Geography presentation "Inland waters of Primorye" (Grade 9). Inland waters of the Primorsky Territory Surface water resources

1.2 Water resources (surface, ground and marine waters)

Surface waters of land

In 2009, 400.66 million m3 of wastewater was discharged into surface water bodies in the Primorsky Territory, of which 286.09 million m3 were not treated, and 53.57 million m3 were insufficiently treated.

Water discharge into water bodies increased by 22.06 million m3/year in comparison with 2008;

The main sources of pollution were sewage from public utilities, the coal industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, transport, as well as surface runoff from the polluted catchment area. The quality of surface waters was assessed using complex indices and indicators: MPC (maximum permissible concentration), UKWPI (specific combinatorial index of water pollution), etc.

In 2009, the water quality of any water body did not correspond to the class of “clean” or “slightly polluted” waters. An analysis of the hydrochemical state of surface waters in the Primorsky Territory, taking into account a comprehensive assessment and individual hydrochemical indicators, made it possible to determine a priority list of water bodies that require priority implementation of water protection measures. The priority list includes the rivers Dachnaya, Spasovka (1 km downstream of Spassk-Dalniy), Kuleshovka, Knevichanka, Komarovka, Rakovka, Razdolnaya, Rudnaya (Table 1.2.1.)

Table 1.2.1.

Priority list of water bodies requiring priority implementation of water protection measures

Water body, point, target	Significance of UKWIS 2007	Significance of UKWIS 2008	Significance of UKWIS 2009	Water quality class in 2009	Water quality trend
R. Rudnaya, r. settlement Krasnorechensky, "1 km below the village"					worsening
R. Rudnaya, Dalnegorsk, "1 km above the village of Goreloye";					worsening
R. Rudnaya, Dalnegorsk, "9 km downstream of the wastewater discharge of JSC Bor"					improvement
R. Dachnaya, Arseniev, "within the city, 0.05 km above the mouth"					stabilization
R. Razdolnaya, Ussuriysk, "500 m below the discharge of sewage from the wastewater treatment plant"					worsening
R. Razdolnaya, Ussuriysk, “within the village. Terekhovka					worsening
R. Spasovka, Spassk-Dalny, "1 km below the city"					improvement
R. Kuleshovka, Spassk-Dalny, "0.05 km upstream of the mouth"					stabilization
R. Knevichanka, Artem, "1 km below Artemovsky"					stabilization
R. Komarovka, Ussuriysk, "0.5 km above the mouth"					worsening
R. Rakovka, Ussuriysk, "0.05 km above the mouth"					worsening

The groundwater

The total amount of resources and reserves of groundwater in Primorsky Krai as of January 01, 2010 amounted to 6.067 million m3/day, which is less than 1% of Russia's resource potential. Their main part is concentrated in the central (1.645 million m3/day) and northern (3.982 million m3/day) parts of the region, while the reserves of groundwater in the south of Primorye, where the bulk of the population of the region lives, amount to only 0.44 million m3 / day

Operational reserves of drinking groundwater as of January 01, 2009 amounted to 1.443 million m3/day, including 1.295 million m3/day prepared for industrial development.

Currently, there are 68 deposits and 5 sites of fresh groundwater in the region (with operational reserves that have passed state examination), of which 63 deposits and 7 autonomous sites are intended for domestic and drinking water supply, 3 deposits - for industrial bottling, 62 deposits are prepared for industrial development.

Of these, 27 deposits and sites are in the distributed fund (they are being exploited, licenses for the right to use subsoil have been issued), 46 are in the unallocated fund (not being exploited, there are no water intake facilities). The state of the reserves of the latter is subject to reassessment due to the expiration of the estimated period for calculating the reserves (25 years), changes in the water management and environmental situation (development).

There are 10 mineral water deposits with total reserves of 3.508 thousand m3/day, of which 2.676 m3/day are prepared for industrial development, in the Primorsky Territory.

About 80 manifestations of undeveloped mineral waters are also known, which are not listed on the state register.

The availability of explored operational groundwater reserves per person in Primorsky Krai is 0.74 m3/day.

In 2009-2010, the share of groundwater use in the total balance of household and drinking water supply in the region as a whole was 27%. The priority use of underground sources for household and drinking water supply (from 61 to 100%) is still characteristic of the northern and central regions of the region. In the south of Primorye, the surface waters of reservoirs remain the main source of water supply for the population. The percentage of groundwater use for household and drinking water supply in the southern regions ranges from 2 to 42%.

The volume of fresh groundwater production in 2009 and 2010 remained at the level of 2008 - about 150 thousand m3/day.

The volume of extraction for mineral waters in 2010 decreased and amounted to 259.5 m3/day against 2009 - 332.2 m3/day.

One of the important aspects of subsoil use control in the issue of groundwater extraction is licensing. In 2010, there were 588 licenses for the right to extract groundwater in the region, of which 21 licenses were for mineral waters. Compared to 2009, the number of licenses issued in 2010 slightly increased - 54 licenses were issued against 39 in 2009.

In 2009-2010 state monitoring of the state of the subsoil on the territory of the region included monitoring of groundwater and monitoring of exogenous geological processes at the federal and object (local) levels. There are still no territorial and municipal levels of monitoring the state of the subsoil in the territory of the region.

The qualitative composition of groundwater in the region as a whole remains stable. The hydrochemical composition of groundwater is determined mainly by natural factors. Groundwater is substandard in terms of the content of iron, manganese, silicon, lithium, aluminum and barium. Technogenic impact on groundwater is expressed mainly in the deterioration of microbiological indicators.

Groundwater pollution is localized and mostly temporary. The maximum pollution is found in the territory of large settlements. The most susceptible to pollution is the aquifer of alluvial Quaternary deposits, hydraulically connected with the waters of surface streams and waters of pre-Cenozoic formations, characterized by the greatest fracture (carbonate, intrusive complexes) and unprotected from the surface from the penetration of polluted runoff - washout.

The highest concentration of pollutants is observed during spring floods (March-April), or during the passage of summer typhoons (August). Deterioration of microbiological properties, manifested mainly in the spring summer period and is associated with the infiltration of contaminants along with precipitation and flood waters. The centers of pollution are, as a rule, temporary in nature and are fixed at those water intakes within the zones of sanitary protection of the IInd belt, in which residential units are located.

The ecological state of mineral water deposits is currently satisfactory.

On the territory of the region, the main types of technogenic pressure on groundwater include:

Exploitation of groundwater at water intake sites for domestic and drinking water supply; extraction of mineral waters;

Extraction of groundwater and mine water in the development of solid minerals;

Groundwater backwater in areas affected by reservoirs;

Impact of urban and industrial agglomerations;

Changes in the quality of groundwater under the influence of agricultural facilities.

The degree of study of the impact of the listed types of technogenic load on groundwater is not equivalent.

Extraction of underground waters. In 2010, water withdrawal from group water intakes amounted to 174.77 thousand m3/day, from single water intakes - 19.51 thousand m3/day. There is no depletion of groundwater reserves during the operation of water intakes. All water intakes work in a stable mode. The operating reserves of the WWW approved based on the results of exploration work are fully confirmed during the operation of water intakes (with the exception of the Glukhovsky WWW).

The depletion of groundwater resources occurs in the areas of mining of solid minerals (edge draining, mine, mine drainage) and at industrial sites located within flooded areas (water-reducing drainage). In the reporting year, on the territory of the region, 11 mining enterprises carried out centralized drainage of groundwater from 4 quarries, 5 coal mines, 3 mines and one mine. The volume of dewatering by dewatering systems in 2009 amounted to 69.78 thousand m3/day. (1.1% of the amount of groundwater resources in the territory of the region).

In general, the influence of mining enterprises on the hydrodynamic regime of groundwater levels is not significant in the region.

Groundwater backwater in zones of influence of reservoirs. About 120 reservoirs have been built in the region, including 24 reservoirs with a volume of more than 1 million m3. 15 reservoirs are used for water supply of large cities and industrial settlements of the region. Special observations of the study of the groundwater regime were carried out only in the zone of influence of the Artemovsky reservoir - the main source of water supply for the cities of Vladivostok and Artem. The reservoir capacity is 118.2 million m3 with a standard backwater of 72.5 m, water withdrawal - up to 400 thousand m3/day.

Influence of urban and industrial agglomerations. The greatest technogenic load falls on the territories occupied by urban and industrial agglomerations. Technogenic impact on groundwater in areas of urban and industrial agglomerations consists mainly in changing the qualitative composition of groundwater. The main sources of groundwater pollution are domestic and industrial waste dumps, sewage storage facilities, treatment facilities, oil depots, and fuel and lubricant depots.

It should be noted that in recent years, programs have been developed and are being implemented in the region aimed at reducing the technogenic load on the environment, including surface and groundwater.

Effect of wastewater. On the territory of the region, 230 water users have 400 organized outlets of wastewater into surface water bodies or onto the relief. The total discharge of wastewater is 535 million m3 per year, including 510 million m3 to surface water bodies. The main volume of wastewater (460 million m3) is discharged into surface watercourses or onto the terrain without treatment or insufficiently treated - 460 million m3. The volume of storm sewage is about 15 million m3/year. Groundwater pollution occurs both through surface watercourses, with which they have a close hydraulic connection, and through the aeration zone with atmospheric precipitation in the territory of settlements. Main polluting ingredients: nitrogen compounds, phenols, surfactants, organic substances, oil products. Groundwater pollution (including microbial) is constantly observed at well and gallery water intakes in the cities of Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Dalnerechensk, Dalnegorsk.

The impact of agricultural facilities. Agricultural objects (livestock farms, poultry farms) are a source of concentrated supply of organic substances, nitrogen compounds, chlorine, potassium, phenols, phosphates and trace elements of feed additives to the surface. Sources of contamination of the aeration zone belong to the 3rd and 4th hazard classes and are potential sources of groundwater pollution.

The influence of agricultural objects, as well as the use of fertilizers on agricultural fields, on the quality of groundwater in the region has not been practically studied.

Currently, of the identified types of technogenic load on groundwater, only the exploitation of groundwater has been sufficiently studied.

Despite the high degree of provision of the territory of Primorye with forecast resources and explored groundwater reserves, there is a constant shortage of drinking water in the region. For many years, it has remained practically at the same level, in general, in the region it is about 50% of the current demand. In large settlements (cities, urban-type settlements), it is due to a greater extent to the low degree of development of explored groundwater reserves and can be eliminated or significantly reduced with the commissioning of explored deposits. The main reason for the non-development of explored groundwater deposits is the lack of financial resources.

Recently, the number of orphan wells has sharply increased on the territory of the region, especially in rural areas. According to the results of a survey of water intake facilities by the Primorsky Monitoring Department, conducted on the territory of 8 administrative districts of the region, the number of abandoned wells is from 20 to 50% of total number operating and suspended wells.

sea waters

Compared to 2008, the water quality class of the Golden Horn Bay has changed from class VI "very dirty" to class V "dirty", Diomede Bay - from class V "dirty" to class IV "polluted", the Bosphorus East - from class V " dirty” to IV class “contaminated”. The water quality class of the Ussuri Bay (IV class "polluted") and Nakhodka Bay (III class "moderately polluted") did not change.

The water quality class of the Amur Bay, calculated for two autumn months (in 2008 - for 5 months), changed from class V "dirty" to class III "moderately polluted".

A decrease in the water quality class of the Amur Bay does not indicate an improvement in its ecological state. According to long-term data, the greatest pollution in the bay occurs in the spring-summer period, and in 2009 observations during these periods were not carried out due to the lack of watercraft for sampling.

Compared to 2008, the level of oil pollution in the Golden Horn Bay has decreased by 2.5 times, b. Diomede - 3.7 times, in the Eastern Bosporus Strait - 1.8 times, in the Amur Bay - 2.9 times. In the Ussuriysky Bay, an increase in oil pollution is observed; in 2009, the average annual concentration was 1.2 times higher than the average annual figure in 2008. In Nakhodka Bay, the average annual concentration of oil products has not changed much. In the Amur Bay, the average annual concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in 2009 decreased by 2.9 times.

Along with some decrease in pollution of the waters of the Golden Horn and Diomede bays and the East Bosphorus Strait with oil products, an increase in their content in the bottom sediments of these water areas was noted: a twofold increase in the Zolotoy Rog and Diomede bays and 1.5 times in the East Bosphorus Strait.

The bottom sediments of the Ussuri Bay are the least polluted with oil hydrocarbons, the highest pollution was noted in the Zolotoy Rog Bay.

There were no significant changes in 2009 total strength bacterioplankton and its biomass in all water areas.

There were also no significant changes in the number of saprophytic heterotrophic bacteria in the studied water areas compared to 2008.

According to socio-hygienic monitoring data, in 2009 the quality of sea water in the places of water use of the population as a whole in Primorsky Krai deteriorated in terms of sanitary and chemical indicators, and there was some improvement in microbiological indicators.

Fig.1.1.4. Indicators of sea water quality in places of water use of the population

The discrepancy between the quality of sea water in terms of sanitary and chemical indicators is noted by color, transparency, smell, BOD5.

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Primorsky Krai has been an administrative unit of the Russian Federation since September 20, 1938. In the south and east, it is washed by the Sea of Japan, in the north it borders on the Khabarovsk Territory, in the west - on China and North Korea. The region includes numerous islands: Russky, Popov, Reineke, Rikorda, Putyatin, Askold, etc. The total area of the region is 165.9 thousand square meters. km. The main large physical and geographical divisions of Primorsky Krai are the Sikhote-Alin (southern half) and East Manchurian (eastern outskirts) mountainous regions, as well as the West Primorsky Plain separating them.

The Sikhote-Alin mountainous region is a mid-mountain structure (absolute heights - 500-1000; relative elevations - 200-400 m; maximum elevations: Mt. Oblachnaya - 1855 m, Mt. Anik - 1933). Mountain ranges with rounded peaks and gentle slopes, emphasizing the wide development of dome structures here, generally extend subparallel to each other from the southwest to the northeast and go into the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory. They never reach the snow line, however, firn fields, sometimes of a large area, are annually formed in the zones of snow blowing and remain until the middle of summer. Along the line of the main watershed, the Sikhote-Alin mountain region is divided into the Sea of Japan (eastern and southern) and Ussuri-Khankai (western) macroslopes, which differ from each other in the structure of the relief and natural and climatic factors. This is mainly due to both the difference in the geological and tectonic plan, and the predominant circulation of waterlogged cold air masses on the eastern slope. The latter come from the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan in the spring-early summer period, and in the autumn-winter period, on the contrary, relatively warm, but also humid air masses predominate.

The Sea of Japan macroslope is characterized by the ubiquitous distribution of landslide, scree and landslide processes, erosion and abrasion cliffs, denudation ledges and remnants. Steep channels of watercourses are frequent, mountain aluuvium, proluvium and accumulations of catastrophic (salt) flows are developed. In the northern part there are Samarginskoye and Zevinskoye, and in the south - Artemovskoye basalt plateau. Within their limits, flat, table-like watersheds are developed, where raised bogs often form in depressions. Large areas are covered with larch forests with peaty and peaty-gley waterlogged soils. The latter are formed on areal and linear clayey weathering crusts. The marginal parts of the plateau are cut by narrow river valleys. By transverse ridges and river valleys, followed by large fault zones, the Sea of Japan macroslope is divided into a series of independent natural and climatic complexes with sufficient contrast. The southern Sikhote-Alin is especially colorful with its indented coastline, rocky cliffs and gently sloping sandy beaches, a wealth of natural monuments, soft maritime climate, the proximity of an extensive transport network and high economic development with a natural, often undisturbed landscape. All this made southern Primorye favorite place recreation and tourism for residents of the entire Far East of Russia and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

The Ussuri-Khankai macroslope is morphologically subdivided into Central and Western Sikhote-Alin. mountain ranges Central Sikhote-Alin have predominantly the NNE direction, i.e. coinciding with the general direction of folded structures and rupture zones. The most elevated sections of the massive middle mountains are confined to this part of the mountainous region with absolute elevations up to 1850 m and elevations of 150-300 m. The rivers are steep, mountainous with rapids and rifts. The steepness of the slopes here is less than on the eastern macroslope, but abundant scree phenomena, erosion, landslides and solifluction are also quite intense. The Western Sikhote-Alin consists of individual ridges of north-east strike, separated by intermountain depressions and dissected by wide transverse river valleys of the Ussuri, Malinovka, B. Ussurka, Bikin and other rivers. and the slopes are more gentle, in comparison with the Central Sikhote-Alin. At the foot of the ridges, non-dimentional surfaces composed of deluvial clays are developed.

The East Manchurian Highlands enters the Primorsky Territory with its eastern component and is divided into three parts: the Border and Khasan-Barabash mountain regions, as well as the Borisov basalt plateau. The latter is largely similar to the Artemovsky and other plateaus described above. But the Pogranichny and Khasansky mountainous regions are already typical low mountains - hills. The border region is a system of low (absolute marks - 600-800 m, relative -200-500 m) mountain ranges, which decrease towards Lake Khasan, turning into a hilly-ridged plain. At the same time, the orientation of the watersheds is often arcuate and radial relative to the center of the lake. Hasan; it emphasizes the shape of the ring structure of the same name. In the Khasansko-Barabashsky district, the absolute marks (900-1000 m) and relative elevations (300-600 m) are noticeably higher. The main mountain range "Chernye Gory" is arched to the Amur Bay. The valleys of most watercourses are open to southern and southeastern moist sea winds, which leaves a peculiar imprint on the climate, vegetation and soils. The river beds are overloaded with alluvium, the amount of which increases in the lower reaches both due to the general stretching and subsidence of the earth's crust along the edge of the continent, and due to the accumulation of catastrophic floods. As a result, a low-lying plain up to 10 km wide was formed on the sea coast. Above its smooth swampy surface with many lakes and oxbow lakes, remnant mountains up to 180 m high rise in places (mountain "Pigeon cliff", etc.).

In the inner part of the West Primorsky Plain Region, the total area of \u200b\u200bwhich is 20% of the region's area, there is Lake. Khanka. Around it is the lowland of the same name - swampy flat spaces (absolute marks up to 200 m), separated by wide river valleys. On the northern and southern extensions of the Khanka lowland, the Nizhne-Bikinsky and Razdolnenskaya plains are distinguished, formed by the valleys of large rivers: Ussuri, Bikin, Alchan, Razdolnaya.

The climatic conditions of the region are largely determined by its geographical position - at the junction of Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean. In winter, cold continental air masses dominate here, and in summer, cool oceanic ones. At the same time, the monsoon climate has a "mitigating" effect, especially on coastal areas: cool spring, rainy and foggy summer, sunny dry autumn and winter with little snow and wind. In the central and northern regions of the region, the climate is more continental. The total annual precipitation is 600-900 mm, most of which falls in the summer. A cold Primorsky Current passes along the sea coast from N-E to S-W, which causes prolonged fogs.

Flora and fauna are distinguished by a combination of southern and northern species. Up to 80% of the region's territory is occupied by exclusively diverse forests: coniferous, broad-leaved, small-leaved trees and shrubs, many of which are endemic (Manchurian apricot, actinidia, real ginseng, Komarov's lotus, etc.). The animal world is also diverse. It is represented by both hunting and commercial species (elk, red deer, roe deer, wild boar, musk deer, squirrel, mink, otter, Siberian weasel, sable, ermine, etc.), and rare species ( Amur tiger, leopard, red wolf, Ussuri spotted deer, etc.).

About 700 species of animals and a great variety of algae and grasses live in the coastal waters of the Sea of Japan. Many of them have unique biologically active and medicinal properties (sea urchin, trepang, scallop, kelp, etc.).

Thus, the region's natural resources are very diverse and large, which is one of its most important distinguishing characteristics. Renewable resources are of great importance: forest, fish, agricultural, water, hydropower, etc. Of national, regional and local importance are: mining chemical and mining raw materials for non-ferrous metallurgy (tin, lead-zinc and boron-containing ores, tungsten, fluorite, etc.). There are hard and brown coal, peat, feldspar raw materials, natural sorbents, building materials, precious and semiprecious stones, etc. In addition, more than 100 mineral water sources have been identified in the region, most of which are cold carbonic (in the central regions and along the western border), less often nitrogen-siliceous thermal (along the coast in two sections - in the south and northeast). The most famous - Shmakovskoe, Lastochka, Amgu, Chistovodnoe and Gornovodnoe - are favorite places for recreation and treatment of residents of the Russian Far East.

Finishing a brief physical and geographical sketch of the Primorsky Territory, it must be emphasized that there are two realities: nature, which is given to us "from above" (i.e., the physical and geographical environment, which was discussed), the other is the "historical nature" formed by man . The latter is the economic and geographical environment, which we have not considered here, but it is nevertheless important. We must imagine that these are two inextricably linked components of the world in which we live. At the same time, we must not forget that this very world is "fragile" and needs careful, rational and ecological use.

Primorsky Krai occupies the southeastern outskirts of Russia. It is located in the southernmost part of the Far East on the coast of the Sea of Japan. The territory of the region is 165.9 thousand km2, which is about 1% (0.97%) of the area of the Russian Federation. Primorsky Krai is one of the medium-sized regions of our country, but nevertheless, in terms of area, it is much larger than such states as Greece (131.9 thousand km2), or Bulgaria (111 thousand km2), or Iceland (103 thousand .km2); and the area of Belgium, Holland, Denmark and Switzerland, taken together, is less than the area of our region.

In addition to the mainland, the Primorsky Territory includes numerous islands: Russky, Popov, Putyatin, Reinecke, Rikord, Rimsky-Korsakov, Askold, Petrov and others. The names of many of these islands are given in honor of the Russian navigators who discovered or explored our Far Eastern seas and lands, as well as in honor of the ships on which the voyages were made.

The northernmost point of Primorsky Krai is located near the headwaters of the Dagda River (a tributary of the Samarga River) (48o 23' N), and the southernmost point is at the mouth of the Tumannaya River (Tumangan, Tumynjiang) on the border with the Democratic Republic of Korea (42o 18' N .sh.). The extreme western point lies near the source of the river. Novgorodovka (Khasan district) on the border with China People's Republic(130o 24 'E), the easternmost point is Cape Zolotoy on the coast of the Sea of Japan (139o 02 'E). The distance between the extreme - northern and southern - points is exactly 900 km, between the western and eastern points it is 430 km. Of the total length of the borders of Primorsky Krai of 3,000 km, about 1,500 km fall on the share of maritime borders.

In the very south of the region, Primorsky Krai borders on the Democratic Republic of Korea, the southwestern section of the border starts from the mouth of the river. Foggy (Tumangan, Tumynjiang) and passes along it to the village of Khasan. The western section is the state border with the People's Republic of China. It goes in a direction to the northwest to the Zaozernaya hill (height 167 m), and further to the north, crossing the swampy area. It reaches the peak of Povorotny (height 454 m), and then passes along the crest of the Black Mountains. Further along the river Granite, crossing the river. Razdolnaya, goes to the watershed of the border ridge and goes to the mouth of the river. Tour. Then the state border crosses Lake Khanka in a straight line, reaches the source of the Sungach River flowing from Lake Khanka and follows it until it flows into the Ussuri River, then goes along the river to the administrative border between the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories.

In the north, the border between the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories runs mainly along the watershed of the basins of the Bikin and Khor rivers (right tributaries of the Ussuri River), and then along the watershed of the Khor River and the Samarga River, which flows into the Sea of Japan. The northeastern section of the border runs along the watershed of the Samarga river basins and more small rivers flowing from the eastern slope of the Sikhote-Alin: Botchi, Nelma, etc., flowing in the Khabarovsk Territory. From the east and southeast, Primorye is washed by the waters of the Sea of Japan, which is the marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean.

The geopolitical position of Primorsky Krai is determined by the fact that through the territory of Primorye Russia borders for more than 1000 km with the largest country in the world - China and North Korea (about 30 km), and through the Sea of Japan goes to the maritime borders of Japan and South Korea, to other countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR). At the same time, Primorye performs, as it were, connecting, contact functions in international relations Russia with many Asia-Pacific countries.

Among the countries with which Primorye borders, there are very large differences: in density and population, in the level of economic and social development, in the natural resource potential, in culture, in the political system. Such large differences between neighboring countries are useful - they allow you to establish various connections with many countries, use their achievements in the economy, technology, culture and science. On the other hand, large socio-economic and political differences often complicate relations between countries and regions. All this should be taken into account in the development of various ties between Primorye and the Asia-Pacific countries, in the protection of state, including maritime, borders. Free access to the Pacific Ocean, features of the geopolitical position, vastness and diversity of the territory make geographical position Primorsky Krai profitable.

RELIEF, GEOMORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF PRIMORSKY KRAI

The territory of Primorye is occupied by three-quarters of the mountains of the Sikhote-Alin and East Manchurian mountain regions. The rest of the territory is flat. These are the Razdolninsko-Prikhankay plain and some intramountain depressions. Structurally, the Razdolninsko-Prikhankai plain is an intermountain depression that separates these mountainous regions, and intramountain depressions are concentrated along the boundaries of zones and subzones of mountainous countries.

The Sikhote-Alin mountain region is formed by several morphogenetic types of relief. The Sikhote-Alin mid-mountain range (1000-1700 m) separates the basins of the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk. The time of its active formation and elevation is associated with the intrusion of magmas and volcanic eruptions in the Late Cretaceous - Early Paleogene. At that time, a system of magmatic dome structures was formed. In the Cenozoic, the heights of the relief continued to increase, the rise of the territory, against which, in relatively narrow transverse linear zones, such Cenozoic depressions as the Verkhneussuriyskaya, Zerkalninskaya, Maksimovskaya, Verkhnebikinskaya and other depressions were formed.

Zevinsko-Dagdinskoe, Adinskoe, Edinka, Samarga and smaller volcanic plateaus of the Pliocene and Pliocene-Quaternary time cross the ridge in sublatitudinal directions, passing from the western slope of the ridge to the east.

Parallel to the Sikhote-Alin ridge, to the west of it, a system of medium-low-mountain (up to 1500 m) and low-mountain (up to 1000 m) massifs and their groups, formed during the intrusion of Upper Cretaceous granitoids and at local volcanic eruptions. The Cenozoic stage of geomorphogenesis was expressed in the destruction of the marginal parts of the massifs. Narrow river valleys flowing to the northwest, southwest and west are confined to them.

The Sikhote-Alin ridge and mountain ranges are separated by an intramountain relief depression drained by rivers of medium and high orders: Bikin ( upstream), Kolumbe, Bolshaya Ussurka (middle and upper reaches), etc. Here, magmatic activity manifested itself weakly, which did not lead to a noticeable increase in the heights of the relief. In areas where magmatic activity was more intense, sections of river valleys have an antecedent character.

The low-mountain ridges Vostochny Blue, Kholodny and a number of smaller structures stretch along the low-mid mountain massifs and are separated from them by intramountain depressions, the Cenozoic age of which is undoubted. These are primarily the Srednebikinskaya, Marevskaya and several smaller depressions. And here small covers of Pliocene basalts are already known. The formation of the Eastern Blue Ridge is associated with volcanic activity of the late Cretaceous - early Paleogene and subsequent blocky deformations in the Cenozoic. The Kholodny Ridge was formed during the intrusion of small single Upper Cretaceous intrusions and intense block movements in the Cenozoic. A system of intramountain Cenozoic depressions stretches along the western boundary of the described zone of ridges, the largest of which are Arsenyevskaya, Khvischanskaya, Malinovskaya and Orekhovskaya.

The Blue Ridge is the westernmost element of the Sikhote-Alin mountain region. This low, in some places small-mountain (300-500 m) structure was formed for a long time, but especially actively in the Neogene-Quaternary time in the mode of compression and expulsion of this narrow (5-15 km) block, limited by reverse faults, which in the relief are expressed by ledges and sharp bends of the geomorphological surfaces. The small-mountain sections of the ridge were subjected to ascending movements of lesser intensity and, to some extent, are relics of pre-Upper Cretaceous landforms.

Plateaus and plateau-like surfaces are characteristic of the basins of the Alchan and Bikin rivers (lower reaches). They are interspersed with narrow depressions, residual from the Cretaceous stage of the development of the relief. Separate small extrusive, volcanic and volcano-plutonic domes rise above flat and plateau-like surfaces, the heights of which increase as you move north.

The Strelnikovsky low-mountain range stretches along the northwestern border of the region. It is small in parts. According to the formation conditions, it resembles the Blue, Eastern Blue and Cold ridges. The Nizhnebikinskaya and Alchanskaya intramountain depressions were formed in the Cenozoic. At present, they are involved in weak uplift, their surfaces are intensively dissected. This is evidenced by relics of basalt plateaus.

The southern part of the Sikhote-Alin mountainous region is represented by the low-mountain ranges of Przhevalsky, Livadiysky, the southern end of the Sikhote-Alinsky and Makarovsky. All of them, except for the last one, are oriented sublatitudinally and are of magmatic origin. The Shkotovskoe plateau of Pliocene basalts is located in the same zone. The ridges are separated by depressions in the relief, occupied by river valleys of high orders. On the borders with the Cenozoic depressions, there are Pliocene - Quaternary low-mountain swell-like uplifts.

The mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin, therefore, consists of a series of arched blocky ridges separated by intramountain depressions. for the most part Cenozoic age. Transverse zoning is associated with Cenozoic disjunctive structures, but their location was predetermined by earlier events. The combination of diagonal and orthogonal disjunctive zones created a cellular structure in the Sikhote-Alin mountain region. The boundaries of the parts are fault zones, and their massive central zones have maximum heights. These elements determine the stability of the mountainous region as a whole, its elements and blocks.

The East Manchurian mountainous region enters the territory of the region only with its eastern spurs. These are the low-mountain blocky ridges of the Pogranichny and Chernye Gory and the Borisov plateau of basalts. The ridges are of Late Neogene-Quaternary age, which is proved by a number of facts. The most important of them are the relics of the cover of the Cenozoic depressions, which occupy the highest parts of the relief. The Borisov Plateau is a dome (radius 40-50 km) with a flattened central zone (up to 5), a steep (10-20) intermediate zone and a flat (less than 5) marginal zone. Mountain ranges articulate with adjacent depressions along ledges and sharp inflections of slopes, and the plateau is gradually replaced by an intermountain plain.

The Razdolninsko-Prikhankayskaya intermountain depression - the plain stretches from the lower reaches of the river. Tumangan and to the mouth of the river. Big Ussurka. On its continuation is the Nizhnebikinskaya depression. The flat part of the intermountain depression occupies the lower geomorphological step. These are the baths of the Amur Bay, Lake. Khanka and Posyet Bay with its bays, swampy areas in their coastal parts. Here, Paleogene, Neogene, Lower and Middle Quaternary deposits are buried under younger ones.

The surface of the intermediate geomorphological stage has a ridged surface, complicated in some places by individual hills or their groups. These are usually horsts - remnants separating Cenozoic depressions, grabens and graben synclines, made of loose and weakly cemented Paleogene and Neogene sedimentary and sedimentary-volcanic rocks with brown coal seams of working thickness.

The relief of the upper geomorphological stage of the intermountain depression is represented by hills and rare ridges, low hills and low mountains. The relicts of the Cenozoic depressions are represented by graben-synclines, troughs and gentle depressions with a thin cover of mainly Neogene rocks. The Khorolsky hilly area separates the Khanka group of depressions from the Razdolninskaya group. There is a small-mountain bridge between the Slavic and Khasan groups of depressions.

Along the western coast of the Amur Bay and the Posyet Bay, ruins of Cenozoic volcano-tectonic structures have been preserved, most of which are lowered (collapsed) under sea level. Centers of volcanic activity are known throughout the intermountain basin, which was formed in the zone of the regional Ussuriysk deep fault. It is active at the present time, as evidenced by the sources of earthquakes. As an example of volcanic structures, one can name the Baranovsky volcano, prepared by the Razdolnaya River.

The lower geomorphological step was submerged in the Quaternary and, apparently, is submerging at the present time. The upper geomorphological step rises and is quite active in places. The intermediate stage plays the role of a hinge. Here the movements are low-amplitude, multidirectional. Along the coast of Peter the Great Bay and the Sea of Japan in the east of the region, a narrow strip of low-mountainous and hilly relief stretches, the formation of which is closely related to the Sea of Japan depression. This zone is currently more active tectonically than the Sikhote-Alin mountain region.

The relief of Primorye is constantly changing. Very active in some places, less active in others. Only its macro- and some mesoforms are briefly characterized here. Their destruction by exogenous processes (from above) depends on many factors, including climate, which did not play a special role in the formation of the forms described above. Groupings of relief microforms, their types and types, formation rates and life expectancy are diverse, but still closely related to macro- and mesoforms.

Macroforms Sikhote-Alinskaya, East Manchurian and Razdolninsko-Prikhankayskaya form the main background of the relief. Mesoforms (zones and geomorphological steps) are its structural framework, which is called cells. Microforms are a pattern that nature has "decorated" mesoforms. Macroforms can be viewed from space, mesoforms - from a bird's eye view or panoramic views. Some microforms can even be covered with the palms of your hands. Relief microforms can also be man-made and, if they are created wisely, they serve a person, if without it, they "revenge" him.

TASCHI SM, Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Geomorphology, Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

CLIMATE.

Primorye is located on the eastern outskirts of Eurasia - the greatest continent the globe- and on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean - the most big ocean on the ground. At the same time, Primorsky Krai is located in the south temperate zone northern hemisphere and are significantly elongated in the meridional direction. The magnitude and distribution of solar radiation over the territory of the region, and, consequently, the degree of heating of the earth's surface, the duration of day and night, and the circulation of air masses depend on the geographical location. The southern position of the territory of the region determines the positiveness of the day in summer - about 16 hours; in winter, this figure does not exceed 8 hours. This length of the day determines the significant influx of solar radiation into winter time compared to the northern regions of our country.

SOLAR RADIATION

In terms of the amount of solar heat, Primorye occupies one of the first places in our country, not yielding even to such territories as the Crimea and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. During the year, the territory of Primorye receives solar heat (110-115 kcal/cm2). The greatest influx of solar heat occurs in winter (80-85% of the theoretically calculated amount), because at this time the greatest number of days with a cloudless sky is observed. In summer, significant cloudiness and fog reduce the influx of direct radiant energy, and, conversely, increase the proportion of scattered energy (which at this time is 40-50% of the total radiation).

The total amount of solar heat in Vladivostok, surrounded on all sides by the sea, reaches 120 kcal / cm2, while in St. Petersburg it is 82 kcal / cm2, in Karadag (Crimea) - 124 kcal / cm2, in Tashkent - 134 kcal /cm2.

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION

The monsoon climate characteristic of the entire Far East in Primorye is particularly pronounced. The surface of the land and ocean is heated by the sun's rays, and then cools unevenly. In winter, the land cools down quickly. At this time, cold, dense and heavy air masses originate in the center of the Asian continent (over the regions of Northern Mongolia and the south of Eastern Siberia) and form an area of high atmospheric pressure- Siberian anticyclone. At the same time, the water cools more slowly, which leads to the formation of an area of low atmospheric pressure over the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean - the Aleutian Low. Due to the pressure difference, the supercooled, dense, dry air from Siberia seems to flow down to the coast of a warmer ocean. At the same time, it fills the territory of our region and rushes into the area of low pressure over the Pacific Ocean. Cold, but dry and sunny weather sets in over Primorye. The prevailing winds at this time are western and north-western directions. These air currents form the continental monsoon in winter, they reach especially significant strength on the coast.

In summer, the land warms up faster, warm air forms over it, and an area of low pressure forms over the mainland at this time. The Pacific Ocean at this time is colder than land and the pressure above it is higher - an area of high atmospheric pressure is formed here. Humid, less warm air from the ocean and seas rushes to the mainland. So we have a summer Pacific monsoon with southerly and southeasterly winds. In the first half of summer, due to the fact that the removal of air masses comes from the Yellow, Japan and Okhotsk seas, the summer monsoon brings with it fine drizzling rains. It does not have a large supply of moisture and leaves it mainly on coastal ridges and hills. Therefore, in Vladivostok at the end of spring and the first half of summer (May-June) it is often cloudy rainy weather, but already in Ussuriysk, located 100 km to the north, and even more so in Grodekovo and Spassk, at this time the number of clear days is greater than cloudy ones.

In the second half of summer and early autumn, the monsoon covers the entire territory of the region and carries a large amount of moisture. At this time, there are intense and prolonged heavy rains, often accompanied by powerful typhoon cyclones that have come from tropical regions. The continental winter monsoon noticeably prevails over the sea one: the winds of the northwestern and northern directions prevail in Vladivostok from September to March, and in Partizansk even from September to April. That is why the number of hours of sunshine is so great. Therefore, an unusually cold winter for such low latitudes sets in in Primorsky Krai. Vladivostok has an average January temperature of -14.4oC, while the proud city of Sochi, which lies at approximately the same latitude, has an average air temperature in January of +6.1oC.

Depending on the direction of the strike of the ridges, river valleys and the nature of the sea coasts in some places of the region, the winds in the surface layers can change their main directions. Features of the relief, the direction of the coastline lead to the formation of local winds in Primorye: breezes, foehns, dry winds.

The breeze is observed in the sheltered bays of the coast of the Sea of Japan, in a narrow coastal strip. The spread of the breeze into the interior of the continent is delayed by mountains. In summer, the daytime breeze usually begins at 10-11 am and continues until sunset. It blows from the sea to the heated coast. The duration of the night breeze from the chilled coast to the sea is 6-7 hours. In the cold period of the year, due to the strong nighttime cooling of the land, the daytime breeze is less prolonged.

Sometimes in the cold season, relatively warm dry winds - foehns - occur in coastal areas. They are formed when air flows over the ridges. As it descends, the air heats up and becomes drier. At the same time, the temperature of the surface layers of air rises, the direction of the wind changes. In spring, fans speed up the melting of snow.

The western regions of our region are "visited" by dry winds, which penetrate from northeastern China and Mongolia. The strongest, frequently repeated dry winds are characteristic of the Khanka Plain in April-May. The nature of atmospheric circulation and the terrain determine the temperature regime of Primorsky Krai. Monsoon circulation creates lower temperatures here in winter and summer than at the same latitudes in the west of the mainland. Winter is too cold for such relatively low latitudes, especially in areas open to free access to cold continental air. The lowest air temperature is observed in the valley of the river. Ussuri, the region of the Khanka lowland, in the western foothills and mountains of the Sikhote-Alin. Average January temperatures in these areas are -20o , -4o . The absolute minimum is -45o . In Krasnoarmeisky and Pozharsky districts, the temperature in places drops to -51o, -52o. The warmest areas are located on the southern and eastern coasts of the Sea of Japan (-10o, -14o), but even here the average temperatures are lower than at the corresponding latitudes. So, at these latitudes, the US coast is 10o warmer, and the French coast is even 20o warmer. January temperature varies from north to south: differences reach 10-12o.

These differences are also significant in the direction from west to east. So in the village of Zhuravlevka (Chuguevsky district), located on the western slope of the Sikhote-Alin, the average January temperature is -23.9o, and 140 km to the east, in the Plastun Bay (Terneisky district) -12.5o.

in winter in mountainous areas edge at a height of 400-500 m, the phenomenon of temperature inversion is observed. The temperature here is several degrees higher than in the floodplain of the valley, where cold air constantly flows and accumulates. The earlier arrival of spring is associated with inversions: the leaves turn green and bloom earlier within upper parts slopes. Therefore, more heat-loving plant species often settle here, and more cold-resistant plants settle within the foothills or occupy the bottoms of river valleys.

The warmest month in the continental regions of Primorye is July, and on the coast - August. The highest air temperature is typical for the Khanka plain, the southwestern regions of the region and is 16.5o - 18.8o in the western foothills of the Sikhote-Alin, 18.5o - 20o on the Khanka plain, 15.5o - 17 on the coast of Peter the Great Bay, 8o , on the eastern coast of the Sea of Japan it is noticeably colder 12.9o - 15.6o , and on the peaks of Sikhote-Alin 11.5o - 15.7o warm.

Thus, the Sikhote-Alin plays a dual role in the distribution of both winter and summer temperatures on the western and eastern slopes of the mountains. It is a barrier that prevents the free flow of cold air from the continent to the Sea of Japan in winter and the transfer of warm air there in summer. The same mountain barrier does not allow cold air in summer and relatively warm sea air in winter to penetrate deep into the continent. At the same time, the Sikhote-Alin contributes to the stagnation of air and its strong cooling during the night hours of the winter period. As a result, average monthly air temperatures in January on the western slopes of the Sikhote-Alin are 10-11o lower than on the eastern slopes.

PRECIPITATION

In terms of precipitation (500-900 mm per year), Primorye belongs to the zone of sufficient moisture. The largest number precipitation, 800-900 mm, falls on the western coast of Peter the Great Bay, in the Sikhote-Alin mountains - on the eastern and western slopes. The annual rainfall here exceeds evaporation. Less humidified, especially in the spring - summer period, are the areas of the Khanka Plain, where the amount of precipitation is 500-600 mm, and evaporation in places exceeds this amount.

The moistening regime of the territory is characterized by a pronounced seasonality. In winter, the transfer of moisture from the warmer ocean to the mainland is minimal. Therefore, even in a large part of the coastal zone, winter is characterized by low cloudiness and the least amount of precipitation in a year. About 70% of annual precipitation falls in summer and autumn, and 10% in winter. The largest number cloudy days falls in the summer. The amount of precipitation increases in the direction from west to northeast and southeast. During the year, up to 20% of precipitation falls in solid form. The earliest (in the first decade of October) snow cover appears on the peaks of the Sikhote-Alin. The average number of days with snow cover in the foothills and on the tops of the ridges is 140-210 days, on the Khanka Plain 85-140, on the coast of the Sea of Japan from 45 in the south to 140 days in the north.

WINTER

WINTER in Primorsky Krai is long, with low air temperatures. In the central and northern regions of the region it lasts 4-5 months, in the south-west 3-3.5 months. The weather in winter is mostly clear and sunny. During the period of removal of sea air by southerly winds, thaws are possible with an increase in air temperature up to 3-4°C and precipitation, including rain. Within the coastal zone, wind speeds in winter are significant. Thus, the average wind speeds are everywhere more than 5 m/s, reaching in places in open areas 10 m/s. High speeds on the tops of the Sikhote-Alin ridges (over 10 m/s). In continental western regions the winter season is characterized by clear windless or slightly windy weather. The intermountain valleys are characterized by an almost complete absence of winds. Strong winds with a speed of more than 15 m/s are quite rare here, and in some places they differ even not every winter. Blizzards in the region are not a frequent occurrence, and the average number of days with blizzards ranges from 5 to 25 days per winter. The first snow appears on the peaks of the Sikhote-Alin already in early October. The thickness of the snow cover is small and amounts to 18-20 cm. The greatest thickness of the snow cover is in mountainous regions, where it reaches 85-100 cm. In the southern regions, the snow cover is unstable. With the approach of spring, already in February, the sun and wind quickly “eat up” the snow and destroy the ice.

SPRING in Primorye is cold and lasts 2-3 months. April is a typical spring month. The average April temperature is +3-5o. Snow cover with significant radiation disappears quickly, evaporating and almost without forming melt water. Frosts in the foothills and mountains of the Sikhote-Alin can be until mid-June, and on the Khanka Plain - until the first half of May.

SUMMER in Primorye is warm, and in areas remote from the sea, even hot. But raw. On the coast, summers are humid, relatively warm, with frequent fogs. The fogs here are very intense, often turning into drizzle. Hot days and warm nights are set in Primorye in July, on the coast - in August. From the second half of May, rains begin: sometimes light drizzling, sometimes torrential.

AUTUMN in Primorye is warm, dry, clear and quiet. The air temperature drops slowly. This time of the year is usually called the "golden Far Eastern autumn". Warmth lasts especially long in coastal areas, where autumn is the best time of the year. From mid-September, low nighttime temperatures transform the forest, dressing broad-leaved and mixed forests in colorful autumn attire. In early October, leaf fall is in full swing. In the first half of November in the south of the region, at the end of October in the north, a sharp cooling is observed.

NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE TERRITORY

Primorsky Krai is rich in natural resources. Features of geological development predetermined here the presence of fuel and energy, mineral resources, geographical location, relief and climate features, determined the availability of land, water and hydropower, forest and recreational resources. Many valuable substances - chemical compounds, salts, metals - are dissolved in sea water, as well as in bottom placers - marine mineral resources.

COAL. The coal deposit is associated with sedimentary rocks, with a long-term accumulation of organic matter. Almost 100 deposits have been discovered in the region with total reserves of about 2.4 billion tons. The main coal deposits are Bikinskoye, Pavlovskoye, Shkotovskoye and Artemovskoye brown coal, Partizanskoye and Razdolnenskoye coal deposits.

Many coal deposits have difficult hydrogeological conditions (small thickness of coal seams and their high water content). This makes it difficult to mine coal, making it more expensive. At the same time, about 70% of coal reserves are suitable for open mining.

NON-FERROUS AND NOBLE METALS.

About 30 tin deposits are known in the region. The main tin deposits are located in the Kavalerovsky, Dalnegorsky and Krasnoarmeisky regions - in the mountainous regions of Sokhote-Alin. About 15 deposits of polymetallic ores containing lead and zinc, as well as small amounts of copper, silver, bismuth, and other rare metals are concentrated in these areas. Tin-bearing and polymetallic ores occur at great depths, in bedrock. Only in a few small areas of river valleys there are outcrops of these ores in the form of placers. Therefore, the extraction of tin, zinc and other metals associated with them is carried out in a closed way, in mines. There are several deposits of tungsten in the Krasnoarmeisky and Pozharsky districts of the region. Tungsten ores also occur in bedrock. In addition to tungsten, these ores contain copper, silver, gold, bismuth and other valuable metals. Several silver deposits have been found in the northeastern regions of the Sikhote-Alin. More than 50 gold deposits have been explored in the region. Gold-bearing deposits are available both in the south of Primorye and in the north. About 60% of all gold reserves are located in placers along the river valleys: Pogranichnaya, Fadeevka, Malaya Nesterovka, Sobolinaya Padya, Izyubrina.

MINING AND GEOCHEMICAL RAW MATERIALS.

In the region of Dalnegorsk there is the largest deposit of boron in Russia (pretolithic, boron-containing ores). It is developed in an open way and can ensure the operation of a processing plant for at least 50 years. Fluorspar, which is used in metallurgical production, is mined in the Khorol region - Voznesenskoye and Pogranichnoye deposits. In addition to fluorspar, the ores of this deposit contain rare metals: lithium, beryllium, tantalum, niobium. Marine geologists have discovered several deposits of phosphorites - valuable mineral fertilizers - on the continental slope of the Sea of Japan. However, the marine technology of their extraction and development is a matter of the future.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.

More than 100 deposits of various building materials and raw materials from them have been discovered in the region - in almost all areas. Near Spassk are being developed large deposits limestone - raw materials for obtaining the most important building material - cement. In the southern regions, where the main needs for building materials are concentrated, there is also a large amount of raw materials for them. Limestone deposits, various clays, building stone, sand and gravel mixtures, caramzite raw materials and other materials have been explored here. Many of these deposits have large reserves, high quality raw materials, and are available in transport terms. However, their development, which is carried out, as a rule, in an open way, is associated with a violation of landscapes. Therefore, it is necessary to use advanced mining technologies, and reclamation of open pits after the development of deposits.

LAND RESOURCES.

They are considered both as a territory for any activity, and as the most important natural resources of agriculture. In Primorsky Krai, agricultural land occupies 1637.5 thousand hectares, 522.7 thousand hectares are occupied by settlements, 431.9 thousand hectares are occupied by industrial enterprises and roads. Land resources are renewable, in contrast to mineral or fuel resources. Man can significantly change the quality of land. By cultivating arable land strictly according to the rules of agricultural technology, it is possible to increase its fertility. And, on the contrary, improper use of land, especially on the slopes, non-compliance with the rules for laying roads, construction leads to their deterioration. Land resources are very limited and expensive resources, they must be protected and used economically.

FOREST RESOURCES.

Most of the territory of Primorsky Krai (about 75%) is covered with forests. The forested area is 12.3 million hectares, and the total timber stock on it is 1.75 billion cubic meters. m. The forests of Primorye consist of many tree species. Coniferous trees grow here - cedar, fir, spruce, larch; softwood species - white birch, aspen, linden, hardwood species - oak, ash, elm, yellow birch. All these species are used in the economy, but coniferous species, especially cedar, have more valuable wood. Therefore, the felling of cedar is now prohibited.

Forests consist of trees of different ages: some are very young trees, others are already large and reach maturity, and others, as the foresters say, are ripe and even overmature. That's what they need to be cut down during logging. Otherwise, such trees themselves begin to dry out, die off, and rot. Trees, especially conifers, grow slowly, over 100 years. It grows up to 1.3-1.5 cubic meters per year. wood per 1 ha, and in general along the region - about 17 million cubic meters. Wood reserves per 1 ha are the largest in cedar-deciduous forests (more than 200 cubic meters/ha). On average, along the edge they are about 150 cubic meters / ha. Forests perform many useful functions for humans: from the ability to obtain wood, nuts, mushrooms, berries, medicinal plants, meat and fur of wild animals - to environmental protection functions and replenishment of atmospheric air with oxygen. Therefore, from the point of view of nature protection and rational nature management, all forests are divided into three groups.

The first group includes forests in which tree felling is strictly prohibited, in the second group felling is limited, and only the forests of the third group are operational, where the main logging is carried out. Forests of the third group in Primorye occupy about 60% of the forested area, and forests where logging is possible - about 75%. In order to be able to continuously use forest resources, experts calculate the rules and norms of annual felling. For Primorsky Krai, this norm is about 10 million cubic meters. in year. In fact, in some areas, much more than rational norms are cut down, and in hard-to-reach areas, the forest may not be cut down at all.

Seaside forests are a whole pantry of the most valuable products, the so-called non-timber forest resources. These are pine nuts, and a variety of berries (schisandra, grapes, blueberries, viburnum, mountain ash), mushrooms, ferns, medicinal plants, including the famous ginseng. Very valuable birch sap is harvested in birch forests. Lime trees give a lot of highly valuable honey. In addition, hunting for wild animals - sable, squirrel, red deer, wild boar, etc. - has been going on in the forests of the region since ancient times. Furs and meat of wild animals and birds are harvested, which are in great demand among the population. Attempts are being made to cultivate ginseng, magnolia vine, eleutherococcus, as well as some species of game animals and birds.

WATER RESOURCES.

Primorye as a whole is rich in water resources. About 600 rivers over 100 km long flow through its territory. Of these, 90 rivers have a length of more than 50 km. The total river runoff in the region (in an average climatic year) is 64 cubic meters. km. However, the river runoff is unevenly distributed over the territory of the region. Pozharsky, Krasnoarmeisky and Terneisky districts are distinguished by the highest "water content". Areas with smaller volumes of runoff are Khorolsky, Chernigovsky, Khankaisky, Spassky, Mikhailovsky, Oktyabrsky, Ussuriysky, Nadezhdinsky, Shkotovsky, cities - Artem and Vladivostok. At the same time, the development and population of the territory is the highest here, and there is a great need for water from industry, agriculture, and the population. Therefore, in these areas, the problems of pollution of water resources and the provision of fresh water are acute.

Large reserves of underground fresh waters have been discovered in the region. Three hydrological provinces have been distinguished: North Primorskaya, Prikhankayskaya and Yuzhno-Primorskaya with predicted reserves of about 3 million cubic meters. m. per day. In the Southern Primorye, a large Pushkin deposit of underground waters near Vladivostok has been explored. It will help improve the water supply of the city's population.

Primorsky Krai has significant marine biological resources in coastal waters. They consist of various fish species (herring, flounder, saffron cod, pollock, salmon, greenling, smelt), invertebrate animals - crabs, shrimps, mollusks (scallop, mussel, oysters), trepang, squid, trumpeter, octopus, sea urchin, etc. .; algae (kelp or sea kale, anfeltia, gracilaria and others).

The areas of the Sea of Japan adjacent to the northern Primorye, as well as Peter the Great Bay, are distinguished by high productivity. With rational management of marine fisheries in the waters surrounding Primorye, it is possible to produce annually, according to experts, tens of thousands of tons of invertebrates and algae, up to 250 thousand tons of fish. Many bays and gulfs of Southern Primorye have favorable conditions for the artificial breeding of the most valuable species of mollusks and algae. Rich in fish and many freshwater reservoirs. Carp, crucian carp, pike, catfish, skygazer, rudd are found here. There are many fish in the largest lake in the Far East - Khanka, where the stocks of Khanka pink salmon are of commercial importance.

RECREATIONAL RESOURCES.

In Primorye, recreational resources are created by a combination of favorable natural and climatic conditions, the attractiveness of mountain-taiga landscapes, the presence of natural sources of mineral waters and therapeutic mud. Of particular value are the recreational resources of the southern coastal regions with warm sea water, beaches and picturesque bays and bays. There are more than 100 sources of mineral waters with healing properties in the region. They are most mastered in the Kirov region, where large resorts are located.

A variety of therapeutic muds are known: sea (in the Amur Bay, near Nakhodka) and lake (Khankai). The islands in Peter the Great Bay have a unique recreational potential. They attract numerous tourists in summer, when you can combine walks along the beautiful mountain-forest coast with swimming in clear sea water. In winter, you can also enjoy the beauty of nature and exciting fishing from under the ice.

The variety of recreational resources in the region allows organizing various types of recreation and tourism here, including special tourist routes with licensed hunting and fishing, rafting along mountain rivers, along the sea coast. However, excessive "tourist" loads on the most beautiful natural landscapes can lead to their degradation. Therefore, here it is necessary to adhere to the norms and rules of rational nature management.

TERRITORIAL COMBINATIONS OF NATURAL RESOURCES.

When developing any territory, not one type of natural resources is always used, but several. For example, during the construction and operation of any enterprise, land resources, water, air, that is, a combination of natural resources, are always needed. Several different enterprises located close to each other - in one industrial hub, use a territorial combination of natural resources that are interconnected through the natural environment. So coal seams are connected with groundwater, and when coal is mined in an open way, connections of coal with land resources, with forest resources are found. The extraction of one changes the stocks of other resources associated with it.

In coastal areas, there are close links between the natural resources of land and sea. Every year, salmon species of fish enter the rivers to spawn. If a placer deposit of gold or polymetals is being developed in the valley of such a spawning river, then it will be polluted with dumps, oil products, which will negatively affect the conditions for spawning. At the same time, the bioresources of the coastal part of the sea may also decrease.

The Ussuri taiga is a complex combination of natural resources: timber reserves, nuts, sable, squirrel, wild boar, magnolia vine, medicinal plants. If you cut down a cedar without touching everything else, then all the same, over time, the reserves of other resources will decrease or run out altogether. Therefore, before developing any territory, extracting certain types of natural resources, it is necessary first to study and evaluate natural resources separately (land, water, forest, etc.), then study inter-resource relations, draw up options for the development of the territory in the form calculations, models. This will help to choose the best option for developing the territory, taking into account the rules of nature management. Such tasks are performed by scientists, primarily geographers. BAKLANOV P.Ya. etc. Geography of Primorsky Krai. Publishing house "Ussuri". Vladivostok, 1997. Pacific Institute of Geography FEB RAS.

Climate

According to B.P. Alisova (1974) The Far East (including Primorsky Krai) belongs to the monsoon region of the temperate zone. It is characterized by a seasonal change in air currents that arise under the influence of thermal contrasts between the continent and the ocean, as well as changes in the location of seasonal centers of atmospheric action (ACA) and tropospheric fronts (polar and arctic).

Atmospheric processes characteristic of winter prevail from November to March. In September, a vast area of high pressure begins to form on the Asian continent - the Asian winter anticyclone.

The second CDA, which determines circulation and weather during the cold season, over East Asia and the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, is the Aleutian depression with its center over the southwestern part of the Bering Sea and the Aleutian Islands.

Winter processes reach their maximum development in January. Between these centers of atmospheric action, a powerful high-altitude frontal zone (UFZ) is formed on the border of Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean, which is associated with extremely active cyclonic activity over the Far Eastern seas and the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. The central part of the UFZ is most often located over Japan. Cyclones that arise in the UFZ region quickly move to the northeast, i.e., to the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean and to the Bering Sea, where the Aleutian depression is formed.

Due to this distribution of baric fields throughout the winter, the central and eastern regions of the Asian continent (including Primorsky Krai) are under the influence of the eastern periphery of the Asian winter anticyclone. As a result, the region is dominated by dry and cold continental air, which determines clear frosty weather with a predominance of northern and northwest winds – winter monsoon. Monsoon circulation in winter causes lower air temperatures in Primorsky Krai than at the same latitudes in the European part of Russia. For example, average annual temperature air in Vladivostok is 4.0 ° C, and in Sochi, located at the same latitude (about 43 ° N), 14 ° C.

The winter monsoon is characterized by clear, dry weather with low precipitation: only 8–20% of annual precipitation (from 40 mm on the Khanka Plain to 150–200 mm on the coast of the Sea of Japan.

Snow cover remains in the cold season from 2 months in the southern regions of the coast of the Sea of Japan and up to 3 months in the north of Primorsky Krai. The highest snow depth is observed in protected areas in the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin and ranges from 41 to 54 cm; in the northern regions of the region, it is 28–52 cm, and in the rest of the region, 11–30 cm.

In the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin, such dangerous phenomena are observed as avalanches, and with hurricane winds "windblows"– vast areas of fallen forests (Korotkiy et al., 2005).

In spring (April-May), favorable conditions for anticyclones disappear. The Asian anticyclone begins to collapse and completely disappears in May.

The weather in Primorsky Krai in the spring months is determined by cyclonic circulation on 62% of days.

Southern and southeastern winds, caused by anticyclones that form over the Sea of Okhotsk, bring cold and humid air to Primorsky Krai and especially to its coast. Therefore, on the coast of the region, the spring months (the second half of April and May) are cold and cloudy, with frequent fogs and drizzling rains.

Summer (June-August) is characterized by active development of cyclonic activity over the Asian continent (Far Eastern depression over the Amur basin) and anticyclogenesis (North Pacific and Okhotsk anticyclones). The average weather in summer months in Primorsky Krai in 66% of days it is determined by the low pressure field.

The interaction of the summer Far Eastern depression with the North Pacific and Okhotsk anticyclones causes an intense transfer of warm and humid air masses from the ocean to the mainland in the summer monsoon, starting from the Far Eastern regions.

summer monsoon passes through two stages of development. At the first stage, these winds take a southeasterly direction. Winds bring to the coast of Primorsky Krai relatively cold sea air from the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk, which causes cool air on the coast of Primorye. cloudy weather with fog and drizzling rain. In June, the maximum number of days with fogs is observed - up to 19–20.

The second stage of the summer monsoon lasts from July to September, i.e. during a fairly good warming of the entire northern hemisphere. A vast area of high pressure is intensifying over the Pacific Ocean, which contributes to a powerful removal of air masses from the ocean, the moisture content of which is much higher than the moisture content of the air masses of the monsoon of the first stage. In contrast to the first stage, circulation factors play the main role in the development of the second stage monsoon.

Southeast winds during cyclones, including tropical cyclones (typhoons), bring to Primorsky Krai very humid and warm oceanic masses not only of temperate marine air, but also of marine tropical air. Therefore, from the second half of July to September, heavy and heavy rains fall. The values of the maximum daily precipitation falling at this time in Primorye reach up to 90–100 mm in the intermountain valleys, up to 260 mm in the south of the region.

An important feature of the Far Eastern summer processes is the emergence of typhoons in the regions of the Far East, which is associated with the peak of floods in the annual cycle.

Typhoons enter Primorsky Krai and the Sea of Japan along southern parabolic trajectories (Fig. 1.11).

The main season of typhoons entering the temperate latitudes of the Far East (including Primorsky Krai) lasts from July to September.

Rice. 1.11. Trajectories of cyclones over the Sea of Japan (Physical geography…, 1990)

Typhoons reaching Primorsky Krai and other regions of the Far East cause great material damage to the national economy. Maximum speeds winds are observed mainly on the coast, where the influence of the orography of the terrain and cape effects largely affects the wind increase. The maximum wind speeds in Primorsky Krai caused by typhoons are observed in the range of 20 to 35 m/s on the coast, especially on the islands.

During the period of typhoon impact (1–2 days), precipitation up to 350–400 mm can fall at individual weather stations in Primorsky Krai (Posyet, Kraskino, Vladivostok, etc.). The most intense rains are also observed in August and September.

In autumn (September-November) there is a transition from the flight type of circulation to the winter one. In Primorsky Krai, in the first half of autumn, the weather is usually relatively warm, dry and sunny. The end of summer and the beginning of autumn are the best and most favorable time of the year for recreation. This is explained by the fact that in autumn months, as in spring, there is a frequent movement of western anticyclones in the zone of 50 ° N, which determine good weather. Already in September in Primorsky Krai (especially on the coast) there is a high frequency of northern winds (34%), in November they become predominant (70%). In October, the winter type of atmospheric circulation sets in over the Far East. Despite this, even in October, and in some years in the first ten days of November, the air in the south of the region warms up to +18…+22°.

Significant wind parameters of the territory, especially on the coast, create good conditions for the development of wind energy.

Compared to the corresponding latitudes of the European part of Russia, Primorsky Krai is distinguished by large monthly values of total and direct solar radiation in winter, which is explained by the greater frequency of clear weather during the winter monsoon: in December, the differences reach 50%.

Under real cloudiness conditions, the annual arrival of total radiation fluctuates within 4609-5028 MJ/m² (as in the Crimea). This is a serious prerequisite for the development of solar energy.

The largest number of sunshine per year falls on the continental regions of the region. Thus, on the Khanka Plain, the annual number of hours of sunshine increases from north to south from 2120 to 2490 hours. Belkin to st. Golden, due to heavy cloud cover and frequent prolonged fogs.

South of st. Belkin along the entire coast of the Sea of Japan Hall. Peter the Great, the number of sunshine hours increases from 2050 to 2390 hours.

The nature of atmospheric circulation and the terrain determine mainly the temperature regime of the territory of Primorsky Krai.

The average annual temperature in the northernmost coastal point (Cape Zolotoi) is 1.9°C, and in the southernmost point (Cape Gamov) +5.6°C.

Winter is too cold for such relatively low latitudes, especially in areas open to free access of cold continental air from the central mainland. This is the river valley. Ussuri, the region of the Khanka lowland and the south of Primorsky Krai. In Vladivostok, thanks to the free access of cold northern winds along the river. Ussuri and Razdolnaya, the average air temperature in January is -14.4 °, i.e. 10° colder than the corresponding latitudes on the US coast, and 20° colder than the south of France.

Frosts in the middle of winter are associated with the dominance of cold continental air. The average January temperatures in these areas are about -20, -24°. The absolute minimum is -49° (Dalnerechensky district), in Vladivostok -30°.

Average winter temperatures range from -20° in the north to -10, -12° in Peter the Great Bays (Fig. 1.12). Winters are also characterized by frequent thaws. Rapid temperature transitions through 0 ° create conditions for ice. Its danger increases sharply, taking into account the predominance of mountain slopes.

Sikhote-Alin is natural climatic boundary between the eastern coastal and western foothill regions. Stretching mainly from the southwest to the northeast, the Sikhote-Alin plays a dual role in the distribution of both winter and summer temperatures on the western and eastern slopes of the mountains. It is a barrier that prevents the free flow of cold air from the continent to the Sea of Japan in winter and the transfer of warm air there in summer. The same mountain barrier does not allow cold sea air in summer and relatively warm sea air in winter to penetrate deep into the continent. At the same time, the Sikhote-Alin contributes to the stagnation of air and its strong cooling during the night hours of the winter period. As a result, the average monthly air temperatures in January on the western slopes of the Sikhote-Alin are 10–11° lower than on the eastern slopes.

During the warm period of the year, the temperature is distributed over the territory of the region in a rather peculiar way. The average summer temperature is from June to August at the coast hall. Peter the Great is 15.5–17.8°, on the eastern foothills of the Sikhote-Alin 12.9–17.2°, on the western foothills of the Sikhote-Alin - 16.5–18.8°.

The absolute maximum air temperatures in the summer period vary from 32 to 40° in the territory of the region, and 35° in Vladivostok.

The average duration of the frost-free period in the region varies widely: from 90 days in the northern part of the Sikhote-Alin mountains to 195 days in the southern part of the coast of the bay. Peter the Great (Fig. 1.11). The amount of precipitation increases from west to northeast and southeast from 500 to 900 mm. The largest annual amount of precipitation, 800–900 mm, is observed on the western coast of the bay. Peter the Great, on the western slopes of the northern part of the Sikhote-Alin. In the northern part of the river valley Ussuri, the annual amount is 700 mm and decreases to 550 mm in the central part of the Khanka Plain.

Of the annual precipitation, the cold period accounts for approximately 10–20%, the warm period accounts for up to 80% of the annual precipitation, and the minimum occurs in January-February. The maximum precipitation almost throughout the entire territory is dated for August.

The earliest (in the first decade of October) snow cover appears on the peaks of the Sikhote-Alin. On the coast of the Sea of Japan, snow cover appears at the end of the second decade of November in the north, and in the middle of the third decade of November in the south.

The average number of days with snow cover in the territory under consideration during the winter is 140–210 in the foothills and on the peaks, 85–140 on the Khanka Plain, and from 45 in the south to 140 in the north on the coast of the Sea of Japan. These features determine the duration of the ski season in the south of the region for 3-3.5 months, in the north - up to 5 months.

Inland waters. About 6,000 rivers over 10 km long flow through the territory of Primorsky Krai (Resursy…, 1972). This creates conditions for active development small hydropower.

A large amount of precipitation, mountainous terrain, and relatively low evaporation determine the significant density of the river network. The density of the river network is relatively large: for every square kilometer of the surface there are 0.73 km of the river network: the maximum density (up to 1.8 km / km 2) is confined to the southwestern part of the region, including Peter the Great Bay. A characteristic feature of the Far Eastern rivers is their relatively small length, this is due to the fact that the line of the world watershed passes near the Pacific coast.

There are significant differences in the structure of the river network of Primorye, which is due to the asymmetric position of the main watershed. Thus, the rivers flowing into the Sea of Japan are characterized by small sizes, channels with rapids, rifts and waterfalls, fast flow where there are narrow steep slopes of the valleys. The rivers flowing from the western slope of the Sikhote-Alin are characterized by a large length, a relatively calm course in the middle and lower reaches, where they flow in wide valleys with low, swampy slopes.

The monsoon climate determines mainly the rain supply of the rivers, because. snow cover is low and groundwater recharge is relatively poor. For the rivers of Primorye, the characteristic features are the flood regime in the warm period of the region and extreme unevenness and instability in the cold period.

Frequently repeated large floods, the formation of which occurs relatively quickly and reaches a considerable height, are the cause of floods, often catastrophic. Their characteristics are given below.

The water regime of rivers is characterized by spring floods, which are superimposed by rain floods. It takes place in April-May (the value of spring runoff is 20–30% of the annual volume). The warm period of the year is characterized by an intense flood regime, with floods almost continuously following one after another; in some years they occur in October and even early November.

Floods in Primorye are caused mainly by summer-autumn rains, which are associated with the entry of tropical cyclones into the territory and the removal of moist sea air masses. Primorsky Krai belongs to the rain-prone areas of the country. More than half of all observed catastrophic floods in Primorsky Krai occur in August–September.

Floods that do not lead to large flooding of the developed territories are observed almost every year, and in some years the territory is flooded two or three times. Catastrophic, covering simultaneously several large basins and leading to significant or complete flooding of settlements, industrial enterprises and agricultural land, are repeated once every 7–12 years.

For 1975–2002 18 floods occurred in the region (Kulikova, 2005), of which 8 were large, and among the last 3 were catastrophic (1989, 2000 and 2001).

Floods cause the following negative phenomena: flooding of agricultural fields and settlements, destruction of infrastructure (roads, bridges, pipelines, power lines and communications), buildings and structures, soil layer, pollution, as well as loss of property and crops, etc. At the same time 178 settlements are subject to flooding, including the cities - Vladivostok, Ussuriysk, Nakhodka, Partizansk, Spassk-Dalny, Lesozavodsk, Dalnerechensk. More than 200 thousand people live in the flood zone and there are 320 thousand hectares of agricultural fields. The water level in the rivers rises to 8.5 m(1989 Typhoon Judy).

Note that according to statistics in the world from natural processes floods cause the greatest damage - 40%, tropical cyclones - 20%, earthquakes and droughts - 15%, the rest - 10% (Daneva, 1991). In Primorye, floods also rank first in terms of damage.

In winter (December-March) runoff is low but fairly stable; its value is 4–5% of the annual volume.

The rivers of Primorsky Krai are full of water. Much more water flows here per square kilometer per year (from 10 to 20 l / s) than the average for Russia. An exception is the West Primorskaya Plain, where from 0.5 to 5 l / s flows from 1 km 2. The rivers of the region are predominantly mountainous, with high flow rates, with rapid and high rises in water levels during heavy rains.

The main waterway Ussuri river, which is flat. It crosses almost the entire territory of the region from south to north and collects most of the water flowing from the western slope of the Sikhote-Alin. Its catchment area within Russia is 136 thousand km 2. Length before confluence with the river. Amur 897 km, of which 600 km are located in the Primorsky Territory. The largest right tributaries within Primorsky Krai are mountain rivers Bol. Ussurka and Bikin. The second largest watercourse is the river. Razdolnaya, the origins of which and the upper course are located on the territory of the PRC. This determines the transboundary nature of its pollution by the waters of the Primorsky Territory. The length of the river is 245 km; 191 km is located on the territory of Primorsky Krai. The catchment area within the region is 6.82 thousand km 2 . It brings an average of about 2.5 km 3 of water per year to the Amur Bay. Another major river is the Foggy, with a catchment area equal to 33.8 thousand km 2. It flows almost completely through the territory of China, which also determines the transboundary nature of pollution for the region. The mouth of this river is located in Primorye with a catchment area of 25.8 km2. Nevertheless, it brings a huge amount of water to its territory - 4.9 km 2, which is almost 50% of the river water reserves in the south of Primorye.

A relatively large river in South Primorye and the most important in economic terms is the river. Partisan. Its catchment area is 4140 km 2, the length of the river is 142 km. It carries about 1 km 3 of water per year into the Gulf of America.

In total, all rivers carry 10.3 km 3 of water into Peter the Great Bay (including the flow of the Tumannaya River). For the prospect of economic development, this amount will not be enough for the most densely populated and industrially developed territory of the region, which makes water supply especially relevant.

A characteristic feature of all the rivers of the Primorsky Territory is the extreme uneven distribution of their flow throughout the year. On the one hand, they are very shallow in winter, almost to the complete disappearance of runoff even on large rivers. On the other hand, they are full of water during the passage of summer-autumn showers. Spilling, they flood the main territories, causing huge damage to the economy of the region. The large uneven flow of rivers makes it difficult for the branches of the national economy to use their waters.

The rivers of Primorye are the habitat and spawning grounds for many valuable species of fish, mainly salmon. They also have a large supply of hydropower resources and there is a plan to build small hydropower plants, but so far this potential of the region is practically not used.

Lakes and swamps distributed mainly in the lowlands. In total, there are 4684 lakes in Primorye. There are especially many of them in the valleys of the Razdolnaya and Ussuri rivers.

Oz. Khanka - the largest of the Far Eastern lakes is located in the center of the Khanka lowland (the northern part of the lake is within the PRC). The total catchment area of the lake. Khanki (without the mirror of the lake) is 16,890 km 2, including 15,370 km 2 on the territory of Russia.

In plan, the lake has a pear-shaped shape with an extension in the northern part. The area of the mirror at the highest, middle and lowest levels is 5010, 4070, 3940 km2, respectively. Despite the fact that 24 rivers flow into the lake (Ilistaya, Melgunovka, Komissarovka, Spasovka, etc.), and only one flows out (the Sungach river), it is shallow: the average depth of the lake. Khanka is 4.5 m, and the maximum depth near the steep northwestern shores is 6.5 m.

The water in the lake is muddy, because frequent winds form powerful drift and compensatory currents, which cause active circulation of the water masses of the lake in the vertical plane. The lake is very vulnerable in ecological terms, given its extreme shallowness and the predominance of silty pelites in the bottom sediments, which are good depositors of pollutants.

The climate of Primorsky Krai is not conducive to the formation of marshes, as a result of which the area of marshes and wetlands is small. Widespread on the plains of Primorye, temporarily waterlogged meadows with mineral soils cannot be classified as swamps. In intermountain valleys, peat thickness reaches 3.5 m.

The main part of the marsh massifs is located on the Khanka-Ussuri lowland, to the east and south of the lake. Hankey.

On the map of the erosional regions of Primorye, compiled by A.I. Stepanova, three erosion areas were identified. The first erosion region includes rivers flowing down the eastern slope of the Sikhote-Alin. This area is characterized by weak development of erosion processes (erosion coefficient A is less than 2 t (km 2 / year). The low intensity of erosion processes is a consequence of dense forest cover (up to 95%) and the presence of hardly eroded bedrock. The sediment runoff of rivers in this area is formed mainly due to channel erosion processes.

The second erosion region includes the central part of the territory of Primorye (including the basins of the Ussuri, Bolshaya Ussurka, Bikin, and Khor rivers). The average value of the erosion coefficient is 8 t/km 2 per year. Erosion in this area is enhanced by partial plowing of watersheds and violation of the integrity of the vegetation cover. In places, the value of the erosion coefficient increases to 12 t/km 2 (R. Khor).

The runoff of sediments is formed mainly due to rain washout of soils and channel erosion. The third region includes the river basin. Razdolnaya, where the most favorable conditions for the manifestation of erosion. The value of the erosion coefficient is more than 10 t/km 2 per year. The high intensity of erosion processes is due to anthropogenic impact.

The intensity of washout by rainwater is determined by the amount of fictitious turbidity. Fictitious turbidity is understood as the ratio of the average annual rainfall to the volume of liquid precipitation. The rivers of Southern Primorye are characterized by the highest values of fictitious turbidity, which is 0.027–0.045 kg / m 3, which is associated with a significant intensity of liquid precipitation and loose composition of alluvial deposits, when river valleys are widely used in agriculture. The lowest value of fictitious turbidity - 0.007 kg/m 3 is observed on the rivers of the eastern coast. The basins of these rivers are more than 90% covered with forest.

Geographically, according to the intensity of rain washout, three districts were distinguished. The first includes the rivers of the eastern coast of the Sea of Japan and captures the rivers of Lake. Hankey; the annual washout is 4–5 t/km2. The second group (5-10 t/km2) includes the rivers of the Ussuri basin. To the third - the rivers of the most economically developed south of Primorye: Artemovka, Razdolnaya, where rain runoff reaches 10–20 t / km 2.

The groundwater are of great strategic importance for the water supply of the population during the war years and in emergency situations.

The hydrogeological conditions of Primorsky Krai are very diverse. Various types of underground waters are developed here. In mountainous regions, fissure waters of the weathering crust of metamorphic rocks are most developed. In areas with developed tectonic fracturing, fissure-vein waters are found, and in areas of basalt plateaus of volcanic origin, fissure-stratal groundwater is developed. Within the loose deluvial deposits on the mountain slopes, perched water occurs, which exists for a short time after the rains. In the flat areas located within the artesian basins of tectonic troughs and intermontane depressions, various types of porous and porous-stratal free waters are common in loose sedimentary Cenozoic deposits. In those areas where karst limestones are developed, karst waters can be found.

sea waters. Among them, Peter the Great Bay stands out (see Fig. 1.12), the southernmost water area of the Russian Far East. Its western border is the mouth of the river. Foggy (Tyumen-Ula, Tumangan), and eastern - Cape Povorotny. The area of the bay is 9750 km2, the length of the coastline together with the islands is about 1500 km. The bay includes water areas of a lower order. In total, there are 137 bays and bays in it, of which bays of the 2nd order stand out: Posyet, Amursky, Ussuriysky, Strelok, Vostok, Nakhodka; and 3rd order: Slavyanka and Angular. There are numerous islands in the bay - Russky, Popova, Putyatina, Reineke, Askold, Ricarda, Bolshoi Pelis, Furugelma, Lisiy and others, 54 in total. Muravyov-Amursky in 1859 in honor of Peter I.

Less favorable in terms of temperature and climate is the sea area of the region north of Cape Povorotny. Mostly open shores are located here, although small bays (Olga, Vladimir, Rynda) and bays (Kievka, Sokolovskaya, Rudnaya Pristan, Valentin, etc.) stand out.

The water mass of Peter the Great Bay has a complex structure that changes with the seasons (Yurasov, 1987). Its hydrological regime is formed by the monsoon climate and water exchange with the vast water area of the Sea of Japan. In winter, the hydrological characteristics from the surface to the deep part of the bay are relatively uniform, which contributes to a uniform distribution of pollutants. In summer, the water mass is highly differentiated, which makes it possible to distinguish “secondary water masses” or water modifications inside it - estuarine, coastal surface and subsurface.

In the coastal zone, lenses of estuary and coastal surface waters are formed, which differ from each other by the heterogeneity of the horizontal and vertical structures associated with the difference in thermal, chemical and wave regimes. The conditions of benthos habitat and the distribution of hydrochemical parameters depend on the thermal regime. Temperature is a limiting environmental factor for many species of bottom plants and animals.

The surface layer of water has a clear annual course, in which the minimum average monthly temperature (-1.6–1.9º) falls on the period January-February (Lastovetsky, 1978), and the maximum value - in August (average monthly value 19–23º). In closed bays, the water warms up to 28–30º. In the vertical section of the water column, the temperature gradually decreases to a depth of 40-50 m, and below it remains constant - about 2º. The shallow part of the bay is characterized by the greatest contrast of seasonal temperatures: in summer, strong warming of the waters (up to 23º), and in winter, their intense cooling (up to -1.9º).

Salinity is largely determined by river runoff, water exchange with the open sea, and ice formation. The average long-term annual salinity in the bay increases in a southerly direction from 26.5 0/00 to 33.5 0/00 (Lastovetsky, 1978). The minimum salinity is observed in July-August, the maximum in January-February.

The coastal waters of closed bays and low-order bays (Vostok, Strelok, and others) are characterized by a significant contrast in salinity. Among them, the maximum contrast is observed in the Amur Bay, where at its top during the period of maximum continental runoff (July-August) salinity is 2–9 0/00, while in the open part near Cape Gamova it is 27–30 0/00 (Vinokurova, 1977). The water layer up to 15 m thick is subject to summer desalination; at depths over 30 m, salinity is constant and amounts to 33–34 0/00 (Podorvanova et al., 1989).

The natural conditions of the bay contribute to the abundant saturation of water with oxygen, but this process is strongly interfered with by anthropogenic activity, which is especially noticeable in closed areas, where its content often decreases (Dulepov et al., 2002).

The excitement in the bay depends on the wind regime and on the relief of the coastal zone. In summer (from May to August), the waves of the southern rhumbs, mainly southeastern ones, prevail, in winter (from November to March) of the northern and northwestern ones. Winds of variable directions blow in spring and autumn. It has already been indicated above how this affects the ecological situation in the water area.

According to the "Handbook on the waves of the coastal zone of Primorye" (1976), three types of areas are distinguished in the characterized water area, differing in wave regime: protected, semi-protected and open.

Protected areas are closed water areas that have a limited connection with the open sea (the bays of Zolotoy Rog, Chazhma, Nakhodka, Wrangel and others). They are clearly dominated by wind waves (90–99%). In winter, these water areas are covered with ice, which is periodically broken by ships, and in summer, the waves of the southern points prevail (50–70%). In spring and autumn, the share of southern (20–50%) and northern (30–50%) waves is approximately equal. At the same time, wave heights up to 0.25 m (48–61%) prevail, with an observed maximum of 2–2.5 m (Nakhodka Bay). Calm repeatability reaches 30%.

Semi-protected areas have a great connection with the open sea (Trinity Bay, Slavyanka Bay, Anna Bay, and others). Wind waves also prevail here (70–90%), and mainly up to 0.25 m (23–50%). The maximum recorded wave height reached 3 m. In the annual cycle, the highest frequency of the waves of the northern, northeastern and southeastern directions.

Open areas (Baysman, Rudnev, Rifovaya and others) have free water exchange with the open sea. The wave regime here is determined by swell waves that prevail in summer (60–70%) and wind waves with the highest frequency (60–70%). In winter, waves of the northwestern (30–60%) and western (20–40%) directions dominate, and in the summer of southern and eastern (70–90%) directions. Here, the most frequent waves are 0.25–0.75 m (40%) and 0.75–1.25 m (30%) high, with a maximum in the bay of 3.5–6 m with a frequency of 1–2%. At the same time, in the Sea of Japan, the wave height can reach 12 m (Atlas…, 1968). Such high waves are due to the passage of typhoons, causing severe damage, especially along the coastline.

It follows from these data that the lowest hydrodynamic activity is characteristic of closed areas, which determines their greatest environmental vulnerability.

Tidal phenomena in the bay are of an irregular semi-diurnal nature with an amplitude of 0.19–0.34 m.

Surge fluctuations in the level (up to 25 cm) are influenced by monsoons and are seasonal in nature. In summer, southerly winds, respectively, cause a rise in sea level, in winter, northerly winds cause surging phenomena.

The constant flow of the bay is a branch of the cold Primorsky current, the waters of which, at a speed of 0.3–0.5 m/s, passing from the northern part of the sea along the eastern shores, make a counterclockwise circulation and go along the western coast again into the open sea. In the bay itself, the branches of this current collide with a thin warm jet from the East Korean Current (Fig. 1.13).

Rice. 1.13. Scheme of constant surface currents in the hall. Peter the Great (according to the materials of the hydrographic service of the Pacific Fleet, Atlas of the Peter the Great Bay ..., 2003)

Alongshore currents excited by waves are developed in a narrow coastal part. Their direction depends on the waves, which determines the strong variability. These currents generate alongshore movements of sediments, which is especially clearly seen in the accumulative sections of the coast (the Khasan seashore and the tops of the bays). They show the transfer of polluted fine fractions from ecologically unfavorable zones (from Razboynik, Abrek, Nakhodka bays).

Runoff currents with a speed of 0.2–0.5 m/s are determined hydrological regime rec. They are most developed in the northern and western parts of the bay, especially during periods of floods. Ice in the coastal zone of the bay appears in November-December and can persist until March, the maximum ice formation is observed in February, especially widely at the top of the Amur Bay, which contributes to the phenomenon of fish death from oxygen starvation.

Primorye as a whole is rich in water resources. About 600 rivers with a length of more than 10 km flow through its territory. Of these, 90 rivers have a length of more than 50 km. The total river runoff in the region (in an average climatic year) is 64 cubic km. However, the river runoff is unevenly distributed over the territory of the region. Pozharsky, Krasnoarmeisky and Terneisky districts are distinguished by the highest "water content". Areas with smaller volumes of river flow - Khorolsky, Chernigov, Khankaisky, Spassky, Mikhailovsky, Oktyabrsky, Ussuriysky, Nadezhdinsky, Shkotovsky, cities - Artyom and Vladivostok. At the same time, the development and population of the territory is the highest here, there is a great need for water from industry, agriculture, and the population. Therefore, in these areas, the problems of pollution of water resources and the provision of fresh water are acute.

Large reserves of underground fresh waters have been discovered in the region. Three hydrogeological provinces have been identified: North Primorskaya, Khantayskaya and Yuzhno-Primorskaya with predicted reserves of about 3 million cubic meters. m per day. In the Southern Primorye, a large Pushkin deposit of underground waters near Vladivostok has been explored. It will help improve the water supply of the city's population.

If you look at the hydrographic map of Primorye, that is, at a map on which even the smallest rivers and watercourses are marked, then the great density of the river network will immediately catch your eye. Only in the west of the region around Lake Khanka is a relatively small rarefaction of the network noticeable.

The density of the river network of Primorsky Krai is indeed a record for the territory of Russia. On average, there are about 0.65 kilometers of rivers per square kilometer of the territory along the region, and in the upper reaches of the Ussuri and Bikin and along the coast of the Sea of Japan, it reaches 0.9 kilometers per square kilometer. On the Khanka Plain, the density of the network is only 0.2-0.3 km. Such a density of rivers is characteristic of the overwhelming part of the territory of Russia.

Such a dense network of rivers is due to the predominantly mountainous, low-hilly relief of the Sikhote-Alin mountain system, which covers almost the entire territory of the region. Such a relief, in turn, owes much to the eroding effect of thousands of streams, often called pads or keys. And they call them mainly “tiger”, “bear”, “boar”, or “cedar”, “spruce”, “oak”, not at all avoiding countless repetitions. You can cross a steep pass, and from one Boar Key get into another Boar Key. It is from these thousands and even tens of thousands of falls that the river network of Primorye is formed.

All the rivers of our region can be divided into two large and approximately equal groups in terms of total area: the rivers of the Ussuri river basin, carrying their waters through the lower Amur in the Sea of Okhotsk, including the rivers flowing into Lake Khanka, since the lake flows out of it The Sungachoy is connected to the Ussuri, and the rivers flowing from the eastern and southern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin, the East Manchurian and Black Mountains into the Sea of Japan.

The rivers of Primorye have no transport significance, since there is a severe ice regime in winter and an extremely unstable water regime in summer. Huge fluctuations in water levels and flow complicate the construction and operation of piers, require a constant change in ship conditions, and the maintenance of a powerful dredging fleet.

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Favorable natural and climatic conditions, mineral waters and reserves of sulfide silt mud form the basis of the natural healing resources of the Far East.

The hot healing waters of the Kamchatka resort of Paratunki have healed the wounds of great travelers for many centuries - the discoverers of this mysterious land of geysers and volcanoes. Suffice it to recall the footage from the film "Sannikov Land", depicting bathing in thermal springs. Plunging into the bliss of thermal waters, travelers noticed how quickly their strength was restored. Only today in the thermal springs of Kamchatka, tired skiers relieve tension after skiing on the slopes of Mount Goryachaya. The pool with thermal water is noticeable from afar, through the clubs of steam. The water temperature in the springs and the hot waterfall is from 39 to 70 0 C. In the Kuril Islands, you can take sulfur baths at the foot of the Mendeleev volcano - hot springs are everywhere and some of them are tiled like a mini-pool. Hot water can also be found right next to the sea - hot springs sometimes come out right in the surf - you can find yourself with one foot in hot water at 30-40 0 C, and the other in cool water at 15 0 C.

The first written references to a hot spring beyond the Arctic Circle are found in the documents of the church archive of the Yamsk settlement for 1905-1906. They say that the Talsky spring, 256 km northeast of Magadan, was discovered in 1868 by the merchant Afanasy Bushuev. The enterprising merchant who found the source, according to local residents, froze Tal water and sold it to the population as a healing agent. In the mid 50s. on hot (up to 98 0 C) sources of nitrogen chloride-hydrocarbonate sodium waters, the Talaya resort was opened.

Resorts and sanatoriums were built on the deposits of carbonic mineral waters: Shmakovka, Sinegorsk Mineral Waters, Sakhalin)

Nitrogen-siliceous thermal waters are the basis of natural resources of Kuldur resorts, Jewish Autonomous Region; Paratunka, sanatorium "Pearl of Kamchatka", sanatorium-dispensary "Sputnik, Kamchatka; Talaya resort, Magadan region. Waters are effective in diseases of the musculoskeletal system, peripheral nervous system, skin and gynecological diseases.

Therapeutic muds are various types of silt deposits formed at the bottom of reservoirs, sea estuaries and lakes. Silt sulfide mud (sanatoriums "Sadgorod", "Ocean military", "Primorye", "Ocean" - Vladivostok resort area; "Sinegorsk mineral waters", "Sakhalin", "Gornyak" - Sakhalin; "Paratunka", "Pearl of Kamchatka" , "Sputnik" - Kamchatka) contain hydrogen sulfide, methane, carbon dioxide. In sapropelic mud (sanatorium "Talaya", Magadan region), the content of organic substances is high, but there are few salts.

Primorsky Krai

The waters of the Primorsky Territory are not only rivers and lakes, but also mineral, healing springs that come to the surface from the very heart of the mountain ranges, saturated chemical elements providing medicinal properties.

Seaside mineral springs are diverse in composition, origin, therapeutic use and effects on the body. More than a hundred sources of mineral waters have been studied on the territory of the region; their reserves are so huge that they are enough to meet the needs of the entire Far East and Siberia. There are several types of mineral waters, such as: carbonic cold, nitrogen thermal, nitrogen-methane.

Carbonated cold waters are used in Primorsky Krai for indoor and outdoor use. They have a local distribution within the Sikhote-Alin hydrogeological massif of pressure-non-pressure waters, and in the zones of the Primorsky artesian basin. Carbonic waters are intended mainly for patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system. Carbonic waters have a peculiar effect on the nervous system, they increase the excitability of the central nervous system, and have a calming effect on the cerebral cortex. Mineral carbonic waters are intensively used by the population in areas of their natural outlets to the surface. Nitrogen thermal waters in the Primorsky Territory are represented by 12 springs with water temperatures above 20 degrees, coming to the surface in the eastern part of the Sikhote-Alin hydrogeological massif. The main deposits of such waters are represented by Chistovodnye, Amginsky, Sinegorsky and several other sources. Nitrogen siliceous thermal waters are used in the form of baths. bathing, showering, inhalation, intestinal lavage. Their therapeutic effect is associated mainly with gaseous nitrogen, which, while the patient is in the bath, settles on the surface of the skin, providing a kind of physico-thermal effect. Nitrogen penetrating the skin has an analgesic effect.

If you follow the map of mineral springs, then almost throughout the territory of Primorsky Krya you can find their presence, differing only in chemical composition and degree of mineralization. And if we talk about the sources in general, then there are just a great many of them on the territory of the region.

On large mineral springs in Primorye, medical sanatoriums are being built to help people get rid of various diseases, or for the purpose of prevention, undergo a course of treatment. There are healing springs where people self-medicate with mineral waters, equipping the territory, each gradually contributing to the common cause.

Over 40 sanatoriums are located in Primorsky Krai. They can simultaneously receive more than 6.5 thousand people.

Shmakovka Resort is located in the valley of the Ussuri River, in one of the most beautiful corners of the central part of Primorye. Natural healing factors: dry and warm summer, windless and sunny winter, the richest vegetation and mineral carbonic waters, similar to Narzan. There are four sanatoriums in Shmakovka: "Pearl", "Emerald", Shmakovskiy military sanatorium of the Far Eastern Military District and the sanatorium named after. 50th anniversary of October. The rest of the seaside health resorts are mainly concentrated in the suburban area of Vladivostok. Among them are both well-known sanatoriums (“Garden City”, “Amur Bay”, “Ocean Military”, “Primorye”, etc.), as well as quite young ones - former departmental boarding houses and rest houses that created their own medical base (“Sailor”, "Ocean", "Builder", etc.). The main therapeutic factor in the majority of Vladivostok sanatoriums is sea silt sulfide mud extracted from the bottom of the Uglovoe Bay, on the shore of which the Sadgorod sanatorium is located with the only department for spinal patients in the Far East. "Amur Bay" is considered the best cardiological sanatorium in the region with a department for the rehabilitation of patients who have had a heart attack. There is a similar department in the Oceanic military sanatorium, not far from which, almost at the very seashore, there is a former rest house, and now the Pacific sanatorium, the only one in the Far East in which the main method of treatment is homeopathy.

Khabarovsk region

Anninsky mineral-thermal waters are a hydrogeological monument of nature of federal significance. Anninsky waters are located in the Ulchsky district in the valley of the Amurchik stream, 6.5 km from the village of Susanino.

The water in the spring is alkaline (Рн = 8.5-9.4), weakly mineralized (0.32 g/l) and has a temperature of 53 0 С. mg/l).

Since 1966, the Anninsky Waters resort has been operating on the basis of a mineral spring - the first in the Far East of Russia. A balneological clinic and a children's sanatorium also operate near the waters. The waters of the Annensky spring are used in the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system, skin and gynecological diseases.

Mineral spring "Warm key" is located 17 km from the city of Vyazemsky, Khabarovsk Territory and is included in the list of specially protected areas. The waters of the source flow into the Third Seventh River, which, in turn, flows into the Ussuri.

The source is a small pit measuring 2 by 3 meters, from the bottom of which underground mineral waters and gases rise. Further, the water flows into a slightly larger reservoir and goes into the stream.
For the first time, the source was discovered by prisoners of the Stalinist camps who worked in the vicinity of these places. It was they who first drew attention to the surge of strength and health after drinking the water of the source. The fame of the source quickly spread around and already the inhabitants of many other regions began to come to the source and take healing water with them in whole flasks. Currently, few people use this mineral water for internal use, preferring more to take water procedures.

The water in the spring rarely drops below 16-18 degrees Celsius even in the most severe frosts. Therefore, bathing in the spring is especially popular during Epiphany holidays. According to people who took winter baths in the spring, it is simply impossible to convey positive emotions and a huge surge of strength and health that you experience after bathing. The therapeutic effect is enhanced by fish, all year round dwelling in the source. Their pleasant biting enhances the healing effect.

The only inconvenience for visiting the source is the unsatisfactory condition of the road. Therefore, it is recommended to go here by off-road vehicle even after the Great Holiday - at this time the road condition is the best and there is the least chance of getting stuck in a rut.

Tumninskiy thermal mineral spring located in the valley of the river Chope, 9 km from the railway station Tumnin (Vaninsky district). The source water is clear, bluish, slightly mineralized (0.21 g/l), alkaline (Pn = 8.65), with a temperature of 46 0 C. The composition of the water is sulfate-hydrocarbonate sodium with a high content of fluorine and silicic acid.

Tumninskiy hot spring was discovered in 1939 by engineer Cherepanov. Although, in fact, wild animals were the first to discover its healing properties, which came to him in large numbers to heal wounds. This was used by local hunters, always getting the beast here. It was precisely in order not to reveal the rich hunting ground that they kept the secret of the hot spring tightly.

Currently, the source is very popular among the population of the Khabarovsk Territory and other regions of Russia.

JAO has several healing springs. The most famous is Kuldursky, on the basis of which the Kuldur resort complex operates, which includes several sanatoriums, including those for mothers with children. Kuldur sanatoriums are health resorts of national importance, where treatment is carried out using hot mineral springs containing silicic acid. The spring water after cooling to 35-38 0 C is used in the treatment of radiculitis, polyarthritis, skin, gynecological diseases, etc. According to its chemical composition, it belongs to nitrogen-siliceous low-mineralized bicarbonate-chloride-sodium alkaline waters with a high content of fluorine. In one of the wells, radon waters were found, which makes it possible to organize a radon clinic.

Kamchatka Krai

The sanatorium-resort zone of Kamchatka is the area of the Paratunsky hot geothermal springs. The main therapeutic factors of Kamchatka sanatoriums are low-mineralized nitrogen siliceous water of the Nizhneparatunskoye deposit and sulphide mud. Specialization - treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system, nervous system, skin and gynecological diseases.

Hot springs of the Nalychevskaya valley

Talovskie sources Along the left bank of the Vershinskaya River of the Nalychevo Natural Park, there are 3 groups of springs, the water temperature in which maintains a constant temperature of 38 degrees. The springs of Kamchatka are highly mineralized, which is why they deposit a large amount of red sediments. The combination of the greenery of the surrounding forest and the red deposits create a spectacular picture.

Aag mineral springs

Among tourists, the Aag mineral springs are called "Aag Narzans". They lie at the foot of the inactive volcano Aag. The site with springs is located at the bottom of the valley of the source of the Shumnaya River. The path to them is incredibly picturesque. Among the stones, covered with a white coating of mineral deposits, cold water breaks through in thin streams. Some of them break out in the form of small fountains, others are more calm. The water in them has a slightly sour taste, with a slight smell of sulfur compounds.

Timonovskie hot springs

There is a legend about the seriously ill elder Timon, who was one of the first clergymen of the 18th century who preached the Christian faith in Kamchatka. Once he was offered to cure an illness in hot water, which was allegedly heated by spirits. Timon agreed to try his luck. People took him to the bear's corner, leaving him there alone. A little time passed and in the spring they came to visit Father Timon, to check if he was alive. To their great surprise, he was not only alive, but still healthy and strong. That is why people mistook him for a saint and consecrated everything in the area with his name. Whether this story is true, or a simple give, no one can confirm, but the fact that the waters in this area are especially useful is a fact. Here it is useful to take common baths, as well as to use water for drinking. You can stay in cottages.

Khodutka thermal springs

At the foot of the extinct volcanoes Priemysh and Khodutka, one of the most beautiful places is the Khodutka hot springs of Kamchatka. Some of the largest springs are located right in the volcanic funnel. Water flows out of numerous holes, which forms a stream. Keys are “scattered” throughout the clearing, which, when gathered together, turn this stream into a whole river, the depth of which is 1.5 meters and the width is almost 30 meters. At the very base of the griffins, the water temperature is high, and is 80 degrees, the temperature gradually decreases with the flow. These springs of Kamchatka have become a famous natural monument, which more and more people come to visit every year.

Zhirovsky hot springs

Mountain, tundra, sea landscapes of the Zhirovaya River region attract attention with a variety of rare species of flora and fauna. The air here is transparent and clean, and a diverse microclimate and a long snowy winter period fuel the interest of tourists in this fabulous place. Health tourism is well developed here. Here, in the valley with two thermal springs, fishermen and hunters come to rest and be treated. These springs of Kamchatka are located only 10 km from the ocean coast.

Vilyuchinsky hot springs

These Kamchatka springs lie at the very foot of the Vilyuchinsky volcano. Thanks to this, the Vilyuchinskaya Valley looks even more picturesque. In addition, the slope offers a view of the ocean bays.

Dacha hot springs

To the north of the Mutny volcano, near the Rocky hill, one can observe the Dacha hot springs Kamchatka. They are made up of several groups scattered in hollows and ravines. The largest of them can be called the western group, which is located in a large ravine. Steam flows on the slope of the volcano, and powerful steam-water fountains break out from its bottom. These sources take out the most heat from the depths of the hydrothermal Mutnovsky basin, so a geothermal power plant was built very close by.

Bath thermal springs

Banny thermal springs are hot springs of Kamchatka, located in the upper reaches of the Banny River. This is one of the largest places of origin of mineral waters. The thermal water in these springs is curative. In addition to wellness procedures, you can have a good rest here. In winter you can travel by snowmobile, in summer you can go on foot and on quad bikes. The path runs through Nakchinskoye - one of the many lakes in the region. On the western side, the Khazlan ridge adjoins the lake, and on the eastern edge, the Bystrinsky ridge. The inactive volcano Vazhkazhets is also located here, a natural monument, the height of which is more than 1500 m.

Sakhalin region

The resort resources of the Sakhalin Region are mainly represented by mineral waters and therapeutic silt mud. At 22 km from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk there are unique Sinegorsk mineral springs of carbonic hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium water with a high content of arsenic, similar to the carbonic arsenic waters of Chvizhepse, Sochi. In the area of the springs, in a picturesque valley closed from sea winds, there are the leading sanatoriums of the region - "Sinegorsk Mineral Waters" and "Sakhalin". They have a modern medical base.

22 km from Kholmsk, on the banks of the Tatar Strait, there is a sanatorium "Chaika"), and in the vicinity of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - a sanatorium "Gornyak"). As a therapeutic factor in both health resorts, sea silt sulfide mud is used.

Mud volcano. 18 km from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is located natural monument- mud volcano. This is a geological formation that periodically erupts mud masses and gases, often with water and oil. Mud volcanoes are usually located in areas of oil and gas fields. The largest mud volcanoes in Russia are located on the Taman Peninsula and Sakhalin. There are the same in Azerbaijan, Spain, Italy, New Zealand, Central America. The waters of such volcanoes contain bromine, iodine, boron. This allows the mud to be used for medicinal purposes. Three areas with active mud volcanoes are concentrated on Sakhalin Island.

Dagin thermal springs. In the eastern part of Sakhalin in the region gulf Dagi near the village of Goryachiye Klyuchi are located Daginskiye thermal springs. Orochi reindeer herders were the first to notice their healing properties. The exit of the keys is a funnel-shaped depression in the muddy shore of the bay. There are five hot springs, of which two are drinking. The composition of the water differs from other sources of Sakhalin high content of silicic acid and high alkalinity. Not far from the exits is a sanatorium.

Magadan Region

The resort "Talaya" is the only sanatorium and resort institution in Russia located beyond the Arctic Circle, in the permafrost zone. The climatic conditions of Taloy, despite their general severity, compare favorably with the surrounding areas. The number of hours of sunshine is 710. The wealth of the resort is hot, almost boiling (98 ° C) nitrogen low-mineralized waters and silt mud.

The first written references to the Talsky spring are found in the documents of the church archive of the Yamsk settlement for 1905-1906. They say that the Talsky spring was discovered in 1868 by the merchant Afanasy Bushuev. The enterprising merchant who found the source, according to local residents, froze Tal water and sold it to the population as a healing agent.
In 1940, a neurological resort was founded. The beautiful surroundings of the resort, silence, cleanliness and transparency of the air have a beneficial effect on a person, have a calming effect on the nervous system.

Indications for treatment: diseases of the skin, musculoskeletal system and peripheral nervous system, gastrointestinal tract and liver. The main healing factor: healing mud and mineral waters. The resort is located a little away from the Kolyma highway, which connects it with Magadan.

For a region with a harsh climate, picturesque corners with a special microclimate in places where hot waters come out are noteworthy. In the Magadan region, there are many outlets of thermal waters. The hot springs closest to Magadan are located on the Khmitevsky Peninsula. This is

Motykleyskie hot springs. It is interesting to visit the springs in the spring, to swim in the springs when there is snow around. In the summer hiking route, you will have to stock up on anti-mosquito - a significant part of the path passes through swampy areas. Having a boat at your disposal, you can visit the springs in 2 days.

Tanon lakes near the village of Serdyakh - a picturesque corner, long chosen by Magadan hunters and fishermen. On summer evenings, over this vast plain, where many rivers and hundreds of lakes have found shelter, there is an unusual silence. Only water flows lazily, and restless birds call to each other. And there, on the plain, in the gray twilight, it's not the saucers of the lakes that glow with spots - then fog rises above them. A little later, the spots merge into a continuous strip, covering the lakes with the river at night. It is impossible to bypass all the lakes - there are many of them. Moving approximately in a southerly direction (heading to Mount England), you can visit the most significant lakes. In some places there are weak paths, but mostly you have to go along the tussock. You are constantly accompanied by the tart smell of wild rosemary. In depressions not occupied by lakes, there are meadows of snow-white cotton grass. These places are much more comfortable than those near the Serdyakh lakes - there is a forest everywhere. Trees surround the lakes. Frozen in the calm, they seem bewitched. In summer, small lakes warm up. Near big on dry elevated places there are hunting tents. You will often see duck broods on the lakes.

Amurskaya Oblast

Fresh, mineral and thermal underground waters are widespread. Fresh groundwater is found everywhere. In general, in the region for the purposes of water supply, the use of underground sources is 65%, while in rural areas water supply is based exclusively on groundwater. 25 deposits (areas) of fresh groundwater have been explored, 13 of them are in operation. The explored operational reserves of groundwater are 551.6 thousand m 3 /day. 42 sources and wells of mineral waters are known.

Of all the Amur sources, four have been studied: Gonzhinsky, Ignashinsky, Byssinsky and Esaulovsky.

Gonzhinsky used for medicinal purposes. Is in middle lane region, in the western part of the Amur-Zeya plateau. The first literary information about the source refers to the period of research and construction of the railway in 1912 (A.V. Lvov, A.V. Gerasimov). In 1916, according to archival data, the issue of a medical institution at the Gonzhinsky spring was considered in the journal of meetings of the medical council of the railway. In 1939, geologists A.G. Frank-Kamensky, N.M. Vaksberg published brief information about the Gonzhinskoye spring in the reports of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Water belongs to the chemical composition of the cold low-mineralized, bicarbonate-calcium-magnesian. Of particular importance in the therapeutic effect belongs to carbon dioxide, calcium, magnesium, lithium, iron cations, as well as trace elements that make up its composition.

There is evidence of its multifaceted effects on the body. Urination sharply increases, the amount of chlorides, cholesterol and urea in the blood decreases, water has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, analgesic and antihistamine effect. In diseases of the kidneys and liver, patients have a significant recovery of impaired functions. According to the chemical composition, the water of the Gonzhinsky spring is close to the Kislovodsk narzan, but differs from it in a lower temperature, the absence of sulfate anions, and better taste.
It has a pronounced diuretic effect due to the content of carbon dioxide and a number of trace elements, enhances urodynamics, promotes the evacuation of sand, salts, small stones from the urinary tract, increases the motor function of the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. A good therapeutic effect was noted in some liver diseases, polyarthritis, radiculitis.
Ignashinsky located in the Skovorodinsky district - in a picturesque area, 8 km from the village of Ignashina. Ignashino - the last pier on the Amur within Amur region. A road leads from the pier to the spring.

Ignashinsky mineral water is widely used for medicinal purposes in the district hospital. However, the medicinal properties of this water are not yet fully understood. At the congress of medical workers back in 1919, indications for treatment were established: “anemia, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, urinary sand, urinary stones, gallstones, nervous diseases, kidney diseases, compressed heart defects, catarrhs of the bladder and some others” ( Minutes of the VIII Congress of Workers of the Amur Region, 1920, p. 282).

Excellent natural conditions, pine forest make the Ignashinsky mineral spring very promising for development not only as a health resort in the Amur Region, but also as a resort in the Far East.

Byssinsky

There is no source as such. Mineral waters, standing out from the Byssa River, impregnate the coastal sand. It is enough to dig a hole, and hot water accumulates in it.

And so did the people who got here - they dug deep, up to one and a half meters, holes, and their walls were reinforced with log cabins (so that the sand would not collapse). Hot water accumulated in the log cabins. There are several such holes. The water temperature ranges from 37 to 42 0 C. In winter, the water in these pits does not freeze. From above they are covered with snow, but the water temperature is kept within 18 0 С.

The waters are low-mineralized (up to 450 mg/l), carbonated with nitrogen (96.2%), hydro-carbonate-chloride-sulfate composition, with the smell of hydrogen sulfide. Fluorine content - up to 0.3 g/l, silicic acid - up to 73.6 mg/l, carbonic acid - 24 mg/l. Trace elements: arsenic, manganese, titanium, gallium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, lithium, copper.

Esaulovsky is located in the south-east of the region, 5 km from the Esaulovka railway station. The source emerges in the wide valley of the Udurchukan River, the right tributary of the Khingan. Hills overgrown with Korean cedar and birch, Amur velvet and linden, Manchurian walnut and hazel make this area exceptionally picturesque.

The water of the spring is colorless and amazingly clear. A slight smell of hydrogen sulfide indicates the presence of sulfur compounds in it. In terms of water composition, this spring is close to the Kuldur springs, differing from them in a lower content of hydrogen sulfide and a low temperature of only 4 0 C. The spring is used by local residents for treatment.

Being slightly mineralized, it has no strict contraindications and is used as a dining room. This is a delicious refreshing drink that healthy people can drink for preventive purposes: it promotes normal digestion, removes toxins from the body.

Materials from various Internet sources