Geography of Central Asia. Voskresensky V.Yu. international tourism

AT South Asia includes the following states: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives. South Asia includes the Hindustan Peninsula, the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas, as well as the island of Sri Lanka and a number of smaller islands.

South Asia covers an area of ​​4.5 square megameters, which is 10% of all of Asia and 3% of the world's land mass, while the population of the region is 40% of the population of Asia and 22% of the world's population

Tourist and recreational potential of India and Pakistan. Republic of India located in South Asia on the Hindustan Peninsula, washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean, and in most of the Indo-Gangetic lowland. The area of ​​the country is 3.3 million square meters. km, the population is 1016 million people. The official languages ​​are Hindi and English. Due to the vast area, it is difficult to characterize the climate in general, but the best time to visit is from October to March, when the cool dry season begins.

Capital of India Delhi It is located in the northern part of the country, on the high right bank of the Jumna River. Today, Delhi can be administratively divided into three parts: the Delhi Municipal Corporation (Old Delhi), New Delhi (New Delhi) and the Military Village (Fort). Rajpah Avenue, the Gateway of India, the Presidential Palace and the parliament building adjacent to it - all this is New Delhi. The heart of Old Delhi is Chandni Chowk. This is shopping center with narrow streets and lanes where skilled artisans offer products made of silver, gold, silk.

Jaipur, the capital of the state of Rajasthan, is an unusually colorful and exotic city, famous for carpet weaving, batik, perfumery and embossing. The city of Agra is home to the world-famous Taj Mahal. Tourists visit at least beautiful cities Fatehpur Sikri and Ranakpur.

Famous sights of Goa: the Hindu temples of Mangeshi and Mahalsa, the Muslim complex of Jama Masjid, Christian cathedrals, of which the most famous is the Basilica of Bom Jesus.

Pakistan - Islamic country with an area of ​​803.9 thousand square meters. km and a population of 137 million people. The climate in Pakistan is tropical, in the northwest - subtropical and dry, continental. In January, the temperature on the Indus plain is from +12 to +16 °С, in the mountains in the north frosts down to -20 °С are not uncommon. average temperature July in the south and southeast of the country +35 °С.

About 80% of Pakistani Muslims are Sunnis, who, along with the Koran, also recognize the Sunnah (the Muslim sacred tradition about the activities and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad); less than 20% are Shiites.

Capital of Pakistan - Islamabad, which was built in 1960-1970. This is a major center of science and education: the university, institutes of nuclear science and technology, economic development, strategic research, etc. are concentrated here.

Karachi (the capital of Pakistan in 1947-1959) is the largest city in the country, the main trade, economic and financial center, the sea gate. Originated at the beginning of the 18th century. on the site of a fishing village. Located in the Indus River Delta on the coast of the Arabian Sea. The largest commercial banks, insurance companies, stock and cotton exchanges are located in Karachi. The international airport serves the largest airlines in the world. There is also a naval base, one of the main universities, colleges and research institutions. About 40% of all industrial production in Pakistan is concentrated in the suburbs of Karachi.

Quetta is the administrative center of the province of Balochistan, a trade and transport hub near the border with Iran and Afghanistan. There are many educational institutions in this city, as well as the Pakistan Geological Survey and the Geodetic Institute. Lahore is the administrative center of the Punjab province, the second largest economic center of the country, as well as the most important cultural and science Center, famous for its Punjab University, national museum, cultural center.

Multan is the administrative center of the region of the same name in the province of Punjab, an important economic center. Peshawar is the administrative center, one of ancient cities Pakistan, a trade center on the way to Afghanistan, a major terminus of the highway and railway lines connecting Karachi with the north, an important religious center.

The rich history of Pakistan has left many attractions on its territory. These include the Lahore Fort, the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, mosques and mausoleums of saints throughout the country, historical monuments associated with the rise and fall of empires.

Himalayan tourist area (Nepal, Bhutan). Nepal- a state in the mountainous part of South Asia, on the southern slopes of the central part of the Himalayan massif. In the north it borders with China, in the west, south and east - with India. The total area of ​​the country is about 148.8 thousand square meters. km, the population is 19.3 million people.

The main attraction of the country is the mountains. Nepal is famous for being home to the eight highest peaks in the world and for having many hiking trails, usually through the most scenic spots.

The Kathmandu valley is the most populated part of the country. There are three main cities of the country, three capitals - modern Kathmandu and two old ones - Lalitpur and Bhaktapur.

Kathmandu- a fairly large city, but its appearance has not changed - narrow streets, many houses of unusual architecture and temples, the aroma of incense and the rhythm of life incomprehensible to a foreigner. There is clearly not enough space in a small valley, so it is quite difficult to understand where the

Kathmandu and Lalitpur begins. Among the sights, the most interesting are the wooden temple of Kasthamandal (723) and the famous stupas of the capital - the colossal Swayambhu-nat (“Monkey Temple”, founded more than 2000 years ago), Budnat (the largest stupa of Nepal and the recognized center of Buddhism), as well as a huge area monasteries in the northeast.

A huge number of interesting places are also concentrated in the vicinity of the city - the famous statue of Vishnu lying on a bed of snakes in the center of the pond - Budhanilkantha (V century), Balaju water garden (XVIII century, 5 km northwest of Kathmandu) with a cascade of 22 fountains, the temple complexes of Gu-heshvari and Vishvarut, a magnificent stupa (3rd century BC) and the Chandra Vinayak temple in Chabakhil with an extensive “sculptural park” around. Behind the Bagmati River begins the satellite city of Kathmandu-Lalitpur (or Patan) (“the city of beauty”), which was the capital of Nepal until 1768 (founded in 229). There are also many different attractions, including the unique terracotta temple of the Thousand Buddhas.

Bhaktapur is the ancient capital of Nepal (XIV-XVI), populated mainly by Hindus, which is reflected in local architectural monuments. Now it is the third significant city of the Kathmandu Valley, although its size is small. There are more than a dozen Vishnu temples, the famous Golden and Lion Gates, the unique palace of the Mal-la dynasty (7th century), several sacred ponds, the famous Shiva-Parvati temple with bas-reliefs of mating animals, the National Art Gallery, etc.

Pokhara is the second largest city in Nepal and one of the most popular resorts in the country, located on the shores of Fewa Tal Lake at an altitude of 827 m. There is a Hindu temple on the island in the center of the lake, on the opposite shore there is a magnificent Shanti stupa and the Bishwa Shanti monastery, and in the vicinity of the city there are many monasteries, “sacred” caves, lakes and the unique Davis Fall waterfall. But the main thing for which tourists come to Pokhara is the magnificent panorama of the snow-capped peaks of Annapurna mae-siwa and trekking in the surrounding mountains. In the south of the country is the town of Lumbini - a place that is considered the birthplace of the Buddha.

Butane. Few people have heard about this country, and certainly not everyone will be able to show it on the map. Bhutan is located on the slopes of the Eastern Himalayas between two giants - India and China, which have repeatedly claimed the rights to a small mountainous territory (47 thousand square kilometers).

Bhutan is located away from noisy roads. This country, which the locals call the country of the Rattlesnake Dragon, was a haven for professing Buddhism. In Bhutan, wild animals are not hunted and domestic animals are almost never killed. They take from nature only the most necessary, without which it is impossible to survive. Bhutan is a conservationist's dream come true: no hazardous industries, no big cities, no chemical fertilizers, and one road for the whole country. There is no poverty, no glaring wealth, no crime. The country is ruled by King Jigme Singai Wangchuck, who has been on the throne for over 30 years.

Bhutan is characterized by dzongs - huge monasteries-fortresses, accommodating several thousand people and built on small areas of impregnable rocks. Over time, settlements arose around the dzongs, including the capital of the country - Thimphu(27 thousand inhabitants).

The city of Paro is the "gateway of the country", since it is the only airport in the country. In addition, the Ta Dzog National Museum, the Druk-yul Dzong fortress and the large monasteries of Taksang Lahang Dzong, Paro Dzong, Zari Dzong and others are located here. Magnificent examples of tanka painting are stored in the monasteries.

The monastery of Taksang Lahang Dzong (Tiger's Lair) - one of the main Buddhist shrines of the country, was founded in the 8th century. Guru Rimpoche. On the territory of the monastery there is a cave in which he meditated. Punakha is the ancient capital of Bhutan. Its main attractions are several large monasteries and chhortens: Punakha Dzong, Wangdip-hodrang, Dzongchang. Punakha monasteries to this day are major centers of spiritual and cultural life countries. There are about 200 monasteries in the kingdom, where 5,000 monks and nuns live, of which 1,000 are in Tashichho Dzong, the largest monastery in the kingdom. Tours around the country are usually led by monks, since the representatives of the clergy in this Buddhist country are the most educated people.

Numerous art, weapons and jewelry markets, famous throughout Asia, are popular among tourists, as well as the cleanest mountain rivers and the slopes of the Southern Himalayas are excellent facilities for outdoor activities, trekking and rafting (though most of them are little developed).

Usually a stay in Bhutan is combined with longer trips to India, Nepal or Thailand. Few people go to Bhutan for more than a week as it is very expensive. Interest in this country is great, but not so much that one can talk about the flow of tourists: no more than 10 people go to Bhutan from Russia a year. The choice of hotels there is small, and the hotels are uncomfortable. And although luxury hotels with 20-30 beds are gradually appearing in Bhutan, prices remain high (the average price of a room is $ 1,000 per day).

Tourist centers of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka is suitable for tourism all year round, despite the fact that the island of the same name is located near the equator, in the humid tropical zone. The area is 65.6 thousand square meters. km, the population is over 17.6 million people. best time Rest in the country is considered the period from October to April. Official capital -Jayawar-denapura-Kotte, actual - Colombo.

We note the main tourist centers and attractions of Sri Lanka. Sigiriya is the most mysterious monument in the world, a building that is in no way inferior to Egyptian pyramids. Anuradhapura - the first official capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka, founded by Prince Vijaya in the 4th century. BC e. It is believed that the Buddha himself blessed him with the kingdom. The sacred Bo tree is one of the most popular places of pilgrimage. Little remains of the capital itself, but there are giant royal pools and huge dagobas - spherical Buddhist temples.

Polonnaruwa - the second oldest capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka from the XI-XIV centuries. up to our time. Unique buildings and monuments have been preserved here: shimmering Buddha statues, three giant Buddha statues in various meditation postures, as well as the largest stone book in the world, on which the canons of the Theravada Buddhist creed are carved in Sanskrit-Pali. Dambulla is a Buddhist cave temple, its unique frescoes and Buddha statues date back to the 15th-18th centuries. Kandy - the last capital of the Sri Lankan kings, who surrendered to the British in the middle of the 19th century, is famous for the temple of the sacred tooth of the Buddha, the Perahera festival, which takes place annually in July-August, and the royal botanical garden of Paradeniya. According to legend, somewhere here a stream flows out of the ground, drinking from which you can forget about quiet old age and surrender to the power of stormy youth.

The collapse of the Soviet empire radically changed the geopolitical situation not only in Europe but also in Asia. Therefore, in addition to the traditional macro-regions of the Southwestern, Southern, Southeastern and East Asia, there is a need to single out one more region - Central Asia.

It includes the former republics of the USSR - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. In addition, Afghanistan should also be included in this region, which, both in terms of natural and socio-economic conditions, is much closer to the countries of Central than Southwest Asia.

As part of these six countries, the area of ​​the region is more than 4.6 million km2, or 10.5% of the area of ​​Asia. And its population is about 80 million people (2000), which is 2.4% of the population of Asia. Central Asia extends from the Caspian Sea in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east (3000 km.) and from the swamps Western Siberia in the north to the mountain ranges of the Hindu Kush in the south (almost 3000 km.). Almost the entire territory is dominated by a sharply continental arid climate and desert landscapes prevail.

The remoteness of Central Asia from the seas and oceans hinders the development of foreign economic relations. The ports of the Indian Ocean closest to these countries are inaccessible to them, since there are no transit roads through the mountain ranges of the Hindu Kush, the Kopetdag and the Iranian Highlands.

Despite the difficult natural conditions, the region has a huge natural resource potential, which can become a good base for the development of a diversified economy. Large deposits of coal, oil and gas, iron, copper and polymetallic ores, gold, phosphates, sulfur and dozens of other types of minerals have been explored and exploited here. Newly discovered oil deposits in Western Kazakhstan (formerly the Tengiz field) indicate that the countries of Central Asia will remain exporters of oil and gas raw materials for a long time to come. They can play a significant role in the world market of non-ferrous metals.

The presence of powerful mountain systems with maximum heights of more than 7000 m causes a large amount of precipitation on the slopes of the mountains compared to the adjacent plains (more than 500 and even 1000 mm.). mountain glaciers, which are formed here, give rise to full-flowing rapids rivers: Amudarya, Syrdarya, Helmandu, Harirud, Ili. Therefore, the high mountain regions of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan and East Kazakhstan have a large hydropower potential. The water of the rivers, flowing in all directions from the mountains, serves as the basis for the development of irrigated agriculture. This explains the greatest concentration of the economy in the river valleys, and meanwhile vast desert territories remain practically uninhabited. With the exception of the extreme east of Kazakhstan, the region is extremely poor in forest resources. Significant damage to forests is caused by unorganized logging for domestic needs.

The natural recreational resources of the region, combined with the centers of ancient culture, can serve for the development of international tourism in various fields. The area around Lake Issyk-Kul is favorable for tourism recreation, mountain ranges and peaks are covered with glaciers, attract skiers and climbers, architectural ensembles of many ancient cities (formerly Bukhara and Samarkand) are interesting objects for educational tourism.

The population of Central Asia, despite its small size, is very heterogeneous in linguistic and anthropological characteristics. After all, the formation of the peoples of this region took place on the border of two races (Caucasoid and Mongoloid) and two large language families (Indo-European and Altaic). The Turkmens, Tajiks and most of the peoples of Afghanistan belong to the southern branch of the Caucasoid race, the Kazakhs and Kirghiz - to the Mongoloid, and the Uzbeks - a people of mixed origin, has certain signs of both races. In linguistic terms, the majority of the peoples of Central Asia (Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Karakalpaks, Turkmens, etc.). They belong to the Turkic group of the Altaic language family. And only the Tajiks and the peoples of Afghanistan belong to the Iranian language group of the Indo-European family.

In all Central Asian states that were previously part of the USSR, the share of migrants was high Slavic origin(Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians). Hundreds of thousands from Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan Eastern Slavs behind last years have already returned to their homeland, and in Kazakhstan they now make up almost half of the population.

The countries of Central Asia are characterized by high rates of natural population growth (2-3% per year). Moreover, they are high in the poor countries of the region - Tajikistan and Afghanistan, and the lowest in Kazakhstan, which has high level urbanization and a significant non-indigenous population.

Only in Kazakhstan the urban population prevails over the rural (58%), otherwise it is 30-45%, and in Afghanistan - 20%. The region does not have such hypertrophic growth of large cities as in other parts of Asia. Only Tashkent has more than 2 million inhabitants and Almaty - 1.5 million. Back to top civil war in Afghanistan, Kabul was a millionaire city, but now its population has halved.

The low average density of the population of Central Asia - 18 abs/km2 - says little about the real distribution of the population in this territory. Huge expanses of deserts and highlands are practically uninhabited, and well-watered river valleys have a population density of 200-400 abs/km2. Unique in this regard is the Ferghana Valley, where the most densely populated regions of three states are located: Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.

The economy of the countries of Central Asia was formed as a raw material appendage of the Soviet empire. Therefore, the branches of the agro-industrial complex and the mining industry prevail here. Having lost their traditional markets for their products, almost all countries are reducing industrial and agricultural production. Therefore, the volume of GNP in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan for 1990-1998 decreased by 1.5-2 times, only in Turkmenistan, which exports natural gas through a transcontinental pipeline system to Western Europe, GNP increased slightly. Afghanistan, where civil war, remains one of the least developed countries not only in Asia but also in the world.

Most of the intersectoral complexes formed in the states of Central Asia do not have the final stages of processing raw materials and manufacturing finished products and this reduces their efficiency. Complexes are fully represented here: fuel and energy, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy and agro-industrial.

More hard and brown coal is mined in Kazakhstan (Karaganda and Ekibastuz basins), oil - in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, gas - in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The mountainous states of Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan) are poor in fuel minerals, but they have a powerful hydropower potential. In Tajikistan, a cascade of hydroelectric power stations has been created on the Vakhsh, and in Kyrgyzstan - on the Naryn city, which practically meet the needs of these countries for electricity and serve as the basis for some energy-intensive industries. Afghanistan has the greatest problems with the provision of fuel and energy, where only a small amount of gas is produced and there are no powerful hydroelectric power plants. A significant share in the country's fuel balance is occupied by firewood.

The countries of Central Asia are major producers of non-ferrous metals. Important areas of non-ferrous metallurgy have been formed: in Rudny Altai (polymetals), in Central Kazakhstan - the cities of Balkhash and Zhezkazgan (copper, lead, zinc) in Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan (polymetals, gold). Powerful aluminum smelters have been built on the basis of cheap hydroelectric power in the cities of Tursunzade (Tajikistan) and Pavlodar (Kazakhstan). Given the already explored raw material base, new non-ferrous metallurgy centers may emerge in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

Only Kazakhstan has a well-developed ferrous metallurgy. A favorable combination of coking coal deposits of the Karaganda basin and Sokolovsko-Sarbai iron ores, as well as reserves of manganese ores, nickel, chromium and other alloying metals contribute to the production of high-quality and cheap steel. Iron and Steel Works full cycle operates in Temirtau. In other countries there are only small steelworks or workshops at machine-building enterprises.

The region has significant reserves of raw materials for the chemical industry. Now, those of its types that are necessary for the production of mineral fertilizers are mainly used. Based on the extraction of phosphorites, the Karatau-Zhambyl industrial complex in Kazakhstan, sulfur and mirabilite are mined in Turkmenistan, in the cities of Navoi and Fergana (Uzbekistan) there is a nitrogen-fertilizer plant. The vast mirabilite reserves of the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay are partially used, but its complex processing is not carried out in this region.

Most of the machine-building enterprises of Central Asia work for the needs of agriculture. It produces tractors (Pavlodar), cotton harvesters (Tashkent) and many other types of agricultural machinery for local consumers. A more diversified structure of the machine-building complex exists only in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. In addition to enterprises of mining equipment and machine tool building (Karaganda, Almaty), aircraft building (Tashkent), it is planned to build car assembly enterprises here, create new industries, in particular instrument making and radio electronics. New production facilities will primarily focus on cheap labor force in southern regions these states.

But the basis of the economy of the countries of Central Asia for a long time will be agriculture, the specialization of which has been formed for thousands of years. The natural conditions of this area are favorable for the development of extensive semi-nomadic animal husbandry, which is combined with intensive irrigated agriculture in the oases. In the second half of the XX century. here new areas of agriculture were created (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) on virgin lands. But the productivity of these lands is low, and the yield is unstable - for several lean years there are one or two years with high gross yields.

A certain difference in the moisture content of individual territories, the presence of natural forage base determines the different specialization of animal husbandry. Meat prevails in the north of Kazakhstan - dairy and beef cattle breeding in combination with sheep and pig breeding. In the desert lands of southern Kazakhstan and other countries, fine-fleeced and astrakhan sheep, as well as camels, are grazing. In the northern foothills of the Tien Shan, especially in Kyrgyzstan, as well as in Turkmenistan, horse breeding is well developed. In the foothills of the Kopetdag is the main breeding area for the world's Akhal-Teke horses. Sericulture, beekeeping, dairy and meat cattle breeding, and poultry farming are also developing, but there is practically no pig breeding, which is explained by the Islam prohibition on eating pork.

In most Central Asian states, the area of ​​arable land does not exceed 10% of their territory, and in Turkmenistan - only 1%. The geography of agriculture is closely related to the presence water resources(No wonder there is a proverb here "without water there is no land"). Therefore, the main agricultural areas are confined to river valleys and well-moistened foothills. The shortage of arable land forces the local population to grow the most labor-intensive industrial crops, primarily cotton. A significant proportion of the land is occupied by melons, orchards and vineyards. Central Asia is famous the best varieties melons, watermelons, grapes, apples, pears and other fruits. The warm dry climate contributes to the mass production of dried fruits: raisins, sultanas, dried apricots, etc.

Cereals and fodder crops (mainly wheat, rice, alfalfa) are mainly used in crop rotations with industrial crops. Only on the developed virgin lands of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in the structure of crops do grain crops sharply predominate: spring wheat, barley, millet, and in warmer regions - corn.

Considerable crops of opium poppy, previously grown for the needs of medicine. But the lack of clear control over its processing and sale can lead (as has already happened in Afghanistan) to the production of poppy products for the needs of the drug business.

Having declared independence, the states of the region, except for Afghanistan, at the same time remained committed to strengthening the CIS, that is, they remain completely under the military-political "trusteeship of Russia", which continues to consider the southern border as its southern border former USSR. This explains the significant military presence of Russia in this region and its participation in local conflicts, primarily in Tajikistan. The Russian military-industrial complex still owns a huge number of facilities in this territory. The Russian military, whose movement is not at all controlled by local authorities, can freely transport (as the example of Afghanistan showed) tens and hundreds of kilograms of narcotic raw materials, which contributes to the development of the drug business.

Afghanistan remains a flashpoint in Central Asia, where, after decades of civil war, shaky peace was established only in 2002. Meanwhile, the presence here of many peoples and political forces that have their own armed formations can lead to an uncontrollable escalation of the conflict to other countries in the region.

The Soviet empire left a large "bouquet" of environmental problems for the local peoples. Massive hydrotechnical construction, water overspending during irrigation lead to salinization of the land, gave rise to the problems of the Aral and Balkhash. The Aral Sea has shrunk by more than half, and thousands of tons of salt are blowing from its dry bottom. The unique Lake Balkhash, which was fresh in one part and salty in the other, may turn into completely salty in the near future. In addition, already poor natural vegetation was destroyed in vast areas, which led to active wind erosion and dust storms.

The problem of integration of the states of the region into world economy cannot be solved without creating a root of a new transport network. Existing system railways, highways, gas and oil pipelines was created in the conditions of the empire and is mainly represented by highways going to Central Russia. The network of internal routes, especially railways, does not provide for the modern needs of the economy. Central Asia is practically cut off from the nearest Indian Ocean ports due to the complete absence of railways in Afghanistan and weak connection with the transport system of Iran. Therefore, in addition to the projected road through Iran, it is expedient for the countries of the region to create routes to seaports through Afghanistan and Pakistan. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, in addition, may look for additional ways to export products through China and the ports of the Pacific Ocean.

Japanese firms and companies show great interest in this region. South Korea. From traditional partners, except Russia, great importance for the region may have Ukraine. The Ukrainian economy is in need of energy resources, non-ferrous metals, cotton and other products of Central Asian countries. On the other hand, Ukrainian enterprises can supply products of ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering (oil and gas production equipment, tractors, machine tools, machinery for agriculture) and food industry to this region. Projects for the construction of new gas and oil pipelines also provide for the active participation of Ukraine in them, and some of them may pass directly through the territory of our country. Such cooperation allowed the states of Central Asia to find much cheaper ways to sell their products, and Ukraine to receive additional reliable sources of raw materials and energy. Closer cooperation between the countries of Central Asia and Ukraine requires the solution of certain social problems.

It is from this region that the deported Crimean Tatars return to Ukraine. So far, all the expenses for their resettlement have to be borne by the Ukrainian side, although in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan there are solid houses and entire settlements in which the Tatars lived. Significant support for Ukraine and the assistance of the governments of the Central Asian states in the national and cultural development requires a large Ukrainian diaspora. Indeed, in Soviet times, even in Kazakhstan, where hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians live, due to the policy of Russification, the educational and cultural interests of Ukrainian settlers were not at all satisfied.

CONTENT
Introduction
1. Mountain tourism in Central Asia
1.1. Winter holidays in the mountains of Chimgan
1.2. Cultural and eco-tourism in Central Asia and the Himalayas
2. Tourism in Turkmenistan
2.1 Visa
2.2 Customs regulations
2.3 Transport accessibility of the country
2.4 Currency and exchange
2.5 Attractions
2.6 Ashgabat
2.7 Oguzkent
4. Tourism in Kazakhstan
4.1 Formation of the tourist image of Kazakhstan
4.2 Problems and prospects for the development of tourism in Kazakhstan
Conclusion
List of sources used

INTRODUCTION

There are different types of countries in Central Asia. In general, this vast region of Asia, having rich and diverse recreational resources, is characterized by uneven development of tourism across countries.
The following factors favor the dynamic development of tourism:
- variety of recreational resources in these countries;
- variety of cultural and historical sights;
- diversity of natural and climatic conditions of the region;
- attention from the state to the development of tourism in these countries;
- political and economic transformations in some countries;
- the rate of economic growth in some countries and the activation of business tourism there;
- a unique combination of exoticism and modern technical achievements as the basis for the development of the tourist infrastructure of the considered countries.

1. Mountain tourism in Central Asia
For lovers of outdoor activities - mountain tourism, the most popular mountains of Central Asia, Fany and Chimgan, are attractive. These mountainous places have always attracted tourists from all over the world with their unique nature and irresistible beauty, excellent stable and sunny weather, the presence of passes and routes to peaks of any complexity from simple non-categorical to the most difficult rocky wall routes (in the Fanov region there are about a dozen five-thousander peaks, and the height of the Big Chimgan peak is 3309 m). You have a wide range of hiking trails, many climbing trails, rock climbing, horse trails, ski slopes...
Cognitive excursions provide an opportunity to get acquainted with interesting places in the Kyzylkum desert - the Sarmyshsay tract, famous for its monuments of ancient human activity - grave hills, crypts and rock paintings, the Kyzylkum Reserve, which is inhabited by some rare species animals, the Aydarkul lake system that creates an idea of ​​the life of nomads - yurt camps, the opportunity to ride camels
Alpinism is one of the most extreme types of tourism, the purpose of which is to conquer the tops of the mountains, and the peaks of the Tien Shan and Pamir have always attracted climbers from all over the planet (there are more than 30 peaks in the Tien Shan exceeding a height of 6000 meters above sea level).
The name of the Tien Shan in Chinese (?? ) means "heavenly mountains". The Turkic name is T??ir (Tengri, Tenir, Tengir, Aspan) - tau. The Tien Shan system includes more than thirty peaks over 6000 meters high. The highest point of the mountain system is Pobeda Peak (Tomur, 7439 m), located on the border of Kyrgyzstan and China; the next in height is the Khan-Tengri peak (Kantau, 7010 m) on the border of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. From the Central Tien Shan to the west, three mountain ranges, separated by intermountain basins (Issyk-Kul with Lake Issyk-Kul, Naryn, At-Bashyn, etc.) and connected in the west by the Ferghana Range.
In the Eastern Tien Shan there are two parallel mountain ranges (height 4-5 thousand meters), separated by depressions (height 2-3 thousand meters). Highly elevated (3-4 thousand m) leveled surfaces - syrts are characteristic. The total area of ​​glaciers is 7.3 thousand km?, the largest is the Southern Inylchek. Rapids rivers - Naryn, Chu, Ili, etc. Mountain steppes and semi-deserts dominate: on the northern slopes of the meadow-steppe and forests (mainly coniferous), higher subalpine and alpine meadows, on the syrts the so-called cold deserts.
The length of the Tien Shan from west to east is 2500 km.
Pamir is located at the junction of the spurs of other powerful mountain systems of Central Asia - Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Kunlun and Tien Shan.
The highest point of the Pamirs is the Kongur peak located in China (altitude 7,719 m).
1.1. Winter holidays in the mountains of Chimgan
At a distance of about 90 km from the capital of Uzbekistan - Tashkent, there are ski slopes Chimgan and Beldyrsay - favorite places for skiing. And of course, Heli-skiing, which appeared in the early 60s, with the advent of helicopters, is becoming more and more popular as an activity. skiing and snowboarding.
To lift vacationers up in Chimgan, there is a chairlift with a length of 800 meters and a tow ropeway with a length of 570 meters nearby. meters.
Due to the warm climate ski season usually starts in December and ends by mid-March.

1.2. Cultural and eco-tourism in Central Asia and the Himalayas

Tourism begins to reach previously isolated mountainous regions
Central Asia. The main task is to be good
organized and beneficial to all.
The spectacular mountain regions of Central Asia, the Hindu Kush and the Himalayas,
inaccessible for many years to foreign visitors, currently
time attract an increasing number of foreign tourists with their
unique culture and natural beauty of these previously isolated
districts.
While the growing number of tourists opens up new economic
opportunities and provides employment to the local population, thereby
contributing to the development of these little-known regions of the world, it brings with it
specific challenges: how to ensure that local communities are fully
enjoy the benefits of tourism development and ensure that tourism growth
helped in the conservation and sustainable development of natural and cultural wealth
these regions, and did not put them in danger?
Project “Development of cultural and eco-tourism in mountainous areas Central
Asia and the Himalayas" aims to establish links and provide assistance
development of cooperation between local communities, national and
international non-governmental organizations, and
travel agencies in order to fully involve the local population
into activities that can ensure their employment and participation in income-generating
tourism activities.
An interdisciplinary project prepared on the basis of expertise
international non-governmental organizations and professionals in
tourism in 7 participating countries, makes a practical and positive contribution to
poverty alleviation by helping local organizations make the most of their
benefiting from the potential of tourism in the region and protecting the environment
environment and cultural heritage this region.
The mountainous regions of the project include Ladakh in India, Mazulekh in Iran, Northern
Tien Shan mountains in Kazakhstan, mountainous region around Lake Issyk-Kul in
Kyrgyzstan, Biosphere Reserve of the UNESCO program “Man and
Biosphere (MAB), Humla in Nepal, Chitral and the Kalash Valley in Pakistan, and
See also the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan.
The local partners of the project are the Institute of Mountains and the
Snow Leopard Conservation in Ladakh, India, Aga Khan Program for
support of a village in Chitral (Pakistan), as well as the Kazakhstan Mountaineering Fund
and Novinomad for the development of eco-tourism in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
In Tajikistan, UNESCO is collaborating with ACTED, the Agency for
development assistance and technical cooperation, in the Pamir mountains, and in Nepal,
one of the poorest and most isolated areas of the country, with Nepalese
Trust in Humla.
The project provides for the training of local guides, production
high-quality handicrafts, provision of living in houses (families) and
accommodation type overnight-breakfast, at the same time widely involving in this
profitable activities of the local population. The project also
included recommendations on positive experience, Web resources, database
data on population characteristics, including maps, scientific data and
regional attractions and resources.
The goal is to introduce these untouched regions of the world to foreign tourists and
researchers while helping local communities benefit from
economic opportunities provided by their natural environment
environment.

2.Tourism in Turkmenistan

Tourism in Turkmenistan is one of the sectors of the economy that has been rapidly developing in recent years. Content
2.1. Visa
Every tourist must obtain a visa before entering Turkmenistan. To obtain a tourist visa, citizens of most countries need visa support from a local travel agency
2.2. Customs regulations
Import and export of local currency is prohibited. Foreign currency must be declared upon arrival in Turkmenistan. You can export the amount not exceeding that specified in the declaration. Duty-free import of items intended for personal use, as well as up to 200 cigarettes or 200 grams of tobacco (for persons over 16 years old), up to 2 liters of any alcoholic beverages (for persons over 21 years old) is allowed.
The import and export of weapons, ammunition and drugs is prohibited.
The export of carpets, jewelry, musical instruments, art and archaeological exhibits is possible only if there are documents confirming the legality of their acquisition. To export Turkmen carpets from Turkmenistan, it is also necessary to obtain a certificate from the Carpet Museum in Ashgabat stating that the carpet has no historical value and pay a tax depending on the size of the carpet.
2.3. Transport accessibility of the country
Most travel in Turkmenistan begins with an entrance to the country's capital, Ashgabat, or the seaside town of Turkmenbashi. Ashgabat has a modern international airport Ashgabat named after the Great Saparmurat Turkmenbashi, where the company Turkmen Airlines is based. The airport receives aircraft from Lufthansa, S7 Airlines, Turkish Airlines, Flydubai, Belavia, Uzbekistan Airways and China Southern Airlines. Two more airports of Turkmenistan (in Mary and Turkmenbashi) have an international status.
Due to current restrictions, tickets for domestic flights cannot be reserved or purchased earlier than 14 days before departure.
2.4. Currency and exchange
The current currency in Turkmenistan is the manat, in no case should manats be brought into the country or taken out of Turkmenistan. Foreign currency can be entered in unlimited quantities, but it must be without fail declare. The exchange rate in Turkmenistan is stable, and the difference between the black market rate and official exchange offices is negligible. International payment cards (VISA, MasterCard, etc.) are of limited use and practically only in Ashgabat, and then only in a few luxury hotels and restaurants.
Popular places: Ashgabat, Avaza, Turkmenbashi, Kunya-Urgench, Khazar, Malakara.
2.5. Attractions
List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan: Monument of Independence of Turkmenistan, Parthian fortresses of Nisa, Arch of Neutrality Main flag of Turkmenistan, Darvaza, Oguzhan Palace Complex, Monument of Independence of Turkmenistan, Merv, Mosque, Turkmenbashi Rukhy, etc.
National Institute of Sports and Tourism of Turkmenistan
The National Institute of Sports and Tourism of Turkmenistan was established under the State Committee for Tourism and Sports of Turkmenistan. Rector of the Institute Alladurdy Sariyev. Today, the university provides education in the following specialties - "Organization and management of tourism business", "Special management of hotel and tourism services", "Study of world experience".
2.6. Ashgabat
Ashkhabad (Turkm. Asgabat) is the capital of Turkmenistan (Turkmenistan), the largest administrative, political, industrial, scientific and cultural center of the state. Ashgabat is a separate administrative unit - a city with the rights of a velayat (region). Population - 947.2 thousand (2010).
The name of the city comes from the Persian ???" (esh?) - "love" and ???? (abad) - populated, well-maintained.
From the moment it was founded in 1881 until 1919, the city was called Ashgabat, in 1919-1927 - Poltoratsk in honor of the revolutionary figure P. G. Poltoratsky, since 1927 - Ashgabat.
After the declaration of independence by Turkmenistan on October 27, 1991, a number of names were renamed settlements. In this regard, in the Russian-language media of Turkmenistan, including electronic ones, the city was called Ashgabat, since it is this form that most of all corresponds to the original Turkmen name.
Currently, in the legislative acts of Turkmenistan (in their texts in Russian), in official media mass media, on the official websites the capital of Turkmenistan is called Ashgabat.
The city of Askhabad was founded on the site of a Turkmen settlement in 1881 as a border military fortification and the administrative center of the Trans-Caspian region, and was controlled by a military administration. It consisted of many clay houses with orchards, located on straight, designed streets. Long time was one-story, because after several earthquakes it was forbidden to build higher. The population of the city at the beginning of the century was small, so in 1901 it was 36.5 thousand people, of which 11.2 thousand Persians, 10.7 thousand Russians, 14.6 thousand Armenians, Azerbaijanis and other nationalities. The Turkmens lived outside the city in their camps.
From 1881 to 1918 the city was the administrative center of the Transcaspian region, from 1918 to 1925. the administrative center of the Turkmen region.
In February 1925, Ashgabat (at that time called Poltoratsk in honor of the Bolshevik Poltoratsky) received the official status of the capital of the Turkmen SSR.
On October 6, 1948, a catastrophic earthquake with a force of 9-10 points at the epicenter occurred in Ashgabat, one of the largest earthquakes of the 20th century. The city was almost completely destroyed. According to various estimates, from 1/2 to 2/3 of the city's population died that day (that is, from 60 to 110 thousand people, since information about the number of inhabitants is inaccurate).
In 1962, the Karakum Canal was brought to Ashgabat, which made it possible to solve the problem of a chronic lack of water in the city.
In 2008, there was an armed uprising of militants in Ashgabat, which went down in history as the Ashgabat rebellion (2008).
2.7. Oguzkent
Oguzkent (Turkm. Oguzkent oteli) is a luxury hotel of the Sofitel hotel group in Ashgabat, along Bitarap Turkmenistan Avenue (Turkm. Bitarap Turkmenistan - Neutral Turkmenistan, former Podvoisky Street), opposite the park "10 Years of Independence". 299 rooms, view of the center of Ashgabat.
The construction of the hotel began in 2007 and opened to visitors in 2010. Decorated with white marble and glass, the luxury hotel reflects the idea of ​​reviving the country, which cost 270 million euros to build and design, and is decorated in a traditional Turkmen style.
Description
The white marble building with mirrored glass throughout the facade, not being a high-rise, is noticeable from afar, as it stands on a hill.
The hallmark of the Oguzkent Hotel is a giant carpet, a huge canvas with the image of the coat of arms of Turkmenistan sized 11.72 x 4.30 meters, which adorns the hotel lobby. 20 most experienced carpet weavers are involved in the creation of the carpet. On a light background of the carpet, an octagonal emerald star is depicted - the State Emblem

3. Tourism in Kazakhstan

The Republic of Kazakhstan (kaz. ?aza?stan Respublikasy) (kaz. ?aza?stan) is a state located in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. In terms of area, it occupies the 9th place among the largest states in the world (2 million 724.9 thousand km?). Location: from the eastern outskirts of the Volga Delta in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east, from the West Siberian Plain in the north to the Tien Shan mountain system in the south of the country.
It borders in the north and west with the Russian Federation - 7591.0 km, in the east - with China - 1782.8 km, in the south - with Kyrgyzstan - 1241.6 km, Uzbekistan - 2351.4 km and Turkmenistan - 425.8 km. The total length of land borders is 13,392.6 km. It is washed by the waters of the inland Caspian and Aral Seas. Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country.
Tourism potential of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is Asia and Europe, or rather, Central Eurasia. Its territory is huge: Kazakhstan ranks ninth in the world and second in the CIS (after Russia), surpassing all other Commonwealth countries in area. This is the most "land" country. There is no place on the planet that would be more remote from the oceans than the eastern part of the republic. Its inhabitants are the most “landy” people in the world. Elections of the mayor in Samara 2 round 2006. Choice of the package tour. Kazakhstan is remarkable not only for its size, but also for its natural contrasts. Its northernmost points lie at the latitude of Kazan and Moscow, and the southern ones lie at the latitude of Madrid, Istanbul, Baku. Some of its parts are located tens of meters below sea level, while others have risen above the clouds, and their peaks are much higher than Mont Blanc - the highest point in Europe. The diverse nature of the mountains of Kazakhstan is reflected in their names: Karatau - "black mountains", Aktau - "white mountains", Kokshetau - "blue mountains", Alatau - "motley mountains".
More than half of the country's area is occupied by plains, among which there are three lowlands: the Caspian, West Siberian and Turan, the fourth part is occupied by hilly, low-mountain and mid-mountain regions and one-tenth is the high mountain ranges of the Tien Shan, Dzungarian Alatau, Saur, Tarbagatai and Altai, bordering the territory of the republic from the south, southeast and east.
The mountainous regions of Southern and Eastern Kazakhstan are a place of recreation for the population. original commercial equipment for shops affordable prices This is facilitated by the opportunity to engage in active recreation and sports here. Ski tourism is getting more and more developed, many tourists and vacationers flock here to admire the beauty of glaciers and lakes, alpine meadows and forests. There is an opportunity for laying interesting mountain hiking trails of various difficulty categories.
The rivers of Kazakhstan originate from the tops of mountains and mountain slopes. Like the mountains from which they start, many rivers have peculiar names (Aksu - "white water", Karasu - "black water"). It is worth visiting the banks of these “colored” rivers at least once, and it immediately becomes clear how correctly these names are given to them. Professionally create a website omsk - guaranteed result The climate of the republic is also very diverse. In Almaty, the average July temperature is the same as in Sri Lanka, Kalimantan and Java. But these islands are located on the equator or not far from it! In winter, it is colder in East Kazakhstan than on the islands of the Arctic - Novaya Zemlya or Svalbard. When spring sowing is already underway in the south of the republic, in the north the fields are covered with snow, and the rivers are frozen.
The territory of the republic has a long duration of sunshine, especially in summer, which increases the comfort of rest, creates conditions for sanatorium treatment and tourism.
Forests, steppes, mountains, valleys and waters of Kazakhstan are distinguished by the richness and diversity of the animal world. Many rare species of mammals have been preserved here, a huge number of birds from the forest-steppe zone, taiga and tundra come here for wintering. The fauna of Kazakhstan includes almost 160 species of mammals, 485 species of birds, about 150 species of fish. There are many game animals and birds among them: squirrel - in the northern forests and Altai, bustard - in the steppes of the north, wild boar - in the reeds of countless lakes, fox and hare are found everywhere. In the Altai mountains, deer and sika deer are artificially bred. In the vast expanses of Betpak-Dala in Central and Southern Kazakhstan, thousands of herds of saiga roam. This small animal is a contemporary of the mammoth. Here, in desert places where you rarely meet a person, another species of antelope lives - the swift-footed goitered gazelle. In the reserve "Barsakelmes" (translated from Kazakh "if you go - you will not return"), in the area of ​​the Aral Sea, kulans live. The seal lives in the Caspian Sea, and high-horned argali and snow leopard live high in the mountains.
Kazakhstan is rich in genuine natural monuments - exotic rocks and caves formed as a result of the activity of water, wind and glaciers, waterfalls, burials of fossil fauna and flora, habitats of rare animal species, etc. Old and decoratively unique trees, rare species and groups of trees, separate areas of thickets of endangered plants, groves, sections of river valleys and coasts, individual boulders, geological outcrops, caves, groundwater sources, waterfalls and other natural monuments are also striking.
The most important landscape monuments of inanimate nature in Kazakhstan are the exotic rocks of Okzhetpes, the Sphinx, the Camel in the Kokshetau mountains, the granite remnants of the Stone Head, Baba Yaga in the Bayanaul mountains, the famous "Singing Dune" in the Ili River valley, the burials of the tertiary fauna "Goose Flight" on the Irtysh River, fossil flora and fauna in the Turgai river valley, drainless depressions of the Caspian lowland, individual karst caves on the Mangyshlak peninsula, areas of Ustyurt chinks and many others.
Analysis natural conditions Kazakhstan allows us to conclude that the local landscapes are extremely contrasting. Many of them are of great interest for the development of tourism and the organization of a good rest for the population of the country.

3.1. Formation of the tourist image of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is practically not known in the world as a tourist destination, although its lands have long provided a link between China and Europe, being witnesses of many historical events along the Great Silk Road for centuries.
Creating an attractive tourist image of Kazakhstan requires an appropriate large-scale set of measures.
The main image events should be the participation of travel companies and agencies of Kazakhstan in international tourism exhibitions, fairs and conferences, including those held under the auspices of the WTO, as well as the organization of such events in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is important to develop congress tourism, which will contribute to the transformation of Kazakhstan into the center of social and cultural events in Eurasia.
International cooperation in tourism is carried out through participation in the development and implementation of UNESCO and WTO projects on the Great Silk Road, the conclusion of bilateral and multilateral agreements with foreign states.
An important role in shaping the tourist image of the country is played by the organization of tourist information centers both in the regions of the republic and abroad. Due attention should be paid to the use of the practice of interaction between tourist organizations and diplomatic missions of the Republic of Kazakhstan abroad. Effective assistance in advertising the country's tourism potential can be provided by the national air carrier and other transport companies.
It is necessary to publish and actively disseminate abroad high-quality printing and audio-visual promotional materials about Kazakhstan. Local history publications, advertising and publishing activities, including travel companies and hotels, will contribute to attracting tourists to Kazakhstan. Particular attention should be paid to the use of the latest information technologies, including the creation of WEB sites for travel companies in Kazakhstan on the Internet.
The organization of study tours around Kazakhstan for travel agents and media representatives from countries generating tourist flows can bring the greatest efficiency.
The creation of a favorable tourist image will be facilitated by the holding in Kazakhstan of various cultural, sports and tourist events at the international level.
Of great importance for the formation of the tourist image of Kazakhstan will be the simplification of the procedure for entry, exit and stay on the territory of the republic of foreign citizens, visa and customs procedures with the introduction of a single computerized accounting system.
The creation of the image of a hospitable republic will also be facilitated by the production and installation in places most frequently visited by tourists of information boards and inscriptions duplicating Russian, Kazakh text in Latin transcription.
Stimulation of the further development of international tourism in the country, strengthening of work on the presentation of the tourist potential of the state in the world tourism market includes the implementation of the Action Plan for the formation of the tourist image of Kazakhstan for 2000-2003, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated October 26, 2000 N 1604. It includes multilateral activities to attract tourists to Kazakhstan and integrate the country into the system of the international tourism market.
etc.................

Federal Agency for Education

GOU VPO "Altai State University»

__________________________

"___" _______________ 2010

WORKING PROGRAMM

by discipline Historical geography of Central Asia

for the specialty story

faculty historical

department oriental studies

well 2

semester 4

lectures ___24__________________ (hours) Exam in ______________ semester

Practical (seminar)

classes _____________________ (hours) Credit in ____4____________ semester

Total hours______24________ Independent work 24 (hour.)

Total hours of labor costs per discipline (for a student) according to GOS_48____ (hours)

The work program has been drawn up

The work program was discussed at the meeting of the department______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

"__" _____________200__

Head of Department _______________________

Approved by the council (methodical commission)

historical faculty

"____" ___________200__

Chairman of the Commission _____________________

(full name, signature)

Explanatory note

The need to introduce a special course is due to the desire to promote comprehensive professional training of students studying in the specialty "History" and "Regional Studies", taking into account the requirements put forward by the SES.

The study of the course is closely related to such disciplines as the History of the countries of the East and the History of the region (China).

This program was developed in accordance with the requirements of the State Educational Standard in the specialty 020700 - "History", in the structure of which the course is included in the national-regional (university) component of the SD cycle; GOS specialty "Regional Studies" OPD. B.00 - disciplines and courses of the student's choice, established by the university.

The special course "Historical Geography of Central Asia" with a total volume of 48 hours is studied during one semester.

The course ends with a credit.

Section 1. Organizational and methodological department

Purpose of this course– to show students the nature of the interaction of society and the geographical environment during historical development the Central Asian region, to promote the formation of systemic thinking by combining spatial and temporal components.

During the course the following tasks are solved:

Consider the geography of economic and cultural types that have developed in Central Asia and their evolution;

Track changes in the ethnic composition and territory of residence of the peoples of Central Asia;

To reveal the territorial-political organization of society in specific historical conditions;

Contribute to the development of skills in working with maps as a historical source.

The course provides for the study of the geography of the population, economic and political geography of the region in a historical perspective.

As a result of studying the course, the student must:

have a holistic view of the processes and phenomena occurring in living and inanimate nature on the example of a separate region;

know and be able to competently use professional vocabulary in their work;

· be able to organize his work on a scientific basis, master the methods of collecting, storing and processing information used in the field of his professional activity;

· to understand the essence and main problems of the disciplines that define a specific area of ​​his activity, to see their relationship in an integral system of knowledge;

· methodically and psychologically be prepared to change the type and nature of their professional activities, work on interdisciplinary projects;

be able to plan their own activities, navigate in special literature;

deepen knowledge in the field of professional specialization.

Section 2. Content of the program

Topic 1. Subject and objectives of the course

Historical geography as an auxiliary historical discipline. Subject and objectives of the course. The concept of "region". Selection criteria: physical-geographical, cultural-civilizational, political (geopolitical) and economic. Approaches to the definition of the territorial framework of the Central Asia region, which have developed in domestic and foreign historical, geographical, political science. Correlation of the concepts "Central Asia", "Inner Asia", "Central Asia", "Turkestan", "Xiyu".

Topic 2. Geography economic zones Central Asia

from antiquity to the beginning20th century

Physical and geographical characteristics of the region: relief, water basin, climatic conditions, natural landscape zones. The originality of the natural-geographical environment of Central Asia.

Economic and cultural types. Sedentary agricultural economy. Kinds. The main agricultural centers: Geoksyursky oasis, Fergana valley, Khorezm, Zeravshan river valley, oases of East Turkestan - Khotan, Hami, Turfan and others. Nomadic cattle breeding. Ways and directions of nomadism: meridional, vertical, stationary. The composition of the herds. Semi-settled economy. Geographical centers of settlement of nomads, the formation of elements of their agricultural economy. Cities and urban economy. Trade routes. Route of the Great Silk Road.

Topic 3. Ethnic composition and territorial

resettlement of the peoples of Central Asia

The concept of "ethnos". Ethnogenesis of the indigenous peoples of Central Asia. Stages of ethnogenesis. Migration waves and conquests nomadic peoples to Central Asia, their influence on the processes of ethnogenesis. Turkic period(VI-VII centuries) - a change in the ethno-linguistic situation in the region. Arabic period(VIII-IX centuries) - the spread of Islam and the gradual inclusion of Central Asia in the orbit of the Muslim world. Mongolian period(XIII-XV centuries) - changes in the anthropological type of the population. Consolidation of ethnic communities in the XV century. and the beginning of the formation of the Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Tajik, Turkmen, Karakalpak, Uighur ethnic groups.

Topic 4. Political map of the Central Asian region

from antiquity to the end17th century

Territories of the states of Central Asia in antiquity. Khorezm, Bactria, Sogd. City-states of East Turkestan. Greek conquest of the agricultural regions of Central Asia in the 4th century. BC e. and its consequences. Parthian and Kushan kingdoms. Expansion of China's Influence on East Turkestan during the Han Dynasty. The death of the state of the Xiongnu. Fall of the Han Dynasty and China's withdrawal from the Western Territory. Hephthalite state. Accession of the southwestern territories of Central Asia to Sasanian Iran (4th century AD). Khorasan.

The emergence of the Turkic Khaganate and the expansion of its borders in the second half of the VI century. Formation of the Western Turkic Khaganate with the center in Semirechye. Campaigns of Tang China to the West and the fall of the Western Turkic Khaganate. Arab conquest Central Asia. Maverannahr. Clash of Arabs and China in Central Asia. Battle of Talas 751 Uighur Khaganate in East Turkestan. State of the Samanids. State of the Karakhanids. Seljuks. Seljuk Sultanate. State of Khorezmshahs. State of the Karakites.

Mongols. The conquest of the states of Central Asia by Genghis Khan. The division of the empire of Genghis Khan into uluses between his sons. Ulus Jochi and its subsequent territorial division. Ak-Orda (Golden Horde), Kok-Orda. Ulus of Chagatai. Mogolistan. "Chagatai state". Timur. Timur's conquests. Timurids.

State of nomadic Uzbeks. Migration of a part of nomadic Uzbeks to Maverannahr. Sheibanids. Uzbek khanates: Khiva and Bukhara khanates. The emergence of the Dzungar Khanate and the territory of its influence. Formation of the Kokand Khanate.

Topic 5. Inclusion of the territory of Central Asia

into Russia and ChinaXVIII–19th century

Accession of Kazakhstan to Russian Empire. Stages of establishing political and administrative control of the tsarist administration over the Kazakh socio-territorial groups. Methods and forms of inclusion in Russia of the Kazakhs of the Junior, Middle and Senior zhuzes. Construction of fortified lines. Territorial and administrative transformations of the 20–50s. 19th century on the territory of the "Kyrgyz steppe". Russia's clashes with the Kokand Khanate and the annexation of the territory of Southern Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan.

Russian penetration deep into Central Asia. Fall of the Kokand Khanate. Formation of the Turkestan Governor General (1867). Establishment of a Russian protectorate over the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva. Territorial delimitation of Russian possessions in Central Asia with Afghanistan. Accession of the territories of the Turkmen tribes. Education of the Transcaspian region.

The Qing Empire's conquest of Dzungaria and East Turkestan in 1755–1759 Formation of the Viceroyalty of Xinjiang. Features of the administrative-territorial structure of Xinjiang. National liberation struggle of Muslim peoples against Manchu-Chinese rule. Formation of independent Muslim states: Yettishar, Kulja Sultanate, Dungan Union of Cities.

The process of border delimitation between Russia and China in Central Asia. Kuldzha Treaty of 1851. Chuguchak Protocol of 1864 on the delimitation in Central Asia. Russian occupation of the Ili (Kuldzha) region. Livadia Treaty of 1879 and St. Petersburg Treaty of 1881 and issues of border delimitation. Transfer of the Ili region to China. Demarcation of the Pamirs.

Topic 6. Territorial-administrative division and geography of the economy of Central Asia in the Soviet period

Formation of the Turkestan ASSR and the Kirghiz ASSR as part of the RSFSR. The liquidation of the Khiva Khanate, the Emirate of Bukhara and the proclamation of people's republics. The process of nation-state building in the 1920s. Principles of national policy of the CPSU (b) in Turkestan. Territorial registration of the Uzbek SSR and delimitation in the Fergana Valley between the Uzbek SSR and the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Region. Turkmen SSR. Renaming of the Kirghiz ASSR into the Kazakh ASSR and its borders. Separation of the Tajik ASSR from the Uzbek SSR and its transformation into a union republic. Completion of the territorial-administrative demarcation of Soviet Central Asia in the mid-30s. Creation of five Soviet socialist republics. Constitution of the USSR 1936

Changes in national composition republics. The main directions of migration flows. An increase in the proportion of the Slavic ethnic component.

Principles of location of production in the USSR. Economic specialization of the republics. Assessment and development of mineral deposits. Geography of industry. Industrialization. Modernization of agriculture. Introduction to the circulation of new lands. Construction of new irrigation systems. Karakum Canal. Expanding the geography of agriculture. Major crops grown. Geography of transport. Development of the communication system. Construction of railways and roads. Turksib. Routes of gas and oil pipelines.

Topic 7. Political and socio-economic geography of the sovereign Central Asian republics

The collapse of the USSR and the formation of new independent states in Central Asia. Territorial and border conflicts in the region and with neighboring states. Territorial and administrative division of the republics.

Changes in the composition of the population of the states of Central Asia. Reduction of the Slavic component. Migration flows. Placement and development of the main sectors of the economy of the republics in the post-Soviet period. industrial centers. Intraregional and interregional economic ties. Communication system. Construction of new energy transportation routes. Ecological problems. Aral ecological catastrophe.

Distribution of course hours by topics and types of work

Name of sections and topics	Total hours	classroom lesson
Topic 1. Subject and objectives of the course
Topic 2. Geography of the economic zones of Central Asia from ancient times to 1917
Topic 3. Ethnic composition and territorial distribution of the peoples of Central Asia
Topic 4. Political map of the Central Asian region from antiquity to the end of the 17th century.
Topic 5. Inclusion of the territory of Central Asia into Russia and China in the XVIII-XIX centuries.
Topic 6. Change of territorial-administrative division and geography of the economy of Central Asia in the Soviet period
Topic 7. Political and socio-economic geography of the sovereign Central Asian republics
Total

Section 3. Educational and methodological section

Main literature

Chistobaev. M., 2002. Zinoviev of the CIS and Baltic States. Tomsk, 2004. Alekseev division of Asia: modern realities // Geography at school. 2004 No. 2. S. 3–9. History of Kazakhstan: peoples and cultures / et al. Almaty, 2001. Moiseev and China in Central Asia (second half of the 19th century - 1917). Barnaul, 2003.

additional literature

Agadzhanov Seljukids and Central Asia. M., 1991. Bartold T. II. Part 1. M., 1963. East Turkestan in antiquity and the early Middle Ages. M., 1988. Resurrection history of the Russian-Chinese St. Petersburg Treaty of 1881. M., 1995. Gurevich relations in Central Asia in the 17th - first half of the 19th centuries. M., 1983. Zlatkin of the Dzhungar Khanate. M., 1983. Kashgaria (political and economic essay). Alma-Ata, 1974. Koychiev A. National-territorial delimitation in the Ferghana Valley (1924–1927). Bishkek, 2001. Mironenko and political geography. M., 2001. Panarin S. Russia and Central Asia: complementarity and free movement of the population // Pro et Contra, 2000. V. 5, No. 3 "Russia and its southern neighbors". pp. 118–140. Panarin and Central Asia on the Eve and After September 11, 2001 // Russia and the East: Problems of Interaction. Materials of the VI international conference. Volgograd, November 28–30, 2002. Volgograd, 2003, pp. 264–282. Polyakov ethnography of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. M., 1980. Orfanov on economic and social geography of the USSR. M., 1991. Countries and peoples. Republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. M., 1984. Shishov geography and regional studies. M., 1999. Shuvalov population. M., 1985. Economics of nature management. M., 1992. Yatsunsky geography. The history of its origin and development in the XIV-XVIII centuries. M., 1955. Shirin Akiner Boundaries and Terminology: Definitions of Central Asia / Conceptual Geographies of Central Asia. Richmond, 1998, pp. 3–62.

Central Asia and the Caucasus;

Economic review.

Internet resources

Forms of current and intermediate control

current control: at the beginning of each lesson, it is planned to work with cards on the material covered, perform practical tasks(work on filling in the contour map of the region).

The final form of certification students according to the results of studying each section of the course is a credit. For the credit, reports on individual countries of the region and the implementation of practical tasks on maps on the instructions of the teacher are submitted.

Independent work of students

Organized independent work in the amount of 24 academic hours is planned for the section. The forms of organization of the SIW are: practical work with maps and contour maps, in-depth study of certain issues of the course in literature (in this case, questions for self-control were developed), preparation of information and analytical reports on the final topic of the course.

Topic 1. Subject and objectives of the course.

Read the literature on the topic "Central Asia: the problem of determining the boundaries of the region" on your own.

Questions for self-control:

How did the German geographer F. Richthofen define the borders of Central Asia? Which region was defined as "Central Asia" in the Soviet historical and geographical science, and what criterion was used as the basis for selection? When was the definition of "Central Asia" introduced into scientific circulation? What territories are included in the Central Asia region based on the criterion of cultural and civilizational proximity of peoples? How did the Soviet republics of Central Asia define themselves after the collapse of the USSR?

Topic 2 Geography of the economic zones of Central Asia from ancient times to 1917

Mark the main physical and geographical names on the contour map of the region. Mark on the map the main agricultural oases and their names.

Topic 4. Reconstruct and map the route of the Great Silk Road based on the description of the Chinese historian Ban Gu. “Han dynastic history describes two roads to the west - southern and northern, diverging in different directions at the exit from the Gansu corridor: “The southern road passes through Shanshan (Lop Nor Lake region) along the northern slope Southern mountains(Kunlun) and further along the river to the west of Shache (Yarkand). Further west, the Southern Road goes through Qingling (Pamir) to the Greater Yuezhi (Bactria) and Anxi (Parthia). The northern road, starting from Cheshi (Turfan oasis), follows the Northern Mountains (Tien Shan) and along the Tarim River west to Sule (Kashgar). Moving further west, the Northern Road crosses Qingling and goes to Davan (Fergana Valley), Kangju (Central Asian interfluve) and Yantsai (Lower Volga and Urals)"" [Ban Gu, Hou Han shu, tsz.96].

Topic 7. Prepare, in groups, informative and analytical reports on the topic "Economic and geographical characteristics of one of the five states of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan)".

Plan

Area and administrative composition of the studied republic. Brief economic assessment of natural conditions and resources. Population and labor resources. demographic issues. Placement and development of the main sectors of the economy of the republic. Intraregional and interregional economic relations. Communication system.

The presentation of these messages is submitted to the final form of control - course score.

Central Asia is a vast region without access to the ocean. All sources include countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Many include here Mongolia, part of China, Punjab, Kashmir and the north. A specific feature of the Central Asian region is its inland position with mountains along the outskirts protecting it along the perimeter.

Central Asia includes desert and semi-desert plains, highlands and plateaus. Limited:

• in the East southern part Greater Khingan and the Taihangshan Range,
• in the South - a longitudinal tectonic depression of the upper Indus and Brahmaputra (Tsangpo),
• in the West and North, the border of Central Asia corresponds to the mountain ranges of East Kazakhstan, Altai, Western and Eastern Sayan.

The area of ​​Central Asia, according to various estimates, is from 5 to 6 million square kilometers. The population of Central Asia is made up of Mongolian peoples, Chinese, Uighurs, Tibetans, and others. The relief of Central Asia is distinguished by significant elevations, and there are two main tiers. On the lower tier (500-1500 m above sea level ) Gobi desert, Alashan, Ordos, Dzungarian and Tarim plains are located . The upper tier is the Tibetan Plateau, the average heights on which increase to 4-4.5 thousand meters . And the highest points of the Tien Shan, Karakorum, Kunlun mountains reach 6-7 thousand meters.

Central Asia is populated unevenly. Mainly river valleys and intermountain gorges, where there is water, are mastered by people. In the north, regions with a favorable climate have a large area, and there the area of ​​inhabited land is larger (Kazakh virgin lands). But in general, within the region, large areas do not have a permanent population at all. The reason for this is the lack of water.

Scientists believe that the Scythians created the first nomadic state in this region. Although who these Scythians were is still arguing. According to scientists, the Scythian tribes lived in a state of fragmentation. They created a state called the Xiongnu (209 BC - 93 AD), which was the first empire of the nomadic peoples of the world.

Central Asia. Climate

In winter, anticyclones prevail in Central Asia, and in summer, low atmospheric pressure with a predominance of arid air masses who came from the ocean, but lost moisture on such a long journey. The climate is sharply continental, dry, temperature fluctuations are significant both during the season and during the day. The average January temperatures on the plains are -10 to -25 °С, in July from 20 to 25 °С). The annual amount of precipitation on the plains in some places is sometimes less than evaporation. The largest number precipitation falls in summer. There is more precipitation in the mountain ranges than in the plains. Central Asia is characterized by strong winds and sunny days(240-270 per year).

Vegetation

Most of the plains of Central Asia have a sparse vegetation cover, desert and semi-desert vegetation, its species composition is poor. Shrubs predominate. Significant areas of takyrs, solonchaks, loose sands are completely or almost devoid of vegetation.

In the Tibetan Highlands, vegetation is often represented by creeping shrubs of teresken, and in hollows that are sheltered from cold winds, by sedges, cobresia, reamuria, bluegrass, and fescue.

In the North, semi-deserts and deserts turn into steppes. On the northern slopes of the mountains there are areas coniferous forests from spruce, fir, larch. Along the valleys of many transit rivers (Tarim, Khotan, Aksu, Konchedarya), in deserts and in foothill oases, there are strips of tugai forests with a predominance of various-leaved poplar, sucker and sea buckthorn. Along the banks of the reservoirs there are reed and reed thickets.