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Navy of the Russian army. Marine fleet. Navy of the Russian Federation. What is the navy

The Russian Navy (USSR), as an independent branch of the Armed Forces, took shape in the period from the end of the 17th to the beginning of the 20th century.

The creation of a regular navy in Russia is a historical pattern. It was due to the urgent need of the country to overcome the territorial, political and cultural isolation, which became at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries. major obstacle to economic and social development Russian state.

The first permanent grouping of forces - the Azov Fleet - was formed from ships and vessels built in the winter of 1695-1696. and was intended to assist the army in the campaign to capture the Turkish fortress of Azov. On October 30, 1696, the Boyar Duma, on the proposal of Tsar Peter I, adopted a resolution " Sea vessels be ... ", which became the first law on the fleet and recognition as the official date of its foundation.

During the Northern War of 1700-1721. the main tasks of the fleet were determined, the list of which remains practically unchanged to this day, namely: the fight against naval forces the enemy, fighting on sea lanes, defending one's coast from the sea direction, assisting the army in coastal directions, delivering strikes and ensuring the invasion of the enemy's territory from the sea direction. The proportion of these tasks changed as material means and the nature of armed struggle at sea changed. Accordingly, the role and place of the individual branches of forces that were part of the fleet changed.

So, before the First World War, the main tasks were solved by surface ships, and they were the main arm of the fleet. During World War II, this role was for some time transferred to naval aviation, and in post-war period With the advent of nuclear missile weapons and ships with nuclear power plants, submarines became established as the main branch of forces.

Prior to the First World War, the fleet was homogeneous. Coastal troops ( Marines and coastal artillery) have existed since the beginning of the 18th century, however, in organizational were not part of the fleet. On March 19, 1906, submarine forces were born and began to develop as a new branch of the Navy.

In 1914, the first units of Naval Aviation were formed, which in 1916 also acquired signs of an independent branch of force. Navy Aviation Day is celebrated on July 17 in honor of the first victory of Russian naval pilots in dogfight above by the Baltic Sea in 1916. The Navy as a diverse strategic association was finally formed by the mid-1930s, when naval aviation, coastal defense and air defense units were organizationally incorporated into the Navy.

The modern system of command and control of the Navy finally took shape on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. On January 15, 1938, by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, the People's Commissariat of the Navy was created, within which the Main Naval Headquarters was formed. During the formation of the Russian regular fleet, its organizational structure and functions were unclear. On December 22, 1717, by decree of Peter the Great, the Admiralty Board was formed for the daily management of the fleet. On September 20, 1802, the Ministry of Naval Forces was formed, later renamed the Naval Ministry and existed until 1917. Bodies of combat (operational) control of the forces of the Navy appeared after Russo-Japanese War with the creation on April 7, 1906 of the Marine general staff. At the head of the Russian fleet were such famous naval commanders as Peter 1, P.V. Chichagov, I.K. Grigorovich, N.G. Kuznetsov, S.G. Gorshkov.

Permanent groupings of forces in the maritime theaters took shape as decisions were made. Russian state historical tasks associated with the acquisition of outlets to the oceans, the inclusion of the country in world economy and politics. In the Baltic, the fleet has constantly existed since May 18, 1703, the Caspian flotilla since November 15, 1722, and the fleet on the Black Sea since May 13, 1783. In the North and pacific ocean groupings of naval forces were created, as a rule, on a temporary basis or, having not received significant development, were periodically abolished. The current Pacific and Northern Fleets have existed as permanent groupings since April 21, 1932 and June 1, 1933, respectively.

The fleet received the greatest development by the mid-80s. At that time, it included 4 fleets and the Caspian Flotilla, which included more than 100 divisions and brigades of surface ships, submarines, naval aviation and coastal defense.

Throughout its glorious history Russian and Soviet warships could be seen at all latitudes of the seas and oceans, not only with military purposes, but also discovering new lands, penetrating polar ice for scientific research. The study and description by military sailors of the northern coasts of Siberia, Kamchatka, Alaska, the Aleutian and Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, the Sea of Okhotsk, circumnavigation, the discovery of Antarctica had global importance. Russia was glorified by such famous navigators as M.P. Lazarev, F.F. Bellingshausen, G.I. Nevelskoy and others.

The role of the fleet in the history of Russia has always gone beyond the performance of purely military tasks. The presence of the fleet contributed to our country's active foreign policy. It has repeatedly become a deterrent for the enemy of our state in the event of a threat of war.

Great was the role of the fleet in the formation of national identity. The victories at Gangut, Grengam, Ezel, Chesme Fidonisi, Kaliakria, Navarino, Sinop became a matter of national pride. Our people sacredly honor the memory of the outstanding naval commanders F.F. Ushakov, D.N. Senyavin, M.P. Lazarev, V.N. Kornilova, P.S. Nakhimova, N.G. Kuznetsova.

Russia by geographic location, the totality of economic, political and military interests in the oceans - a great maritime power. This is objective reality, which the Russians and the world community will have to reckon with in the next century.

Navy structure

The Navy is a powerful factor in the country's defense capability. It is divided into strategic nuclear forces and strength general purpose. Strategic nuclear forces have great nuclear missile power, high mobility and the ability to operate for a long time in various regions of the oceans.

The Navy consists of the following branches of forces: submarine, surface, naval aviation, marines and coastal defense troops. It also includes ships and ships, parts special purpose, units and subunits of the rear.

Submarine forces - impact force a fleet capable of controlling the expanses of the World Ocean, covertly and quickly deploying in the right directions and inflicting unexpected powerful strikes from the depths of the ocean against sea and continental targets. Depending on the main armament, submarines are divided into missile and torpedo, and according to the type of power plant, nuclear and diesel-electric.

The main striking force of the Navy are nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles with nuclear weapons. These ships are constantly in various areas of the World Ocean, ready for the immediate use of their strategic weapons.

Nuclear-powered submarines armed with ship-to-ship cruise missiles are mainly aimed at fighting large enemy surface ships.

Nuclear torpedo submarines are used to disrupt enemy submarine and surface communications and in the defense system against underwater threats, as well as to escort missile submarines and surface ships.

The use of diesel submarines (missile and torpedo) is associated mainly with the solution of typical tasks for them in limited areas of the sea.

Equipping submarines with nuclear power and nuclear missile weapons, powerful sonar systems and high-precision navigation weapons, along with comprehensive automation of control processes and the creation of optimal living conditions for the crew, has significantly expanded their tactical properties and forms. combat use.Surface forces in modern conditions remain the most important part of the Navy. The creation of ships - carriers of aircraft and helicopters, as well as the transition of a number of classes of ships, as well as submarines, to nuclear power greatly increased their combat capabilities. Equipping ships with helicopters and aircraft significantly expands their capabilities to detect and destroy enemy submarines. Helicopters create an opportunity to successfully solve the problems of relaying and communications, target designation, transfer of cargo at sea, landing troops on the coast and rescuing personnel.

Surface ships are the main forces to ensure the exit and deployment of submarines to combat areas and return to bases, transport and cover landings. They play a major role in the production minefields, in the fight against mine danger and the protection of their communications.

The traditional task of surface ships is to strike at enemy targets on its territory and cover its coast from the sea from the enemy's naval forces.

Thus, a complex of responsible combat missions is assigned to surface ships. They solve these tasks in groups, formations, associations both independently and in cooperation with other branches of the fleet forces (submarines, aviation, marines).

Naval aviation is a branch of the Navy. It consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal.

Strategic and tactical aviation is designed to confront groups of surface ships in the ocean, submarines and transports, as well as to deliver bombing and missile strikes on enemy coastal targets.

Carrier-based aviation is the main striking force of the Navy's aircraft carrier formations. Its main combat missions in the armed struggle at sea are the destruction of enemy aircraft in the air, the starting positions of anti-aircraft guided missiles and other means air defense the enemy, conducting tactical reconnaissance, etc. When performing combat missions, carrier-based aviation actively interacts with tactical aviation.

Naval aviation helicopters are an effective means of target designation missile weapons ship when destroying submarines and repelling attacks by low-flying aircraft and anti-ship missiles enemy. Carrying air-to-surface missiles and other weapons, they are a powerful means of fire support for marines and the destruction of enemy missile and artillery boats.

The Marine Corps is a branch of the Navy, designed to conduct combat operations as part of amphibious assault forces (independently or jointly with the Ground Forces), as well as to defend the coast (naval bases, ports).

The combat operations of the marines are carried out, as a rule, with the support of aviation and artillery fire from ships. In turn, the marines use in combat operations all types of weapons characteristic of motorized rifle troops, while using landing tactics specific to it.

Coastal defense troops, as a branch of the Navy, are designed to protect naval bases, ports, important sections of the coast, islands, straits and narrownesses from enemy ships and amphibious assaults. The basis of their weapons are coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships (protection of the water area). Coastal fortifications are being set up on the coast to ensure defense by troops.

Logistic units and subunits are intended for logistic support of the forces and military operations of the Navy. They ensure the satisfaction of the material, transport, household and other needs of formations and formations of the Navy in order to maintain them in combat readiness for the performance of assigned tasks.

The Naval Forces are a specific branch of the Armed Forces, guarding the interests of Russia. They are in readiness to defend their homeland in the oceanic and maritime theaters of war. The fleet is ready to cooperate with the Ground Forces during possible continental wars.

Navy flag

Since 1992, the fleet has regained the historical flag of the Russian Navy, thereby continuing the interrupted tradition. Under it, as before, the sailors carry out the responsible tasks of maintaining the country's defense capability.

Tasks of the fleet in peacetime

In peacetime, the potential of the fleet serves to deter possible aggression of a potential enemy against the Russian Federation. There is a continuous training and combat work. It would seem that the time is peaceful, but somewhere on their routes they are continuously carrying out combat duty missile-carrying submarines (RPLSN). In strategically important areas, search, observation and escort of RPLSN, aircraft carrier groups of a potential enemy is carried out. Opposition to its intelligence and communications is being carried out. A preliminary survey of areas of possible hostilities is being carried out.

The Russian Navy is in readiness to protect the coast, act jointly with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and internal troops in the event of civil conflicts, and in the aftermath of disasters - to work together with the Ministry of Emergency Situations and civil defense.

Obviously, it is the Naval Forces that represent the best guarantee for the implementation of economic activity in the World Ocean. They represent the Russian Federation in the vast expanses of water, perform representative functions at the direction of the command by visiting ships. The Russian Navy also fulfills interstate obligations by participating in peacekeeping operations ratified by the world community, provided they are consistent with the interests of the country.

Tasks of the fleet in wartime

AT war time the fleet is ready to actively defend the sovereignty of the state in the space of the exclusive zone, as well as on the continental shelf. In addition, he should also, in the face of military threats, carry out a specific "sea task" - to defend the freedom of the high seas. To perform the above tasks at the time specified by the standards of combat work, he is transferred to military status through rapid deployment. If it is possible to localize a conflict or prevent it by protecting shipping, this function is paramount.

In the conditions of the active phase of hostilities, the fleet of the Russian Navy must hit remote ground targets of the enemy, ensure the combat mode of operation of the SSBN, strike at submarine and surface naval forces, coastal defense of the enemy, protect the coast of Russia, and interact with land front groupings of troops.

Fleet Composition

The management of the navy is carried out by the High Command of the Navy. This refers to the management of its functional forces and means: surface and underwater, naval aviation, coastal troops, coastal artillery and missile, marines.

Organizationally, the following operational-strategic associations are made up: the Baltic, Northern, Pacific, Black Sea Fleets, as well as the Caspian Flotilla.

Northern Fleet

The naval bases are Severomorsk and Severodvinsk. It is called oceanic, atomic, rocket-carrying. The basis of combat power is nuclear submarines- missile carriers and torpedo submarines, missile-carrying and pr / boat aviation, pr / boat, rocket ships, as well as an aircraft carrier - the flagship of the fleet, the nuclear heavy missile cruiser "Peter the Great". At the same time, this mighty warship is the flagship of the Russian Navy.

The length of this missile cruiser is 251.1 m, the width is 28.5 m, the height from the level of its main plane is 59 m, and the displacement is 23.7 thousand tons. The mighty "heart" of the giant are two nuclear reactors. The autonomy of the navigation of the flagship of Russia is determined by the supply of food for the crew on board, which is enough for about 2 months. Technically, thanks to its reactors, the cruiser can sail indefinitely - without entering the port. The maximum speed of the ship is 31 knots.

The Northern Fleet is the most formidable operational-strategic formation of the Russian Navy. For the purpose of combat training, the warships that make up its power are regularly assigned combat training missions. For example, the flagship of the fleet crosses the Atlantic Ocean, on his account participation in the international exercises "Vostok-2010", "Indra-2009".

Baltic Fleet

Near the "window to Europe" is serving Its composition (ships) is now being intensively modernized and updated. The process is taking place against the backdrop of building up the military power of NATO countries in Europe. The Baltic Fleet is planned to be reinforced with new Project 11 356 frigates with eight cruise anti-ship missiles and anti-submarine missile torpedoes on board.

This operational-strategic formation is based in Kaliningrad region(Baltiysk) and in the Leningrad region (Kronstadt). Functionally, it protects the Baltic economic zone, contributes to the safety of the passage of ships, performs the functions foreign policy. This is the oldest Russian fleet. Its history began with the victory over the Swedish ships on May 18, 1703. Today, 2 - "Restless" and "Persistent" - form the basis of the combat power of the Russian Baltic Navy.

Its combat potential is formed by a brigade of diesel submarines, a division of surface ships, auxiliary ship formations, coastal troops, and naval aviation. The flagship is the destroyer Persistent. This year, ship navigation systems (hydrometeorological complexes, cartographic systems, hydrocourse indicators, etc.) are being updated, and the Baltiysk harbor is planned to be upgraded.

Black Sea Fleet

After joining the Russian Empire of the Crimea, in 1783, under Empress Catherine the Great, this fleet was created. Today it is based in the cities of Sevastopol and Novorossiysk. On March 18, 2014, the main base of the Black Sea Fleet - the city of Sevastopol - became part of Russia.

25 thousand people have l / s of the Black Sea Navy of Russia. It consists of the following forces and means: diesel-type submarines, surface ships of the "ocean-sea" type, naval aviation (fighter, missile-carrying, anti-submarine). The main tasks of this fleet is to protect the Black Sea economic zone and ensuring navigation. The flagship of the fleet is the missile cruiser Moskva.

Currently, military observers report the formation of the Black Sea naval coastal troops and artillery with radio-technical military units equipped with S-300PM2 and Pantsir-S1 air defense systems. It is expected that the naval aviation of the fleet will be reinforced by MiG-29 and Su-27SM aircraft, Su-25SM attack aircraft. It is also planned to reinforce anti-submarine aviation by additionally equipping parts with Il-38N aircraft, Ka-52K attack helicopters and deck-based Ka-29M and Ka-27.

As reported in the press, a regiment of Tu-22M3 bombers will be deployed at the airfield in Gvardeisky. They will be able to tactically support the ships of the Russian Navy of the Mediterranean squadron. In parallel, the formation of land military units of the peninsula is taking place.

Pacific Fleet

This fleet of the Russian Federation ensures the protection of Russia's interests in the Asia-Pacific region. It is based in Vladivostok, in Fokino, in Maly Ulysses. The basis of combat power is made up of strategic missile submarines, nuclear and diesel submarines, ocean-going surface ships, naval aviation (fighter, missile-carrying, anti-submarine), and coastal troops. The flagship of the fleet is the Varyag missile cruiser.

This fleet performs an important strategic task of nuclear deterrence. Nuclear submarines are constantly on combat duty routes. Pacific ships of the Russian Navy carry out guaranteed protection of the regional economic zone.

Caspian flotilla

The Caspian flotilla is based in Makhachkala and Kaspiysk. The region of this sea is its area of responsibility. Organizationally, the flotilla is a component of the Southern Military District. It is formed by brigades and divisions of surface ships. The flagship of the flotilla is the Gepard patrol ship, equipped with Caliber-NK cruise missiles. It was tasked with countering terrorism, navigation safety, and protecting Russia's state interests in the oil-producing region.

Ships belonging to the Russian Navy

At first glance, it is difficult for a non-specialist to even imagine the composition of the Russian Navy, but nevertheless, as it turned out, this information is in the public domain. This allows you to "embrace the immensity": in a convenient compact form to present summary data on the fleets of the power that occupies 1/5 of the land (see Table 1). Let us comment on the abbreviation allowed in the table: the fleets in it are indicated by capital letters for compactness.

Table 1. Composition of the Russian Navy as of the beginning of 2014.

Class	With	B	T	CFL	H	Total
Rocket subs. cruiser strategist. destination	10		4			14
Diesel/electric submarines	8	2	8		2	20
Multi-purpose nuclear submarines, armed torpedo submarines with cruise missiles	18		10			28
Nuclear submarines for special purposes	8					8
Diesel submarines for special purposes	3	1	2			6
Total - submarine fleet	47	3	24	0	2	76
Heavy nuclear missiles. cruisers	2		2			4
Heavy aircraft carrier cruisers	1					1
rocket. cruisers	1		1		1	3
squadron. destroyers	3	2	4			9
Patrol distant ships		2			3	5
Large antisubmarines. ships	5		4		1	10
Patrol close ships		3		2		5
Small missiles. ships	3	4	4	2	4	17
Small artillery. ships				4		4
Small antisubmarines. ships	6	7	8		7	28
rocket. boats		7	11	6	5	29
Antidivers. boats		1	1	1	3	6
Artillery. boats	2			5		7
long-range minesweepers	4		2		7	13
Road minesweepers	1	15		5	2	23
Close minesweepers	6	5	7	2	2	22
Large landing. ships	4	4	4		7	19
Landing. boats	4	6	4	6	2	22
Landing. ships on air shower		2				2
Total - surface fleet	42	56	52	33	44	227

Prospects for the development of the Russian Navy

Let us analyze the prospects for the development of the fleet, based on an interview given by the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, Admiral Viktor Viktorovich Chirkov.

The very logic of the development of the Fleet as a complex, integral organism, the admiral believes, does not accept hasty decisions.

Therefore, its development is planned as a strategic process until 2050. The goal of further progress is associated with an increase in the effectiveness of the enemy's nuclear deterrence.

The plan provides that the Russian Navy will receive newest ships in 3 stages:

from 2012 to 2020;
from 2021 to 2030;
from 2031 to 2050.

At the first stage, the construction of IV generation nuclear submarine cruisers will be completed. The main carrier of ballistic weapons will be the Project 955A RPLSN.

The second stage will be marked by the replacement of the existing RPLSNs with their IV generation analogues. It is also planned to create a naval strategic missile system for surface ships. At the same time, the development of fifth-generation nuclear submarine cruisers will begin.

At the third stage, it is planned to launch the construction of nuclear-powered cruisers of the fifth generation that have passed the tests.

In addition to a fundamental increase in the potential characteristics of the Russian Navy, the latest ships - strategic submarines and SSBNs - will be characterized by increased stealth, low noise, perfect communications, and the use of robotics.

Tasks facing the coastal troops

Recall that earlier we have already named the main bases of the Russian Navy for all its fleets. However, the planned development of the fleet for the period up to 2050, of course, will also affect the Coast Guard. What accents does Commander-in-Chief Chirkov see in him? Considering the bases of the Russian Navy in the process of their further strategic development, Viktor Viktorovich is betting on completing the creation of coastal missile systems, training and equipping the marines to perform tasks in the conditions of the North.

Conclusion

Although the basis organizational structure The Russian Navy will not change (4 fleets and 1 flotilla), within their framework, heterogeneous highly maneuverable strike forces will be created. In the key to their creation, successful developments continue unmanned aerial vehicles, systems artificial intelligence, marine robotic systems, non-lethal weapons.

Summing up the review of the Russian fleet, special attention should be paid to the prospect of its renewal with ships of the IV, and then the V generation. At the same time, after the implementation of the plan, nuclear submarines of the fifth generation will form the basis of the Navy's power. A fundamental increase in combat power will be accompanied by an improvement in command and control systems and the integration of naval forces into inter-service groupings of troops in possible theaters of combat operations.

At the end of our modest presentation of the Russian Navy - a photo of its nuclear flagship, the Peter the Great missile cruiser.

Editorial response

Day of the Navy (Navy) in Russia is celebrated on the last Sunday of July. In 2015, this holiday falls on July 26.

The birth of the Navy in Russia began at the end of the 17th century with Peter I. In honor of the first victory of the Russian fleet on July 27 (August 7, according to a new style), 1714 at Gangut, Peter I ordered that this day be celebrated annually with solemn services, naval parades and fireworks.

From 1980 to the present, Navy Day in Russia is celebrated on the last Sunday of July.

Warships that are part of the Russian Navy serve for different purposes and are accordingly divided into different classes. AiF.ru tells in infographics about modern types warships.

Depending on the purpose (task performed), ships can be divided into the following classes (types):

aircraft carriers;
cruisers;
universal landing ships;
destroyers;
frigates;
corvettes;
landing ships.

Aircraft carriers

Currently, the largest warships ever built are aircraft carriers. Such a warship has several dozen aircraft on board, which may include fighters, attack aircraft, tanker aircraft, etc. A modern aircraft carrier has a powerful power plant and carries a large supply of aviation fuel and weapons, which allows a significant time to operate away from its own shores.

The cost of building a modern aircraft carrier with a nuclear propulsion system is about 4-6 billion dollars. The monthly cost of maintaining the aircraft carrier is over $10 million.

Since 1991, two aircraft-carrying cruisers have been built in Russia. Project number 1143.5. "Krechet" can accommodate up to 50 aircraft and helicopters on board. On the this moment only one remained in the Russian Navy - "Admiral Kuznetsov". "Varyag" was sold to China, now it bears the name "Liaoning".

Aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov". Photo: RIA Novosti / Oleg Lastochkin

Aircraft carriers perform a number of military purposes, in particular, they are used for:

air defense of naval formations;
anti-submarine defense;
air support for ground forces in the coastal zone;
destruction of enemy air defenses;
to destroy enemy ships.

Today, aircraft carriers are equipped, in addition to the main weapons (carrier-based aviation), with missiles and cannons. The main advantage of an aircraft carrier is its mobility, which allows you to place such ships at a specific point.

Cruisers

A guided missile cruiser is a large-displacement, multi-purpose warship armed with guided missile launchers. The cruiser is capable of hitting air, surface and underwater targets, shelling coastal areas.

One of the most powerful ships of the Russian Navy is the cruiser "Peter the Great". It is capable of performing assigned tasks anywhere in the world's oceans. It is currently the world's largest operational non-aircraft attack warship. Its main purpose is to destroy enemy aircraft carrier groups.

Cruiser Peter the Great. Photo: RIA Novosti / Vitaly Ankov

Universal landing ships

The universal amphibious assault ship (UDC) corresponds to a medium aircraft carrier in terms of its combat potential. Today, the costs of construction, staffing and operation make the contract for the supply of such a ship comparable to contracts for the construction of full-fledged aircraft carriers.

In Russia, the contract for the construction of the Mistral-type UDC for Russia is carried out by the French companies DCNS and STX. Its cost is 1.12 billion euros (about 1.52 billion dollars).

In accordance with the signed contract, during the construction of 2 UDCs of the Mistral type, the assembly of 12 blocks of the aft hull of each of the landing ships is carried out in Russia.

Russian-made helicopters, the basis of which will be the Ka-52 Alligator, will be based on the UDC, and the possibility of deploying Ka-27M and Ka-226 helicopters is also being considered.

The first UDC "Vladivostok" will be delivered to the Russian Navy in 2014, the second - "Sevastopol" - at the end of 2015.

Launching of the aft part of the first Russian landing helicopter dock ship (DVKD) of the Mistral type - Vladivostok. Photo: RIA Novosti / Igor Russak

destroyers

Destroyers are multipurpose ships. They are designed for:

delivering powerful missile, torpedo and artillery strikes against enemy ships;
intelligence service at sea;
protection of large ships from surface, air and underwater attacks.

Destroyers can also install minefields and support artillery support landing.

Destroyer "Fast" Pacific Fleet Russia. Photo: RIA Novosti / Vitaly Ankov

Frigates

The main purpose of the frigate is to fight against air and underwater enemies while escorting the main forces of the fleet and especially important convoys. This is a universal ship capable of operating at any distance from the coast and taking part in military conflicts.

In Russia, after the departure of the sailing fleet, frigates correspond in size and function to patrol ships. They are designed for:

search, detection and tracking of enemy submarines;
ensuring anti-ship and anti-submarine defense of warships and ships at sea;
strikes against ships and vessels at sea and at bases;
support for the combat operations of the ground forces;
ensuring the landing of amphibious assault forces and solving other problems.

Frigate "Admiral Gorshkov". Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

Corvettes

According to NATO classification, the class of corvettes included:

Soviet small anti-submarine ships (MPK);
small missile ships (RTOs).

The main tasks of modern corvettes are anti-submarine defense of a ship formation (convoy) or a coastal facility (naval base, port, etc.).

In Russia, Project 20380 vessels are the first warships built in the Russian Federation under the official designation of the corvette class. Previously, in the Soviet and Russian Navy, the class of corvettes did not stand out separately.

As of July 1, 2014 at combat strength The Russian Navy has four ships of the project - "Guarding", "Savvy", "Courageous" and "Resistant", all - as part of the Baltic Fleet; four more corvettes are under construction.

Corvette "Boiky". Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org / CC BY-SA 3.0/Radziun

Large landing ship

A large landing ship (BDK) is designed to transport and disembark troops. These ships are capable of delivering (carrying, transporting) different kinds armored vehicles, including tanks.

The main difference between such ships and universal landing ships is the presence of a bow ramp, which makes it possible to land troops ashore in short time(including due to its smaller size).

BDKs are usually equipped with self-defence means such as an anti-aircraft missile system and artillery pieces, as well as means of fire support for the landing.

Large landing ship "Azov". Photo: RIA Novosti / Igor Zarembo

Submarines

These ships have significant advantages over surface ships. They are characterized by secrecy of maneuver and suddenness of impact on the enemy. The main purpose of submarines is combat operations on sea routes the enemy, fulfilling tasks of all types of reconnaissance (including radar patrol) and firing rockets at any enemy targets.

In accordance with the armament, submarines are divided into missile carriers, missile-torpedo, torpedo, mine-torpedo and special-purpose - transport boats, radar patrol boats, etc.

Depending on the displacement, submarines are divided into subclasses:

large submarines with a submerged displacement of up to 8200 tons and a maximum speed of 25 knots, equipped with a nuclear power plant, with immersion depth - up to 450 m;
medium submarines with an underwater displacement of up to 1500 tons and a speed of 15-20 knots;
small submarines with an underwater displacement of up to 550 tons. This subclass includes submarines with a displacement of up to 3 tons.

The composition of the Russian Navy includes:

13 nuclear submarines with ballistic missiles,
27 nuclear submarines with missile and torpedo armament,
19 diesel submarines,
8 nuclear submarines for special purposes,
1 diesel submarine for special purposes.

Over the next 20 years, the submarine forces of the Russian Navy will be based on fourth-generation submarines of the Borey, Yasen and Lada classes developed by two leading Russian design bureaus"Ruby" and "Malachite". And after 2030, we can talk about creating fifth-generation submarines and related weapons based on Bulava-type ballistic missiles and Caliber-type cruise missiles.

Submarines moored in the port of Vladivostok. Photo: RIA Novosti / Alexander Wilf

The Russian Navy has 203 surface ships and 71 submarines, including 23 nuclear submarines equipped with ballistic and cruise missiles. The defense capability of Russia at sea is provided by modern and powerful ships.

"Peter the Great"

The heavy nuclear-powered missile cruiser Peter the Great is the world's largest non-aircraft-carrying strike ship. Capable of destroying groups of enemy aircraft carriers. The only afloat cruiser of the famous Soviet project 1144 Orlan. Built at the Baltic Shipyard and launched in 1989. Commissioned after 9 years.

For 16 years, the cruiser has traveled 140,000 miles. The flagship of the Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy, port of registry - Severomorsk.
With a width of 28.5 meters, it has a length of 251 meters. Full displacement 25860 tons.
Two nuclear reactors with a capacity of 300 megawatts, two boilers, turbines and gas turbine generators are capable of providing energy to a city with a population of 200,000. Can reach speeds up to 32 knots, cruising range is not limited. The crew of 727 people can be in autonomous navigation for 60 days.
Armament: 20 SM-233 launchers with P-700 Granit cruise missiles, firing range - 700 km. Anti-aircraft complex "Rif" S-300F (96 vertical launch missiles). Air defense system"Dagger" with a stock of 128 missiles. Gun mount AK-130. Two anti-submarine missile and torpedo systems "Waterfall", anti-torpedo complex "Udav-1M". rocket launchers bombing RBU-12000 and RBU-1000 "Smerch-3". Three Ka-27 anti-submarine helicopters can be based on board.

"Admiral of the Fleet Soviet Union Kuznetsov"

Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" (project 11435). Built at the Black Sea Shipyard, launched in 1985. He bore the names "Riga", "Leonid Brezhnev", "Tbilisi". Since 1991, he became part of the Northern Fleet. Nes military service in the Mediterranean, participated in the rescue operation during the death of the Kursk. Three years later, according to the plan, it will go for modernization.
The length of the cruiser is 302.3 meters, the total displacement is 55,000 tons. Maximum speed - 29 knots. A crew of 1960 can stay at sea for a month and a half.
Armament: 12 Granit anti-ship missiles, 60 Udav-1 missiles, 24 Blade (192 missiles) and Kashtan (256 missiles) air defense systems. It can carry 24 Ka-27 helicopters, 16 Yak-41M supersonic VTOL aircraft and up to 12 Su-27K fighter jets.

"Moscow"

"Moskva", guards missile cruiser. Multipurpose ship. Built at the shipyards of the plant named after 61 Communards in Nikolaev. It was originally called "Glory". Commissioned in 1983. Flagship of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.
Participated in the military conflict with Georgia, in 2014 carried out the blockade of the Ukrainian Navy.
With a width of 20.8 meters, it has a length of 186.4 meters and a displacement of 11,490 tons. Maximum speed 32 knots. Cruising range up to 6000 nautical miles. The crew of 510 people can be in the "autonomy" for a month.
Armament: 16 P-500 Bazalt mounts, two AK-130 gun mounts, six AK-630 6-barrel gun mounts, B-204 S-300F Rif air defense systems (64 missiles), Osa-MA air defense missile launchers (48 missiles), torpedo tubes, RBU-6000 rocket launchers, Ka-27 helicopter.
A copy of the "Moscow" - the cruiser "Varyag" is the flagship of the Pacific Fleet.

"Dagestan"

Patrol ship "Dagestan" was commissioned in 2012. Built at the Zelenodolsk shipyard. In 2014, it was transferred to the Caspian Flotilla. This is the second ship of project 11661K, the first - "Tatarstan" is the flagship of the Caspian Fleet.
"Dagestan" has more powerful and modern weapons: the universal RK "Caliber-NK", which can use several types of high-precision missiles (firing range is more than 300 km), ZRAK "Palma", AU AK-176M. Equipped with stealth technology.
With a width of 13.1 meters, "Dagestan" has a length of 102.2 meters, a displacement of 1900 tons. Can reach speeds up to 28 knots. The crew of 120 people can be in autonomous navigation for 15 days.
Four more such ships have been laid down at the shipyards.

"Persistent"

The flagship of the Baltic Fleet, the destroyer Nastoychivy, was built at the Zhdanov Leningrad Shipyard and launched in 1991. Designed to destroy ground targets, anti-aircraft and anti-ship defense formations.
With a width of 17.2 meters, it has a length of 156.5 meters and a displacement of 7940 tons. The crew of 296 people can stay at sea without calling at the port for up to 30 days.
The destroyer carries a KA-27 helicopter. It is equipped with twin AK-130/54 gun mounts, AK-630 six-barrel gun mounts, P-270 Moskit mounts, six-barrel rocket launchers, two Shtil air defense systems and torpedo tubes.

"Yury Dolgoruky"

The nuclear submarine "Yuri Dolgoruky" (the first submarine of project 955 "Borey") was laid down in 1996 in Severodvinsk. Commissioned in 2013. Port of registry - Gadzhiyevo. Part of the Northern Fleet.
The length of the boat is 170 meters, the underwater displacement is 24,000 tons. Maximum surface speed - 15 knots, underwater - 29 knots. Crew 107 people. It can carry out combat duty for three months without entering the port.
Yuri Dolgoruky carries 16 Bulava ballistic missiles, is equipped with a PHR 9R38 Igla, 533-millimeter torpedo tubes, and six REPS-324 Shlagbaum acoustic countermeasures. In the coming years, six more submarines of the same class will be built at Russian shipyards.

"Severodvinsk"

Multi-purpose nuclear submarine "Severodvinsk" became the first submarine of the new Russian project 855 Ash. The most "quiet" submarine in the world. Built in Severodvinsk. In 2014, it became part of the Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy. Port of registry - Zapadnaya Litsa.
With a width of 13.5 meters, it has a length of 119 meters, an underwater displacement of 13,800 tons,
Surface speed "Severodvinsk" is 16 knots, underwater - 31 knots. Endurance of navigation - 100 days, crew - 90 people.
Has a modern silent atomic reactor new generation. The submarine is equipped with ten torpedo tubes, P-100 Oniks, Kh-35, ZM-54E, ZM-54E1, ZM-14E cruise missiles. Carries X-101 strategic cruise missiles and can hit targets within a radius of up to 3,000 kilometers. Until 2020, Russia plans to build six more Yasen-class submarines.

Navy is one of the most important foreign policy attributes of the state. It is designed for security and protection of interests Russian Federation in peacetime and wartime on the oceanic and sea frontiers.

The Navy is capable of striking enemy ground targets, destroying enemy fleet groups in the sea and bases, disrupting enemy ocean and sea communications and protecting its maritime transportation, assisting ground forces in operations in continental theaters of military operations, landing amphibious assault forces, and participating in repelling enemy landings and perform other tasks.

Today The navy consists of four fleets: Northern, Pacific, Black Sea, Baltic and Caspian flotilla. The priority task of the fleet is to prevent the outbreak of wars and armed conflicts, and in the event of aggression, repulse it, cover the country's facilities, forces and troops from oceanic and sea areas, inflict defeat on the enemy, create conditions for preventing military operations for as long as possible. early stage and the conclusion of peace on terms that meet the interests of the Russian Federation. In addition, the task of the Navy is to conduct peacekeeping operations by decision of the UN Security Council or in accordance with the international allied obligations of the Russian Federation.

To solve the priority task of the Armed Forces and the Navy - to prevent the outbreak of war, the Navy has naval strategic nuclear forces and general-purpose forces. In the event of aggression, they must repel enemy strikes, inflict defeat on the strike groups of his fleet and prevent him from carrying out large-scale maritime operations, as well as in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, to ensure the creation of the necessary conditions for effective implementation defensive operations in the continental theaters of war.

The Navy consists of the following branches of forces (Fig. 1): underwater, surface, naval aviation, marines and coastal defense troops. It also includes ships and vessels, special-purpose units, units and subunits of the rear.

submarine forces- the strike force of the fleet, capable of controlling the expanses, covertly and quickly deploying in the right directions and delivering unexpected powerful strikes from the depths of the ocean against sea and continental targets. Depending on the main armament, submarines are divided into missile and torpedo, and according to the type of power plant, nuclear and diesel-electric.

Rice. 1. Structure of the Navy

The main striking force of the Navy is nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles with nuclear warheads. These ships are constantly in various areas of the World Ocean, ready for the immediate use of their strategic weapons.

Nuclear-powered submarines armed with ship-to-ship cruise missiles are mainly aimed at fighting large enemy surface ships.

The use of diesel submarines (missile and torpedo) is associated mainly with the solution of typical tasks for them in limited areas of the sea.

Equipping submarines with nuclear power and nuclear missile weapons, powerful sonar systems and high-precision navigation weapons, along with comprehensive automation of control processes and the creation of optimal living conditions for the crew, has significantly expanded their tactical properties and forms of combat use. Surface forces in modern conditions remain the most important part of the Navy. The creation of ships - carriers of aircraft and helicopters, as well as the transition of a number of classes of ships, like submarines, to nuclear energy have greatly increased their combat capabilities. Equipping ships with helicopters and aircraft significantly expands their capabilities to detect and destroy enemy submarines. Helicopters create an opportunity to successfully solve the problems of relaying and communications, target designation, transfer of cargo at sea, landing troops on the coast and rescuing personnel.

surface ships are the main forces to ensure the exit and deployment of submarines in the areas of hostilities and return to bases, transport and cover landings. They are assigned the main role in laying minefields, in combating the mine danger and protecting their communications.

The traditional task of surface ships is to strike at enemy targets on his territory and to cover their coast from the sea from the enemy's naval forces.

Naval aviation- branch of the Navy. It consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal.

Strategic and tactical aviation Designed for confrontation with groups of surface ships in the ocean, submarines and transports, as well as for bombing and missile strikes against enemy coastal targets.

carrier-based aviation is the main striking force of the aircraft carrier formations of the Navy. Its main combat missions in the armed struggle on the sea are the destruction of enemy aircraft in the air, the starting positions of anti-aircraft guided missiles and other means of enemy air defense, tactical reconnaissance, etc. When performing combat missions, carrier-based aviation actively interacts with tactical aviation.

Naval aviation helicopters are an effective means of targeting a ship's missile weapons when destroying submarines and repelling attacks by enemy low-flying aircraft and anti-ship missiles. Carrying air-to-surface missiles and other weapons, they are a powerful means of fire support for marines and the destruction of enemy missile and artillery boats.

Marines- a branch of the Navy, designed to conduct combat operations as part of amphibious assault forces (independently or jointly with the Ground Forces), as well as to defend the coast (naval bases, ports).

Coastal Defense Troops, As a branch of the Navy forces, they are designed to protect the bases of the Navy forces, ports, important sections of the coast, islands, straits and narrownesses from the attack of ships and amphibious landings of the enemy. The basis of their armament is coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships (protection of the water area). Coastal fortifications are being set up on the coast to ensure defense by troops.

Units and divisions of the rear are intended for logistic support of the forces and military operations of the Navy. They ensure the satisfaction of the material, transport, household and other needs of formations and formations of the Navy in order to maintain them in combat readiness for the performance of assigned tasks.

The Navy has an aircraft carrier (Fig. 2), nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles with nuclear charges (Fig. 3), nuclear missile cruisers (Fig. 4), large anti-submarine ships, destroyers (Fig. 5), patrol ships, small anti-submarine ships, minesweeping ships, landing ships, aircraft (Su-33 - Fig. 6, A-40, MiG-29, Tu-22M, Su-24, MiG-23/27, 142, Be-12, Il-38), helicopters (Mi-14, Ka-25, Ka-27, Ka-29), tanks (T-80, T-72, PT-76), BRDM, BTR, self-propelled artillery guns (self-propelled guns of 122 and 152 mm caliber), self-propelled anti-aircraft installations, portable and self-propelled anti-aircraft missile systems.

Rice. 2. Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral Kuznetsov": standard (full) displacement - 45,900 (58,500) tons; length (but waterline) - 304.5 (270) m; width (at the waterline) - 72.3 (35.4) m; draft - 10.5 m; maximum travel speed - 30 knots; cruising range (at speed) - 3850 miles (29 knots) or 8500 miles (18 knots); autonomy - 45 days; crew (officers) - I960 (200) + headquarters 40 people; flight crew - 626 people; fleet - 22 SU-33, 17 KA-27/31; maximum aircraft capacity - 36 SU-33, 14 helicopters; runway area - 14800 m 2; hangar capacity - 18 SU-33; means of support - 2 aircraft lifts, springboard, corner landing deck, 3 runways; weapons - shock, anti-aircraft, anti-submarine, radio-electronic

Rice. 3. Heavy nuclear submarine with ballistic missiles of project 941 "Typhoon": surface displacement (underwater) - 28500 (49800) tons; length - 171.5 m; width - 24.6 m; draft - 13 m; underwater speed - 27 knots; crew (officers) - 163 (55) people; autonomy - 120 days; immersion depth - 500 m; armament - 20 ICBMs, torpedo tubes, PLUR, missiles, torpedoes, hydroacoustic stations, electronic countermeasures

Rice. 4. Heavy nuclear missile cruiser project 1144 "Peter the Great": standard (full) displacement - 19,000 (24,300) tons; length - 252 m; width - 28.5 m; draft - 9.1 m; maximum travel speed - 30 knots; cruising range (at speed) - 14,000 miles (30 knots); crew (officers) - 744 (82) people: weapons - shock (PU anti-ship missiles), anti-aircraft, artillery, anti-torpedo, anti-submarine, aviation (3 Ka-27), electronic

Rice. 5. Destroyer "Admiral Chabanenko": standard (full) displacement - 7700 (8900) tons; length - 163.5 m; width - 19.3 m; draft - 7.5 m; maximum travel speed - 30 knots; cruising range (at speed) - 4000 miles (18 knots); crew (officers) - 296 (32) people; weapons - shock (PU anti-ship missiles), anti-aircraft, artillery, anti-submarine, aviation (2 Ka-27), radio-electronic

Rice. 6. Ship-based fighter Su-33: wingspan - 14.7 m; length 21.19 m; height - 5.63 m; maximum takeoff weight - 32,000 kg; maximum speed at high altitude -2300 km / h; ceiling - 17,000 m; range - 3000 km; armament - 30-mm cannon (250 rounds), UR; crew - 1 person