Success

Foreign economic activity of the enterprise. What is the foreign economic activity of the enterprise

Introduction
1. The essence and basic concepts of the foreign economic activity of the enterprise

2.Main goals and objectives of foreign economic activity

2.1. Forms of organization of foreign economic activity at the enterprise level

2.2.Participants of foreign economic activity

3. The structure of enterprises engaged in foreign economic activity

3.1. Analysis of the foreign economic activity of the enterprise

3.2. Types of operations in foreign economic activity

4.Strategy and features of pricing in the foreign economic activity of the enterprise

Conclusion

Remarks sheet

Introduction

The Russian Federation is going through the stage of formation of new methods of managing and managing the economy. Changes and reforms affect almost all spheres of life: production, science, education, commerce, and the economy. In this regard, the sphere of foreign economic activity becomes much more significant and relevant, attracting the attention of industry departments, individual enterprises and associations.

Foreign economic activity can be represented as a set of certain functions of production structures (organizational-economic, industrial-economic, commercial).

Today, profound changes are taking place in the structure of the foreign economic activity of the Russian Federation, as in the entire economy of the country. If earlier foreign economic activity, and hence the import of goods and services, was a monopoly sphere of state activity, today the situation has changed: the Russian Federation has taken the path of foreign trade liberalization, opening free access to participation in it of enterprises, organizations and other economic entities.

This is exactly what is happening in foreign economic relations at the present stage, namely:

expansion of the rights of sectoral ministries and departments of enterprises, associations, organizations to enter the foreign market;

expansion of the number of participants in foreign economic activity;

formation of a stable regulatory framework for foreign economic activity.

Thus, foreign economic activity is entitled to be carried out by associations, enterprises and organizations of industry, Agriculture, transport, communications, construction, commercial structures, trade and intermediary organizations.

Overall analysis economic activity enterprise, the competitiveness of its products and the enterprise itself is necessary in order to assess the potential for competition in a particular market and develop measures and means by which you can increase competitiveness and ensure your own success.

1. The essence and basic concepts of the foreign economic activity of the enterprise.

Foreign economic activity of enterprises is a sphere of economic activity associated with international industrial and scientific and technical cooperation, export and import of products, entry of an enterprise into a foreign market.

In Russia, until very recently, in essence, foreign trade activity was carried out, and not foreign economic activity, which, in addition to foreign trade, included technical-economic and scientific-technical cooperation. The most rational and effective forms of scientific and technical cooperation are:

creation of common scientific and technical centers, bureaus, laboratories for the use of the latest scientific and technical ideas; joint experiments; joint research and study foreign experience in the field of organization of production and labor.

Let's take a closer look at foreign economic activity.

Rice. 1. Foreign economic activity of the enterprise.

The concept of foreign economic activity as such appeared in Russia only in 1987, with the beginning of the implementation of foreign economic reforms, the essence of which was to decentralize foreign trade and the transition from intergovernmental external economic ties to foreign economic activity at the enterprise level.

Thus, as a result of the reforms, the concept of "foreign economic relations" was supplemented by the concept of "foreign economic activity".

By the mid 80s. negative aspects of the development of foreign trade in our country were revealed, such as:

backward strategy and commodity structure of exports and imports;

falling rates of foreign trade turnover;

outdated forms of organization of work in the foreign market.

This was the result of the unilateral development of foreign trade relations. Export relations were built on excessive sales of raw materials and energy carriers; as a result, the share of Russian products in the total volume of world exports by the beginning of the 1990s was did not exceed 3.5%.

The monotony and immutability of import positions for a long period led to the cessation of development in the country of many industries and areas of production. The volumes of purchases of consumer goods and foodstuffs were too high, reaching annually 30.5 - 30.6% of all imports.

Listed negative factors served as the main reason for reforming foreign economic relations aimed at:

to expand the rights of sectoral ministries and departments, enterprises, associations.

to expand the number of participants in foreign economic activity through the creation of joint ventures, international associations and organizations;

to develop the export potential of Russia, including improving its structure, increasing the degree of competitiveness and increasing the share of products;

on the development of the mechanism of state stimulation of exports;

on the formation of a modern infrastructure for foreign economic activity.

Therefore, conducted in the country economic reforms, aimed in general at the formation of market relations, necessitate the possibility for enterprises, firms, cooperatives and their unions, regardless of the form of ownership, to enter the foreign market.

2. The main goals and objectives of foreign economic activity.

Foreign economic relations are economic, trade, political relations between countries, established at the level of the governments of certain states.

Let's define goals and objectives. Purposes of foreign economic activity: acquaintance with various aspects of foreign economic activity of enterprises with foreign organizations and firms, as well as consideration of research methods and evaluation of promising aspects of foreign economic activity of an enterprise.

The main objectives of foreign economic activity:

changes in the volume of exports and imports;

provision of the country necessary resources(raw materials, energy, etc.);

changes in the ratio of export and import prices.

These goals are achieved through the solution of the following tasks:

1) study theoretical foundations international division labor and international trade;

2) study of techniques and methods of international trade policy;

3) study of methods of international pricing;

4) study of the organization and technique of foreign economic operations.

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "foreign economic relations" and "foreign economic activity".

Foreign economic activity, unlike foreign economic relations, is carried out at the level of production structures (firms, organizations, enterprises) with complete independence in choosing the range of goods for an export-import transaction, in determining the price and cost, volume and delivery time.

So foreign economic activity can be represented as a set of certain foreign economic functions of a business entity: production and economic, organizational and economic, commercial.

2.1. Forms of organization of foreign economic activity at the enterprise level.

For effective management of foreign economic activity at the enterprise level, a management structure adequate to the conditions of its work is needed. The organizational structure of managing the foreign economic activity of an enterprise is determined, first of all, by the goals and objectives that it is designed to solve.

The greatest experience in managing foreign economic activity has been accumulated in specialized foreign trade organizations (WTO).

The leading structural unit of the WTO is a firm whose work specializes in trade in certain goods or with a group of countries. The company is headed by a director and, depending on the volume of work, several of his deputies.

Functional departments and services that promote the work of specialized firms and the WTO can be divided into three groups.

1. A group of departments and services involved in planning:

a) planning and economic department - planning foreign trade activities and monitoring the implementation of the plan, analysis of the economic activities of the WTO;

b) monetary and financial department - currency planning and control over banking, credit and settlement operations, observance of the interests of the WTO in foreign trade transactions;

c) transport department - planning and ensuring the transportation of expert and imported goods;

d) WTO accounting - accounting and reporting, settlements with banks, suppliers and third parties, calculation and payment of wages, analysis of results financial activities on integration and recommendations for its improvement.

2. A group of departments directly involved in marketing:

a) department of market conditions and prices - study of demand, supply, price dynamics, market structure, systematization of market materials, coordination of firms with common foreign agents, methodological guidance and control over the correctness of calculations and the use of prices by firms in the preparation and conclusion of contracts.

c) engineering and technical department - the study of existing on the world market technical requirements to goods, informing direct manufacturers of goods about them, analysis of the technical level and quality of products, their competitiveness, preparation of relevant conclusions and recommendations to specialized firms on these issues;

d) department of joint ventures - coordination, planning and

control over the activities of joint ventures created with the participation of foreign capital on the territory of Russia, etc.

e) department of maintenance and spare parts - organization of warranty and post-warranty maintenance of goods exported by the association in foreign countries Oh.

3. A group of departments ensuring the adoption and execution management decisions:

a) development department - improvement of the organizational structure of the association;

b) Department of ACS (CC) - automation of calculations, the introduction of economic and mathematical methods and computers in the practice of the association and firms, the creation of databases and their maintenance;

c) personnel department - issues of selection and placement of personnel, maintaining personal files of employees;

d) department of foreign business trips - registration of business trips abroad;

e) office - registration and control of organizational and administrative documentation and correspondence;

f) administrative and economic department - supply of materials and equipment necessary for the work of the association, responsibility for the operation of the building, other economic work;

g) legal department - assistance in drafting the terms of contracts and agreements, advising firms on presentations and claims, disagreements, protecting the interests of the WTO in courts, etc.

h) protocol department - fulfillment of instructions from the WTO management and firms for meetings, receptions and seeing off representatives of foreign firms who arrived for business purposes.

Sometimes the legal and protocol departments, as well as the accounting and personnel departments, report directly to the Director General of the WTO, performing the same functions.

The creation of such a branched structure of foreign trade management is typical for enterprises, regardless of their organizational and legal form, when their activities are entirely and completely focused on foreign markets.

At industrial enterprises actively participating in foreign economic activity, the foreign trade apparatus exists mainly in two forms: as part of the internal production structure in the form of a foreign economic department and as a relatively independent unit in the form of a foreign trade company.

Over the past 10 years, enterprises have accumulated significant experience in foreign economic activity.

2.2. Participants in foreign economic activity.

The totality of modern participants in foreign economic activity can be classified according to a number of principles: the profile of foreign economic activity; the nature of the foreign trade operations carried out; organizational and legal forms that determine the order of their formation, the ownership of capital and the procedure for distributing income. The development of foreign economic activity is accompanied by a change in the appearance of its subject. Let us consider the main types of modern subjects of foreign economic activity (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. Participants in foreign economic activity.

For the implementation of foreign economic relations, the following is required:

1) state registration of the enterprise at the location of the enterprise (approval of constituent documents: charter and contract, as well as obtaining a certificate of state registration);

2) register with the tax office at the place of registration;

3) receive a seal, a stamp in accordance with the established procedure;

4) register in the state register.

Determining the economic feasibility of the planned commercial transaction also implies compliance with the following basic provisions:

The export-import operation is based on the principle of full self-sufficiency (including foreign exchange), self-financing, i.e. the basic principles of full cost accounting;

The volume of the proposed transaction is established based on the resources at the disposal of the enterprise: material, currency, intellectual;

A commercial transaction must be preceded by thorough marketing, a feasibility study, and numerous options for possible commercial transactions must be calculated and considered;

The organization of a commercial transaction must be carried out in compliance with regulatory legal acts (international laws, decrees, resolutions of the relevant authorities; bilateral state agreements).

A newly created enterprise should not start its activities with foreign economic relations with foreign partners, it is necessary to accumulate certain experience while working in the domestic market.

The main forms include:

Consortiums are a form of association of enterprises with a production and foreign economic profile of activity. Their share in total strength participants in foreign economic activity is not more than 0.5%. Consortiums are being created for the implementation of large-scale projects (for example, the construction of facilities abroad). The consortium members are manufacturers and suppliers of export products, design and financial institutions. The action of the consortium can be one-time (during the construction of a specific facility) and long-term (if it is necessary to implement any foreign economic program).

Foreign Economic Organizations (VO) MINFER serve state-level wind farms on the terms of intergovernmental agreements, including exports under licenses from the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations (MFER), special (critical) imports under separate government decisions.

Sectoral foreign economic associations (VEO) are designed to promote the development of foreign economic activity of enterprises and associations of the industry.

Mixed companies are created abroad with the participation of large Russian exporters and foreign partners. The purpose of creating mixed societies is to promote the expansion of domestic exports. Through mixed companies, they receive more complete information about the sales market, the degree of competitiveness of products.

Trading houses are associations of various types of foreign trade, manufacturing, transport, storage, research, banking and insurance organizations that are part of them on a voluntary basis and operate both in their own country and abroad. Trading companies are close to trading houses, but with less universalization (sales of their own national products). The main functions of trading companies are the choice of "a market for a product and a product for the market", providing a loan to the buyer, transportation, paperwork.

The main tasks of associations for foreign economic cooperation are:

1) providing practical assistance to participants in foreign economic activity in matters of a comprehensive study of world markets, legal support foreign trade transactions, assistance in the preparation of foreign trade contracts and the search for partners;

2) holding seminars, conferences;

3) publication of reference books, collections.

Example. Interelectro is an association for cooperation in the field of electronics. Created with the participation of Germany, Italy, Great Britain. "WEST" - Eastern European cooperation and trade (established in 1991): among the founders of 700 organizations and firms in Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Russia, the CIS countries.

A significant part of the world trade turnover is carried out through intermediary trading agents. The agent is obliged to comply with the agency agreement.

Simple intermediaries, or "brokers", enter into purchase and sale transactions on behalf of and at the expense of the principal. They are not a party to the contract, but perform the function of searching for goods and partners in the transaction, receiving for this a special brokerage reward - courtship (0.25 - 3% of the transaction value). A brokerage deal, as a rule, is paid by the one who first contacted the broker.

The commission agent, on the one hand, expresses the interests of the principal, on the other hand, acts as a seller from own name but at the expense of the principal. The parties to the commission agreement are the committent and the commission agent. The commission agent is instructed to sell the goods for a certain commission in the territory of a particular country or group of countries; at the same time, a minimum price is stipulated, below which the commission agent does not have the right to sell the goods.

The auctioneer acts as an agent who has permission to auction trade, ensures the sale of goods to the auction participant who offered the highest price for it.

Distributors (sales intermediaries) enter into sales contracts with sellers and buyers on their own behalf and at their own expense as ordinary merchants engaged in the resale of goods.

The freight forwarder is engaged in the provision of services for the dispatch of goods, taking it from the sender and transferring it to the main carrier. He has special knowledge about the peculiarities of transportation and dispatch of goods, their various specifics (for example, a liquid cryogenic product).

Traveling salesmen are intermediaries in the sale of the exporter's goods abroad.

3. The structure of enterprises engaged in foreign economic activity.

Enterprises, organizations, firms participating in foreign trade activities, that is, carrying out export-import operations, can be divided into the following groups:

A foreign trade subdivision as part of a production or scientific association, enterprise, organization or cooperative is its structural subdivision, does not have the status of a legal entity and has the right to conclude foreign trade transactions, as well as business contracts with other organizations on behalf of and on behalf of the organization in which it is a part created.

Organizations, firms, commercial intermediary structures. These include stock exchanges, brokerage houses, marketing, trading firms and other trading and intermediary structures.

Organizations, firms that serve, provide foreign trade activities. This group includes commercial banks, Insurance companies, advertising and marketing agencies, audit firms, transport organizations(auto, air, rail, sea and river), communications organizations, consulting companies and others.

This group of organizations and firms includes:

Engineering and consulting (engineering) firms; firms specializing in the provision of engineering and consulting services in the domestic and international markets. They carry out pre-design work, manage the construction of facilities, train personnel, and provide many other services.

Consulting firms provide market research and forecasting services (goods, services, licenses, know-how, etc.).

An organization providing assistance and consulting to enterprises in the field of finance.

The task of the audit is to provide advisory services and monitor the state of financial activities and accounting at enterprises.

3.1. Analysis of the foreign economic activity of the enterprise.

An analysis of the current results of the economic activity of your enterprise involves the clarification of its economic potential, overall results of economic activity, financial position, the effectiveness of production, economic and foreign economic activity for the corresponding period.

Such indicators as assets, fixed capital, quality and cost of manufactured products, the number and location of production and marketing divisions of the enterprise, both in their own country and abroad, and other indicators that characterize the economic potential of the enterprise are analyzed.

In the analysis of economic activity, sections are important that characterize the change in indicators of total expenses broken down by articles, indicators of receipt of funds (profit, depreciation, subsidies and grants, share issue, increase in long-term and short-term debt), indicators of the use of funds (payment of dividends, capital investments, repayment of debts ).

Highly importance has an analysis of the performance indicators of the enterprise: profit, capital productivity, turnover of working capital, labor productivity, etc. An analysis of the indicators of the financial position of the enterprise is carried out.

An analysis of economic activity is necessary to identify current changes and deviations from planned indicators, as well as changes for the current (reporting) period. A deep and thorough analysis of production and economic activities, including activities in foreign markets, is a necessary basis for making effective management decisions.

Along with the parameters that describe the main quantitative and qualitative characteristics, it is important to analyze the so-called soft parameters that characterize appearance goods (design, color, etc.), its packaging, trademark, etc.

After that, the competitiveness of the product is analyzed according to consumer parameters and the fact of its compliance with the requirements of consumers and regulations, regulating the access of goods to a specific market, an analysis of competitiveness in terms of economic (cost) parameters of the goods is carried out. The value of economic parameters is determined by the price of the product, the cost of its transportation, installation, and staff training. operating costs, repair costs, Maintenance, taxes, insurance premiums, etc. The sum of all these costs will determine the price of consumption, i.e. all costs to the consumer during the entire service life. The consumption price is one of the most important indicators of competitiveness.

The assessment of the degree of satisfaction of the proposed product with the needs of buyers is carried out using a composite parametric index, which can be calculated by the formula:

where is the share of the i-th parametric index, reflecting the degree of importance of this parameter for the buyer;

The value of the parametric index of the i-th parameter;

Number of compared product parameters

Similarly, the composite index of competitiveness by economic parameters is calculated.

where - the share of the j -th economic index, reflecting the degree of importance for the buyer, of this parameter;

The value of the index j - th economic parameter;

The number of estimated economic parameters of the product.

The calculation of composite indices for consumer and economic parameters makes it possible to calculate the integral indicator of the relative competitiveness K of our product compared to the product selected as a sample:

If K > 1.0, the analyzed product is superior in competitiveness to the sample, if K = 1.0, it is at the same level, and if K< 1.0 – уступает ему.

Thus, it is possible to improve the integral indicator of competitiveness by increasing and/or decreasing .

When developing measures to improve the competitiveness of a product, it is important to evaluate the costs of improving the parameters of the product in comparison with the possible revenue (profit) that is expected from sales in the foreign market.

The value of economic parameters is determined by the price of the product, the cost of its transportation, installation, and staff training. As well as operating costs, repair costs, maintenance costs, taxes, insurance premiums, and so on. The sum of all these costs will determine the price of consumption, i.e. all costs to the consumer during the entire service life.

The consumption price is one of the most important indicators of competitiveness.

Types of operations in foreign economic activity.

Enterprises carry out a number of operations in foreign economic relations, which can be classified into 3 groups:

I. operations of purchase and sale of goods;

II. purchase and sale of services;

III. transactions of purchase and sale of scientific and technical products.

Operations of purchase and sale of goods are traditional for the practice of foreign trade organizations in our country.

Transactions for the sale of goods imply that the seller undertakes to transfer the goods to the property of the buyer within the stipulated time and under certain conditions, and the buyer undertakes to accept the goods and pay the agreed price for it.

The main types of sales transactions are:

1. Export - this is the sale and export of goods abroad for their transfer to the ownership of a foreign counterparty.

2. Import - purchase and import of foreign goods for their subsequent sale in the domestic market of their country.

3. Re-export - this is the export abroad of previously imported goods that have not undergone any processing in the re-exporting country.

4. Re-import - this is the import from abroad of previously exported domestic goods that have not been processed there.

Countertrade combines foreign trade activities, which is provided for in uniform agreements of mutual obligations of exporters and importers to purchase goods from each other.

Operations of purchase and sale of services are in most cases independent, separate from the purchase and sale of goods.

There are 2 main groups of operations for the purchase and sale of services:

1) basic;

2) providing.

The main operations for the sale and purchase of services include:

a) engineering;

b) rent;

c) international tourism.

Operations of sale and purchase of scientific and technical products are singled out as an independent group due to the fact that they can have not only scientific, but also commercial value.

This group of operations includes:

1) transactions for the sale and purchase of patented scientific and technical products (inventions, trademarks, industrial designs, etc.);

2) purchase and sale operations of non-patentable scientific and technical products;

3) exchange of research results.

The prices of export and import contracts are set on the basis of world prices, which naturally distinguishes the pricing methodology in foreign economic activity from the one that guides when determining prices on the domestic market. Performance this requirement- one of the main conditions for the operation of the enterprise in the foreign market.

To calculate favorable conditions based on real statistics for the enterprise, in the process of pricing, an export price index is first built (in units of national or other currency):

where is the share of each (i-th) product in the total value of exports in the base year, and is the ratio of the current price of this product to its price in the base year. The same index can be calculated for import prices.

where is the share of each product in the total value of imports in the base year, and is determined in the same way as before. Thus, the terms of trade are equal to the ratio of the two indices:

The growth of this indicator is usually called the growth of the company's profit.

Features of price formation in world commodity markets are determined by the action of the pricing mechanism, which can be divided into two groups: factors whose action is subject to the law of value and factors affecting prices in the sphere of circulation of goods.

The magnitude of the value is in direct proportion to the extension of the labor time socially necessary for the manufacture of a commodity: the more time is spent on the production of a commodity, the higher its value and, accordingly, the price. But the price, in addition to cost, is also influenced by factors related to the conditions for the sale of goods.

Any enterprise sets the initial price, and then adjusts it taking into account various factors. But they don't just set a price. In addition, the company operates in conditions of constant competition and responds to price changes of competitors. The strategic approach of the enterprise to the problem of pricing depends in part on the life cycle of the product.

The "skimming" strategy involves pricing a patented product high in order to skim the first "cream" (large revenue) from the market. After the first wave of sales slows down, businesses cut prices (but not by much) to attract the next stream of customers who are satisfied new price. By acting in this way, it is possible to withdraw the maximum financial profit.

A solid market penetration strategy involves setting a relatively low price for a new product in the hope of attracting more customers and gaining a large market share.

In order to calculate the initial price of a product, enterprises, as we have already said, use different approaches to the problem of pricing. One such approach is geographic pricing, where a business decides how to price remote customers. Since the delivery of goods to distant customers is more expensive for the company than the delivery of goods to a customer located nearby. Many branches used this method (construction, automotive, sugar, etc.).

Conclusion

For everyone historical stages foreign economic activity influenced the solution of economic problems at various levels: the national economy as a whole, individual regions, associations, enterprises.

As part overall structure of the national economy, foreign economic relations have an impact on intra-economic proportions, the location and development of productive forces. Reformation international activities designed to help overcome the current situation.

An important place among the issues of organization and technique of conducting foreign economic operations is occupied by the conclusion of a foreign trade contract. The success of the transaction as a whole depends on how professionally the contract is drawn up.

Entering a foreign market requires significant additional efforts from an enterprise, firm, company. At the same time, the risk in work increases, and the perception of production and commercial costs also changes significantly. Enterprises that participate in foreign economic relations need specialists who are well versed in foreign market issues and only then will enterprises be able to survive all kinds of crises, make a profit and occupy a high position in the foreign market.

So, summing up my work, I want to note that my topic is very relevant for our country and, in my opinion, our country should pay great attention to the foreign economic activity of enterprises and firms. It is necessary to raise the country's economy, thereby increasing competitiveness in the world market, increasing various indicators that depend on this, and improving laws. Our country, unfortunately, is at a low level of the economy as a whole. Therefore, all the operations I have described need to be improved, the quality of goods and products, too.

In his term paper I showed how foreign economic activity is carried out by enterprises, its features, stages and strategies, its approximate course and different kinds, shapes and structures.

Bibliography

1.L. E. Strovsky, S. K. Kazantsev, E. A. Parshina. Foreign economic activity of the enterprise: Textbook for universities. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional – M.: UNITI-DANA, 2004.-318s.

2.C. I. Dolgova, I. I. Kretova. Enterprise in foreign markets: Foreign trade business: Textbook - M .: BEK, 1997.-68s.

3. Prokushev E. F. Foreign economic activity: Textbook.-practical. allowance. - M .: IVTs "Marketing", 1998.-114p.

4. Shagalov G., Presnyakov V., Faminsky I. Regulation of foreign economic relations. – M.: INFRA-M, 1997.-72s.

5. Dolgov S.I., Kretova I.I. "Enterprise in foreign markets: Foreign trade", Moscow 1997.-251p.

6.Fischer, Dornbusch, Schmalenzi "Economics", Moscow 1993.-99p.

Foreign economic activity is a process of implementing foreign economic relations. The concept of foreign economic activity is currently the most appropriate for the foreign economic activity of business entities. This is due to the result of reforming the foreign economic sphere, as a result of which: the role of the state in foreign economic activity has changed radically. In foreign economic activity, the state acts mainly as a regulator of this activity, in contrast to its role in the implementation of intergovernmental economic relations, where it is the direct subject of these relations; business entities become the center of foreign economic activity, and foreign economic activity itself is carried out mainly at the level of production structures (firms, organizations, enterprises, etc.) with complete independence in choosing a foreign partner, the range of goods for an export-import transaction, in determining the price and contract value, volumes and terms of deliveries.

Foreign economic activity is carried out both at the state level and at the level of individual economic entities. In the first case, foreign economic activity is aimed at establishing interstate foundations for cooperation, creating legal, trade and political mechanisms that stimulate the development and increase the efficiency of foreign economic relations. A rational foreign economic policy of the state can lead to an increase in the growth rate of national income, the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, an increase in the concentration of production and the efficiency of capital investments.

An enterprise is an economic entity that, based on the use of economic resources, produces and sells goods, performs work, and provides services. The foreign economic activity of an enterprise is a sphere of economic activity associated with international industrial integration and cooperation, export and import of goods and services, entry into the foreign market. At the enterprise level, foreign economic activity is aimed at concluding and executing contracts with foreign partners. Foreign economic activity is an integral part of the entire work of most enterprises in the Russian Federation. The development of foreign economic activity gives the enterprise new opportunities, such as the use of the advantages of international production cooperation and freedom in decision-making for the implementation of its production tasks. For enterprises, these are tasks such as:

free choice of production resources based on the possibilities of the world market;

freedom of choice of directions and forms of sale of manufactured products with maximum profitability;

freedom to choose a production partner for cooperation that best meets the economic interests of the enterprise;

freedom to choose ways and opportunities to improve the technical level of production and the competitiveness of products, strengthen export potential;

being included in the international cooperation of production, the enterprise becomes a participant in the international reproduction process as a whole, the individual elements of which are interconnected and interdependent. This creates the basis for the economic stability of its individual links.

The differences between the foreign economic activity of an enterprise and the internal economic activity are that foreign economic activity is carried out on a currency basis and is regulated by special measures of the state. The level of development and stability influences the foreign economic activity of an enterprise national economy, the system of world prices, as well as the legal system of their own country and the legal systems of countries in which the enterprise carries out foreign economic activity.

Enterprises, organizations, firms participating in foreign trade activities, that is, carrying out export-import operations, can be divided into the following groups:

Enterprises-commodity producers that produce products. These are numerous associations, enterprises and organizations of industry, agriculture, processing industries of the agro-industrial complex, construction, etc. Depending on the scale, volume of exported products, a manufacturing enterprise may have a special division, sometimes allocated to a foreign trade structure as a legal entity. Separate subdivisions are created at enterprises producing goods with a small volume of export-import goods. A foreign trade subdivision as part of a production or scientific association, enterprise, organization or cooperative is its structural subdivision, does not have the status of a legal entity and has the right to conclude foreign trade transactions, as well as business contracts with other organizations on behalf of and on behalf of the organization in which it is a part created.

Organizations, firms, commercial intermediary structures. These include stock exchanges, brokerage houses, marketing, trading firms and other trading and intermediary structures.

Organizations, firms that serve, provide foreign trade activities. This group includes commercial banks, insurance companies, advertising and marketing agencies, audit firms, transport organizations (auto, air, rail, sea and river), communications organizations, consulting companies and others. This group of organizations and firms includes:

engineering and consulting (engineering) firms; firms specializing in the provision of engineering and consulting services in the domestic and international markets. Engineering consulting firms enjoy the status of formally independent, i.e. not subordinate to any industrial, commercial or construction firms. They carry out pre-design work, manage the construction of facilities, train personnel, and provide many other services;
consulting firms provide services for market research and forecasting (goods, services, licenses, know-how, etc.), prices for world commodity markets, for assessing trade and political conditions, export-import operations, for developing feasibility studies to objects international cooperation and the creation of joint ventures, the development of an export strategy, the implementation of a complex of marketing research, the development of marketing programs, the analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, taking into account the internal and external environment, as well as the characteristics of specific markets in which the enterprise carries out export-import operations;
·inaudit - an organization providing assistance and consulting to enterprises in the field of finance. The task of the inaudit is to provide consulting services and monitor the state of financial activity and accounting in enterprises.

The legislation predetermines that enterprises are allowed to independently carry out foreign economic activity.

The enterprise independently determines the type of its activity and makes decisions on the implementation of the tasks. The criterion for choosing one or another legal form of foreign economic activity is the economic opportunities and needs of the enterprise.

The enterprise can carry out any types of foreign economic activity, if they are not prohibited by law and meet the goals provided for in the charter.

All enterprises participating in foreign economic activity are independent legal entities that have separate property, have the right to acquire property and personal non-property rights and incur obligations on their own behalf, as well as to be plaintiffs in court. As a participant in foreign economic turnover, the enterprise has civil legal and legal capacity.

The civil legal capacity of an enterprise is of a special nature (in accordance with the objectives of the activity) and is determined in the charter. When a transaction is made that is contrary to the goals specified in the charter, this transaction may be declared invalid with consequences in the form of bilateral restitution.

Civil capacity is the ability of a legal entity to exercise its rights and obligations. Legal capacity comes from the moment of state registration of a legal entity and is exercised through its executive bodies. The property of the enterprise consists of fixed assets, working capital and other valuables, the value of which is reflected in the balance sheet of the enterprise. The property may be owned by the enterprise and under economic management. For non-fulfillment of obligations under the contracts, the enterprise bears full responsibility with its property.

All enterprises - manufacturers of competitive products have the right to independently carry out export-import operations. In this regard, in the economic activity of any manufacturer entering the foreign market, foreign trade activities can play a significant role. Enterprises can enter the foreign market both independently and through foreign trade intermediary organizations. These organizations, as a rule, sell the products of small and medium-sized firms on the world market, but large enterprises that do not have their own foreign trade apparatus can resort to their services.

Foreign trade organizations also provide other intermediary services, for example: lending to buyers, concluding contracts with transport and insurance companies, mediation in payment transactions, and others. Sometimes foreign trade firms carry out pre-sale refinement of goods, increasing their competitiveness. Currently, more than half of the world trade is carried out through intermediary firms. Their attraction pursues the goals of increasing the efficiency of foreign trade operations, using the market situation, and providing the necessary trade services.

Foreign economic activity is carried out on the basis of a contract. Legislation prescribes a mandatory written form of a foreign economic contract. A deal can be concluded either by drawing up and signing one document, or by exchanging letters, telegrams. The foreign economic contract contains several sections arranged in a certain sequence. Moreover, each contract has certain legal attributes, without which it loses its legal force, and the rights arising from it cannot be protected. The foreign economic contract must contain the full official names of the parties and their legal addresses, full name and the name of the person representing the organization, his position, as well as an indication on the basis of which the representation is carried out.

One of the main conditions for the successful implementation of foreign trade operations is the choice of a suitable partner (counterparty).

Counterparties in international trade are parties that are in a contractual relationship for the sale of goods or the provision of various kinds of services.

Foreign counterparties of enterprises and organizations are firms that are the opposite side in a commercial transaction.

The exporter's counterparty is the importer, the contractor is the customer, the lessor is the tenant, the debtor is the creditor, etc.

In the process of preparation and implementation of foreign trade operations, participants resort to a detailed study of both the potential range of possible counterparties and specific firms and organizations with which agreements are concluded. The study of the activities of the counterparty is a generally accepted element of the conduct of a foreign trade operation, which is paid attention to by all participants in foreign economic activity. In the conditions of an unstable world conjuncture and its abrupt, unexpected changes, the choice of a foreign company-partner, especially in long-term cooperation, is approached very carefully.

The choice of a counterparty to a large extent depends on the nature of the foreign trade transaction and on the subject of the transaction.

When choosing a country, along with economic considerations, they take into account the nature of trade and political relations with this country. Preference is given to those with whom there are normal business relations, supported by a contractual and legal basis, and which do not allow discrimination against our country.

When choosing a company, it is important to study various aspects of the activities of potential partners, namely:

technological - the study of the technical level of the company's products, its technological base and production capabilities;

scientific and technical - information about the organization of research and development work and the costs of them;

organizational - the study of the organization of the company's management;

economic - assessment of the financial position and capabilities of the company;

legal - the study of the norms and rules in force in the country of a potential partner, and which are directly or indirectly related to cooperation.

Foreign markets make higher demands on the goods offered on them, their packaging, service, advertising, etc. This is due to intense competition between firms - producers of goods and the predominance of the "buyer market", i.e. significant excess of supply over demand.

The study of foreign markets, their capabilities is more laborious and difficult, since it requires the study of a large amount of information from various sources.

Effective work in the foreign market is impossible without the creative and flexible use of a set of marketing methods: the right choice of a sales organization, control over the work of resellers, the selection and application of various methods of sales promotion, business activities, advertising, etc.

For effective work it is necessary to take into account the requirements of the external marketing environment: features of the current legislation, international rules, socio-cultural environment, customs, rules of monetary and financial calculations, politics, etc.

In modern conditions, there are three main ways to penetrate foreign markets:

Creation of own sales network. When choosing this method of penetrating foreign markets, it is necessary to know the market well, perhaps to have permanent representatives there who are employees of this exporting company, know its products well, protect the interests of their enterprise, etc. This way of working in foreign markets justifies itself if the volume of sales of products is large enough, which allows you to pay back the costs that are necessary to create your own distribution network. The advantage of this way of working is that the exporting enterprise has sufficiently detailed information about the market and can quickly control and manage the sale of goods on this market;

Use of independent trade, marketing intermediaries. The expediency of this method is undeniable when introducing it to new markets, when its own sales system has not yet been created, and, perhaps, its creation is inefficient. Of particular importance is the use of independent intermediaries in the case when the enterprise is interested in providing the consumer with related services that it is not able to provide on its own, while sales firms are engaged in the provision of such services. Working through resellers requires the enterprise to carefully study the issues of delegation of authority for the export of goods, as well as methods of remuneration and responsibility for the sale of goods and other issues. All this is stipulated in contracts for the provision of trade and intermediary services;

Penetration into the foreign market, in contrast to the considered ones, suggesting that the goods (products) are created at the enterprises of the exporting company and supplied to the market in finished (or almost finished) form, means the production of products, the creation of goods (in whole or in part) in the country, on the market which the enterprise seeks. This method is obviously expedient if this market is extremely promising for the company and, in addition, the production of goods on the spot can provide tangible economic benefits, including savings on transportation costs, customs duties, circumvention of non-tariff restrictions, as well as savings in production costs (cost raw materials, energy, wages, social security contributions, etc.). By producing goods in the country of consumption, the company significantly increases the effect of foreign economic activity. This way of working in foreign markets allows you to get the greatest benefit from the international division of labor. However, it is necessary to know the laws of the country well, an indispensable condition is socio-economic stability.

When organizing production abroad, it is necessary to take into account many factors, the main of which can be grouped as follows:

Global factors:

political conflicts within the country;

social conflicts;

restructuring of international political alliances.

Local factors:

changing market conditions;

economic instability;

inflation;

friction with political factions;

friction with the local business community.

Investment factors:

the possibility of nationalization (with or without compensation);

possible damage to property due to high level crime (extortion, racketeering, gang raids, etc.);

loss of rights to return income and property to the country of the parent company;

accelerated equipment wear due to climatic conditions and careless attitude of local staff, etc.

Management factors:

the difficulty of managing local staff;

conflicts with trade unions, etc.

Thus, any enterprise entering the world market can independently carry out foreign trade activities, while forming its own foreign trade firms, which can be created on the general balance sheet of the enterprise or on an independent balance sheet with the right of a legal entity. Or the enterprise may resort to the services of intermediary organizations, in the case of a small volume of output.

The development of foreign economic activity gives the enterprise new opportunities, such as the use of the advantages of international production cooperation and freedom in decision-making for the implementation of their production tasks. For Russian enterprises, these are tasks such as:

· free choice of production resources based on the possibilities of the world market;
· freedom of choice of directions and forms of sale of manufactured products with maximum profitability;
freedom to choose a production partner for cooperation that best meets the economic interests of the enterprise;
· freedom to choose ways and opportunities to improve the technical level of production and the competitiveness of products, strengthen export potential;

Being included in the international cooperation of production, the enterprise becomes a participant in the international reproduction process as a whole, the individual elements of which are interconnected and interdependent. This creates the basis for the economic stability of its individual links.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Similar Documents

Features and problems of organization and management of foreign economic activity of "Optprice" LLC, the effectiveness of the enterprise's foreign economic activity. The content of export-import operations and improving the efficiency of the marketing department.

thesis, added 09/29/2010

Short story activities of the Minsk plant of refrigerators CJSC "Atlant". Organization of management of foreign economic activity at this enterprise, its relationship with various organizations. Analysis of the effectiveness of foreign economic activity.

practice report, added 09/08/2010

The concept and essence of the foreign economic activity of the enterprise. Study of the problems of managing the development of foreign economic activity of LLC "Egger Drevprodukt", features and ways to improve the efficiency of the organization of foreign economic activity marketing at the enterprise.

thesis, added 06/16/2011

Elements of foreign economic activity and types of foreign economic transactions. Forms of organization of foreign economic service at the enterprise. Enterprise's export and import operations. The procedure for creating an intra-company system of export control.

term paper, added 04/08/2015

The value of the mercantilist theory of foreign economic activity (FEA). Problems of international trade at the present stage. Russia and World trade Organization. Analysis and results of foreign economic activity of OAO "AntiMonopol". Export and import control.

term paper, added 04/12/2009

Consideration of the theoretical foundations of foreign economic activity. Conducting an analysis of the organization of export production at the enterprise. Calculation of the effectiveness of the organization of foreign economic activity and the development of measures to improve it.

term paper, added 05/16/2014

Essence, forms and conditions for the development of foreign economic activity. Importance of foreign economic relations for the Russian economy. Russia's prospects in the world economy and international trade. Calculation and analysis of indicators of foreign economic activity.

term paper, added 05/29/2010

The concept, essence and role of managing foreign economic activity in a market economy. Legal bases. The main types and stages of foreign economic operations. Analysis of financial, economic and foreign economic activity of the enterprise.

thesis, added 01/07/2017

The development of market relations in Russia requires the ability of business leaders to manage not only production, but also the marketing of their products in the domestic and foreign markets. In this regard, foreign economic activity is added to the traditional activities of industrial, social, financial, technical, scientific, marketing enterprises.

Foreign economic activity (FEA) is the entrepreneurial activity of legal entities and individuals in the field of international exchange of goods, services, movement of material, financial, intellectual resources.

The types of foreign economic activity include: foreign trade in goods, services, information, intellectual property; international industrial cooperation; international investment cooperation; currency and financial-credit operations. Business entities independently determine the type of foreign economic activity, the choice of form depends on their real capabilities.

All areas of activity are regulated by a complex system of legislative acts that provide legal management of foreign economic activity processes. The system of state regulation includes: legislative and legal framework; organizational structure of regulation; state planning of foreign economic activity; quotas and licensing of foreign trade transactions; certification of imported goods; registration of export contracts; mandatory export assessment of the quantity, quality and price of exported goods; customs regulation; currency and monetary regulation of foreign economic activity.

In accordance with the current legislation, state regulation of foreign economic activity is carried out on the basis of the following principles: the unity of foreign economic and national (domestic) economic policy; unity of the system of state regulation and control over its implementation; shifting the center of gravity from administrative to economic methods; a clear delineation of the rights and responsibilities of the Russian Federation and its subjects; ensuring equality of all participants in foreign economic activity.

The bodies regulating foreign economic activity in the Russian Federation include:

President of the Russian Federation - carries out general management of foreign economic policy;

The State Duma and the Federation Council - develop and adopt laws regulating foreign economic activity;

The Government of the Russian Federation - pursues a unified foreign economic policy in the country, develops appropriate programs, participates in the organization and conduct of international negotiations, in the formation of export and import regimes, regulates the rates of customs tariffs, takes specific measures to protect the interests of the domestic market from foreign competition.

In addition, the issues of foreign economic activity are dealt with by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the State Customs Committee, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation and a number of other state bodies.

The beginning of the formation of a legal mechanism for regulating foreign economic activity was laid by the Decree of the President of the RSFSR “On the liberalization of foreign economic activity on the territory of the RSFSR” dated November 15, 1991. In accordance with the adopted decree, the mandatory registration of enterprises and organizations as participants in foreign economic activity, which had been in force for almost 3 years, was canceled;

restrictions on barter transactions have been lifted;

banks authorized to conduct foreign exchange transactions were allowed to open foreign currency accounts to all legal entities and individuals;

Restrictions on the purchase of cash currency have been lifted;

The Central Bank was asked to take measures to develop the foreign exchange market, expand the network of exchange offices;

The government of the RSFSR was asked to significantly reduce the list of licensed and quota goods;

it was established that the exchange rate of the ruble against foreign currencies will be determined on the basis of supply and demand in the interbank foreign exchange market.

Profound transformations in the foreign economic sphere of Russia, aimed at the transition to an open economy, were an inseparable part of the radical economic reform being carried out in Russia.

One of the priority tasks of economic reforms in Russia was the liberalization of foreign trade, which was designed to promote equal integration of the Russian economy into the world economy. This, in turn, implied the formation of a mechanism for state regulation of foreign trade flows based on market principles, the removal of unjustified restrictions in this area.

During the years of reforms, the foundations of the legal infrastructure for foreign economic activity were laid, and the most important laws regulating foreign economic activity were adopted.

The most important sphere of foreign economic activity is foreign exchange transactions. In this regard, on October 9, 1992, the Law “On currency regulation and currency control” was adopted.

In 1993–1994 there was a partial liberalization of the export regime: the list of quota goods was gradually reduced, the list of goods subject to export duties was also reduced, and their rates were reduced. With regard to the import of goods, economic regulatory measures (customs tariffs and taxes) were supplemented by mandatory certification for their safety and compliance with Russian standards.

On May 21, 1993, the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Customs Tariff” was put into effect. The law determined the place of the customs tariff in the system of state methods of regulating foreign economic activity and served as the basis for subsequent changes in the formation of the regulatory framework. On June 21, 1993, the Customs Code of the Russian Federation came into force. One of its main advantages is that it meets international standards.

During the second half of 1994 and early 1995, the former procedure for regulating Russian exports based on quotas and licenses was essentially abolished. Since that time, the list of goods subject to the licensing regime began to include:

products, the export of which is regulated by quotas set “from outside”, i.e. on the basis of international obligations signed by Russia;

goods for which a special export procedure is maintained.

The most important shifts in the field of state regulation of foreign economic activity took place in 1995, when the Law of the Russian Federation “On State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activity” came into force. Its legislative base determined: the principles of state regulation of foreign economic activity; delimitation of the sphere of competence of the Federation and its subjects; methods of state regulation of foreign economic relations.

In 1996, export duties were completely abolished and a unified system of mandatory expert evaluation of the quantity, quality and price of exported goods was introduced.

In 1998, the Law “On Leasing” was adopted, which determined the forms and procedure for carrying out international leasing operations. Since 1998, the negotiation process on Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization has been intensified, and an agreement on partnership and cooperation between Russia and the EU has been implemented. In the same year, Russia joins the Asia-Pacific Economic Community.

On January 1, 1999, export customs duties were re-introduced on a wide range of goods. The new law "On Foreign Investments" contributed to the attraction of foreign material and financial resources, advanced equipment and technology, management experience to the Russian economy and created conditions corresponding to the norms of international law and international practice of investment cooperation.

The evolution that the mechanism for regulating foreign economic activity has undergone in recent years boils down mainly to the following:

liquidation of the highly monopolized system of foreign trade, in which export-import operations were concentrated in the hands of a rather limited circle of specialized foreign trade associations;

a very significant increase in the number of entities participating in foreign trade, including as intermediaries;

the abolition of rigid centralized influence on the volume, structure and geographical direction of foreign trade turnover;

smoothing and using the existing, rather than formally existing, as it was before, economic regulators of exports and imports - customs tariff rates and the ruble exchange rate, as well as the organization of the internal foreign exchange market, which provides business entities with free access to foreign exchange resources;

reducing the role of the state in financing foreign trade operations.

Forms of foreign economic activity

The means of implementing various types of foreign economic activity are commercial operations.

Foreign economic commercial operation is a set of actions for the preparation, conclusion and implementation of an international transaction (agreement).

An agreement is recognized as international if it is concluded between the parties located in the territory different states. International business transactions are divided into main, carried out on a reimbursable basis between direct participants in transactions, and auxiliary, associated with the promotion of goods to the buyer (Table 11.1).

Foreign trade activity is one of the most important factors in the development of the national economy and the economic stabilization of the country. At present, there is practically no industry in industrialized countries that would not be involved in the sphere of foreign trade.

At all historical stages of the development of the state, foreign trade activity has an impact on the solution of economic problems at various levels: the national economy in the market as a whole, individual regions, associations, enterprises.

As part of the general structure of the national economy, foreign trade activities affect the improvement of intra-economic proportions, the location and development of production forces. No country has yet managed to create a healthy economy by isolating itself from the world economic system.

One of the most important areas of activity of Russian enterprises at the present stage is foreign trade.

Foreign trade activities are carried out both at the state level and at the level of individual economic entities. In the first case, foreign trade activity is aimed at establishing interstate foundations for cooperation, creating legal, trade and political mechanisms that stimulate the development and increase the efficiency of foreign trade relations. A rational foreign trade policy of the state can lead to an increase in the growth rate of national income, acceleration of scientific and technological progress, an increase in the concentration of production and the efficiency of capital investments.

An enterprise is an economic entity that, based on the use of economic resources, produces and sells goods, performs work, and provides services. The foreign trade activity of an enterprise is a sphere of economic activity associated with international industrial integration and cooperation, export and import of goods and services, access to the foreign market. At the enterprise level, foreign trade activity is aimed at concluding and executing contracts with foreign partners. Foreign trade activity is an integral part of the entire work of most Russian enterprises.

The development of foreign trade activity gives the enterprise new opportunities, such as the use of the advantages of international production cooperation and freedom in decision-making for the implementation of their production tasks. For Russian enterprises, these are tasks such as:

· free choice of production resources based on the possibilities of the world market;
· freedom of choice of directions and forms of sale of manufactured products with maximum profitability;
· freedom to choose a production partner for cooperation that best meets the commercial interests of the enterprise;
· freedom to choose ways and opportunities to improve the technical level of production and the competitiveness of products, strengthen export potential;
· Being included in the international cooperation of production, the enterprise becomes a participant in the international reproduction process as a whole, the individual elements of which are interconnected and interdependent. This creates the basis for the economic stability of its individual links.

The differences between the foreign trade activity of an enterprise and domestic trade are that foreign trade activity is carried out on a currency basis and is regulated by special measures of the state.

The foreign trade activity of an enterprise is influenced by the level of development and stability of the national economy, the system of world prices, as well as the legal system of one's own country and the legal systems of the countries in which the enterprise carries out foreign trade activities.

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Enterprises and Entrepreneurial Activities" allows enterprises to independently carry out foreign trade activities. By the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the Liberalization of Foreign Trade Activities", all enterprises and their associations registered in the territory of the Russian Federation, regardless of their form of ownership, are allowed to carry out foreign trade activities without special registration.

The export of strategically important raw materials is carried out by enterprises and organizations registered by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation for these purposes. Registered enterprises are entered in a special register, which is published in the periodical press. Refusal to register and exclude them from the register may be in case of violation of the current legislation of the Russian Federation or foreign countries, which entailed economic and political damage to Russia; non-fulfillment of obligations on export deliveries. The list of strategically important raw materials is established by the relevant decree of the Government of the Russian Federation and contains 13 items (fuel, electricity, grain, and others).

The enterprise independently determines the type of its activity and makes decisions on the implementation of the tasks. The criterion for choosing one or another legal form of foreign trade activity is the market opportunities and needs of the enterprise.

The enterprise can carry out any kind of foreign trade activity, if they are not prohibited by law and meet the goals provided for in the charter.

All enterprises - participants in foreign economic activity are independent legal entities with separate property, having the right to acquire property and personal non-property rights and incur obligations on their own behalf, as well as to be plaintiffs in court. As a participant in foreign economic turnover, the enterprise has civil legal and legal capacity.

The property of the enterprise consists of fixed assets, working capital and other valuables, the value of which is reflected in the balance sheet of the enterprise. The property may be owned by the enterprise and under economic management.

For non-fulfillment of obligations under the contracts, the enterprise bears full responsibility with its property.

All enterprises - manufacturers of competitive products have the right to independently carry out export-import operations.

In this regard, in the economic activity of any manufacturer entering the foreign market, foreign trade activities can play a significant role. Enterprises can enter the foreign market both independently and through foreign trade intermediary organizations. These organizations, as a rule, sell the products of small and medium-sized firms on the world market, but large enterprises that do not have their own foreign trade apparatus can resort to their services.

The criterion for choosing a way to enter the world market is to minimize the costs of foreign economic activity. In addition, the company needs to have information about the monetary and financial, legal aspects of entering the world market, the world market conditions, the price system and determine the effectiveness of export-import operations. Foreign economic activity is carried out on the basis of a contract. Russian legislation prescribes a mandatory written form of a foreign economic contract. A deal can be concluded either by drawing up and signing one document, or by exchanging letters, telegrams. The foreign economic contract contains several sections arranged in a certain sequence. Moreover, each contract has certain legal attributes, without which it loses its legal force, and the rights arising from it cannot be protected. The foreign economic contract must contain the full official name of the parties and their legal addresses, the full name and surname of the person representing the organization, his position, as well as an indication on the basis of which the representation is carried out.

The main forms of foreign economic activity of enterprises in Russia are foreign trade activities and international production cooperation.

Foreign trade activity is an exchange of goods and services related to the implementation of trade. At the heart of foreign trade activities are foreign trade operations. A foreign trade operation is a set of actions of counterparties, that is, foreign partners in a foreign trade operation, aimed at performing a commodity exchange and ensuring it. The full complex that characterizes a foreign trade operation may include: studying the market for a particular product, advertising it, creating a distribution network, developing commercial offers, negotiating, concluding and executing contracts.

Foreign trade operations are carried out on the basis of concluded transactions. An international trade transaction is a contract between two or more firms located in different countries ah, for the supply of goods and / or provision of services in accordance with the agreed conditions.

The main sign of international trade is the crossing of the border of the country of the seller of the goods, if it is a material object. Also, an international trade transaction is characterized by the fact that it is accompanied by a payment in foreign currency in relation to one or both parties. However, this principle may not be observed, for example, in barter transactions.

Among other forms of foreign economic activity of Russian enterprises, the most significant role belongs to export. But, entering the foreign market, the management of the enterprise must understand that in the modern world economy, ordinary trade is increasingly giving way to more complex relationships between sellers and buyers.

International production cooperation is a coordinated or joint, usually long-term production and economic, and, as a rule, scientific and technical activity of partners from different countries, based on the division of production and marketing programs, equal and mutually beneficial cooperation.

AT modern world MCP occupies a leading place among other forms of foreign economic relations, due to its inherent objective advantages.

However, in many cases, Russian enterprises have to be content with only contract cooperation, and other simple forms of MCP. The leap to the most developed, complex forms of MCP in Russia is hindered by:

lack of experience of cooperative cooperation among many enterprises;
· limited scientific, technical and production and technological potential, significantly inferior to the leading companies in developed countries;
· Lack of funds, especially foreign exchange, for the restructuring of production.

At the initial stage of recruitment foreign investment In the Russian economy, such a form of foreign economic activity as the creation of joint ventures has become widespread. They were created on the basis of an agreement between a domestic state enterprise, which allocated a certain part of the property at its disposal (buildings, equipment, scientific and technical knowledge) as a contribution to the authorized capital of a medium-sized enterprise. The share of a foreign investor in the statutory fund was determined by the value of the machines, equipment, modern technologies and cash in hard currency supplied by him. From the very beginning, in the process of creating a medium-sized enterprise, the most acute problem was to determine the real ratio of the contributions of Russian and foreign partners. Already at the first stages, certain shortcomings of this form of entrepreneurship for our country were revealed, since the real share of domestic participants was understated when forming the authorized funds of a medium-sized enterprise.

At present, serious Western investors are interested not so much in partnership with Russian enterprises as in acquiring reliable elements of control over production. Therefore, the creation of enterprises with 100% foreign participation plays an increasingly important role in attracting foreign investment. When an enterprise is created entirely at the expense of a foreign investor, the question of the correct assessment of the Russian contribution does not arise. And in this sense, such enterprises are even preferable to medium-sized enterprises.

Speaking about the state of Russia's foreign economic activity, there is every reason to believe that the situation on world markets in the foreseeable future will not be particularly favorable for most Russian goods.

First, although slowed down, but, nevertheless, the ongoing process of globalization will contribute to an increase in the number of players in the market in the supply sector.

Secondly, contrary to previous forecasts, in most economically developed countries, effective demand does not show serious signs of recovery, and in some cases even continues to decline. Thirdly, in a number of economically developed regions, the desire to minimize Russian exports will increase, erecting additional barriers in its path.

Obviously, under these conditions, the role of state institutions as a guarantor of successful foreign economic activity of Russian manufacturers.

Several directions can be identified in advance organizational activities in this area:

1. Development at the government level of a conceptual, systemic foreign economic program for the foreseeable future, which would provide for both optimal volumes of foreign and domestic trade for specific types of products, and the preferred orientation of commodity flows.
2. Political protection of foreign trade interests of Russian exporters. Any significant foreign policy contacts should include the question of granting Russia the most favored nation status in trade relations and the abolition of existing discriminatory measures against goods of Russian origin. The absence of positive developments in this area should automatically lead to the introduction adequate measures trade protection.
3. Providing export-oriented manufacturers with effective and accessible information support. It is advisable not to create new state bodies to perform this task, but to assign this function to existing institutions, for example, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation).
4. Regulation of the volume and direction of export trade flows. In this case, it is not at all necessary to use the financial support of the respective exporters. Such support may be Negative consequences, in particular, the introduction by importing countries of prohibitive measures under the pretext of countering dumping.

The expansion of Russian business abroad is an important factor in building up the country's economic potential by expanding exports, transferring income from abroad, and including Russian companies in global value chains. The key points of the economic development of Russian exports are:

1. Increasing the scale and improving the sectoral structure of Russia's foreign economic presence in foreign markets, with an increase in the share of companies in the manufacturing sector and services;
2. Prevention of counterproductive competition between Russian companies producing similar products in foreign markets; the conclusion between them of strategic agreements on the joint implementation of international expansion projects;
3. Formation of strategic associations of Russian and foreign companies for joint activities in foreign markets in order to develop, manufacture and sell competitive products.

Thus, in the current conditions of the development of international economic relations, the basic priorities of Russia's foreign trade activities on federal level are, first of all, the policy of active support of national exports, which implies not only financial, but also administrative support, improving the quality of economic growth, increasing the efficiency of budget spending and training qualified personnel.

Entrepreneurial activity in Russia is carried out within the framework of the created production and economic structure, which can be considered as an entrepreneurial unit.

In Russia, entrepreneurial activity is carried out mainly within the framework of small enterprises. World experience has shown that at present small business, small firms are the basis of dynamic economic development as a result of:

· organizational and technological mobility;
a high rate of innovation;
· active competition policy;
· the absence of a rigid bureaucratic structure and a cumbersome managerial apparatus;
creation of new jobs;
quick response to market needs;
the ability of the state to receive income from their taxation.

The development of entrepreneurship in Russia is carried out in two main ways:

1) A private person - an entrepreneur who creates new organizational production and economic structures acts as a subject of entrepreneurial activity;
2) An operating enterprise (its management) acts as a business entity.

The first way, based on private initiative and private property, seems to be the most consistent with the classical understanding of entrepreneurship.

The second way is that the operating enterprise creates or participates in the creation of production and economic business structures.

The main difficulties in the development of individual entrepreneurship in Russia were identified (Table 1).

Table 1. Main problems on the way of development of individual entrepreneurship in Russia

Analyzing the development of entrepreneurship in the country, it is necessary to establish what goals were pursued by all participants in this process.

Participants in the entrepreneurship development process are:

· state;
heads of state enterprises;
personnel of state enterprises;
the staff of the business unit.

Each of the participants pursues its own goals, which ideally should be combined. The goals of entrepreneurship development in Russia are presented in fig. 1.3.

The state, creating conditions for the development of entrepreneurship, pursued the following main goals:

· Increasing the efficiency of the national economy through the development of private initiative and innovative activities of entrepreneurs.
· Creation of new jobs.
· Creation of a middle class of small entrepreneurs and skilled professionals, which are the basis of a democratic society.
· Improving the well-being of the population.

The purpose of the enterprise is:

・Get additional economic effect from entrepreneurship.
· Creation of conditions for its effective development on the basis of new technologies, goods, services developed in business structures.
· The purpose of management is: obtaining additional opportunities to maintain and develop the basic enterprise, to meet their material and social needs. The purpose of the staff is to provide jobs and additional opportunities to meet their material and social needs.

The objectives of the business unit and the entrepreneur are identical:

1. Economic efficiency business.
2. Social position, prestige, etc.

Objectives of the personnel of the enterprise unit:

1. Economic well-being.
2. Saving jobs.

The development of entrepreneurship to a certain extent made it possible to achieve the set goals (Figure 1, Annex 1).

At present, there are about 900,000 small enterprises in Russia. The development of small enterprises made it possible to largely eliminate the shortage of goods and services and, in the context of the economic downturn and the crisis of state-owned enterprises, create jobs for 8 million people, and taking into account secondary employment for 15 million people, and increase the share of small and medium-sized enterprises in the gross domestic product up to 10%. Moreover, the return on investment in small and medium-sized enterprises is twice as high as in the Russian economy as a whole.

At the same time, if we compare the opportunities and achievements of small enterprises in the world and in Russia, it is obvious that the possibilities are clearly not realized enough:

· for example, in Germany there are 37 small and medium-sized enterprises per 1,000 inhabitants, in the USA - 74 small and medium-sized enterprises, and in Russia - 6 small and medium-sized enterprises;
· the share of small and medium-sized enterprises in total employment in Germany is 46%, in the USA - 54%, in Russia - 10%;
· the share of small and medium enterprises in Germany - 53%, in the USA - 51%, in Russia - 11%.

Currently, there is a gulf that separates the approaches used today in solving the problems of enterprise management from understanding what approaches will actually lead to an increase in the effectiveness of management systems.

In my opinion, it is necessary to trace the relationship between the following groups of phenomena:

· problems of Russian enterprises, which the directors call the main ones;
· existing approaches to solving problems of enterprise management;
· true reasons diseases of enterprises, the treatment of which would actually lead to positive results.

The visibility of such a comparison is well represented in the table, which lists the problems and approaches to their elimination.

I studied materials on the analysis of the activities of more than 20 enterprises (most industrial, several enterprises providing services) located in the Urals, Siberia, the Volga region, St. Petersburg, the Moscow region and Moscow, numbering from 300 to 20 thousand employees.

The heads of these organizations are the best directors in Russia, since the enterprises they head kept the volume of output at the same level in the period 2008-2010, and in some areas even increased sales volumes. The average portrait of a modern Russian director heading a successful enterprise is as follows: smart, rooting for his enterprise, experienced, superbly versed in the technologies of his production.

At the beginning, the director usually does not even allow the thought of the possibility of existence managerial mistakes at his enterprise, he complains exclusively about the government, about suppliers, about his workers, about the absence of normal laws in Russia. After discussing specific cases of poor performance of his enterprise and, in particular, the management apparatus, he agrees that there are shortcomings in the management system, but claims that he knows the problems and their causes well, is full of confidence that he will deal with those that are in his powers. The desire of the director to hide the problems of his enterprise from a third-party look is so natural and strong that it causes respect. Sometimes, however, it is difficult to get rid of the feeling that this desire is of the same kind as that of a student who seeks to hide from the teacher his level of incomprehension of the subject.

For example, many Russian executives consider the lack of working capital to be one of the main causes of all their problems and try to treat it by seeking investments or new orders. But at all these enterprises, without exception, there is a significant duplication of various operations and functions, as well as a constant intersection of the activities of various departments. In some areas of activity, expenses are not taken into account at all, for example, I have never seen anywhere in Russia that the effectiveness of the work of the quality department or the marketing department is calculated. With such a scattering of resources, with the costs that Russian enterprises can afford, no working capital will help. The principle of subsistence farming continues to operate in the Russian economy. In the days of the administrative-command system, enterprises set up auxiliary production in order to protect themselves from the low quality of subcontractors' products, to receive the required components faster and in the right quantity. Today the situation has changed, but enterprises do not consider the effectiveness of auxiliary production, and therefore do not know which ones will have to be closed and which ones should be left.

An enterprise, having received long-awaited financial resources, spends them on needs that seem to be of priority, concludes contracts without reading their text, not seeing ambiguities in them and grammatical errors. (Priority for managers are the costs of those activities that are noted in the 3rd column of the table.) All managers are sure that it is almost impossible to solve the problems that have arisen in the arbitration court, they complain about the difficulty of collecting debts from non-payers, about the dishonesty of partners, without thinking about that the enterprise itself can also do something to reduce the number of non-payments, to increase the timeliness of payments.

table 2

	Problems in the wording of leaders	Approaches and methods applied to eliminate these problems	The real causes of problems
	Deterioration in the quality of components and materials coming from suppliers	Introduction of 100% input control. Implementation of a supplier evaluation system, attempts to rank suppliers	The supply departments of enterprises are outside the control systems. There is no cooperation with suppliers to create effective systems quality to improve the quality of their products and reduce their cost
	Poor leadership training various levels in matters of management. Lack of managers	General management courses. Selection of new managers	Lack of clear requirements for the results of the work of managers. Control of management activities is carried out on a case-by-case basis
	Lack of management accounting. The activity of the administrative apparatus is non-transparent. Automation has led to unnecessary unnecessary costs	Automation of the financial and economic activities of enterprises with the help of their programmers or through the acquisition of information technology	Business processes are not described, key processes are not defined. Enterprises are not focused on process management. All types of expenses are not defined, there is no cost accounting system. Accounting system for "costs of quality" does not meet the requirements: many types of costs for "poor quality" are not calculated
	Lack of working capital	Creation of subsidiaries. Tax optimization. Search for investments. Sale and rental of real estate and equipment	Inefficient quality management system. Duplication of operations, functions and productions generates excessive costs, incredible costs
	Constant revision of the organizational structure does not lead to positive results	Creation of new departments, fragmentation or consolidation of existing divisions	The management principles have not been revised. Used at all Russian enterprises The most inefficient type of organizational structure is functional
	Reducing the number of consumers of certain types of products	Strengthening the sales department. Certification of the quality system according to ISO 9001. Support for unprofitable industries at the expense of budgets of various levels	Ignorance by the enterprise of the problems and wishes of its customers. Lack of feedback from consumers. Not defined: complete list of consumers; all types of enterprise products; sectors and market niches occupied by products
	Leadership responsibilities are not clearly defined	Development of a responsibility matrix based on the existing organizational structure	The quantitative and qualitative indicators of managers' activity are not defined and measured. There are no requirements for the work of managers
	Uneven distribution of resources among departments and activities	Voluntary administration during the redistribution of resources between the expenses of various departments	Departments compete with each other for resources. There is no accounting and control over the expenditure of resources in various areas of the enterprise
	Equipment worn out and obsolete	Purchase of new equipment	The performance of existing production sites and equipment has not been measured. The expected effectiveness of the purchased equipment is not studied
	Long cycle of new product development	Acquisition of information technology in the field of design	The project management style is unknown. Lack of process management practices
	Low prices for products of Russian enterprises. Release of obsolete products	Creation of a marketing department to search for potential customers. Holding exhibitions and publishing promotional materials	Long cycle of new product development. The effectiveness of promotional activities is not predicted, not evaluated
	The management of the enterprise is not a friendly team	Trainings and business games in order to form a leadership team	The goals of the leaders are different and inconsistent. Missing enterprise strategy
	Employees' lack of information about the activities of their enterprise	Acquisition of information technologies for workflow automation	Lack of feedback from staff. Management does not know about the information hunger of employees. There is no practice of taking into account the opinions of staff
	Frequent change of intermediary suppliers	Constant search for new suppliers	There is no control of the owners of the enterprise over the procurement processes
	Non-payments	Offsets. Barter. Introduction of money substitutes	Rarely and incompletely is a “contract analysis” carried out. Inefficient organizational structure does not allow for prompt decision-making and situation management
	Bad laws, weak legal field. Omnipotence of supervisory, regulatory, and certifying bodies. "Restrictive" laws of foreign markets in relation to Russian products	It is considered almost impossible to solve this problem at the enterprise level. (JSC "Planet" from Novgorod has three certificates for its quality system from three different bodies - two Russian and one foreign)	Lack of culture of working with texts of various documents. Attitude to documentation as a process that should not be confused with direct activity. It is permissible for the manager not to inform the staff on major issues. There are no attempts to solve problems before they arise, for example, ISO 9001:2000 will be implemented in Russia with such a delay that it will finally close the export of products for Russia
The following problems, at first glance, unrelated, are a consequence of all of the above, but managers often cite them as factors that hinder the development of the management system: “poor product quality is a low price, which leads to very low wages for ordinary employees enterprises. Due to low wages, employees cannot participate in activities to improve product quality, sabotage the processes of creating enterprise quality systems”
	Low quality of products	Search for investments.	The ratio of income and responsibility for workers and managers is inversely proportional, which will not improve the quality of products, will not allow building an effective enterprise management system
	Russian workers are dissatisfied, first of all, with low wages, which is why they do not want to improve product quality	Purchase of new equipment. Search for new customers. Tighter control of product manufacturing

Consider a table of correspondence between causes, approaches and problems. Some problems are at the same time the causes of other problems, they are located in different columns and in different rows of the table. The problems are placed in the table in a random sequence; the task of determining the priorities of the problems has not yet been set by the author. The list of problems is most likely incomplete, since the table contains only those that were most often heard from the lips of leaders. The differences between the illusions of managers in matters of improving management systems (2nd column) and effective approaches (3rd column) I propose to determine for the readers themselves.

In the table, the concepts of “quality system” and “management system” coexist, since today, when discussing quality management issues, one can and should no longer talk about a “quality system”, but more broadly about an “enterprise management system”. Any managerial problems today relate to quality management issues. All activities for the creation and development of quality systems of enterprises merge with the development of management systems for these enterprises.

The lack of support for domestic producers from the government and parliament, as a problem of our enterprises, which leaders call one of the main ones, is not reflected in the table. This is a serious problem, but the solution is not at the enterprise level.

Today, leaders think mostly only in the categories of the 2nd column of the table. The improvement of management systems occurs exclusively with the help of old, untested methods that have never helped anyone before.

Today, Russian leaders manage people and money, and do not know that their management will be effective only when they manage processes and projects. Process and project management, without which effective management systems throughout the world are unthinkable, are generated by market relations, equal competition.

Not all industries in Russia have market relations. Not all Russian enterprises are placed in conditions of equal competition. This inequality leads to the following results:

enterprises that, instead of real help there is sponsorship (for example, JSC AVTOVAZ), they are not at all interested in developing their management system, and they do not do much of what is noted in the 3rd column of the table;
monopolists are engaged only in what is noted in the 2nd column of the table;
All other enterprises are actually in the most severe market conditions, have an incentive to develop their management systems, will be the first to apply the approaches noted in the 3rd column.

Anywhere in the world, an impossible task is the introduction of effective management systems in the absence of competition. Therefore, the control systems of some Moscow industrial enterprises, which the authorities do their best to keep unprofitable production facilities open, lag noticeably behind the management systems of similar enterprises in other Russian cities in their development. The regional authorities, even if they want to support a local inefficient enterprise, cannot do this due to lack of funds, which leads to a more intensive development of modern management methods in the provinces compared to some Moscow enterprises.

The existing management systems in Russia are ineffective, and the existing approaches to improve management systems are absolutely ineffective. The problems of Russian enterprises will never be solved if the management system is aimed at eliminating the consequences, and not their true causes.

Foreign enterprises have continuously upgraded their management systems for quite a long time, consistently solving issue after issue, problem after problem. Russian enterprises today have to solve several more difficult task A: Simultaneously improve the management system in all areas, first of all by changing the principles of management. You will have to apply all the approaches at the same time, make a "volley" of all known to the world tools throughout the control system.

Practice shows that at the beginning of activities to improve inefficient management systems, very good results can be achieved immediately, allowing you to quickly find resources to continue more costly investments in improving management systems. The costs and expenses at Russian enterprises are so great that the simple control of some managerial operations gives a fantastic effect.

Thus, it is necessary:

· start with the control of the control system;
· get start-up resources at the beginning for a deeper restructuring of the management system;
Plan concurrent improvements for all running management issues.

In a situation of simultaneous application of the entire arsenal of management, there are advantages for Russian industry, since we have information about some of the mistakes foreign companies made on the way to improving management systems, and Russian enterprises should take into account this experience.

To carry out such a volley and take into account the world experience of the enterprise will be able only with the help of highly qualified management consultants.