gusinaya Zemlya Peninsula of the South Island, the eastern - Cape Flissingsky of the Severny Islands. The area of ​​all the islands is more than 83 thousand km²; the width of the North Island is up to 123 km, the South - up to 143 km.

In the South Island, occurrences of native copper and cuprous sandstones are known.

All known ore fields require additional study, which is difficult natural conditions, insufficient economic development and special status archipelago.

In the waters of the seas surrounding the archipelago, a number of geological structures have been identified that are promising for the search for oil and gas fields.

Presumably Novaya Zemlya was discovered in the 12th-13th centuries by Novgorod merchants, but there is no convincing historical and documentary evidence of this. Failed to prove the primacy in the discovery of the archipelago and the ancient Scandinavians. In any case, the name of the island is of purely ancient Russian origin.

Of the Western Europeans, the first to visit the archipelago in 1553 was the English navigator Hugh Willoughby, who, by decree of King Edward VI (1547-1553), led the expedition of the London "Moscow Company" to "find the Northeast Passage" and establish relations with the Russian state.

On the map of the Flemish scientist Gerard Mercator in 1595, Novaya Zemlya still looks like a single island or even a peninsula.

In the course of his third expedition, in 1596, Barents rounded the northern tip of Novaya Zemlya and wintered on the east coast of Severny Island in the area of ​​Ice Harbor (1597). In 1871, the Norwegian polar expedition of Elling Carlsen discovered a preserved Barents hut in this place, in which dishes, coins, Wall Clock, weapons, navigational tools, as well as a written report on wintering, hidden in a chimney.

The famous Dutch natural scientist Nikolaas Witsen in the book "Northern and Eastern Tartaria" (1692) - the first in Western Europe scientific work about Siberia and the Russian North - reports that Peter the Great intended to build a military fort on Novaya Zemlya.

The first two were carried out by him at the Malaye Karmakuly station on Yuzhny Island, which was then the only Russian settlement on the archipelago. Its elimination could lead to the loss of control by Russia over the islands and their capture by the Norwegians.

Arriving on the coast of Moller Bay on June 19, 1887, K. D. Nosilov settled in the house of the station of the Water Rescue Society. Together with the priest Father Jonah, seconded by the Archangel diocese, sailors and several Samoyeds, he restored an Orthodox chapel damaged by a hurricane in the Small Karmakuly, which helped attract Russian industrialists from Arkhangelsk to the island. During these winterings, K. D. Nosilov explored the coast of the island itself and the mountain range that crossed it, the local flora and fauna, the directions of animal migration, and also studied the language and everyday culture of the Samoyed families resettled there.

The third wintering of K. D. Nosilov in -1891 took place on the coast of the Matochkin Shar strait, where he founded the first meteorological station on the archipelago.

New Earth. View from space.

From March 27, 1927, Novaya Zemlya, like other islands in the Arctic Ocean, was governed by a special regulation of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In 1929 they came under the direct jurisdiction of the executive committee of the Northern Territory.

After the Nenets were evicted to the mainland, by the decision of the executive committee of the Arkhangelsk Regional Council of Working People's Deputies of July 15, 1957, the Novaya Zemlya Island Council was abolished from August 1, 1957 in accordance with the resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR No. 764 of August 27, 1956.

From 1988 to 2014, the Marine Arctic Complex Expedition (MAKE) of the Russian Research Institute of Cultural and natural heritage them. D. S. Likhachev under the command and scientific guidance of P. V. Boyarsky.

In 2015, hydrographers Northern Fleet the formation of seven capes and four straits was recorded, nine islands were discovered in the Russian part of the Arctic.

Population

Flora and fauna

The main role in the formation of phytocenoses belongs to mosses and lichens. The latter are represented by species of cladonia, the height of which does not exceed 3-4 cm.

Arctic herbaceous annuals also play a significant role. Plants characteristic of the scarce flora of the islands are creeping species, such as creeping willow ( Salix polaris), saxifrage opposite-leaved ( Saxifraga oppositifolia), mountain lichen and others. Vegetation in the southern part is mostly dwarf birches, moss and low grass, in areas near rivers, lakes and bays a lot of mushrooms grow: milk mushrooms, mushrooms, etc.

On the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, according to the combined data of various authors, 6 species of bumblebees were identified. On the South Island of the archipelago, 6 species of diurnal butterflies were found. The coastal position of the areas can significantly limit the number of species in the local butterfly fauna due to unfavorable natural and climatic conditions. The flight time of club-bearing Lepidoptera is usually very short and falls on the most warm period, while the timing of the flight can be significantly shifted depending on weather conditions.

Of the animals, polar foxes, lemmings, white partridges, and also reindeer are common. Polar bears come to the southern regions with the onset of cold weather, posing a threat to local residents. Marine animals include harp seals, seals, bearded seals, walruses, and whales.

nuclear test site

However, on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the creation of the test site at Novaya Zemlya, the head of the Russian Federal Atomic Energy Agency, Alexander Rumyantsev, said that Russia intends to continue to develop the test site and keep it in working order. At the same time, Russia is not going to hold on the archipelago nuclear tests, but intends to carry out non-nuclear experiments to ensure the reliability, combat capability and safety of storage of its nuclear weapons.

Disposal of radioactive waste

Beyond testing nuclear weapons, the territory of Novaya Zemlya (or rather, adjacent directly to its east coast water area) in 1957-1992 was used for the disposal of liquid and solid radioactive waste (RW). Basically, these were containers with spent nuclear fuel(and in some cases, entire reactor plants) from submarines and surface ships of the Northern Fleet of the Navy of the USSR and Russia, as well as icebreakers with nuclear power plants.

Such RW disposal sites are the bays of the archipelago: Sedov Bay, Oga Bay, Tsivolki Bay, Stepovoy Bay, Abrosimov Bay, Prosperity Bay, Currents Bay, as well as a number of points in the Novaya Zemlya depression stretching along the entire archipelago. As a result of such activities, a lot of underwater potentially hazardous objects (OPOOs) have formed at the bottom of the Kara Sea and the bays of Novaya Zemlya. Among them: the completely flooded nuclear submarine "K-27" (1981, Stepovoy Bay), reactor compartments and assemblies of a number of other nuclear submarines, the reactor compartment of the Lenin nuclear icebreaker (1967, Tsivolki Bay).

Since 2002, the areas where the PPO is located have been subject to annual monitoring by the Russian Emergencies Ministry. In 1992-1994, international expeditions were carried out (with the participation of specialists from Norway) to assess the degree of pollution environment, since 2012 the activity of such expeditions has been resumed.

see also

Notes

  1. Regional law of September 23, 2009 N 65-5-OZ "On the administrative-territorial structure of the Arkhangelsk region"
  2. Charter of the Arkhangelsk region
  3. Knipovich N. M., Shokalsky Yu. M.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
  4. labyrinth
  5. New Earth. Book 2. Part 1. Under the general. ed. P. V. Boyarsky. M., 1998.
  6. Unknown Arctic // Novaya Zemlya Vesti, Friday, December 06, 2013. No. 49 (417)
  7. Charnock, Richard Stephen. Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names. - London: Houlston and Wright, 1859. - P. 192.
  8. Aleksandrova V. D., Zubkov A. I. Physical-geographical sketch of Novaya Zemlya.
  9. George Blon. Great hour of the oceans. polar seas. - M., 1984. - S. 22.
  10. Tsiporukha M.I. Seas of the Russian Arctic
  11. Pierre-Martin de Lamartinere. Journey to the Nordic countries
  12. All about the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. Exploration of Novaya Zemlya
  13. All about the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. Settlement of Novaya Zemlya
  14. Sosnovsky I. V. . The Most Submissive Report on the State of the Arkhangelsk Governorate for 1909. Arkhangelsk, 1911 (indefinite) . Project "Electronic Memory of the Arctic". emaproject.com. Retrieved January 30, 2013. Archived from the original February 1, 2013.
  15. Nature and people, 1912, No. 21
  16. About the municipality
  17. Boyarsky P. "Russian Arctic" is unique (indefinite) . // Internet edition Vesti.ru(June 27, 2009). Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  18. Donskikh, Ekaterina. Adventurer in the Arctic. How a unique scientist grew out of romance // Arguments and Facts. - 2014. - No. 9 (1738) for February 26. - S. 62. (Retrieved April 23, 2016)
  19. Hydrographers of the Northern Fleet discovered an island near Novaya Zemlya (Russian), TASS. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  20. Novaya Zemlya - the history of settlement (indefinite) . arhangelsk.allnw.ru. Retrieved January 30, 2013. Archived from the original February 1, 2013.

And that same morning at 11:32 a.m. over Novaya Zemlya at an altitude of 4000 m above the land surface, a bomb with a capacity of 50 million tons of TNT was exploded.
The flash of light was so bright that, despite the continuous cloud cover, it was visible even at a distance of a thousand kilometers. The swirling giant mushroom has grown to a height of 67 km. By the time of the explosion, while the bomb was slowly descending on a huge parachute from a height of 10,500 m to the calculated point of detonation, the Tu-95 carrier aircraft with the crew and its commander, Major Andrei Egorovich Durnovtsev, was already in the safe zone. The commander returned to his airfield as a lieutenant colonel, Hero of the Soviet Union.

Slavsky and Moskalenko, being congress delegates, specially flew to the northern test site early in the morning on the day of the experiment to observe the preparation and implementation of the explosion. From a distance of several hundred kilometers from the epicenter, being on board the Il-14 aircraft, they saw a fantastic picture. The impression was completed by the shock from the shock wave that overtook their plane.

One of the groups of participants in the experiment, from a distance of 270 km from the point of explosion, saw not only a bright flash through protective tinted glasses, but even felt the impact of a light pulse. In an abandoned village - 400 km from the epicenter - wooden houses were destroyed, and stone houses lost their roofs, windows and doors.

For many hundreds of kilometers from the test site, as a result of the explosion, the conditions for the passage of radio waves changed for almost an hour and radio communications ceased. Those who were at the airport Kola Peninsula under Olenya, the bomb makers and the leaders of the experiment, headed by the chairman State Commission Major General N. I. Pavlov for 40 minutes did not have a clear idea of ​​​​what happened and in what condition the crews of the carrier aircraft and the Tu-16 laboratory aircraft accompanying it. And only when the first signs of radio communication with Novaya Zemlya appeared, with command post near Olenya they requested in plain text information about the height of the cloud. In response, they reported: about 60 km. It became clear that the design of the bomb had not failed.

In the meantime, the crews of the two planes taking off on a mission, and the documentary filmmakers who were filming at other points, experienced, by the will of circumstances, the most vivid and strong impressions. The cameramen recalled: “It’s creepy to fly, one might say, on horseback. hydrogen bomb! Will it suddenly work? Although it is on the fuses, but still ... And there will be no molecule left! Unbridled power in it, and what! The flight time to the target is not very long, but it drags on ... We are on a combat course. The bomb bay doors are open. Behind the silhouette of the bomb - a solid cotton wool of clouds ... And the bomb? Have the fuses been removed? Or will they be removed when resetting? Reset! The bomb went and sank in a gray-white mess. Here the doors slammed shut. Afterburner pilots leave the drop site... Zero! Under the plane from below and somewhere in the distance, the clouds are illuminated by a powerful flash. Here is the illumination! Behind the hatch, light-sea simply spilled out, an ocean of light, and even layers of clouds were highlighted, manifested ... At that moment, our plane went out between two layers of clouds, and there, in this hole, from below, a huge light-orange balloon appears! He, like Jupiter - powerful, confident, self-satisfied - slowly, silently creeps up ... Breaking through the hopeless, it would seem, clouds, he grew, all increased. Behind him, as if into a funnel, it seemed that the whole Earth would be drawn in. The spectacle was fantastic, unreal ... in any case unearthly "

The archipelago consists of two large islands - North and South, separated by a narrow strait (2-3 km) Matochkin Shar and many relatively small islands, the largest of which is Mezhdusharsky. The northeastern tip of the North Island - Cape Flissing - is the easternmost point of Europe.



It stretches from the southwest to the northeast for 925 km. The northernmost point of Novaya Zemlya is the eastern island of the Greater Orange Islands, the southernmost point is the Pynina Islands of the Petukhov archipelago, the western one is an unnamed cape on the Gusinaya Zemlya peninsula of the South Island, and the eastern one is Cape Flissingsky of the Severny Island. The area of ​​all the islands is more than 83 thousand km2; the width of the North Island is up to 123 km, the South - up to 143 km.

In the south, the Karskie Vorota strait (50 km wide) is separated from Vaygach Island.

The climate is arctic and harsh. The winter is long and cold, with strong winds (the speed of katabatic (katabatic) winds reaches 40-50 m/s) and snowstorms, which is why Novaya Zemlya is sometimes referred to in the literature as the "Land of Winds". Frosts reach?40 °C. The average temperature of the warmest month - August - is from 2.5 °C in the north to 20 °C in the south. In winter, the difference reaches 4.6°. Difference in temperature conditions between the coasts of the Barents and Kara Seas exceeds 5°. Such a temperature asymmetry is due to the difference in the ice regime of these seas. There are many small lakes on the archipelago itself; under the rays of the sun, the water temperature in the southern regions can reach 18 ° C.

About half of the area of ​​the North Island is occupied by glaciers. On the territory of about 20,000 km? - a continuous ice cover, stretching almost 400 km in length and up to 70-75 km in width. The thickness of the ice is over 300 m. In a number of places, the ice descends into the fjords or breaks off into the open sea, forming ice barriers and giving rise to icebergs. The total glaciation area of ​​Novaya Zemlya is 29,767 km², of which about 92% is cover glaciation and 7.9% mountain glaciers. On the South Island - areas of arctic tundra.