Incineration as a method of processing solid waste. "Waste incineration: issues of environmental safety". Garbage press

Materials accepted at landfills:

• Household waste from residential buildings, institutions, enterprises engaged in the trade of industrial and food products.
• Waste from construction organizations that can be equated to municipal solid waste.
• Can be accepted industrial waste 4 hazard classes, if their number does not exceed the third part of the accepted garbage.

Waste, the import of which is prohibited to the landfill:

• Construction garbage Hazard class 4, which contains asbestos, ash, slag.
• industrial waste 1, 2, 3 hazard classes.
• radioactive waste.
• Polygons are arranged according to strict sanitary standards and only in those areas where the risk of human infection with bacteria through air or body of water is reduced to a minimum. The occupied area is designed for approximately 20 years.

Composting

This processing method is familiar to gardeners who use decayed organic materials to fertilize plants. Waste composting is a disposal method based on the natural decomposition of organic materials.

Today, a method is known for composting even an unsorted stream of household waste.

It is quite possible to get compost from garbage, which could later be used in agriculture. Many factories were built in the USSR, but they stopped functioning due to the large number of heavy metals in the trash.

Today, composting technologies in Russia are reduced to the fermentation of unsorted waste in bioreactors.

The resulting product cannot be used in agriculture, so it finds application right there, in landfills - they are covered with waste.

This disposal method is considered effective provided that the plant is equipped with high-tech equipment. Metals, batteries, and plastics are first removed from the waste.

Advantages of incineration:

• smaller unpleasant odors;
• the number of harmful bacteria, emissions decreases;
• the resulting mass does not attract rodents and birds;
• it is possible to obtain energy (thermal and electrical) during combustion.

Disadvantages:

• expensive construction and operation of waste incineration plants;
• construction takes at least 5 years;
• when waste is burned, harmful substances enter the atmosphere;
• incineration ash is toxic and cannot be stored in conventional landfills. This requires special storage.

Due to the lack of city budgets, inconsistency with waste processing companies and for other reasons, the production of waste incineration plants has not yet been established in Russia.

Pyrolysis, its types and advantages

Pyrolysis is the burning of garbage in special chambers that prevent the access of oxygen.. There are two kinds:

• High temperature - combustion temperature in the furnace over 900°C.
• Low temperature - from 450 to 900°C.

When comparing conventional incineration as a waste disposal method and low-temperature pyrolysis, the following advantages of the second method can be distinguished:

• obtaining pyrolysis oils, which are subsequently used in the production of plastics;
• the release of pyrolysis gas, which is obtained in sufficient quantities to ensure the production of energy carriers;
• the minimum amount of harmful substances is released;
• pyrolysis plants process almost all types of household waste, but the waste must first be sorted.

High-temperature pyrolysis, in turn, has advantages over low-temperature pyrolysis:

• no need to sort waste;
• the mass of the ash residue is much less, and it can be used for industrial and construction purposes;
• at a combustion temperature above 900 ° C, they decompose dangerous substances without falling into environment;
• the resulting pyrolysis oils do not require purification, as they have a sufficient degree of purity.

Each of the waste recycling methods has advantages, but everything depends on the cost of installations: the more efficient and profitable the disposal method, the more expensive its installation and the longer the payback period. Despite these shortcomings, the state is striving to implement projects for efficient and safe waste processing, realizing that these technologies are the future.

Director of Paritet LLC Gmyzin Oleg Gennadievich 8 9039134717, 8 9618915050
a unique product in the field of Environmental Protection. Waste incinerator "Ecofan 800"(standard configuration 800 kW heat output)

The unit is designed for burning municipal solid waste (MSW), medical waste, combustible industrial waste, animal husbandry waste, greenhouse waste, liquid thick hydrocarbon masses, such as oil sludge, car tires. Reduces the size of landfills.

The process is accompanied by the production of heat for heating industrial and household facilities, as well as providing hot water supply (DHW).So we win twice:Using an extremely simple, cheap and reliable technological cycle of waste incineration.We get the opportunity to use the heat of the water circuit for space heating and hot water.

The principle of MSW incineration in the plant is based on a completely new, unique, innovative technology. This is a thermochemical reaction in the boiler itself and a catalytic reaction of the exhaust gases. In the process of these reactions, we obtain a high thermal output of the plant, 2 times more than with conventional combustion, and clean flue gases at its outlet. These gases consist of a mixture of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O).

Why the unique Ecofan 800 Waste Incinerator?Because:Existing analogues require additional costs for the disposal of garbage and production waste in the form of:They require afterburning of exhaust gases with natural gas 0.1-0.2 m3 / h (for 50 kg of garbage) or diesel fuel at the rate of 0.12-0.17 l / kg of garbage;Require electricity costs over 14 kW / h;Require the use of adsorbents and filter elements (consumables);Require the use of chemical components and additives that require dosage accuracy and adherence to a clear technological cycle;Require the use of expensive both in acquisition and maintenance - computing systems process control;

These factors affect the reliability and fault tolerance of processing plants as a whole, and increase the dependence of the cycle on the human factor. Together, these factors significantly increase the costs of operating and maintaining installations, which leads to a rise in the cost of the waste disposal process at times, and often reduces the entire project to unprofitability.

The Ecofan 800 incinerator is devoid of these shortcomings, it uses new principle waste incineration. This is a thermochemical and catalytic reaction for neutralizing exhaust gases inside the furnace (dioxins, pyrenes), and with it the production of a large amount of thermal energy, and its use for the needs of the enterprise!At the exit we get a gas flow,

The tasks that we set ourselves when working on this project are:Environmental friendliness (Environmental safety);Thermal efficiency;Reliability in operation, high service life;

1. Environmental SafetyWhen burning MSW (municipal solid waste), various oils (hydrocarbons), dioxins and pyrenes can be formed. These substances are very dangerous, they can accumulate (accumulate) in the human body and affect the development of the body, causing various pathologies and diseases. Therefore, the main emphasis in the creation of the installation was the principle of environmental safety. Emission of harmful substances by the installationEcofan 800into the atmosphere is significantly below the MPC.

The unit has passed all tests of the production cycle and measurements of exhaust gases:Measurements of gases emitted into the atmosphere were carried out by the Saratov State University them. N.G. Chernyshevsky under the guidance of Doctor of Chemical Sciences Professor Kuzmina R.I.Protocol for the analysis of industrial emissions into the atmosphere No. 197 October 23, 2013 Branch "TsLATI in the Saratov region".Environmental Certificate of Compliance No. 00002161 issued by the Ministry of natural resources and ecology of the Russian Federation.

2. Thermal efficiencyWhen burning production waste and MSW in the complexEcofan 800, both in the combustion chamber and in the thermochemical chamber there is a large release of heat, which we select by the water circuit and can be directed to heating rooms and structures, and for hot water supply. When burning MSW, we receive heat in the combustion chamber of the order of 2000 kcal/kg of fuel, and then during the oxidative process of the gas flow in the thermochemical chamber, another 2000 kcal. In terms of heat efficiency, this is comparable to burning an equivalent amount hard coal average quality.This unit in the standard configuration produces an average of 800 kWh of heat, which allows heating about 5000-7000 m2 of space, with electricity costs in operating mode from 2 to 4 kW. The cost of electricity is about 150 rubles a day with intensive burning of garbage.

Using our incineration technology, the waste becomes a highly efficient fuel, a cheap fuel and a profit for the owner of the plant.

3. Profitability and self-sufficiency. Expenses: When servicing the installation around the clock, 4 people are required, i.e. staff salary on average 1000 rubles. for each + electricity costs 150 rubles. per day. Total 4150 rubles per day.

Profit: - from the disposal of solid waste on average at the rate of 500 rubles per 1 ton, (this is how landfills are accepted)how much waste we can dispose of, with an average incineration of 500 kg / hour, with a standard installation: 0.5t * 24h = 12tons per day. This is 3 Kamaz cars per day. Total we have 6000 rubles per day

And if you burn hazardous waste, sleepers, medical waste, oil sludge, then the level of profit increases many times.

Installation Ecofan can be supplied in an extended configuration with a thermal equivalent power of up to 5 MW. With a garbage loading chamber up to 7 cubic meters. and average rate of solid waste burning up to 2500 kg/h. The use of such modular installations will allow solving many issues both in the heat supply of enterprises, residential areas, and issues with waste disposal

Today, the approximate cost of the city's garbage disposal to the landfill is 5 million rubles per day. This is based on export in Tomsk 4000 tons of garbage per day. According to our calculations, 1 ton of garbage costs 1,250 rubles (500 rubles / ton - receiving garbage to the landfill, 1,000 rubles / hour for 1 Kamaz truck with a capacity of 4 tons). The plant allows to burn from 200 to 800 kg of MSW per hour, depending on the mode of combustion and composition of MSW. It is easy to calculate how much waste we can dispose of, with an average incineration of 500 kg / hour with a standard installation: 0.5t * 24h = 12tons per day. This is 3 Kamaz cars per day.

Applying 3 settings Ecofan at 5 MW will make it possible to receive up to 30 - 40 Kamaz vehicles per day, working on average 140 tons of garbage per day. This is 50400 tons per year. For comparison, an incineration plant in Moscow burns 150,000 tons per year, at a processing cost of 2,148 rubles / ton. Here we will be paid for recycling and for heating, hence the profit.

The device and principle of operation of the Ecofan 800 complex. The complex for the destruction of solid waste is an all-welded metal structure, mounted from several units, extremely simple, cheap and reliable, which allows for a stable and sustainable technological cycle. Warranty period of installation service is 10 years. Can serve up to 20 years. It does not require regular replacement of the coating of the furnace walls due to the presence of a cooling circuit. Once every 5-10 years, the catalyst is changed. The furnace is two or multi-chamber, which allows you to organize a continuous work cycle.

1) The combustion chamber The first stage of incineration of solid waste and neutralization of harmful substances.It is a cylindrical combustion chamber, partitioned inside with a slotted grate along the longitudinal axis into two equal compartments. This allows you to conduct a continuous combustion process throughout the entire working period and provides a "cleaner" burning of waste due to preliminary heating of MSW from the half of the chamber where combustion is already taking place, so ignition is carried out first in one half of the chamber, then the second half of the chamber is loaded and the resulting heat dries the waste in the second half, "squeezes" out of it all the substances that evaporate to a temperature of 340 0 C, this allows you to destroy up to 75-80% of all components contained in organic matter, "organizing" a dirty emission into the atmosphere, after which they spontaneously ignite. Those. we produce "open" pyrolysis of newly loaded waste, using the already obtained temperature in the combustion chamber from already burning waste. This design of the combustion chamber allows you to release it from the accumulated ash, and carry out the download without stopping the operation of the device. In addition, the grate system of the combustion chamber also contributes to the cleanliness and completeness of waste combustion. It consists of hollow pipes through which atmospheric air. The intensity of its supply is regulated by frequency converter controlling the speed of the electric motor. The air supply system implemented in the complex allows for very precise regulation of oxygen depending on the phase of waste combustion, which in turn contributes to a high degree of cleanliness of waste combustion. Ash residue after MSW combustion 1% - 3%. Atmospheric air, passing through the incandescent layers of carbon formed as a result of combustion, synthesizes generator gas and methane gas in small volumes. The combustion of these gases allows you to raise the temperature in the combustion chamber above 1200 0 C, and at such temperatures dioxins and pyrenes burn, this allows us to organize even on initial stage waste disposal - incineration, the first protective barrier to harmful substances (dioxins, pyrenes) before they are released into the atmosphere.

2) thermochemical chamber The second stage of neutralization of harmful substances.Designed for the neutralization of exhaust gases by carrying out thermochemical reactions. It is a vertically located all-metal cylinder, articulated with the combustion chamber by welding. Atmospheric air is forced into the column to carry out thermochemical reactions. This process neutralizes a large assortment harmful gases and suspended solids emitted into the atmosphere. During the ongoing thermochemical reactions, a large number of heat that can be used, which is what we do, using water as a heat carrier, which can be directed to heating industrial and social facilities or hot water supply.

3) Off-gas separation system The third stage of neutralization of harmful substances in exhaust gases.Off-gas separation is carried outmulticyclone battery.In it there is a deposit of red-hot solid particles of soot, which are the purest carbon, and mineral coking residues. The degree of gas purification in such a system reaches 99.5 - 99.8%. Purification of exhaust gases from solid impurities makes it possible to rid the gas stream of dioxides and pyrenes. The resulting solid precipitate is very a high degree carbon purity and can be further used as a raw material for sale -a decorative additive in finishing building mixtures, in concrete for grouting, in the paint and varnish, perfume and rubber industries, or as a high-calorie fuel, from which even coal-water fuel (WCF) can be made.It can also be used as a soil fertilizer, as all plants are made up of at least 50% carbon.

4) Catalyst The fourth stage of neutralization of harmful substances in exhaust gases.The catalyst has a specially treated ceramic base with a highly developed porous surface impregnated with a special catalytic composition. The composition of the catalyst was developed on the basis of available cheap metals. This made it possible to abandon precious materials such as gold, platinum and iridium in the production of catalysts. The catalyst is located in a metal cartridge on metal substrates. Them vertical arrangement forms cellular labyrinths, passing through which incandescent gas flows acquire turbulent motion, and the large length of channels, catalyst labyrinths, makes it possible to complete all redox reactions of gases passing through it and obtain a qualitatively purified gas flow before it is released into the environment.

CONCLUSION

Waste incineration plants of this type will help solve the global problem of disposal of solid waste, industrial combustible waste, car tires. The use of the allocated heat for their own needs, the needs of the enterprise, the needs of the population.When burning MSW, we get a gas flow at the outlet,containing carbon dioxide and water vaporare the end products of the decay of any organic matter.