Observation post. Methods of conducting reconnaissance by the department. See what "Observation post" is in other dictionaries

Observation, observation post, eavesdropping, features of observation in the mountains.

Observation

This is one of the main methods of reconnaissance, providing the most reliable information about the enemy.
Surveillance allows you to get the most reliable information about the enemy and the terrain. In combat formations of troops in all types of combat, it is conducted continuously by specially appointed observers and observation posts. Their number depends on the nature of the battle, the conditions of the situation and the terrain. An observer is usually appointed in a squad, in a platoon and in a company - one or two observers, in a battalion - an observer at the command and observation post and one or two observation posts.

Observation is organized in such a way as to provide the best view of the terrain in front of the front and on the flanks. Night and other conditions limited visibility surveillance is carried out with the help of ground reconnaissance radar stations, night vision devices, terrain lighting equipment and is supplemented by eavesdropping.

Observation is usually carried out in the sector. The width of the observation sector depends on the conditions of observation (terrain, visibility, etc.) and the number of available posts (observers). Sometimes an area (object) can be indicated to an observer for its detailed study, clarification of the position of individual elements on the ground, detection or confirmation of the presence of targets in it. In addition, observers and observation posts can monitor the actions of their subunits and neighbors, aviation (helicopters) and the results of their own artillery fire.

As practice shows, in the observation sector it is enough to have five to seven landmarks. Landmarks are chosen objects that are clearly visible and most resistant to destruction - road intersections, stones, characteristic points of relief, individual buildings, trees, etc. Landmarks are numbered from right to left and along the lines from oneself towards the enemy. One of the landmarks is designated as the main one. All landmarks indicated by the senior commander are mandatory, they retain the numbers and names assigned by this commander. On terrain poor in landmarks (desert, steppe, snowy plain), engineering structures and enemy barriers can be chosen as landmarks, or artificial landmarks can be created by artillery fire (places of breaks).
The place for observation should provide a good overview in the indicated sector, camouflage and shelter from enemy fire, and have open approaches from the side of their subunits.

observation post

observation post- a group of military personnel assigned to jointly perform the task of observation. The observation post consists of two or three people, one of whom is appointed senior. At the observation post there should be observation devices, a map of landmarks, a large-scale map or a map of the area, an observation log, a compass, a clock, a flashlight with a nozzle that does not allow the beam of light to scatter, means of communication and signaling.
The senior observation post is obliged: to establish the procedure for continuous observation; organize the equipment of the place for observation and its camouflage; check the serviceability of surveillance devices, communication and warning devices; personally conduct surveillance, plot the detected objects (targets) on a map (diagram) and report in a timely manner to the commander who posted the post on the results of reconnaissance; immediately report on the discovery of important objects (targets), on sudden changes in enemy actions, as well as on detection of signs of preparation for the use of weapons mass destruction. Records are made in the observation log about the results of observation, the change of place and time of movement, and the surrender of the post.

At 19.15 25.10 post, radio station R-148 No. 013921, LPR-1 No. 0214KS.
Passed .... (title, signature)
Accepted. . . (title, signature)

The observation post is in service until the deadline or until it is replaced by another observation post; the post can move to a new place only with the permission or order of the commander who posted it. The movement is usually carried out by the entire composition of the post simultaneously with the observance of camouflage and security measures. The order of movement is determined by the senior observation post. When an observation post stays for a long time on a site contaminated with poisonous, radioactive and biological (bacterial) agents, the personnel operate in personal protective equipment, and the change of observers is carried out more often. If the situation allows, the senior post organizes partial special processing of the observation post, personnel and weapons. At the same time, observation of the enemy and the terrain does not stop.
The observer in the subunit reports to the subunit commander and is responsible for the timely detection of the enemy in his sector (area). He must have observation devices, a landmark map, a compass and a clock, and, if necessary, means of communication and signaling.

The observer must: know the reconnaissance and unmasking signs of objects (targets), signs of the enemy's preparation for the use of weapons of mass destruction, for an offensive, withdrawal, etc.; skillfully use observation devices, prepare them for work and keep them in good working order; know landmarks, conditional names of local objects and be able to quickly find them on the ground; conduct continuous surveillance, search for targets, determine the range to them and their location relative to landmarks; timely report to the commander on the results of observation; observe the strictest discipline and comply with the requirements of disguise; know control signals and alerts.

An observer is a sentry on the battlefield, he does not have the right to stop observation without an order from the commander who appointed him, or until he is replaced by the next observer.
Having received the task and having specified the landmarks indicated to him on the ground, the observer determines the distance to them, if it was not indicated to him, studies the tactical properties of the terrain, the most characteristic local objects, and draws up a map of landmarks.

To draw up a map of landmarks, it is necessary to put a symbol of an observation post in the lower part of the sheet in the middle and draw a north-south direction through it. Then determine the distance to the main landmark, the magnetic azimuth to this landmark, and, orienting the sheet of paper in azimuth and distance, on a scale (for example, 5 cm - 1 km), put the landmark on the diagram. Using the observation device, measure the angles from the main one to the other landmarks, and after determining the distances to them, also scale them on the diagram; then put on the diagram characteristic local objects and distances to them and features of the relief.

All landmarks are applied in a perspective form, their conditional name, number and distance to the landmark are signed.

When conducting surveillance reconnaissance in the course of carrying out tasks in the Republic of Afghanistan, experienced observers, in preparing the landmark scheme, usually drew directions for each landmark. This helped them quickly find landmarks on the ground and report the location of targets.

Studying the tactical properties of the terrain, the observer, first of all, proceeds from the received task.
For example, he finds out: where, according to the conditions of the situation on the given terrain, the enemy is most likely to place his observation and command and observation posts, artillery positions, fire weapons, engineering structures and obstacles; from what direction and in what places can his tanks go; where manpower and military equipment are most likely to hide, and what are the possibilities for covert movement of the enemy.

Studying characteristic local objects, the observer remembers their relative position and appearance. Such local items as individual bushes, stumps, large stones should be counted. Knowing the number, relative position and appearance of local objects in his sector of observation, he will quickly detect camouflaged observers, fire weapons, snipers and other targets.

The observer mentally divides the specified sector according to depth into zones: near - a section of the terrain accessible for observation with the naked eye, usually to a depth of 400 m; medium - from 400 to 800 m; far - from 800 m to the limit of visibility.
The boundaries of the zones are outlined conditionally on the ground according to landmarks, local objects and are not applied to the diagram. Observation usually begins from the near zone and is carried out from right to left by sequential inspection of the terrain and local objects. The observer, having examined the near zone, returns to look at it back, as if checking himself, then examines the middle and far zones in the same order.

With sequential inspection of the area, open areas are examined faster, and less open areas are examined more carefully. Areas where signs of targets are found are examined especially carefully. Observation through optical instruments should be alternated with observation with the naked eye, since constant observation through an optical instrument tires the eyesight and, moreover, the field of view of optical instruments is limited. When observing with binoculars and other optical means, they need to be given a stable position. Target detection may require long-term observation of individual areas of the terrain (objects), as well as verification by repeated observation of already available reconnaissance results.

Having found the target, the observer determines its position on the ground relative to landmarks (local objects) and reports to the commander (senior observation post).
When determining the position of the target on the ground, the observer determines the distance to the target in meters from his observation point and the angular distance (to the right or left) in thousandths from the nearest landmark to the detected target.
The report on the results of the observation should be short and clear - what was found and where. For example: "Landmark 2, right 0-10, 1200 meters, armored personnel carrier in a trench." In the absence of landmarks on the ground, the observer gives target designation, indicating the magnetic azimuth to the target and the distance to it. For example: "Azimuth 150 °, 3800 meters - landing of two helicopters."
The observer reports only what he sees. He reports his findings only at the request of the commander.

The change of observers is carried out within the time limits established by the commander (senior of the observation post). The shift time is determined depending on the situation and the weather: under normal conditions - usually after 3-4 hours, in unfavorable conditions - after 1-2 hours. When changing, the relieved informs the reliever about everything noticed in the enemy’s disposition, without fail showing the detected targets on the ground; reports what tasks were assigned to him and how they were completed; transmits observation devices, a terrain map and an observation log (if it is maintained by the observer). After the transfer of duties, the relieved one reports to the commander (senior) about the shift. During the shift, observation of the enemy does not stop.

In mobile types of combat, subunit observers are located and move along with their commanders and conduct observation on the move or from short stops. When operating on foot, the observer is five to eight paces away from the commander. Without stopping observation of the enemy, he must hear the commands given by the commander and see his signals. When the commander stops, the observer is located in the immediate vicinity of him and, hiding behind local objects, observes the enemy.

Long-term observation post (DNP)

This is an observation post prepared in advance, carefully camouflaged, as a rule, buried in the ground, located on the routes of probable movement and disposition of the enemy.
Long-term NP is a type of basing of the Special Forces RG behind enemy lines and is designed for long-term collection of intelligence information by observing, eavesdropping, using R and RTR equipment, reconnaissance and signaling, photo and video equipment, with the subsequent transfer of this information to the Center.
In the future, after leaving the DNP, the scouts can carry out special measures at enemy targets.

Variant of a long-term observation post.

DNP are often used by sniper groups to conduct surveillance reconnaissance and shoot enemy commanders.
DNP can be used in peacetime to monitor the headquarters, bases, safe houses of terrorists, separatists and other illegal formations. In this case, photo and video equipment is widely used. In this case, DNP can be equipped both in residential and non-residential buildings, attics, sheds, etc.
The basing of scouts on the DNP, replenishment of their supplies, removal of waste products and exit from it is carried out under the cover of searches, raids, etc. mass events conducted by police forces.

As an example, let us cite the “control” of the caravan trail by scouts armed with night vision devices. Carrying out observation from a buried DNP, scouts carry out selective detonation of landmines (mines) using the PD-430 radio link.

DNP preparation

The selection of DNP personnel (as a rule, four scouts) capable of staying in a confined space for a long time (up to several weeks), eat, sleep, relieve themselves in the presence of comrades, and carry out combat duty. This requires special training and truly angelic patience.
Selection and preparation of the necessary equipment, tools and materials for the equipment of the DNP (timber, metal corners and mesh, ceilings, bags for soil, shovels, saws, axes, etc.)
Selection and preparation of weapons, means of communication, surveillance and other equipment necessary for the performance of a combat mission
Selection and preparation of equipment

The order of equipment DNP

First, the pit opens. Part of the soil (preferably dry) is folded into bags, the rest of the soil is secretly taken out and masked. The best way- dump excess soil into the river. It is possible to use sawdust, needles, hay for stuffing bags. The only requirement is that they should not rustle. Walls and floors, as a rule, are laid out with stuffed bags, supports and ceilings are installed, ventilation pipes (boxes) are inserted, a roof is installed, a soil layer of at least 50 cm is poured and compacted, the roof, the entrance hatch, loopholes for observation or shooting are masked, immediately in front of occupation of the DNP by personnel, they install equipment (seismic sensors, SRPN-1, etc.) and minefields.

The procedure for organizing combat duty at the DNP

A reconnaissance patrol consisting of four scouts is located on the DNP.
Two scouts are observers, and their duties may differ. For example, the first one observes the object, the second one conducts reconnaissance "on itself", i.e. monitors the instruments technical means protection (intelligence), encrypts and transmits messages by radio to the Center. The third scout is ready to replace the observer, cooks food, maintains weapons and equipment, rests, etc. The fourth scout is resting (sleeping in a sleeping bag).
Quadruple DNP should contain only two sleeping bags for the rest shift. Bags should have quick-release zippers for emergency evacuation if necessary. Equipment is always assembled in backpacks. To accommodate it, four backpacks weighing no more than 40 kg should be enough. All scouts are required to know the contents of all backpacks.

Working on the DNP, scouts need special equipment and uniforms that allow them not to get sick from hypothermia and dampness in conditions of sedentary activity in a limited space. Radio traffic with the Center should be kept to a minimum, and the radio communication equipment used should minimize the likelihood of direction finding of your transmitter. The best radio facilities are satellite communication stations; stations using the speed mode and "frequency hopping".

Special attention camouflage should be observed. Light, smoke, smell are unacceptable. This is especially true for cooking. There are entire cooking kits consisting of insulated thermos containers and chemical cartridges. Perhaps, also, the use of gas stoves. But even when using these containers, beware of the spread of odors.

Despite the fact that open fire contact of scouts with the enemy is highly undesirable. Must be in constant readiness to an attack on the DNP when it is detected by the enemy. The installed explosive and signal means, silent weapons will minimize the accidental detection of the DNP by single military personnel, but when the enemy purposefully searches for the DNP and detects it, the scouts accept the battle, stun the enemy and dissolve in space.

Serious attention should be paid to the packaging of scouts' waste products (garbage, excrement, etc.). Waste should be carefully (hermetically) packed in double polyethylene bags of increased strength. At the same time, it costs two-thirds to fill them, since they have to be taken out in backpacks upon completion of the observation. Until the end of the observation, the waste bags located on the DNP should not cause inconvenience to the scouts.

Surveillance at night

Observation at night is much more difficult. It is carried out with artificial lighting of the area, and in unlit areas - with the use of night vision devices. Individual targets and actions of the enemy can be detected without illumination and the use of night vision devices by light and noise unmasking signs: a cigarette light is visible at a distance of up to 500 m, a burning match - 1-1.5 km; the light of an electric flashlight, flashes of shots when firing from a machine gun or machine gun are visible at a distance of up to 2 km; a fire, the light of the included car headlights is noticeable up to 8 km. At night, much further than during the day, various sounds are heard. For example, the noise of an evenly running tank engine is heard during the day from a distance of 300-400 m, at night - 1000 m or more.

The night requires special attention, caution and discipline from the personnel. An undisciplined scout can unmask himself and his comrades by careless handling of lighting devices, noise, smoking, etc.

When preparing for combat work at night, observers prepare optical and electronic-optical devices, tablets and circuits, means of illuminating the area and illumination for work before dark, cover the trench with a cape or tarpaulin, study the area, remember the outlines and the relative position of night landmarks and local items.

Tall trees, buildings, factory chimneys and other local objects that can be seen in silhouette against the sky are chosen as night landmarks before dark. In addition, directions to landmarks can be hung with white pegs, light points, seen with a compass or angular values on the scales of observation devices. Sometimes, in the absence of clearly defined landmarks, light landmarks (not observed by the enemy) are set up at a distance not closer than 50 m from the place of observation.
Before darkness falls, observers adjust the eyepieces of optical instruments according to their eyes and memorize the corresponding division. This allows, when observing at night, to quickly restore the lost aiming of the device.

To determine at night the direction to the target, which briefly unmasks itself with light signs (flashes of shots, headlights, etc.), the observer sticks a freshly planed (white) peg 30-40 cm high and finger-thick into the ground at a distance of several meters from him. Then he takes a shorter peg (about 20 cm) and, noticing the flash of a shot, sticks it into the ground right in front of him so that he is on target with the previously set peg and flash (shine). The correctness of the position of the nearest peg is specified during subsequent observations of flashes (sparkle). After that, the position of the target on the ground is determined.

During the fighting in the Republic of Afghanistan, military reconnaissance observers at outposts at night used a very simple but effective method of detecting mortar firing positions ( launchers missiles) of the enemy. To do this, a circle with a goniometric scale (like an artillery circle) was made from plexiglass, plexiglass, or even plywood with a movable sighting device attached to it. This device (the post on which it was installed) was accurately tied to the map and oriented to the cardinal points.

For orientation, with the help of precise angle measuring instruments (artillery compass, laser reconnaissance device, radar station, etc.), the angle was measured to some remote landmark visible from the post. Then the circle was aimed at this landmark and rigidly fixed in this position. As soon as the enemy fired a mortar shot (launch rocket projectile), one of the observers quickly aimed the reticle at the flash of the shot and measured the elevation angle of the target. Another observer at this time, using a stopwatch, noted the time during which the sound from the shot from the moment of the flash would reach the observation post, and determined the distance to the target.
At the same time, the accuracy of determining the location of the target on the ground with trained observers turned out to be sufficient for its destruction by artillery fire. An increase in accuracy was also achieved by increasing (to reasonable limits) the diameter of the goniometric circle and reducing the division value of the goniometric scale.
Scouts often used this method in daytime, detecting the target location by dust and smoke generated during the shot, however, in this case, the accuracy of determining the distance is reduced, since the observer detects these signs with some delay from the moment of the shot.

The human eye is not capable of immediately adapting and clearly distinguishing objects during a sharp transition from light to dark. Therefore, before you start observing at night, you need to stay in the dark for 20-30 minutes and not look at the light source. When observing, you should always remember that if you look at the light for a short time, the adaptation of the eyes will be lost again and it will take at least 20 minutes to restore it again. In order not to disturb the adaptation of the eyes, it is necessary to close one eye when taking readings from instruments, when working with a map, diagram, which are illuminated, and it is best to use a flashlight with a red light. You should not peer into the darkness for a long time, so as not to tire your eyesight. It is recommended to periodically close your eyes for 5-10 seconds. Such a short rest allows you to get rid of fatigue. Under artificial lighting, you can not look at the light source; it is recommended to cover the eyes from the lighting with a visor or palm and observe only the illuminated area and the enemy.

When visually determining distances on a terrain illuminated by artificial light sources, it should be borne in mind that objects located in illuminated areas seem closer than they really are, and dark, unlit objects appear smaller and more distant.
An observer (observation post) can illuminate the area with rockets only at the direction of the commander.

In the dark, the attention of the observer is important, therefore, during reconnaissance at night, one should not be distracted by any extraneous thoughts, conversations, actions, but it is necessary to direct attention exclusively to observation - this increases the sensitivity of vision by 1.5 times. To increase attention and sensitivity of vision, it is recommended to observe in a sitting position.
Deep breathing (full inhalation and exhalation eight to ten times per minute), wiping the forehead, eyelids, temples, neck, nape cold water cause a significant increase in the sensitivity of vision and reduce the time for complete adaptation to darkness from 30 - 40 to 10 minutes. Temporarily increase visual acuity, relieve drowsiness and fatigue pharmacological agents: cola preparations, caffeine, glucose, etc. For example, one tablet of caffeine (0.1 g) increases the sensitivity of vision by an average of 30%, while its effect reaches its greatest efficiency, usually half an hour after ingestion and lasts 1.5-2 hours . These methods of increasing the sensitivity of vision and attention, relieving fatigue and drowsiness are applicable by scouts not only when acting as observers, but also when they perform combat missions in other ways.

For observation at night, various night vision devices are widely used. Night binoculars and sights do not require artificial illumination of the terrain in the infrared spectrum and therefore do not unmask observers. At the same time, night vision devices are most effective on a bright starry or moonlit night. Rain, fog, dust significantly reduce the detection range. Weak artificial illumination of the area with the help of conventional lighting means significantly increases the range of night vision devices. Bright lighting devices (searchlights, headlights, bonfires, fires, tracers) falling into the field of view of devices create interference and impair the effectiveness of observation.
Detection and recognition of targets in night vision devices require certain skills acquired by training. This is due to the fact that when viewed through night vision devices, the natural coloring of the terrain and local objects does not differ. Various objects are recognized only by their shape (silhouette) and by the degree of contrast.
The range of vision increases if the target is located on a light background (sand, snow), and decreases if the target is located on a dark background (arable land, tree trunks, etc.).

At night, observation of the enemy is also carried out with the help of radar stations, which make it possible to detect moving ground targets, determine their nature (type) and polar coordinates (range and direction).
Radar stations should be located in areas of the terrain that have an excess over the reconnaissance area. It is not recommended to place such a post in the immediate vicinity of large metal surfaces (bridges, cranes, parking lots), power and telephone lines, large buildings; these objects distort the radiation pattern and increase errors in determining the coordinates of the target.
When masking radar stations, do not allow wet objects (branches, grass, camouflage net etc.) fell within the radiation pattern.

Eavesdropping

Eavesdropping as a method of reconnaissance at night and in other conditions of limited visibility supplements observation and is used when troops are operating in direct contact with the enemy, as well as when reconnaissance agencies are operating behind enemy lines. In order to hide their actions and intentions, the enemy will seek to carry out many activities at night: the withdrawal of nuclear attack weapons and artillery to positions, the movement of command posts and troops, the occupation of the starting position for the offensive, etc. These actions, with all the caution of the enemy, will be accompanied by characteristic sounds and noise , listening to which experienced scouts determine where and what the enemy is doing.

Intelligence by eavesdropping is carried out by observers and observation posts. If necessary, special eavesdropping posts can be created. The eavesdropping post is made up of two or three scouts, one of them is appointed senior. If the conditions allow one to hear the spoken language of the enemy, then for eavesdropping it is necessary to appoint scouts who know the language of the enemy.
The task of the eavesdropping post is set, as a rule, before dark on the ground. At the same time, the following are indicated: landmarks visible at night; information about the enemy; place of post; what to install and what sound signs to pay special attention to; reconnaissance time and report order. If the eavesdropping post is sent for Front edge(guard line) of their troops, then the scouts are indicated the order of advancement and return, admission and recall. Fire weapons are assigned to cover their actions.

If time permits, the observers assigned to conduct reconnaissance by eavesdropping, in advance (before dark) study the position of the enemy, the terrain in the indicated area, and the routes of advance and return. At a specified time, usually after dark, the observers (scouts) move secretly to the place indicated by them for eavesdropping and proceed to the task.
Observation posts, eavesdropping posts, individual "hearers" and scouts operating behind enemy lines must be able to understand sounds, determine the direction to the source of the sound and the distance to it.
The direction to the sound source can be determined by pointing the device (finder) or by fixing the direction. The observer, having heard the sound, notices an object in this direction, points the observation device (finder) at it and waits for the target to appear again. By correcting (specifying) the pointing of the device (finder) at the sound source, each time it appears, the direction to the target is determined.

Approximately, the range to the sounding target, as well as its nature, can be determined by the maximum audibility of sounds. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the individual capabilities of each scout and weather conditions. On a windless night, in the fog, high humidity air, after rain, in winter the audibility increases.

Indicative limits hearing sounds at night

Enemy actions	Maximum range of hearing (m.)	Characteristic sound signs
Steps	30
Cough	50
Colloquial speech	100-200
Sharp voice command	500-1000
Shout	1000
Movement of infantry in the ranks: on the ground by highway	300 600
The sound of oars on the side of the boat	1000 - 1500
Digging trenches by hand	500 - 1000	Shovel blows on stones, metal
Drive in wooden stakes: manually mechanically	800 600	A dull sound of evenly alternating beats
Cutting and cutting down trees: manually chainsaw falling trees	300 - 400 700 – 900 800 – 900	The sharp clatter of an axe, the squeal of a saw; intermittent crack gasoline engine; thump on the ground of a sawn tree
Car movement: on a dirt road by highway car horn	500 1000 – 1500 2000 – 3000	Rough motor noise
The movement of tanks, self-propelled guns, infantry fighting vehicles: on the ground by highway	2000 - 3000 3000 - 4000	The sharp noise of the engines at the same time as the sharp metallic clang of the caterpillars
Movement of towed artillery: on the ground by highway	1000 - 2000 2000 - 3000	A sharp jerky rumble of metal and the noise of engines
Engine noise standing tank	1000 - 1500	Smooth engine rumble
Shooting artillery battery (division)	10000 - 15000
Gun shot	6000
mortar shot	3000 - 5000
Shooting from a heavy machine gun	3000
Shooting from a machine gun	2000

The direction of the wind should also be taken into account: it not only worsens or improves audibility depending on the direction, but also carries the sound to the side, creating a distorted idea of the location of the sound source.

Mountains, forests, buildings, ravines, gorges and deep ravines also change the direction of the sound, creating an echo. generate echoes and bodies of water, facilitating its propagation over long distances.
The sound seems different when the source moves over soft, wet, or hard ground, along a street, along a country or field road, over a pavement, or over leafy ground. Keep in mind that dry ground or railroad tracks transmit sounds better than air. Therefore, they listen with their ear to the ground or to the rails.

To better listen to the enemy's earthworks, the scout puts his ear to a dry board laid on the ground, which acts as a sound collector, or to a dry log dug into the ground. You can use a medical stethoscope or make a homemade water stethoscope, which was often used by reconnaissance sappers during the war years. To make it, you need to fill a glass flask or a thin-walled glass bottle with water up to the beginning of the neck and close it with a cork with a hole. Then, insert a tube (preferably glass) into the hole of the cork, on which to put a rubber tube. The other end of the rubber tube, equipped with a tip, is inserted into the ear. The bottle is buried in the ground to the level of water in it. To check the sensitivity of the installed device, you need to hit the ground with your finger at a distance of 4 m from it - the sound from such a blow should be clearly heard through the rubber tube.

Features of observation in the mountains

When operating in the mountains, observers and observation posts are located at dominant heights with a large horizon and a small number of fields of invisibility. However, not every high point can be a good place for observation. For observation, first of all, such places are chosen that are distinguished by a good close outlook. For observation, one should not be located directly on the top of the mountain (topographic ridge), it is more profitable to choose a place for observation on inconspicuous slopes at some distance from the top. When placing observers near local objects, it is necessary to position and observe from the shadow side of the objects. It is not recommended to occupy trees with bird nests for observation, the screams and disturbing flight of which can unmask the observer.

Before starting observation in a mountainous area, it is necessary to understand the settlements lying ahead, where each path goes, the conditional names of landmarks and characteristic local objects (heights, peaks, gorges, etc.). It must be remembered that in the mountains the distances to landmarks and local objects are greatly concealed. At each observation post, it is advisable to have a scheme of invisibility fields and take measures to organize additional observation of them

The most reliable place for observers is the trench. But it is not always possible to equip it in the mountains, especially in rocky soil, therefore, stones must be used to equip an observation post: a parapet is formed from them, and then covered with earth and carefully masked. It is advantageous to equip a position for an observation post from stones and boulders on rocky slopes, on which it merges well with the surrounding area.

At night, some observers are recommended to be located at the foot and on the slopes of heights in such a way as to observe from the bottom up and see the enemy against the sky, remaining unnoticed. When observing using means of illuminating the terrain, one must take into account the formation of shadows that hide the movement of the enemy.

Observation in the mountains at night is complemented by eavesdropping. The sound in the mountains increases sharply, especially in fog, near the river, in the presence of snow cover, as well as after rain and in the morning, when the air humidity is high. However, when organizing eavesdropping, it should be borne in mind that sounds in the mountains often change their original direction (mountain echo) and reach the reconnaissance from the side opposite to the actual position of the source.
The task of the eavesdropping post is placed on the ground, as a rule, before dark, from a point from where the place intended for eavesdropping can be seen. At the post, the scouts are located in a triangle (angle forward). The older one is usually in front. Duties are distributed as follows: one listens to everything that is done in front of him and to the right, the second - in front and to the left, the third - behind. This method of action allows you to eavesdrop in all directions, without scattering attention.

Underground war.

This is a specific type of combat operations that requires special training of personnel and the use of special means.


[ all articles ]

Observation organized in all conditions of the situation by all subdivisions. Observation is carried out continuously and is the main method of reconnaissance.
Observation makes it possible to obtain information about: the movement of enemy troops; on the disposition of subunits and fire weapons in the enemy's defense; about the location and nature of defensive structures and obstacles of the enemy; about the nature of the enemy's behavior in defense; on the location of enemy command and observation posts; on the concentration of enemy infantry and tanks for an attack, as well as other information that determines the nature of the enemy's combat activity.
At night, as well as in conditions of limited visibility, observation is carried out using night vision devices, means of illumination of the area and is supplemented eavesdropping. By sound signs, the observer can determine: the nature of the enemy's actions and the work he is doing (the noise of the movement of vehicles, cutting trees, driving stakes, colloquial speech, etc.); approximate direction of fire from machine guns, mortars and artillery; the direction of movement of tanks and other combat and transport vehicles.
The personnel of the department conducts observation on the move, from short stops and on the spot. When an infantry fighting vehicle (APC) moves, each soldier of the squad must continuously observe the sector indicated to him and report everything noticed to the tank commander. When making a jump from one shelter to another, observation is carried out, depending on the situation, through open hatches and optical instruments. Stops are made in sheltered and convenient places for observation (observation points). To stop the combat vehicle, the driver, using the folds of the terrain, as well as local objects, places the BMP (BTR) on the orders of the squad leader in such a way as to ensure its disguise and enable the commander to monitor from the tower. The observation point must meet the basic requirements: to provide the greatest view in the direction of the enemy and complete secrecy of observation.
The squad leader can conduct surveillance, depending on the situation and terrain, from the combat vehicle or outside it. Outside the BMP (BTR), he occupies a convenient point from which he conducts surveillance (Fig. 1). At night, in addition, turning off the engine, he listens to the sounds in order to determine the presence of the enemy by ear. The personnel of the squad should closely monitor their commander and be always ready to immediately assist him. When occupying an observation point, it is necessary to act covertly. We must always remember that the enemy is also in disguise and is observing, and that the signs by which we establish the presence of the enemy are familiar to him. If it is impossible to covertly approach the observation point on vehicles, then one should, dismounting, advance on foot or by crawling. Having reached cover, the squad leader must avoid sudden movements, raise his head slowly, leaving his shoulders and arms behind cover.
After a cursory examination of the area, its detailed study is carried out using binoculars in one of the following ways.
First way. First, roads going in the direction of travel are inspected, then transverse roads, the outskirts of settlements, bushes, forest edges, gardens, exits from hollows and ravines, etc.
The second way. First, the near zone is examined within the range of up to 400 m, then the middle zone - from 400 to 800 m, and, finally, the far zone - within visibility.
Particular attention and care should be taken in all suspicious places where the enemy can hide: ravines, hollows, forests, bushes, etc.
In some cases, the personnel of the squad may be assigned to conduct reconnaissance by observation at an observation post.

observation post- This is a designated group of military personnel performing reconnaissance tasks by observation from a place equipped in engineering terms.
Observation posts are usually set aside in defense and in preparation for an offensive. On the march, in the course of an offensive battle, when disengaging and withdrawing, observers are appointed in the subunits, who continuously monitor the enemy and the position of their troops. The number of observers and observation posts in a unit depends on the conditions of the situation and the task performed by this unit. So, in the defense and in the period of preparation for the offensive, the following are usually appointed: in the squad - 1, in the platoon - 1-2 and in the company - 2-3 observers, and in the battalion - 1-2 observation posts. When subunits are deployed in concentration areas (on the spot), observation is also carried out by foot patrols (patrols) and secrets.

Rice. 1. Choosing a place for observation

Two or three observers from among the most trained soldiers and sergeants for this purpose are appointed to the observation post, one of them is appointed senior. The personnel are provided (Fig. 2) with observation devices, a large-scale coded map or terrain map, an observation log, a compass, a flashlight, a clock, means of communication and alerting, and the observer is provided with observation devices. For work at night, observation posts (observers) are provided with night vision devices, means of illuminating the area, and a ground reconnaissance radar station.
The task of an observation post (observer) is, as a rule, assigned on the ground by the commander organizing reconnaissance. When setting a task, the following are usually indicated: landmarks and conditional names of local objects; information about the enemy (where he is, what he is doing or where he is expected to appear) and his troops; the place of the observation post and the order of its equipment; sector (object) of observation, what to pay special attention to; order of reporting on the results of observation (what, how and when to report), warning signals. The task assigned to the observation post is recorded in the observation log.
The observation post is located, as a rule, in the battle formations of the subunits. To increase visibility, a place for an observation post is chosen on a hill from which the enemy’s position is clearly visible on the possible great depth. In addition, observers should be able to observe the actions of their troops.

For the convenience of observation, it is necessary to divide the sector (band) of observation into zones (Fig. 3): near, middle and far, denoting them with conditional lines according to local objects (landmarks). The near zone includes a section of the terrain within the visibility of small objects, objects and targets with the naked eye. The middle zone is outlined within sight of prominent local objects. The far zone covers the rest of the space to the limits of visibility.

Rice. 2. Equipping the observation post

In most cases, ahead of the observation post there will be terrain elements, settlements, forests and other local objects that make it difficult to observe certain areas and create invisible zones. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately identify these areas, and then determine from what location these areas can be viewed. Under these conditions, the unit commander must organize interaction between neighboring posts.
The place for observation, depending on the available time and the availability of building material, can be equipped in the form of an open trench or a trench with an anti-fragmentation roof and a viewing slot.
Outwardly, the place of the observation post should not differ in any way from the surrounding area. When located on a terrain with a large number of local objects, the place of the observation post can be equipped in the form of a characteristic local object (tree - Fig. 4, a, bumps - fig. 4, b, stump - fig. 4, in, large stone - fig. 4, G, etc.).
Communication with the observation post is organized by order and means of the subunit commander.
The chief of the observation post directs the actions of the observers. He determines the procedure for continuous observation, organizes the equipment of the place for the observation post and its camouflage, checks the serviceability of observation devices, communications and warning devices, controls the actions of observers, personally conducts observation, records the results of reconnaissance in an observation log, puts them on a map (diagram) and in The set time is reported to the commander. The senior observer shall report immediately on abrupt changes in the position and actions of the enemy, on detected important objects (targets), on radioactive, chemical and biological contamination of the area.
The main documents of an observation post are a large-scale map or map of the area and an observation log.
The terrain map is the simplest drawing, on which the place of the observation post, landmarks, observation sector, characteristics relief and some of the most important local items.,

Rice. 4. Place of the observer, disguised: a- on the tree; 6 - under the bump; in - under the stump; d- under a large stone

All information about the enemy is entered into the observation log and a note is made to whom they are reported (Table 1).

The observation post performs the task until the deadline set by the commander or until it is replaced by another composition of the observation post. In the first case, the senior observer reports to the commander on the completion of the assigned task and only with his permission stops the observation. In the second case, the observation post terminates observation after it is replaced by another composition of the observation post.
When changing the senior observer of the post to be replaced, he personally acquaints the senior observer of the changing post with the situation and the assigned task.

Observation- the main method of reconnaissance, the most common, used by all reconnaissance agencies, all subdivisions, all commanders in all types of combat activities. A scout is, first of all, an observer. In reconnaissance, it is impossible to carry out tasks without learning how to conduct surveillance, notice and detect signs of the enemy's presence, report and give target designation to fire weapons on detected targets in order to destroy them. Surveillance allows you to get the most reliable information about the enemy and the terrain. In combat formations of troops in all types of combat, it is conducted continuously by specially appointed observers and observation posts. Their number depends on the nature of the battle, the conditions of the situation and the terrain. An observer is usually appointed in a squad, in a platoon and company - one or two observers, in a battalion - an observer at the command and observation post and one or two observation posts.

Observation is organized in such a way as to provide the best view of the terrain in front of the front and on the flanks. At night and in other conditions of limited visibility, surveillance is carried out using ground reconnaissance radar stations, thermal imaging devices, night vision devices, terrain lighting equipment and is supplemented by eavesdropping.

Observation is usually carried out in the sector. The width of the observation sector depends on the observation conditions (terrain, visibility, etc.) and the number of available posts (observers). Sometimes an area (object) can be indicated to an observer for its detailed study, clarification of the position of individual elements on the ground, detection or confirmation of the presence of targets in it. In addition, observers and observation posts can monitor the actions of their subunits and neighbors, aviation (helicopters) and the results of their own artillery fire.

As practice shows, it is enough to have five to seven landmarks in the observation sector. The objects that are clearly visible and most resistant to destruction are chosen as landmarks - road intersections, stones, characteristic points of the relief, individual buildings, trees, etc. Landmarks are numbered from right to left along the lines from oneself towards the enemy. One of the landmarks is designated as the main one. All landmarks indicated by the senior commander are mandatory, they retain the numbers and names assigned by this commander. On terrain poor in landmarks (desert, steppe, snowy plain), engineering structures and enemy barriers can be chosen as landmarks, or artificial landmarks can be created by artillery fire (places of breaks).

The place for observation should provide a good overview in the specified sector, camouflage and shelter from enemy fire, and have hidden approaches from the side of their subunits.

On the march, in mobile forms of combat, observers are appointed in subunits. Observers of subunits are located and move along with their commanders and conduct observation on the move or from short stops. When operating on foot, the observer is five to eight paces away from the commander. Without stopping observation of the enemy, he must hear the commands given by the commander and see his signals. When the commander stops, the observer is located in the immediate vicinity of him and, hiding behind local objects, observes the enemy.

observation post- a group of military personnel assigned to jointly carry out the task of observation. The observation post consists of two or three people, one of whom is appointed senior.

The observation post is equipped with observation devices, a large-scale map or terrain map, an observation log, a compass, a clock, a tablet, communications equipment, illumination (a flashlight with a nozzle that prevents the beam of light from scattering), warning signals about an air enemy, and radiation and chemical reconnaissance devices.

When setting a task for an observation post (observer) indicate: landmarks and coded (conditional) names of local objects; information about the enemy and its units; the composition of the observation post; place of the post (observer), sector of observation, what to pay special attention to; the procedure for conducting radiation and chemical monitoring; the order of reporting the results of observation; warning signals; readiness time.

Having received the task, the senior observation post organizes its equipment and reconnaissance. He is obliged: to study the location of the enemy in the specified sector of observation; appoint the next observer to serve and determine the sequence of change of observers; organize the equipment of a place for an observation post and its camouflage; draw up a map of landmarks; check the serviceability of monitoring devices, communication and warning devices; timely report to the commander who posted the post on the results of the observation.

When setting tasks for the next observer, the senior observation post indicates: the place and sector of observation; what to establish, what to observe, what to pay special attention to; the procedure and time for switching on radiation and chemical reconnaissance devices; order of reporting the results of observation. The task assigned to the observation post and the results of the observation are recorded in the observation log with a note to whom and when they were reported.

Monitoring is ongoing. At the observation post, depending on the conditions of the situation, it is organized in shifts or by the entire composition of the observation post at the same time. Having found the target, the observer determines its position on the ground relative to landmarks (characteristic local objects) and reports about it to the senior observation post (squad commander). The senior observation post, in the prescribed manner, reports on the target to the commander who posted the post, and puts it on the map (terrain map).

The observation post is in service until the deadline or until it is replaced by another observation post. A post can move to a new place only with the permission or by order of the commander who posted it. The movement is usually carried out by the entire composition of the post simultaneously with the observance of camouflage and security measures. The order of movement is determined by the senior observation post.

When an observation post stays for a long time on a site contaminated with toxic, radioactive and biological (bacterial) agents, the personnel operate in personal protective equipment, and the change of observers is made more often. If the situation allows, the senior post organizes partial special processing of the observation post, personnel and weapons. Observation of the enemy and the terrain does not stop at the same time .

Records are made in the observation log about the results of observation, the change of place and time of movement, and the surrender of the post. .

Table 1. Observation Log Sample

During the years of the Great Patriotic War in offensive combat in units and subunits created mobile observation posts. They moved in combat formations of units in directions that were poorly visible from command (command and observation) posts. Sometimes mobile observation posts were created of mixed composition, that is, they included artillery and military scouts, forces and means of engineering intelligence. Such posts operated on armored personnel carriers or cars. They monitored the enemy, the terrain, engineering barriers, the actions and results of the fire of their troops, gave target designation for artillery and other means of destruction. Officers or the most trained sergeants were usually appointed senior mobile observation posts. Mobile observation posts operated without a shift until the fulfillment of the assigned tasks or until the established milestone (term).

This experience was used and improved during the fighting of a limited contingent. Soviet troops in the Republic of Afghanistan and during counter-terrorist operations in the North Caucasus. Mixed reinforced observation posts were also created there, which were advanced in advance (the first to land from helicopters) to the dominant heights and occupied them. Troop, artillery observers, aircraft controllers, who were part of these posts, conducted reconnaissance of targets and corrected the fire of their artillery and provided target designation for aviation and combat helicopters. The rest of the personnel of the mobile observation post conducted reconnaissance by observation, taking up defensive positions and being in readiness to repulse the enemy. It was during the performance of such a task that Senior Lieutenant Vladimir Zadorozhny accomplished a feat for which he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously).

Observer in a subunit, he reports to the subunit commander and is responsible for the timely detection of the enemy in his sector (area). He must have observation devices, a landmark map, a compass and a clock, and, if necessary, means of communication and signaling.

The observer is obliged: to know reconnaissance and unmasking signs of objects (targets), signs of the enemy's preparation for the use of weapons of mass destruction, for an offensive, for withdrawal, etc.; effectively use surveillance devices, prepare them for work and keep them in good condition; know landmarks and distances to them, quickly find them on the ground; conduct continuous surveillance, search for targets, determine the range to them and their location relative to landmarks; timely report to the commander on the results of observation; observe the strictest discipline and comply with the requirements of disguise; know control signals and alerts.

The observer is sentinel on the battlefield, he does not have the right to terminate observation without an order from the commander who appointed him, or until he is replaced by the next observer.

Having received the task and having specified the landmarks indicated to him on the ground, the observer determines the distance to them, if it was not indicated to him, studies the tactical properties of the terrain, the most characteristic local objects and makes up landmark map(Fig. 2).

To draw up a map of landmarks, you need to apply a conventional sign of an observation post in the lower part of the sheet in the middle and draw a north-south direction through it. Then determine the distance to the main landmark, the magnetic azimuth to this landmark, and, orienting the sheet of paper in azimuth and distance, on a scale (for example, 5 cm - 1 km), put the landmark on the diagram. Using the observation device, measure the angles from the main one to the other landmarks, and after determining the distances to them, also, on a scale, put them on the diagram; then put on the diagram characteristic local objects and distances to them and features of the relief.

All landmarks are applied in a perspective form, their conditional name, number and distance to the landmark are signed.

When conducting reconnaissance by observation in the course of carrying out tasks in the Republic of Afghanistan, experienced observers, when preparing a landmark scheme, usually drew directions to the landmark. This helped them quickly find landmarks on the ground and report the location of targets, especially at night.

Studying the tactical properties of the terrain, the observer, first of all, proceeds from the received task. For example, he finds out: where, according to the conditions of the situation on the given terrain, the enemy is most likely to place his observation and command and observation posts, artillery positions, fire weapons, engineering structures and obstacles; from what direction and in what places can his tanks go; where manpower and military equipment are most likely to hide, and what are the possibilities for covert movement of the enemy.

Fig.2 Scheme of landmarks

Studying the characteristic local objects, the observer remembers their relative position and appearance. Such local items as individual bushes, stumps, large stones should be counted. Knowing the number, relative position and appearance of local objects in his sector of observation, he will quickly detect camouflaged observers, fire weapons, snipers and other targets.

The boundaries of the zones are outlined conditionally on the ground according to landmarks, local objects and are not applied to the diagram. Observation usually begins from the near zone and is carried out from right to left by sequential inspection of the terrain and local objects. The observer, having examined the near zone, returns to look at it back, as if checking himself, then examines the middle and far zones in the same order.

Having found the target, the observer determines its position on the ground relative to landmarks (local objects) and reports to the commander (senior observation post).

When determining the location of the target, the observer determines the distance to the target, in meters, from his observation point and the angular distance (to the right or left), in thousandths, from the nearest landmark to the detected target.

The report on the results of the observation should be short and clear - what was found and where. For example: "Landmark 2, right 0-10, 1200 m, tank in a trench." In the absence of landmarks on the ground, the observer gives target designation, indicating the magnetic azimuth to the target and the distance to it. For example: "Azimuth 150, 3800 meters - landing of two helicopters"

The observer reports only what he sees. He reports his findings only at the request of the commander.

Watching air enemy is carried out by sequential viewing of the airspace, starting from the horizon. Having found an air target, the observer immediately gives an alert signal, determines the nature of the air target, the direction and altitude of the flight, and reports to the commander (senior post).

Surveillance at night becomes significantly more difficult. It is carried out with artificial lighting of the area, and in unlit areas - with the use of night vision devices. Individual targets and actions of the enemy can be detected without illumination and the use of night vision devices by light and noise unmasking signs: a cigarette light is visible at a distance of up to 500 m, a burning match - 1-1.5 km; the light of an electric flashlight, flashes of shots when firing from a machine gun or machine gun are visible at a distance of up to 2 km; a fire, the light of the included car headlights is noticeable up to 8 km. At night, much further than during the day, various sounds are heard. For example, the noise of a smoothly running tank engine is heard during the day from a distance of 300-400 m, and at night - 1000 m or more.

When preparing for combat work at night, observers prepare optical and electronic-optical devices, tablets and circuits, means of illuminating the area and illumination for work before dark, cover the trench with a cape or tarpaulin, study the area, memorize the outlines and relative position of night landmarks and local items.

Before dark, the observers adjust the eyepieces of optical instruments according to their eyes and memorize the corresponding division. This allows, when observing at night, to quickly restore the lost aiming of the device. It must be taken into account that when the eye is removed from the eyepiece of the night sight, the face is illuminated for a moment. This can be a good bait for an enemy sniper.

You should not peer into the darkness for a long time, so as not to tire your eyesight. It is recommended to periodically close your eyes for 5-10 seconds. Such a short rest allows you to get rid of fatigue. Under artificial lighting, you can not look at the light source; it is recommended to cover the eyes from the lighting with a visor or palm and observe only the illuminated area and the enemy. When visually determining distances on a terrain illuminated by artificial light sources, it should be borne in mind that objects located in illuminated areas seem closer than they really are, and dark, unlit objects appear smaller and more distant.

An observer (observation post) can illuminate the area with rockets only at the direction of the commander.

Deep breathing (full inhalation and exhalation eight to ten times per minute), wiping the forehead, eyelids, temples, neck, nape with cold water cause a significant increase in the sensitivity of vision and reduce the time for complete adaptation to darkness from 30-40 to 10 minutes. Temporarily increase visual acuity, relieve drowsiness and fatigue, pharmacological agents: cola preparations, caffeine, glucose, etc. half an hour after taking and lasts 1.5-2 hours. These methods of increasing the sensitivity of vision and attention, relieving fatigue and drowsiness are applicable by scouts not only when acting as observers, but also when they perform combat missions in other ways.

To determine at night the direction to a target that briefly unmasks itself with light signs (flashes of shots, headlights, etc.), the observer sticks a freshly planed (white) peg 30-40 cm high and finger-thick into the ground at a distance of several meters from him in advance. Then he takes a shorter peg (about 30 cm) and, noticing the flash of a shot, sticks it into the ground right in front of him so that he is on target with the previously set peg and flash (shine). The correctness of the position of the nearest peg is specified during subsequent observations of flashes (sparkle). After that, the position of the target on the ground is determined.

During the fighting in the Republic of Afghanistan, military reconnaissance observers at outposts at night used a very simple but effective method of detecting the firing positions of mortars (rocket launchers) of the enemy. To do this, a circle with a goniometric scale (similar to an artillery circle) was made from plexiglass, plexiglass, or even plywood with a movable sighting device attached to it (Fig. 3).

This device (the post on which it was installed) was accurately tied to the map and oriented to the cardinal points. For orientation, with the help of precise angle measuring instruments (artillery compass, laser reconnaissance device, radar station, etc.), the angle was measured to some remote landmark visible from the post. Then the circle was aimed at this landmark and rigidly fixed in this position. As soon as the enemy fired a mortar (launching a rocket), one of the observers quickly aimed the target arrow at the flash of the shot and measured the elevation angle of the target. Another observer at this time, using a stopwatch, noted the time during which the sound from the shot from the moment of the flash reached the observation post, and determined the distance to the target. The accuracy of determining the location of the target on the ground with trained observers turned out to be sufficient for it to be hit by artillery fire. An increase in accuracy was also achieved by increasing (to reasonable limits) the diameter of the goniometric circle and reducing the division value of the goniometric scale.

Scouts often used this method in the daytime, pinpointing the target location by the dust and smoke generated during the shot. However, in this case, the accuracy decreases, since the observer detects these signs with some delay from the moment of the shot.

Detection and recognition of targets in night vision devices require certain skills acquired by training. This is due to the fact that when viewed through night vision devices, the natural coloring of the terrain and local objects does not differ. Various objects are recognized only by their shape (silhouette) and by the degree of contrast.

The range of vision increases if the target is located on a light background (sand, snow) and decreases if the target is located on a dark background (arable land, tree trunks, etc.).

Radar stations should be located in areas of the terrain that have an excess over the reconnaissance area. It is not recommended to place such a post in the immediate vicinity of large metal surfaces (bridges, cranes, parking lots), power and telephone lines, large buildings; these objects distort the radiation pattern and increase errors in determining the coordinates of the target.

When masking radar stations, do not allow wet objects (branches, grass, camouflage net, etc.) to fall within the radiation pattern.

1.4. Eavesdropping.

Eavesdropping as a method of reconnaissance at night and in other conditions of limited visibility, it supplements observation and is used when troops operate in direct contact with the enemy, as well as during the operations of reconnaissance agencies behind enemy lines. In order to hide their actions and intentions, the enemy will seek to carry out many activities at night: the withdrawal of weapons of mass destruction, artillery to positions, the movement of command posts and troops, the occupation of the starting position for the offensive, etc. These actions, with all the caution of the enemy, will be accompanied by characteristic sounds and noise , listening to which experienced scouts determine where and what the enemy is doing.

The task of the eavesdropping post is set, as a rule, before dark on the ground. At the same time, the following are indicated: landmarks visible at night; information about the enemy; place of post; what to install and what sound signs to pay special attention to; reconnaissance time and report order. If an eavesdropping post is sent beyond the forward edge (guard line) of friendly troops, then the scouts are told the order of advancement and return, admission and recall. Fire weapons are assigned to cover their actions.

Observation posts, eavesdropping posts, individual "hearers" and scouts operating behind enemy lines must be able to understand sounds, determine the direction to the source of the sound and the distance to it.

The direction to the sound source can be determined by pointing the device (finder) or by fixing the direction. The observer, having heard the sound, notices an object in this direction, points the observation device (finder) at it and waits for the repeated manifestation of the target. By correcting (specifying) the pointing of the device (finder) at the sound source, each time it appears, the direction to the target is determined.

Approximately, the range to the sounding target, as well as its nature, can be determined by the maximum audibility of sounds.

Table 2 . Approximate limits of audibility of sounds at night

Enemy actions	Maximum hearing range (m)	Characteristic sound signs
Steps
Cough
Colloquial speech	100-250
Sharp voice command	500-1000
Shout
The movement of infantry in the ranks: -on the ground -on the highway		Flat dull noise
The sound of oars on the side of the boat	1000-1500
Digging trenches by hand	500-1000	Shovel blows on stones, metal
Driving stakes: - manually - mechanically		A dull sound of evenly alternating beats
Chopping and felling trees by hand with a chainsaw falling trees	300-400 700-900 800-1000	The sharp thud of an axe. The squeal of a saw, the intermittent crack of an engine The thud of a cut tree on the ground
Car traffic: on a dirt road on a highway car horn	1000-1500 2000-3000	Rough motor noise
The movement of tanks, self-propelled guns, infantry fighting vehicles: on the ground on the highway	2000-3000 3000-4000	The sharp noise of the engines at the same time as the sharp metallic clang of the caterpillars
The noise of the engine of a standing tank	1000-1500	Smooth engine rumble
Movement of towed artillery: on the ground on the highway	1000-2000 2000-3000	The sharp rumble of metal and the noise of engines
Shooting artillery battery (division)	10 000- 15 000
Gun shot
mortar shot	3000-5000
Shooting from a heavy machine gun
Shooting from a machine gun

In this case, it is necessary to take into account the individual capabilities of each scout and weather conditions. On a calm night, in fog, with high humidity, after rain, in winter, audibility increases. The direction of the wind should also be taken into account: it not only worsens or improves audibility depending on the direction, but also carries the sound to the side, creating a distorted idea of the location of the sound source.

Then, insert a tube (preferably glass) into the hole of the cork, on which to put a rubber tube. The other end of the rubber tube, equipped with a tip, is inserted into the ear. The bottle is buried in the ground to the level of water in it. To check the sensitivity of the installed device, you need to hit the ground with your finger at a distance of 4 m from it - the sound from such a blow should be clearly heard through the rubber tube.

Mountains, forests, buildings, ravines, gorges and deep ravines also change the direction of the sound, creating an echo. Generate echo and water spaces, contributing to its spread over long distances.

The sound seems different when the source of it moves over soft or hard ground, along the street, along a country or field road, over pavement or leafy ground. Keep in mind that dry ground or railroad tracks transmit sounds better than air. Therefore, they listen with their ear to the ground or to the rails.

Tracking.

To correctly read the traces left by a person, animal or vehicle means to determine: who left these traces, and at what time, in what direction they moved. One should not discount the fact that the enemy will be able to resort to various tricks, masking traces. The task is complicated by the lack of sufficient time for scouts to study them in detail. So scouts simply have to be able to read tracks quickly and distinguish false tracks from real ones, which is developed mainly through persistent training of attention and visual acuity in Everyday life and in the classroom.

Like observation, tracking is the main way to obtain intelligence data, regardless of the purpose, tasks, and nature of the actions of the intelligence agency (unit).

A good tracker is able to reliably hide the traces of his stay and movements behind enemy lines, easily mislead him and send him on the wrong track.

Formation of a trace and determination of the direction of movement of an object. When walking, a person first focuses on the heel of the forward leg, transfers the weight of the body to the entire foot and, pushing off the ground with the toe, takes a step forward, transferring the center of gravity to the other leg.

In each of these elements of movement, the impact on the soil surface will be different (Fig. 5). Three parts are distinguished on the footprint of the sole of the shoe: sole (together with the toe of the shoe), intermediate and heel (heel). The imprint of a footprint on the soil is never the same. The depth of the footprint in the toe area will be maximum, since it is with the toe that a person makes a kind of push, taking a step forward. The footprint is deeper in the heel area than in the middle part. Of no small importance is the nature of the soil on which the trace is left.

Therefore, according to the mechanism of trace formation, they are divided into: superficial and depressed.

Surface marks tend to remain on solid ground (asphalt, wooden floor, stones, slabs, etc.); depressed - on surfaces that, under the weight of a walker, can change their shape and give an impression of a trace. Particularly well-depressed marks are visible on wet sand, soft earth, wet clay, melted snow, etc.

The line left by the heel during forward movement is called "drag". At the moment of resting on the foot in soft ground, the trace is completely imprinted.

When repulsed, the soil in the toe area is pressed through more and slightly shifted back in the form of a small but noticeable pile. After the push, the toe touches the edges of the hole made by him and dumps grains of soil in the direction of movement. A kind of roller is formed around the trace of the sock, which is called "drag". The average step length is approximately 0.73 m. When running, the step width increases to 1 m or more. When carrying a load, the step is shortened, and the feet are placed wider, parallel to one another. From the traces of a bare foot, one can calculate the approximate height of a person (the length of a bare foot is approximately 2/13 (0.17) of a person’s height).

Knowing the mechanism of trace formation, it is not difficult to establish the direction of movement. The greatest depth of the trace comes from pushing with the toe in that part of it that faces the direction of movement. Ground shifting usually occurs from the front of the track in the direction opposite to the direction of travel. The direction of movement can also be judged by other characteristic features: trampled grass is tilted in the direction of movement; pebbles, lumps of soil, other objects move forward in the direction of movement; after crossing puddles and wetlands, wet traces and dirt particles remain on the soil. If a person jumped over ditches and other obstacles, then the traces of a push and a landing are clearly visible.

In order to avoid errors in determining the direction of movement of a vehicle or a pedestrian, the scout must take into account a whole range of available features that complement each other, since taken separately they can be misleading.

From the footprints, you can determine not only the direction of movement, but also other data about the pedestrian. So trained, accustomed to long walking people (military personnel, hunters, athletes, etc.) move with a uniform energetic step. Obstacles on the way they overcome immediately, skillfully and decisively.

A very tired, sick or injured person drags his feet. The "drag" is usually longer than the "drag". The line of movement of the wounded, as a rule, is tortuous. He does extra steps, stumbles, stomps on the spot, leaves traces of lying, crawling or sitting, leans on trees or other objects when stopping. If a person is lame, then the stride length of the injured leg is noticeably shorter than the stride length of the healthy one. The trace of a sore leg is less clear, often incomplete, only from the toe. Wounded, very tired, and also old man, encountering minor obstacles on the way, bypasses, often stops to rest.

The absence of pronounced signs of a push on the trail and a short step indicate haste and caution, and vice versa, a strong, leaving a deep mark, push with the toe and a wide step show that the person was running. When moving backwards, the line of motion is usually broken and winding. It is difficult for a person to accurately maintain the direction taken, he is forced to constantly look around and correct the "course" of his movement. The length of the steps is somewhat shorter, and the legs are placed wider for greater stability.

When moving “trace to trace”, double prints are usually formed in the area of the toe and heel, and the depth of the trace in this case is much greater than usual. From sweeping the tracks with a broom made of brushwood, straw, etc., there are traces that are in the form of arcs. Their ends are directed in the direction of movement.

The person carrying the weight leaves a deeper imprint. In addition, for greater stability, he spreads his legs wide. According to some features of the shoe (the shape of the toe, outsole and heel, their sizes and methods of fastening, the presence of horseshoes, characteristic wear) it is possible to determine who this footprint belonged to. A characteristic trace leaves a foot system. On roads with heavy traffic flow, traffic is carried out along the shoulders. An infantry column, as a rule, leaves behind trails, the number of which corresponds to the number of rows in the column. By carefully examining the footprints, one can establish the approximate number and even the nationality of the unit, since the armies of different countries are supplied with the same shoes.

In winter, studying the track, the scout can determine the direction of movement, the approximate number and training of skiers, and the age of the track. The direction of movement can be determined by the tracks on turns and descents. The trail from the ski pole is at an angle in the direction of movement. In the direction of movement, the support ring is also pressed deeper. From the rear of the skis on the track, traces remain in the form of the letter P, the base directed in the direction of movement (Fig. 6).

A skier can also be judged by the type of skis. The main ones are: sports and running(width 66-72 mm, length up to 220 cm); hunting(width 105-115 mm, length 180-190 cm); slalom(differ in greater width and steel edging); hopping(length up to 245 cm with several guide grooves instead of one).

A skier's training, his physical condition and even approximate age can be easily determined by an experienced tracker by the tracks left in the snow. Analyzing the style of walking, the technique of overcoming turns, climbs and descents.

An experienced skier usually goes "backward" or two-step. A one-step move (simultaneous work with sticks at each step) is used most often by beginners, or with severe fatigue, poor sliding or the presence of a heavy load. A good skier has a much longer step length (the distance between the tracks of the sticks is determined), the track is narrow, even and clear. An inexperienced skier drags sticks across the snow after a push and spreads them wider, leaving an uneven track, different in width.

The number of skiers who passed the track can be determined by the number of stick tracks, the number of ski tracks, the depth and hardness of the track, as well as the tracks left on the slopes.

Tracking training has two goals: by tying together insignificant details, by following the traces left, to teach scouts to restore the full picture of past events and to develop in them the practical skills of masking their tracks.

In order to organize a covert and safe exit to the reconnaissance object behind enemy lines, a route of movement is carefully developed, and the most complete set of camouflage measures is provided.

The following features should be taken into account:

During the period of the "black trope" it is practically impossible to detect traces and determine their age;

At strong wind on trails, dusty roads and sand, tracks disappear almost completely within a few minutes after their formation;

On the sandy bottom running water traces are recorded almost immediately;

On a muddy bottom in stagnant water, tracks become covered with silt approximately 3-4 hours after their formation;

On pebbles and areas littered with brushwood and deadwood, in reeds (if they are not

break, leave after the passage in the same position) traces are difficult to distinguish;

Surface marks on meadow or forest soil in dry weather are detected with

labor, after 3-4 hours it is almost impossible to notice them;

Indented marks left in wet weather on a field, or a track laid across

dewy grass, preserved long time and easy to spot;

If the tracks are swept with a broom, it is difficult to notice them, and only a very experienced tracker can determine the direction of movement by force;

Footprints on the coastal sand last a very long time and are easily detected.

Determining the age of traces. Wind, precipitation (rain, snow, hail, fog, dew, hoarfrost), air temperature and humidity, the nature of the soil and its condition, the presence of various vegetation, as well as the terrain, significantly affect the traces left, exposing them to changes. They are quickly covered with snow, sand and dust, destroyed. It is on the study of these changes as a result of the influence of external conditions that the mechanism for determining the prescription of a trace is based, which makes it possible to judge the time of stay of troops and equipment in this place.

General signs. Traces left on sand, in dust, on soft ground are well preserved in dry calm weather, but at the slightest wind they quickly collapse and can disappear after 2-3 hours, and in strong winds - after a few minutes. In the rain, footprints on dry soil are washed out almost immediately.

On moist soil, traces remain for a long time and do not disappear even during rain, since the earth saturated with moisture is well compressed and looks darker than the surrounding soil. The age of the track can be determined by the state of the water that flooded the track, which stands and brightens for 1 hour, becomes almost transparent after 10-12 hours, and the bottom of the track is covered with an even film of settled mud.

In the forest under the trees, such traces can persist for several days, especially in autumn and spring.

On the ground, overgrown with low soft grass, footprints of a pedestrian are barely noticeable after 1-2 hours. After 3-4 hours, the grass is completely straightened, finally hiding the traces. Grass with tall stiff stems straightens much longer. On dewy grass, traces are clearly visible and remain for 3-4 hours, however, when it dries, the traces disappear and only slightly crushed grass remains the only unmasking sign.

On wet soil, traces of tanks and wheeled vehicles remain for a very long time, up to several months. On grassy soil, the tracks and wheels break up the turf layer when starting off, turning and stopping, leaving a deep trail.

characteristic signs. After 1.5 hours, the footprint on soft ground still retains freshness and some moisture in the shade. The surface of such a trace is pressed through when pressed with a finger. The scree of earth at the cut of the toe of the shoe and the imprint of the caterpillar is loose. Faintly noticeable cracks are visible on the track, the rainwater accumulated in it brightens. Up to 1.5 hours on the snow, a clear imprint of the skier's footprint remains, which, when pressed with a finger, is freely pressed through.

After 3 hours, the surface of the trace hardens, dried (lighter than the entire trace) lumps of earth appear on it, and in some places dried areas. Cracks increase in size, new ones appear. A scree appears at the edge of the track. On viscous ground, the bottom of the track is covered with a crust. The footprint on the snow is pressed with a finger with little effort.

After 6 hours on loose soil, the track is covered with a hard crust, the number and size of cracks increase. The dry areas of the trail are clearly visible. Rainwater, which has fallen into the trail, stands up and its bottom begins to be covered with a soft film of mud sediments. The footprint on the snow does not go through when pressed lightly.

After 12 hours, due to the difference in day and night temperatures, the surface of the track is slightly moistened. Cracks are sharply marked. On loose soil, the track is partially destroyed. The bottom of the track is completely covered with settled mud. The track on the snow is pressed through only with strong pressure. Light snow covered it almost completely.

After a day, the surface of the trace is deformed, the crust is separated from the bottom of the trace and, as it were, swells. The dried scree is blown away by the wind and the cut of the track becomes clearly visible. The contours of the track on the snow are broken, its surface is covered with a continuous ice crust.

Skills for determining the age of a trace can only be acquired as a result of daily training, the development of observation and the ability to comprehensively evaluate external conditions affecting the state of the trace.

Reading traces left by troops and equipment. Troops, located in areas of concentration and rest, when moving and at halts, during Maintenance weapons and equipment always leave traces of their activities.

By correctly reading these traces, one can obtain valuable intelligence information about the number of personnel, equipment, its type, time of stay, direction of movement, nature of activity, nationality, and other data.

This task, which is difficult in itself, is complicated by the fact that it is necessary to read the tracks quickly and draw the correct conclusions about the enemy from individual, sometimes barely noticeable signs. Such qualities are developed in the classroom and through persistent training of one's attention and visual acuity in everyday life.

Having established the place of the former halt of the enemy troops, the scouts must carefully examine it. By the size of the area of crushed grass or snow, by the number of fires, places of distribution and eating, by the traces of equipment, by carelessly spilled fuel and lubricants, by the left capping of ammunition and equipment, you can determine the type of troops, the approximate combat strength of the unit (unit). An abandoned letter, a piece of an envelope, a newspaper, a magazine can tell an experienced intelligence officer a lot. According to them, you can determine the part number, its belonging, National composition and other data.

Even such insignificant things as a pencil, a penknife with the initials of the owner, the number of the unit or the name of the city (company) where the item was made, will help the scouts to establish the place where the unit was formed or the place where the soldier acquired the item, etc.

You need to know the established order of deployment of troops on the spot. In some armies, when troops are stationed in areas of formation, concentration, or on vacation for more than a week, field camps may be set up, and bivouacs for less than a week.

The distance of the bivouac from the settlement is usually at least a mile (1.6 km). The bivouac area is determined at the rate of 50 sq. yards (42.8 sq. m.) per person and 100 sq. m. yards (83.6 sqm) per vehicle. Troops on the spot are located, as a rule, in squads. To place one motorized infantry company on site, an area of 1-1.5 hectares is required. Restrooms (outhouses) are usually arranged at the rate of one per platoon at a distance of at least 100 yards (91.44 m) from the kitchen and 30 yards (27.4 m) from the tents for personnel. Washbasins are located between the tents and latrines.

The camps are being equipped according to the same scheme, but the administrative, utility and sewage facilities are being improved, facilities for recreation and entertainment are being arranged.

The disorderly breakdown of the bivouac, abandoned property, weapons and faulty equipment, traces of dressings (bandages, flasks, etc.), worn-out shoes, fragments of uniforms and equipment testify to the poor morale of the military unit, the weakening of discipline in it and the exhaustion of the troops. Strict camping (bivouac) and order in the abandoned place show a high fighting spirit.

When studying traces, it is necessary to be able to determine the type and quantity of military equipment (vehicles), the direction of movement and the age of the trace.

It is not difficult to determine the type of military equipment on its trail, knowing the main characteristics of the caterpillar mover: the track and track width and the nature of the pattern of the caterpillar link. To measure the size of the trace, you need to have a measuring tape, and in notebook- sizes of traces. By measuring the track and track width, the method of comparison determines which technique the left track belongs to.

It is more difficult to determine the type of wheeled vehicle from the track print, since the same vehicle can have different tire prints and vice versa. However, an experienced tracker in terms of track width, number and location of wheels will be able to cope with the task. The type of wheeled vehicles is easier to determine when cornering, since it is here that all the wheels are clearly visible.

The direction of movement of military equipment and vehicles is determined mainly by the characteristic features of the traces left. The vertices of the corners in the tread pattern of an off-road tire generally face in the opposite direction to the direction of travel. The soil under the tread or track lug is compacted somewhat more in the direction opposite to the direction of travel. Drops of liquid (oil) that have fallen in the direction of movement, with elongated and thin ends point in the direction of movement. Soil particles are thrown by the wheel or caterpillar in the direction, reverse direction movement.

Grass, shrubs are crushed in the direction of movement. Liquid mud and water when driving through puddles, ditches, swamps, etc. usually splashes to the sides and forwards, leaving a wet trail in the direction of travel.

Wheeled vehicles on turns form the angle of divergence of the track and the angle of convergence with the wheels, where the vehicle or armored personnel carrier after the turn goes to the straight path. The toe angle will always be in the direction of travel. Tracked vehicles on a turn form a wider track, while the track widening and soil ejection go in the direction opposite to the turn. When turning on the spot, the transverse grooves formed by the clamped (stopped) caterpillar, with the concave side facing the direction of movement.

If ledges have formed at the bottom of the wheel track, then their flat part is turned in the direction of movement. The trail of the braking distance grows gradually and ends abruptly on the side where the car was going.

When leaving a dirt road on a highway, especially when the ground is wet, soil particles remain on the asphalt, indicating the direction of movement.

The end of a broken stick (at the point of fracture) lying in a rut, as a rule, is directed in the direction opposite to the movement. The sharp angle between the two parts of the broken stick will also be facing backwards.

It is very difficult, and sometimes impossible, to determine the type and quantity of vehicles if a mixed convoy has passed along the road, since the traces of some modes of transport are erased by the traces of others. In this case, to study the traces, find the place where the column stopped or made a detour of the stuck (stopped) car.

Some rules for the scout-tracker. In the course of carrying out reconnaissance tasks behind enemy lines, scouts are often deprived of the opportunity to conduct a detailed study of the traces found. Therefore, in matters of tracking, they must be prepared in such a way that any scout can in extremely limited time evaluate the trace, get the most information out of it and draw the right conclusions.

When studying the traces of the enemy, it is necessary, regardless of the situation, to follow certain rules.

In the daytime (or moonlit night) you need to stand against the sun (moon) on the leeward side 50-60 cm from the detected trace and study it at a distance of 40-50 cm from the eyes.

During transitions, one scout cannot monitor the surface of the terrain for a long time. Experiments have confirmed that, as a rule, after 15-20 minutes, a person’s eyes get tired, as a result of which the scout may, against his will, not notice the enemy’s traces, especially in areas where it is difficult to detect them. Therefore, it is recommended that in a group making a transition behind enemy lines, the sequence between scouts, periodically change the "situation" for viewing, and thereby improve the ability of a person's eyes to notice certain features on the ground.

Before firing a gun, the gunner obviously needs to decide exactly where he will shoot - he needs to find a target.

Look at Figure 149. It depicts one of the moments of the battle of Inkerman in 1854. You see: the battlefield is filled with continuous masses of infantry, cavalry and artillery. Here, in fact, there is nothing to look for: all goals are at a glance.

A completely different picture is presented by the modern battlefield (Fig. 150).

Thanks to the enormous range of rifles, machine guns, and especially artillery pieces, increased primarily the size of the modern battlefield.

The commanders of the armies fighting near Inkerman were at a distance of only 2-3 kilometers from each other; from their observation posts they could survey almost the entire field, battles; through spyglasses they could see each other.

In modern combat, however, even for a regimental commander it is usually impossible to choose an observation post from which he could survey the entire disposition of his troops and those of the enemy.

Rice. 149. 1854 Battle of Inkerman

Rice. 150. Modern battlefield before attack

Not only did the range increase, but at the same time the power of all types of fire increased. The destructive and well-aimed fire of the enemy forces the troops to disperse, use shelters, and hide in the trenches. Settling down now in the open on the battlefield means dooming yourself to certain death.

Two examples will suffice.

Rice. 151. What was left of the German battery after the shelling of it by Russian artillery

On September 7, 1914, in the battle near Tarnavka, two divisions of the 22nd German artillery regiment inadvertently took an open position; they were immediately destroyed by Russian artillery fire (Fig. 151). The drawing was made from a genuine photograph of a Russian artilleryman who captured the result of the fire of his battery after the end of the battle. The figure clearly shows the effect of well-aimed Russian artillery fire on an open German position.

On August 25, in the battle near Rava-Russkaya, under the same conditions, the Austrian artillery battalion was completely destroyed.

The use of aviation in war forces troops to take cover not only from ground surveillance, but also from air surveillance. Here the art of disguise comes to the aid of the troops: it helps the troops not only to hide from the eyes of the enemy, but also to deceive the enemy by creating false trenches, false observation posts, false artillery firing positions built specifically to avert eyes.

The modern huge battlefield gives the impression of a desert ...

Rice. 152. NP on the hill

Rice. 153. NP at the edge of the forest

Rice. 154. NP on a tree

Rice. 155. NP on the roof of the house

It takes an experienced observer's eye to notice in this desert what really lies in it.

It is difficult under such conditions to uncover the secret of the enemy's disposition and to discover his fire weapons. But, no matter how difficult it may be, it is necessary to do this so that artillery can fire not at random, but at correctly chosen targets, causing significant damage to the enemy.

The search for targets is carried out by reconnaissance of all branches of the armed forces, and primarily by artillery. Search for targets using a variety of complementary means of reconnaissance. Of all these means, the main one is observation of the enemy from special artillery observation posts.

Observation posts are the eyes and ears of the artillery.

After all, the bulk of the artillery fires, located behind various kinds of shelters: behind a hill or in a forest, or behind a village. Thanks to this, the guns - artillery firing positions - are hidden from the eyes of the enemy.

But because of this, the people serving the guns - the gun crew - cannot see the targets themselves. They send thousands of shells into the face of the enemy without seeing him. Their work is similar to the work of a stoker on a ship, who, taking care of its movement, does not know what is happening on the surface of the sea.

The one who fires a gun usually does not see the targets at which he fires. But on the other hand, these targets are seen by the one who controls the artillery fire, who directs its shells at the target.

Usually he is not in the firing position of the battery: from there, he, like the gun crew, would not see anything. It is sometimes quite far from the guns. Distance does not bother him, since he does not need to strain his voice to give commands; he transmits them by telephone or by radio. He chooses a place for himself that allows him to see as many targets as possible. This place is called an observation post (abbreviated as NP).

Each battery usually has several observation points. One of these points is occupied by the battery commander and is therefore called the command post. The other, located in front, is called advanced.

For timely warning of the battery about the approach of enemy tanks, there is a close observation post near the firing position, and a side observation post is sometimes arranged away from the commander's post.

Observation posts are set up elevated places(Fig. 152), on the edges of the forest (Fig. 153), on tall trees in the forest (Fig. 154), on the roofs of houses (Fig. 155) and in other places where the desired area is clearly visible.

The commander's observation post (CNP) is most often located one and a half to two kilometers from the enemy, the advanced one (PNP) is closer to him (Fig. 156).

Rice. 156. Observation is carried out jointly from two observation posts: from the commander's and from the forward

Every artillery commander must be a skilled observer and a good scout. But the commander in battle has a lot of work. Therefore, in each artillery battery, not only the commander himself, but also special reconnaissance observers, are engaged in reconnaissance of targets.

Imagine that you are one of these scouts. You have arrived at the observation post. What will your work consist of, where will it begin?

The first thing you must do is to navigate the terrain in front of you.

You must determine the direction to the sides of the horizon - north, south, east, west: find out what surrounds you, the name of local objects, how far these objects are from you, in which direction each of them lies, which of them are visible to you and which are hidden from your gaze.

A faithful friend of the artilleryman, the map, will help you in all this.

But on the map, no matter how detailed it may be, only the largest objects are given, and most importantly, those that are constantly here.

Meanwhile, in order to detect the enemy, you should pay attention just to small signs, to such objects that suddenly appear and quickly disappear.

Therefore, just knowing the map is not enough. You still need unflagging attention, you need a keen eye.

| |

Observation post

a specially equipped place on ships, aircraft or on the shore for observing the actions of the enemy, one's own forces, the water area and the air.

Edwart. Explanatory Naval Dictionary, 2010

See what "Observation Post" is in other dictionaries:

Exist., number of synonyms: 1 watchman (4) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

- (NP) a specially equipped place from which the actions of the enemy and friendly troops are monitored, and units are also controlled when the commander is on the NP. NP is equipped in all types of combat, its place ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Observation post- (NP) a place from which the battlefield is monitored and units are controlled. NPs are: basic, additional, spare, false and special (artillery, engineering, etc.). See also Command Supervisory ... ... Concise Dictionary operational-tactical and general military terms

observation post- sekykla statusas T sritis Gynyba apibrėžtis Vieta, iš kurios sekamas priešas, savi padaliniai ir artilerijos ugnis. Skiriamos pagrindinės, atsarginės ir pagalbinės sekyklos. atitikmenys: engl. observation post. observation post … Artilerijos terminų žodynas

Shooting from closed positions is the conduct of artillery fire at targets that are not in direct line of sight from the firing position (OP). The exact opposite is direct fire, when the gunner sees the target, gaps ... ... Wikipedia

Observation post (NP)- a place for monitoring the actions of the enemy, friendly troops and the terrain (water area). Organized in a combined arms unit; is an element of the command post. Artillery NP is created in artillery units, units, artillery ... Dictionary of military terms

Observation post- 1) element of the command post of the border formation, military unit, subdivision; 2) a specially equipped place from which the GG section, the territory of a neighboring state and individual objects are monitored. N.p. in your own way.... Border Dictionary

An observation post with favorable conditions for observing the enemy in solving particular problems (for example, adjusting artillery fire). It can be located on another ship, aircraft, helicopter or on the shore. Equipped with the means ... ... Marine Dictionary

forward observation post- see Observation post ... Dictionary of military terms

reserve observation post- atsarginė sekykla statusas T sritis Gynyba apibrėžtis Sekykla, naudojama tuomet, kai dėl priešo veiksmų tenka palikti pagrindinę vadavietę arba sekyklą. atitikmenys: engl. alternate observation post eng. alternate observation post … Artilerijos terminų žodynas

Books

Checkpoint near Idlib, Tamonnikov A.A. Category: Domestic Series: alpha group. based on real events Publisher: Eksmo,
A checkpoint near Idlib, Tamonnikov A., A truce has been declared in the Syrian province of Idlib. Despite this, the militants are preparing an attack on the positions of government troops. The Mujahideen pay special attention to the observation post,… Category: Action. Crime Manufacturer: