Palmistry 

Recycled business. Recycling

Every year, every person leaves behind tons of garbage. Garbage is taken to landfills, where in most cases it rots. Moreover, this process can last for centuries. Throughout the decomposition of garbage, toxic substances are released into the atmosphere, soil and groundwater. All toxins subsequently settle in the human body, causing the development of cancer and other equally serious diseases.

Meanwhile, any waste can serve secondary raw materials for the production of various products. Recycling waste allows you to benefit and save natural resources.

The scale of the problem is clear to many people. And it can only be resolved by stimulating the creation of waste processing plants. Such enterprises are able to solve the problem of littering and environmental pollution. But first you need to understand what kind of waste can be used to obtain recyclable materials, and what the waste recycling process is.

Types of recycling

Raw materials can be processed in various ways.

One of the most popular are thermal methods. These include:

  • incineration carried out at landfills is a disposal method that allows the release of landfill territory, but causes significant damage to the environment;
  • low-temperature pyrolysis allows you to obtain heat, from which thermal and electrical energy is generated;
  • allows you to obtain secondary products used in the production of various building materials, including ceramic tiles.

There are other, less expensive ways to recycle waste. One of them is filling the landfill with earth. In this case, the garbage decomposes, resulting in the release of methane. It is subsequently purified and converted into natural gas.

Another method that does not require significant costs is composting.

However, this disposal method is only suitable for organic waste. These include:

  • paper;
  • food products;
  • vegetable waste.

As a result of such processing, it is possible to obtain valuable organic fertilizer that can be used in agriculture and on private property.

What waste is suitable for recycling?

Recycling waste allows you to improve the environmental situation, as well as obtain recyclable materials suitable for the further production of various products. Such products include products made of glass and metal, as well as paper and building materials.

The following types of waste are suitable for recycling:

  • scrap metal;
  • polymers;
  • broken glass and glass containers;
  • waste paper;
  • textile;
  • rubber, in particular car tires;
  • wood;
  • electronics;
  • mercury lamps;
  • petroleum products.

Benefits of metal recycling

Scrap metal is separated from other types of waste using magnetic separation, after which it is compressed, packaged and shipped to further processing to foundries.

Most often, the raw material for recycling is ferrous metal scrap, in particular cast iron. People often take cast iron bathtubs and radiators to landfills. This is where waste comes from industrial enterprises in the form of cast iron pallets, shavings and oversized pieces remaining after casting, as well as old equipment.

Meanwhile, cast iron scrap is a valuable raw material. Unlike the production of this metal, repeated melting cycles do not harm the environment.

At the same time, secondary raw materials can be used in the production of plumbing fixtures, cars, building materials and in other industries.

For industrial production Non-ferrous metals are of particular value, since their resource is limited. On the territory of Russia, technologies are used that allow the following types of non-ferrous metals to be melted:

  • lead;
  • copper;
  • zinc;
  • aluminum

Electric induction furnaces are used for their melting, which significantly saves natural resources. In addition, primary casting is accompanied by the release of environment sulfur gases, lead salts and heavy metals. Recycling of non-ferrous metals does not have these disadvantages, which has a positive effect not only on the environment, but also on the cost of the final products.

Benefits of Polymer Recycling

The difficulty of processing raw materials, which include polymers, lies in the need to purify them. economically unprofitable, since this process is much more expensive than the production of primary raw materials. That is why polymer waste, for example, plastic bottles, is used in the production of concrete products, as well as wood-polymer boards.

For example, PET bottles in which drinks are packaged are used to make raw materials for the production of insulation for jackets. In addition, these raw materials are used to manufacture the following products:

  • door panels;
  • containers;
  • pallets;
  • carpets;
  • car bumpers and grilles.

In the manufacture of all these products, recycled materials do not require purification. And since it is much cheaper than the primary one, all this directly affects the cost of the final products.

Benefits of glass recycling

Glass is the only material that can be recycled endlessly without compromising its quality. Just 1 ton of recycled glass saves more than half a ton of sand, two hundred kilograms of limestone and the same amount of soda.

By adding various additives to broken glass, manufacturers are able to produce products with certain qualities. For example, adding boron makes it possible to produce heat-resistant cookware. And the addition of glass fiber is necessary in the manufacture of fiber optic cables.

Benefits of recycling waste paper and textiles

When recycling paper, unlike primary production, there is no harm to the environment. At the same time, recycling enterprises manage to recover about 80% of cellulose fibers from recycled materials, which allows them to produce new batches of paper and cardboard.

The following products are made from raw materials obtained through recycling:

  • cardboard packaging;
  • toilet paper;
  • building materials.

During production new paper secondary raw materials are mixed with primary ones.

Textiles and shoes are also recyclable. In this case, part of the textiles suitable for further use are cleaned, repaired, and then sent to charity.

Clothing that is not fit for wear is also cleaned, recycled and used to make new products, for example, some types of paper. Recycled raw materials are also suitable for, but in this case, secondary fibers are mixed with primary fibers.

Benefits of Rubber Recycling

When burning car tires Carcinogens are released into the atmosphere, posing a threat to human health. In addition, rubber is an excellent raw material for the production of new tires, rubber shoes, and building materials. For example, crumb rubber used as an embankment on children's playgrounds and stadium paths. Rubber can also become a raw material for production if it is subjected to pyrolysis.

Benefits of wood processing

When preparing an array, the volume of waste significantly exceeds the used part. Waste suitable for recycling includes:

  • bark;
  • wood chips;
  • roots;
  • croaker;
  • branches.

Large lump waste is used for the production of paper, as well as construction materials and chemicals. Sawdust are useful material, used in the manufacture of fillers for dry closets, charcoal. In addition, they are used in agriculture as bedding for animals and birds.

And waste that has no industrial significance is subjected to high-temperature pyrolysis, during which it is possible to obtain energy.

Benefits of Recycling Electronics and Mercury Vapors

When recycling waste, old electronics are of considerable value, from which various chemical elements, including precious metals, glass and polymers.

Electronics recycling makes it possible to obtain all kinds of chemical elements

All metal obtained from the sorting process is melted in furnaces, pressed, packaged, and then sent to foundries for further processing. All remaining components undergo pyrolysis, during which they obtain energy.

Mercury lamps cause irreparable harm to the environment. That is why collection points for waste materials are organized in Russia. Subsequently, the material obtained from these products is neutralized and converted into a sorbent from which paving slabs are made. Glass bulbs are used in the manufacture of new lamps.

Waste petroleum products are primarily used for the production of motor oil and construction materials. Their recycling can significantly reduce the emission of harmful vapors into the atmosphere, as well as reduce the degree of contamination of soil and groundwater.

Conclusion

Modern technologies used in waste disposal make it possible to reuse more than 70% solid waste. There are many waste processing enterprises successfully operating in Russia. And each plant makes a huge contribution to environmental protection.

For this type of activity to develop successfully, it is necessary not only to organize waste collection points with special containers, but also to establish communication between recycling companies and manufacturers finished products. Otherwise, people will suffocate from the increasing volumes of garbage, and natural resources will sooner or later run out.

The Importance of Recycling

First, the resources of many materials on Earth are limited and cannot be replenished in a time frame comparable to the existence of human civilization (see Non-renewable resources). Second, once in the environment, materials typically become pollutants. Thirdly, waste and finished their life cycle products are often (but not always) a cheaper source of many substances and materials than natural sources.

Types of secondary raw materials

Separated household waste. 1) glass bottles, 2) thin plastic, 3) thick plastic, 4) cardboard, 5) mixed garbage, 6) iron cans, 7) paper, 8) polystyrene, 9) glass, 10) batteries, 11) metal, 12 ) organic waste, 13) TetraPak packaging, 14) fabric, 15) toilet waste.

Paper, Cardboard, Newspapers, Textiles, TetraPak

  • Glass:

History of recycling

in the world

In Russia and the USSR

In the USSR, recycling was given importance great value. Unified bottles for milk, beer and soft drinks were developed, and collection points for glass containers existed throughout the country. Schoolchildren and members were involved in collecting waste paper and scrap metal pioneer organization. A strict accounting of precious metals used in industry, in particular in electronics, was established.

Recycling technologies

Many various waste can be reused. For each type of raw material there is a corresponding processing technology.

Metal

It is advisable to recycle most metals.

Unnecessary or damaged items, so-called scrap metal, are handed over to recycling collection points for subsequent melting.

Particularly profitable is the processing of non-ferrous metals (copper, aluminum, tin), common technical alloys (win) and some ferrous metals (cast iron).

Paper

Recycling of paper is possible: old papers are soaked, cleaned and shredded to produce fibers - cellulose. The further process is identical to the process of producing paper from forest products.

In Russia, the main part of waste paper (up to 75%) is used for production toilet paper and cardboard (box, container, corrugated cardboard).

Recycled plastics

Plastic boxes

Recycled plastics include:

  • PET (PET) - Polyethylene terephthalate
  • HDPE - Low pressure polyethylene
  • LDPE - High Density Polyethylene
  • PBT - Polybutylene terephthalate

Links

  • Recycling polyethylene terephthalate waste on the website Recyclers.ru
  • Waste paper: assessing the efficiency of recycling technologies
  • Economic dictionary

    • This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted. You can... Wikipedia

    recycling of packaging waste into raw materials- 3.4 recycling of packaging waste into feedstock: Processing of packaging waste, during which materials (fractions of packaging waste, used packaging) are usually organic origin converted into products with... ...

    recycling, recycling, recycling- 3.48 recycling, recycling, recycling: Processing of waste during the production process (plastics, polymeric materials) to achieve original purposes or other purposes, excluding energy recovery. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

    International symbol for recycling. Recycling (other terms: recycling, recycling (waste) (from the English recycling, recycling and waste disposal) reuse or return to circulation of waste... ... Wikipedia

    GOST R 54259-2010: Resource conservation. Waste management. Standard Guide for Waste Reduction, Resource Recovery, and Recycled Plastic Materials and Products- Terminology GOST R 54259 2010: Resource conservation. Waste management. Standard Guide for Waste Reduction, Resource Recovery and Recycled Plastic Materials and Products original document: 3.1... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation- International symbol of recycling. Recycling (other terms: recycling, recycling (waste) (from the English recycling, recycling and waste disposal) reuse or return of waste to circulation ... ... Wikipedia

When we talk about recycled materials, we are usually talking about material resources that can be reused. This may be consumer or production waste that occurs in national economy. It is important to understand that not all waste can become secondary raw materials and not all recycled materials are used products.

The classification of secondary raw materials is clear and simple. Conventionally, it can be divided into several separate groups:

1. Secondary raw materials, which can be used as a complete or partial replacement for primary raw materials.

2. Waste acting as a starting product for the production of primary raw materials.

3. Waste in the form of used raw materials, which during the processing process can be used in a fundamentally new technological cycle.

4. Waste that serves as a source for ore raw materials and the extraction of various metals.

Waste paper as secondary raw material

Recycled materials such as old newspapers, notebooks, magazines, books, cardboard boxes, packaging and much more are usually called waste paper. Waste paper used as recyclable material is usually used to make insulation, roofing, packaging materials, and paper. It is worth paying attention to the fact that in paper production waste paper takes up 40% of the raw materials, since cellulose and wood are more expensive materials in this type of business.

Types of waste paper (what kind it is)

On the territory of the Russian Federation, enterprises that collect and process secondary raw materials accept unsorted waste paper. Only later will it be sorted taking into account the type and brand of waste paper. The highest quality waste paper is considered to be grade “A” waste paper. Waste paper of lower quality will be considered waste of classes “B” and “C”.

Waste paper recycling technology

Recycling waste paper has certain difficulties and, as a rule, is carried out using wet technology. Processing is carried out in several stages.

1. Dissolution of waste paper

Dissolution of waste paper into individual fibers produced in a humid environment in special equipment called pulpers. Certain hydromechanical forces make it possible to completely shred waste paper into individual pieces and then into fibers.

2. The waste paper mass is completely cleared of foreign impurities

The waste paper mass, which after dissolution turns into a suspension, is passed through a sieve in a pulper. After this, all coarse inclusions in the waste paper mass and heavy impurities are removed from it. At the same time, light impurities can be pulled out in the form of a rope.

3. Removal of waste paper and its fine cleaning

Purified waste paper pulp may contain plant fibers, and not just pieces of waste paper. That is why it is sent for subsequent final release, where even more fine cleaning will be carried out.

What is produced from waste paper?

There are a huge number of products in the world made from collected waste paper. We will try to list their most popular types.

1. Ecowool. Today, ecowool is not often used in production and construction, since the current production of this product is too small. However, in the future this particular material will be in demand for construction market, in the world of thermal insulation materials.

2. Paper fiber boards. Such slabs are often used during construction and repair work on interior decoration of rooms. They are slabs of thoroughly dried, compressed waste paper.

3. Roofing materials made from waste paper are environmentally friendly and inexpensive materials. This direction in the construction market is only gaining momentum, but has serious prospects for its development in the future.

4. Packaging materials are the most popular products obtained in the process of recycling waste paper. It is packaging examples that are considered the most a clear example saving quite valuable and environmentally important raw materials.

With proper collection of waste paper and its adequate use on packaging materials, a considerable amount of wood is saved. Annually due to production packaging materials(cardboard boxes, paper and corrugated cardboard packaging, paper wrappers, etc.) you can save up to one and a half thousand hectares of forest. By the way, microcorrugated cardboard packaging, which has virtually no disadvantages, is made from waste paper by simple mechanical processing of recycled materials in warm water.

Corrugated cardboard packaging has certain advantages due to its low weight and good strength. When using cardboard with corrugated paper, the resistance of such packaging to tearing increases several times both across and along the sheet.

5. Office paper. In the printing industry, this area of ​​waste paper processing plays a particularly important role. important role because it allows for significant savings.

Ecology and waste paper

The huge amount of paper that is thrown away every day from offices, shops, and homes can be used for environmental benefit. As a result of the development of recycling of secondary raw materials and its proper use, we can save a huge number of trees. For statistics: by recycling just 1 ton of waste paper, we protect about 10 trees, and also save more than 20 thousand liters of water, thousands of kilowatts of electricity, and protect the environment from the emission of 1700 kg of carbon dioxide!

The collection and subsequent processing of waste paper makes it possible to open up more and more new opportunities for using unnecessary paper and paper raw materials, saving a lot of resources and money.

Surprisingly, there is a business that is considered not just a way to make money, but also a noble occupation. Don't believe me? But in vain! This is the processing of various recyclable materials! The essence of this type of business is the collection, processing and sale of secondary raw materials. You can engage in comprehensive processing of various wastes, but you can also choose one of the popular directions:

  • garbage;
  • paper;
  • plastic container.

Is it profitable? Don't hesitate - yes! Let's take a closer look at this interesting and undoubtedly profitable topic.

The business of recycling waste and other raw materials has a number of advantages and disadvantages that you should know.

So, the advantages of the processing industry:

  • high profitability. Since the main goal of any enterprise is profit, it is worth starting with this huge advantage. The business is profitable, the calculations will be lower;
  • love, respect and veneration from the authorities and local residents. The environment is becoming cleaner, and there are fewer landfills.

But there are still a number of nuances that largely determine such a small number of enterprises for processing recyclable materials:

  • opening difficulties. It takes about six months to complete all the documentation; it is necessary to obtain permits from several dozen structures and departments;
  • manual labor. It is difficult to form a friendly and cohesive team, it is important to think through competent system employee motivation;
  • establishing a stable supply of raw materials for processing and selling the finished product.

Despite all the apparent difficulties, this business is worthy of attention, since it benefits not only the entrepreneur himself, but also the people around him, the city, the country, and the world as a whole.

Before you start

The main and main difficulty in starting a processing business is obtaining permits:

  • In order to sort and recycle waste, you must obtain a license from the Ministry of Environment. After this, all the documentation for the equipment is selected, and the entrepreneur goes to obtain permits from the water, sanitary, fire, veterinary and municipal services. This is due to the fact that waste recycling affects multiple interests and it is important that others do not suffer from the waste treatment plant;
  • recycling business plastic bottles It’s easier to open – just register as legal entity and you can get down to business. It is also easy to open a paper and cardboard recycling plant.

It is important to invest wisely in the purchase of equipment. Each direction has a number of subtleties that should not only be taken into account, but taken under control.

Garbage recycling

The premises should be chosen not far from the landfill, so that you do not have to spend money on transport for long-distance transportation of raw materials. An abandoned warehouse, hangar, etc. is ideal for these purposes. Perhaps regional or municipal authorities will be happy to provide unnecessary territories and premises for an indefinite lease or even free of charge. It is more profitable for the municipality to help a businessman than to maintain and maintain numerous constantly growing landfills.

Waste recycling equipment is one of the most important components of successful development of this business. Experienced businessmen who were able to raise their business argue that purchasing foreign equipment is inappropriate. It is more profitable and reliable to purchase Russian units, which cost less, are easier to repair, and are cheaper to maintain. As a rule, the purchase of universal equipment will require about $300 million, while a line for processing a particular type of waste can be installed for $50,000. The standard package includes: feeding belt, chopper and crusher, hopper, magnet, pressing unit.

The location has been found, the equipment has been purchased, now it’s important to recruit a strong team. This is what it consists of main difficulty of this business - few people can withstand the hard and exhausting work at the conveyor belt, especially when there are unpleasant odors floating around. Motivation and a flexible bonus system can make working at an enterprise profitable and prestigious. Approach this issue very carefully, otherwise high staff turnover cannot be avoided.

Please note: You can download a ready-made business plan for a waste processing plant from our partners with a quality guarantee!

The next stage is finding sources of raw materials. These are, of course, mostly landfills. You may be able to negotiate with the administration so that the vehicles that collect garbage bring it to you directly, bypassing the landfill. This will allow you to avoid spending money on transport to remove raw materials from the storage area.

Implementation – this issue is also important. Fortunately, the need for quality recyclables is steadily growing. Whatever direction you choose for recycling - glass, cars, equipment, food waste– you will always find buyers, since secondary raw materials are much cheaper than the original ones, and they are not inferior in quality.

What can you offer your customers for raw materials? For example:

  • recycling used cars will make it possible to sell not only metal or used oils, but also working spare parts to workshops;
  • technique - it often contains copper, aluminum, gold and silver. Large industrialists will be happy to buy non-ferrous metals at affordable prices;
  • Even food waste can benefit from recycling. From them, with the help of enzymes and bacteria, compost is created, which is purchased by gardening farms and large enterprises producing soil mixtures.

Let's look in a little more detail at popular areas - plastic, glass and paper.

Recycling plastic bottles

The plastic recycling business has established itself as a highly liquid activity, as well as extremely necessary for the global community, since plastic containers are literally strangling the planet. Plastic bottles and cups are easy to make, but they take a long time to decompose. Therefore, the processing shop plastic containers will be supported by municipalities, even investments are possible, since plastic recycling is one of the main areas in which environmental and environmental organizations work.

Channels for purchasing raw materials can be not only landfills, but also collection points for plastic containers. You can also enter into agreements with stores and retail chains to accept used bottles, glasses, and film from them. Also, it would not be superfluous to install special bins for bottles in the city; it is enough to obtain permission from the city administration.

Sales are also simple - mainly flex flakes, a product of processing plastic bottles, are bought by the manufacturers of these bottles. It is much cheaper than the original product, so enterprises willingly take such raw materials. It is precisely due to the ease of collection and marketing that recycling of plastic bottles as a business is good choice with excellent prospects, especially considering the simplicity of its organization, low initial costs and the availability of special support programs, both from the state and from international funds.

Glass recycling

This type of recycling business was and still remains one of the most popular in the post-Soviet space, as evidenced by the fact that even in the nineties, during the period of the severe economic crisis, bottles were accepted almost everywhere. Of course, at that time there was no talk of full-fledged glass recycling at the collection point, and even after that - many factories simply sterilized the bottles received, sorted them and sent them back to production, since glass, unlike other types of waste, can be easily clean from any contaminants, and no foreign impurities enter its structure.

Now, of course, almost no one resorts to such methods - glass goes through several stages of cleaning and sorting before being melted down. Equipment for glass processing is quite expensive, however, even a full-fledged conveyor line can be maintained by minimal personnel due to high labor automation.

First of all, as with any other waste recycling business, glass containers and glass products are sorted and cleared of external debris. The cleaning process can be either manual or automated. Then the finished glass container is separated according to color and quality characteristics and goes into a crusher, where it is crushed almost to the state of sand. After this, the glass goes through another stage of automatic cleaning and only after that it is remelted, or sent to glass factories in the form of sorted glass sand.

The methods for searching for raw materials in this business do not differ from those described in the previous section. You can use the services of companies involved in waste sorting, you can place your own glass container collection points, or you can negotiate with the owners of HoReCa establishments. However, it should be noted that the maximum income in the case of glass processing can be obtained only if there is a workshop for remelting and manufacturing glass products and blanks directly, since equipment for glass processing is now available in almost every glass factory. That is why a profitable solution can be to simply open glass collection points and organize direct sorting and removal of glass waste - this method of doing business will require significantly less investment from you.

Recycling paper and cardboard

The memory is still fresh from the times of the Soviet Union, when everyone always collected waste paper. Now this type of activity is in decline, but is gradually gaining momentum again.

The paper recycling business is great opportunity save the life of many trees, while making a good profit. There are two lines of this production based on the type of product produced - writing paper or cardboard. Cardboard recycling as a business is a more profitable and faster self-sustaining process. More detailed calculations are given below.

The main difficulty is in collecting raw materials. It can also be purchased from landfills, collection points or opening your own, as well as from large manufacturing and commercial enterprises. Selling raw materials is not difficult - there will always be people who want to buy inexpensive paper or cardboard.

Calculations on paper - what you can get from this business

Now some dry numbers. Let's calculate how much one or another type of processing will bring.

Profitability of a small enterprise for processing plastic bottles:

Opening costs:

  • equipment – ​​RUB 3,500,000.
  • redecoration of the premises, minor and unplanned expenses - 15,000 rubles.

Monthly costs:

  • rent, utility costs - 300,000 rubles.
  • wage fund – 210,000 rubles.
  • purchase of raw materials for processing – 80,000 rubles.

Total: 590,000 rub.

The planned monthly income from the sale of raw materials is 800,000 rubles. Thus, the monthly profit will be at least 200,000 rubles, and investments in the business will pay off in just 1.5 years. Calculations were based on minimum productivity indicators, so income in practice will be much higher.

In general, types of expenses and income by different types raw materials are identical, amounts and profits change. Do not forget that the profit margin is influenced by many factors, in particular purchasing policies, employee bonuses, use of resources, and correct implementation tactics. Develop a competent business plan and then success will definitely await you!

IN European countries up to 80% household waste returns back to production. In Russia, the system for collecting recyclable materials is being revived. This is economically beneficial for processors, and gives many entrepreneurs a good chance to open their own business with minimal investment in 2017.

 

About 4 million hectares of land in Russia are occupied by landfills, and it is no coincidence that 2017 has been declared the year of ecology. The federal budget includes funds for preferential lending for waste disposal activities. For those who are starting a business from scratch, ideas for collecting recyclable materials will be interesting, since this business does not require large investments, and the need of enterprises is constantly growing. Since there are a lot of varieties of “useful waste,” we will review the recyclable materials in demand in Russia.

What types of waste are in demand?

Expecting to open a business in 2017, you need to know what waste is of interest to existing producers in the city or region. Demand and prices for them are determined by actual and potential buyers. The most profitable is considered to be the processing of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass and waste paper (Table 1).

Table 1. Percentage of waste used as secondary raw materials. Based on materials from the study of the SSGA, Novosibirsk.

Type of recyclable materials

Inferred resources, million tons

Usage rate, %

Type of production

Share in the finished product, %

Scrap ferrous metals

steel foundry

Car tires (crumb rubber, reclaimed)

rubber

Blast furnace slag, thermal power plant, ash, mining and processing waste

building materials (crushed stone, gravel, sand)

Plastic waste

products made from thermoplastic polymers

glass breaker

Waste paper

cardboard and paper

Recycled raw materials in Russia are used in almost all industries, and the demand for them is growing. Prices vary in different regions, they are determined by the needs of local producers.

1. Car tires.

This is one of the most promising areas for starting a business from scratch; ideas in this direction deserve special attention. The volume of discarded tires in Russia in 2015 was about 940 thousand tons. More than 80% goes to landfill (of which 20% is burned), and only 17% is mechanically recycled. The content of usable components is shown in table. 2, potential market capacity - in Fig. 1.

Most often, used tires are processed into crumb rubber. The material is 2-3 times cheaper than synthetic rubber. The market is located in initial stage development, but prices have already formed, demand and stable supply have appeared. Certain requirements are imposed on the feedstock: the waste must comply with GOST 8407-89, it must be clean, have a residual layer of rubber, and intact sides. Typically, tires on rims, with studs, and mixed rubber-metal products are not accepted.

2. Waste paper

During 2013-2015, prices for waste paper increased by almost 60%; its export is currently prohibited, and sales are exempt from VAT. This is a traditional raw material in demand on the market; GOST 10700-97 has been developed for it. According to this document, the paper used is divided into 15 classes based on composition and 3 quality groups. The most expensive variety: white drawing, writing, copying (MS-1A), the cheapest - wallpaper, packaging, poster (MS-13B).

Raw materials are universally accepted for processing by factories producing:

  1. paper, containers, corrugated cardboard packaging (relevant ones included);
  2. linoleum, roofing insulating materials, vinyl leather;
  3. toilet paper, napkins, disposable medical linen.

The quality requirements depend on the direction of recycling. The paper must be cleaned, sorted, packaged (pressed) into briquettes weighing 50 kg or more. This processing saves warehouse space and reduces transportation costs.

3. Scrap metal (ferrous and non-ferrous).

The most profitable business, however, its organization is the most expensive of all types of recycling collection. This is due to the need to obtain a license; the rules and conditions for obtaining it, as well as handling scrap metal, are regulated by two main regulations:

  1. on licensing of procurement, storage, processing - No. 1287, 12/12/2012;
  2. on the handling of scrap and waste of non-ferrous metals - No. 370, 05/11/2001.

Procurement includes the purchase of scrap from individuals and organizations, transportation and sales. Mandatory requirements: drawing up acceptance certificates, monitoring for radioactivity and explosion safety. This entails the purchase of special equipment, training and confirmation of the qualifications of workers.

License terms, OKVED codes for ferrous metal and non-ferrous metal - different. This is a competitive type of activity, however, in regions with developed metallurgical and metalworking industries, it brings good income. The opportunity to open your own business in this area is simplified if you use a franchise offer, they are presented on the market.

4. Used batteries.

About 65% of the metal that is used in the production of new batteries is recovered from old batteries. The main part is lead (up to 17 kg), and in addition: nickel, zinc, cobalt, silver oxides. This is economically beneficial for enterprises, so the average acceptance prices for this type of recyclable materials are high. For example, in Novosibirsk there are more than 50 companies that buy batteries, and the cost ranges from 570 (45Ah) to 3,400 (220Ah) rubles.

Common places for battery collection: garage cooperatives, active roadways, transport companies, car repair services. Reception centers are usually located there and advertisements are posted there. If you consider that most car owners are simply too lazy to specifically look for a place to return a used battery, then they give them away for 150-200 rubles.

However, the collection and storage of batteries is subject to licensing. This is waste of hazard class 3-4, and work with it is regulated by two federal laws: No. 89-FZ (06.24.1998) and No. 99-FZ (05.04.2011). The license is issued to both the individual entrepreneur and the organization. It notes a specific type of activity, so you can limit yourself only to the collection of batteries, including their neutralization (draining the electrolyte).

5. Polymer waste (PET bottles).

This type of recyclable material is represented by waste plastic production, and household waste of the population. If 80% of the former go into secondary processing, then used bags, packaging, disposable tableware everywhere litters recreation areas, large and medium-sized cities. In the total volume of garbage, the share of plastic is more than 60-70%. The PET bottle holds the palm among polymers.

The main consumers are companies producing building materials, polyethylene film, plastic household products. Demand for it clearly exceeds supply (Fig. 2). Acceptance prices depend on the quality, purity and degree of processing of the material. Thus, landfill waste costs 2-3 times lower than sorted household waste. The most primitive processing that PET undergoes:

  • removing lids and labels;
  • sorting by color;
  • pressing into bags.

Inexpensive mini-plants for plastic processing significantly increase business profitability. For example, landfill PET waste is accepted at a price of up to 6 rubles/kg, LDPE waste - from 10 rubles/kg, washed and sorted used film - at 11-13 rubles/kg, and granules and agglomerate cost 25-35 rub/kg Despite the fact that the cost of new Russian-made film varies from 39 to 49 rubles/kg.

In fact, the plastic recycling market in Russia is just emerging. Experts estimate its potential at $150 million. From all types of workpieces polymer waste: collection points, waste separation, separate collection household waste - the latter is the most effective from an economic point of view.

6. Cullet and glass containers.

Along with waste paper, there are old and sought-after recyclables. Cullet took the place of solid glassware for a simple reason. Manufacturers have begun to produce bottles and cans that are so original that this makes them very difficult to reuse.

It is required always and everywhere. Two years ago, the Novosibirsk Ekran plant began opening collection points for recyclable materials from the population, since its shortage was holding back production. He needs up to 5 tons of cullet per month, but with the help of suppliers (including other regions) he manages to collect only 1.5-2 tons.

A collection point for glass containers justifies itself if, for example, a brewery is located nearby. Thus, Baltika uses up to 36% of recycled bottles. But cullet is even more profitable because it expands the list of potential suppliers. These could be companies that install window packages, or you can install containers for separate collection in yards. Glass makes up about 17% of household waste.

7. Computer scrap.

Old electrical equipment, computers, and telephones are in great demand, as evidenced by a simple request in Yandex (Fig. 3). At the same time, prices for scrap are very good (Fig. 4). This activity is usually carried out through intermediary firms that have appropriate licenses and are associated with raw material processors. They do the disassembly and sorting themselves, forming batches for delivery of quite large volumes (from 300 kg).

This is a good option for starting a business from scratch if you organize a reception point in a multi-storey residential area. In almost every apartment there is a lot of rubbish that has been lying around in the corners for years and is simply thrown into the trash. Simply because there is no place nearby where it can be rented out, even for little money.

The collection of equipment containing precious metals does not require licensing, but the company must be registered with the Assay Office. Therefore, in order to avoid obtaining permits at the first stage, you can operate under an agreement with one of these companies, having a representative office in your city or region.

In conclusion.

There are three main sources of recyclables:

  • reception directly from the population,
  • removal of defects and waste from organizations and enterprises;
  • collection, transportation from landfills of solid waste.

The latter is the most stable, although its implementation will require concluding an agreement with the municipal housing and communal services service. It is necessary to provide for the costs of specialized equipment, which are usually small. In general, this activity does not require licensing, with the exception of work with scrap metal and hazardous waste(battery, mercury). It falls under the patent tax system - the most beneficial for small businesses.