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Burial of industrial and household waste. Problems of utilization of municipal solid waste. Plasma processing of MSW

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

DONETSK PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC

DONBAS NATIONAL ACADEMY OF CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECTURE

Institute of Urban Economy and Environmental Protection

Department of Applied Ecology and Chemistry

Test

discipline: "Technoecology »

Student Nizhinskaya Anastasia Yurievna

Profile: "Engineering environmental protection"

Course - 4 Semester - 8

Head: Ph.D., Doroshenko T.F.

Number of points ____ECTS score____

Plan

1. Burial of solid household waste.

2. The main methods of disposal of medical waste.

Burial of solid household waste.

The cheapest way to get rid of waste is to bury it. This method goes back to the simplest way - to throw something from the house into a landfill. History has shown that simply throwing unusable items out of the house cannot solve the problem. In the 20th century, it was necessary to move from the spontaneous creation of landfills to the design and implementation of special engineering facilities, landfills for the disposal of household waste. The project provides for minimization of environmental damage, strict observance of sanitary and hygienic requirements.

Construction of a landfill and disposal of solid waste

Waste from residential buildings, public buildings and institutions, trade enterprises, Catering, street, garden and park estimates, construction garbage and some types of solid industrial waste III - IV hazard class.

Typically, a landfill is built where clay and heavy loam can serve as a base. If this is not possible, a waterproof base is provided, which results in significant additional costs. Square land plot is selected with the condition of its service life (15-20 years) and, depending on the volume of buried waste, it can reach 40-200 hectares. The height of waste storage is 12-60 m.

Landfills can be low-load (2-6 t/m²) and high-load (10-20 t/m²). The annual volume of accepted waste can range from 10 thousand to 3 million m³. Technological process Waste disposal is carried out, as a rule, using the cart method, which makes it possible to gradually introduce environmental protection measures without waiting for the completion of the operation of the landfill as a whole. The technology of MSW storage at landfills provides for the installation of water-resistant screens to protect groundwater and daily external insulation to protect the atmosphere, soil, and adjacent territories. All work on storage, compaction and isolation of MSW at landfills is carried out mechanized.

The organization and construction of the landfill is carried out in accordance with the legislation in the field of environmental protection and waste management, sanitary-epidemiological and urban planning legislation, as well as in the presence of a positive conclusion of the state urban planning expertise for this construction project.

A modern solid waste landfill is a complex of environmental structures designed for centralized collection, neutralization and disposal of solid waste, preventing the ingress of harmful substances into the environment, pollution of the atmosphere, soil, surface and ground water, the spread of rodents, insects and pathogens.

The polygon should include:

a waste disposal site;

a site for the placement of a workshop for sorting and processing waste;

composting area

administrative and economic zone;

engineering structures and communications for the life support of the landfill and environmental safety;

express laboratory;

area for radiation monitoring of waste.

The landfill for waste disposal along the perimeter must have a fence with a height of at least 180 cm. On the landfill along its perimeter, starting from the fence, the following should be placed in sequence:

An annular channel

· ring road with high quality hard coating;

· storm drains along the road or ditches.

The building density of the administrative and economic zone of the landfill should be at least 30%. In the administrative and economic zone are located:

administrative and amenity premises, laboratory;

· warm parking for special vehicles and mechanisms (canopy);

· workshop for the current repair of special vehicles and mechanisms;

storage of fuel materials;

· automobile scales (on polygons over 100 thousand tons/year);

· checkpoint;

boiler room (if necessary);

control and disinfectant bath;

The main structure of the landfill is the solid waste storage area. It occupies the main area of ​​the landfill, depending on the volume of received solid waste. The storage area is divided into stages of operation, taking into account the provision of waste reception for 3-5 years, as part of the first stage, a start-up complex is allocated for the first 1-2 years. The operation of the next stage is to increase the mound of solid waste to the projected level. The breakdown of the storage area into queues is carried out taking into account the terrain.

Storage areas must be protected from runoff surface water overlying land masses.

To intercept rain and flood waters, a drainage ditch is being designed along the border of the site. Along the perimeter of the landfill on a strip 5 - 8 m wide, trees are planted, engineering communications (water supply, sewerage) are laid, electric lighting masts are installed; in the absence of engineering structures on this strip, cavaliers (warehouses) of soil are dumped to use it for solid waste insulation, in any case, no more than 5% of the entire landfill area.

Conventions: A - ground water, B - dense layer of clay, C - plastic layer, D - system downpipes, E - geotextile layer, F - gravel, G - drainage layer, H - soil layer, I, J - soil layers where garbage is stored K - drainage ditch (pond).

Processes taking place with MSW at landfills

During the operation of the landfill, as well as for a long time after its reclamation, landfill gases are released into the atmospheric air, seepage water (filtrate) is formed, and the geo-indicators of soils under the landfill body change, which leads to an increase in the filtration capacity of soils and, as a result, to groundwater pollution.

The reactions taking place in the solid waste disposal body under aerobic conditions can be schematically represented as follows:

With further oxidation, the transformation of the cellular substance begins:

In a typical landfill, the aerobic oxidation process most often results in the formation and accumulation of high concentrations of fatty acids, which limits the aerobic degradation process.

Anaerobic biodegradation requires the presence of microorganisms of different species that are part of a mixed population. A group of hydrolytic or acidogenic bacteria provides the initial hydrolysis of the substrate to low molecular weight organic acids and other compounds, including methane.

The first step in the development of environmental measures at MSW landfills should be the assessment of data on the following characteristics:

location of the solid waste landfill or landfill;

type of landfill (landfill);

The period of operation

types, characteristics and amount of disposed waste;

storage method;

· thickness of storage layers;

Availability of screens, drainage and gas collection systems;

· chemical and biological characteristics of the landfill mass;

· hydrogeological conditions of adjacent territories.

In real conditions, obtaining most of the above data is difficult due to the complete or partial lack of information. Information on illegal landfills today can only include data on their size and location.

At present, in world practice, the most advanced method of storing solid waste, which allows to reduce Negative influence on the environment is the arrangement of “managed” landfills. When choosing a site for waste storage, the features of the area where the landfill is located are taken into account: climate, topography, geology, hydrological processes, water balance, etc. Preparation of the landfill includes compaction and waterproofing of the bed, the installation of a drainage system for the removal of seepage water, laying pipes for collecting biogas . To manage such a landfill, a number of technological measures are recommended.

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So, we turn again to the topic of waste disposal. This time, the reason was the legislative initiative of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources to ban the disposal of certain groups of waste. Let's deal with the draft resolution and with possible consequences its acceptance.

To date, there is no norm in environmental legislation that would determine which waste can be buried at a landfill and which cannot. Such norms are only in sanitary normative documents. Therefore, the need to restore order in this matter has been ripening for a long time.

Solid domestic and industrial wastes are buried at landfills. What is their difference? According to Federal Law No. 89-FZ of June 24, 1998 “On Production and Consumption Waste” (as amended on July 3, 2016; hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 89-FZ), only the concept of “municipal solid waste” has a clear definition (previously - municipal solid waste). Accordingly, everything that is not MSW, by default, refers to industrial waste, with the exception of radioactive or biological waste, which a priori cannot be buried in conventional MSW landfills or industrial landfills.

SANITARY STANDARDS

Waste disposal at landfills is regulated by several sanitary regulations. Landfill for waste disposal can be of two types − MSW landfill and special landfill for industrial waste.

VOCABULARY

Waste disposal— isolation of waste not subject to further disposal in special storage facilities in order to prevent harmful substances from entering the environment.
Municipal solid waste- waste generated in residential premises in the process of consumption by individuals, as well as goods that have lost their consumer properties in the process of their use by individuals in residential premises in order to meet personal and domestic needs. MSW also includes waste generated in the course of activities. legal entities, individual entrepreneurs and similar in composition to waste generated in residential premises in the process of consumption by individuals.
Waste disposal facilities- subsoil plots provided for use in the prescribed manner, underground facilities for burial waste I-V hazard classes in accordance with legislation Russian Federation about the bowels.
Polygons- a complex of environmental structures designed for storage, isolation and disposal of solid waste, providing protection against pollution of the atmosphere, soil, surface and ground water, preventing the spread of rodents, insects and pathogens.

Landfills for MSW disposal are designed, operated and recultivated in accordance with the requirements of the Instruction for the Design, Operation and Reclamation of Landfills for Solid Domestic Waste (Moscow, 1998; hereinafter referred to as the Instruction).

According to the Instruction, MSW includes waste economic activity of the population (cooking, cleaning and maintenance of apartments, etc.), including waste from local heating devices, large-sized household items, packaging, estimates from courtyards, streets, squares, waste from maintaining green spaces, etc.

At the same time, it is allowed to bury certain types of industrial waste at MSW landfills, subject to special conditions. So, in Appendix 9 to the Instruction there is a List of industrial waste of the IV hazard class, accepted to landfills of municipal solid waste without restriction and used as an insulating material. This list includes such waste as aluminosilicate sludge, asbestos, bentonite, gypsum, slate, thermal power plant slag, lime and other relatively inert waste, which, in contact with MSW and the environment, will not cause potentially great harm to the environment. That is why they are used to isolate the layers of MSW at the landfill.

NOTE

IV hazard class waste in this case given according to the sanitary classification of waste in accordance with SP 2.1.7.1386-03 "Sanitary rules for determining the hazard class toxic waste production and consumption":
. 1 class - extremely dangerous;
. Class 2 - highly dangerous;
. Grade 3 - moderately dangerous;
. Grade 4 - little dangerous.
Unlike environmental classification, in which there are five hazard classes of waste, here there are only four. The class is determined by a calculation or experimental method based on various hazard parameters of the waste components according to the given sanitary rules.

In addition, Appendix 10 to the Instructions proposes a List of industrial wastes of III and IV hazard classes accepted to municipal solid waste landfills in limited quantities and stored together, which gives the standards for the disposal of some industrial waste per 1000 m 3 MSW. This list includes waste from the production of acetic anhydride, rubber, polystyrene plastics, electrical insulating materials, waste from suspension and emulsion production of styrene copolymers, etc. These materials also have low reactivity, are poorly oxidized and are a good buffer material when mixed with MSW.

Appendix 11 to the Instruction contains the List of industrial wastes of IV-III hazard classes accepted in limited quantities and stored under special conditions. For example, Activated carbon and trimmings of leather substitutes are accepted provided that they are laid in a layer of no more than 0.2 m, and non-returnable wooden and paper containers should not contain oiled paper in order to avoid fire.

Hygienic requirements for MSW landfills are specified in SP 2.1.7.1038-01 "Hygienic requirements for the arrangement and maintenance of municipal solid waste landfills" (hereinafter - SP 2.1.7.1038-01). According to SP 2.1.7.1038-01, waste from residential buildings, public buildings and institutions, trade enterprises, public catering, street estimates, construction waste and some industrial waste of III-IV hazard classes can get to MSW landfills.

List of such wastes in each case agreed with Rospotrebnadzor. Toxic industrial waste is buried only after neutralization at special landfills, the same applies to radioactive and biological waste. According to SP 2.1.7.1038-01, waste from medical institutions (now called medical waste) is allowed to be buried at a MSW landfill.

Recall that according to SanPiN 2.1.7.2790-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the management of medical waste" (hereinafter - SanPiN 2.1.7.2790-10) for medical waste there is a classification of danger.

extraction
from SanPiN 2.1.7.2790-10

[…]
2.1. medical waste depending on the degree of their epidemiological, toxicological and radiation hazard, as well as the negative impact on the environment, they are divided into five hazard classes (Table 1):
Class A - epidemiologically safe waste, close in composition to municipal solid waste (hereinafter referred to as MSW).
Class B - epidemiologically hazardous waste.
Class B - extremely epidemiologically hazardous waste.
Class G - toxicologically hazardous waste of hazard classes 1-4.
Class D - radioactive waste.
[…]

SP 2.1.7.1038-01 contains an important clarification: it is not allowed to collect recyclable materials directly from a garbage truck. This must be done at the stage of waste collection or after at special sorting stations in compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements.

Industrial waste can be disposed of with MSW, provided that the toxicity of the mixture of industrial waste with household waste does not exceed the toxicity of household waste according to the analysis of water extract. The main indicator characterizing the danger of waste is the content of toxic substances in one extract, as well as BOD and COD:

extraction
from SP 2.1.7.1038-01

[…]
8.2. Industrial waste of the 4th hazard class, accepted without restrictions in quantitative terms and used as an insulating material, is characterized by the content in the water extract (1 liter of water per 1 kg of waste) of toxic substances at the level of a filter from municipal solid waste (MSW), and according to integrating indicators - biochemical oxygen demand (BOD total) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) - not higher than 300 mg / l, have a homogeneous structure with a fraction size of less than 250 mm.
8.3. Industrial waste of hazard class 4 and 3, accepted in limited quantities (no more than 30% of the mass of municipal solid waste) and stored together with household waste, is characterized by the content of toxic substances in the water extract at the level of the leachate from MSW and the values ​​of BOD 20 and COD 3400 - 5000 mg/l O 2 .
[…]

Thus, some types of industrial waste may well be disposed of at a MSW landfill, while others can be disposed of exclusively at industrial waste landfills. The design and operation of industrial waste landfills is carried out in accordance with SNiP 2.01.28-85 "Landfills for the neutralization and disposal of toxic industrial waste", which not only indicate the standards for the design and operation of landfills, but also describe in detail:

What groups of industrial waste can be taken to the landfill;

Under what conditions are they accepted?

What methods of pre-treatment, neutralization, disposal should the waste go through at sorting stations or special neutralization plants before getting to the landfill.

In practice, the process of transferring waste to landfill is as follows. The enterprise has a list of waste that it is obliged to transfer to a licensed organization. If an enterprise wants to transfer waste for disposal to a MSW or industrial waste landfill, the list must be verified with a license to receive waste from this landfill. Names, codes and hazard classes of waste must match. Provided that the enterprise has waste passports, as well as the readiness of the landfill to accept waste from it, a transfer agreement is concluded.

Often, in order to simplify the process of waste transfer, enterprises tend to send for disposal not only MSW and permitted industrial waste, but also class I and II waste according to environmental classification. Moreover, if these wastes end up in a landfill mixed with MSW, it is difficult to visually identify them, as a result waste potentially highly hazardous to the environment and humans is buried. Most often, the total mass of MSW includes mercury-containing lamps, oily rags and paper, and packaging materials contaminated with hazardous substances.

In addition to toxicity, these wastes also cause indirect harm to the environment during disposal, because most of the industrial waste is a potential secondary raw material, the reuse of which can save a significant amount of resources. It is this approach to waste management that has been adopted in the West and is beginning to be introduced in our country.

REFERENCE

The percentage of recycled raw materials in Russia is relatively small, although according to the State Report “On the State and Protection of the Environment of the Russian Federation in 2015”, the percentage of waste used / neutralized is generally growing: in 2014, 46% of waste was used / neutralized, in 2015 - 53%. Moreover, this is mainly waste from the mining industry - overburden and host rocks, which can be used as material for backfilling quarries, reclamation, etc. relatively simple and profitable.

DRAFT DECISION ON THE BURIAL PROHIBITION

In connection with the need to implement the state policy to reduce the total amount of waste disposal, the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia has developed a draft Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On approval of the List of types of waste, which include useful components, the disposal of which is prohibited" .

The resolution was developed in order to implement paragraph 8 of Art. 12 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, which states: “The disposal of waste, which includes useful components to be disposed of, is prohibited. The list of types of waste, which include useful components, the disposal of which is prohibited, is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The project provides a list of waste groups for which it is supposed step by step enter ban on burial to encourage their reuse (see table).

This resolution will work in the general system of mechanisms to encourage users of natural resources to dispose of waste from production, such as extended responsibility of producers for the disposal of waste from the use of goods, the development, approval and implementation of regional programs in the field of waste management, incl. with MSW.

The list of waste groups itself corresponds to the list of finished goods, including packaging, subject to disposal after they lose their consumer properties (approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 24, 2015 No. 1886-r). The ban on burial is due to the fact that these wastes contain useful components: ferrous and non-ferrous metals, incl. mercury, polymeric materials, rubber, glass, paper and cardboard. To implement the resolution, it is necessary, first of all, to establish income streams data waste on the usage: at the stage of collection - to introduce their separate collection; at the sorting stage — to separate useful waste components from the total mass of MSW.

REFERENCE

Today, the highest percentage of recycling is achieved for the group of ferrous and non-ferrous metal waste (up to 98%) and glass container waste (up to 94%), as well as tire and tire waste (up to 78%). There is a network of recycling companies for these wastes, they are easy to collect and deliver to the recycling site, and the cost of receiving waste is beneficial for the supplier companies.

These data relate only to legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, while for the population, according to various estimates, the collection of recyclable materials from waste does not exceed 2.5%. This state of affairs is due to the fact that separate waste collection has not been established among the population, there is no network of waste sorting plants, and the overall profitability of collecting recyclable materials from the population tends to zero. The country has a network of waste sorting enterprises and a network of waste processing enterprises, however, all of them operate at half capacity due to lack of supply of raw materials. Moreover, for some factories, raw materials are purchased abroad (for example, cullet - in Estonia).

Let's consider the situation for each group of waste that is supposed to be banned from being buried.

Waste paper and cardboard

Paper production in Russia is gradually increasing its pace. Approximately half of the total generation of uncontaminated paper and paperboard waste is exposed to recycling. The waste paper collection rate is about 30%. The separation of paper from the mass of MSW is only 1.5%, while such paper is wet and contaminated and is of little use as a raw material for production.

Waste paper and cardboard are waste products for which producer responsibility has been established (recycling standards have been introduced since 2016 at the level of 5-10%), which strengthens the effect of the draft resolution. Waste paper recycling enterprises are underutilized.

Waste products from thermoplastics: waste packaging from polymeric materials

Waste products from thermoplastics are mostly waste from conventional plastic bottles. Their number is constantly increasing, while in our market 80% of plastic products are of domestic production. However, about 13% of plastic waste is recycled, the rest ends up in landfills. The plastic waste recycling market in last years is developing, in Russia there are up to 4000 enterprises for the processing of such waste, but all of them operate at 50-60% of their capacity.

Their manufacturers are also responsible for the waste of plastic packaging products, the recycling standard in 2016 is set at the level of 5-10%, in 2017 - 10-15%. Responsibility of producers, together with the ban on landfilling, will contribute to the development of a collection and disposal system.

Waste glass and glass products: glass containers and packaging

In 2015, 186 thousand tons of glass waste were generated, the collection percentage was no more than 38%. The preparation of cullet causes a lot of difficulties (for example, sorting light and dark glass, cleaning it from dirt, etc.). Recycled glass is used in the glass industry, building materials, etc. As already noted, the demand for cullet in Russia is met by imports. Sorting glass is a very expensive undertaking, so it is preferable to make a separate collection initially.

The list of goods subject to disposal after they lose their consumer properties includes:

Sheet glass bent and processed;

Hollow glass, including containers and other glass closures.

The introduction of a ban on waste disposal will require the functioning of a system for the selective collection of glass containers, the development of a market for the circulation and processing of cullet and glass packaging waste.

Scrap and waste of ferrous metals. Scrap and waste containing non-ferrous metals

The high percentage of scrap metal collection today is due to reasonable prices for the acceptance of this recyclable material. The profitability of collecting and transferring scrap has ensured the development of a good infrastructure for the reception of metals, which is why the packaging recycling standards are also high - 20% in 2016 for cans made of ferrous metals.

BY THE WAY

It is much cheaper to obtain aluminum from recycled materials than by smelting from aluminum-containing minerals.

Waste equipment and other products containing mercury

Mercury is a very toxic substance, so the ban on burial is intended, among other things, to reduce the danger mercury pollution environment.

Mercury, mercury-quartz, fluorescent lamps;

Relays impulse mercury containing;

Valves, mercury thermometers;

Cells and batteries are mercury-zinc, mercury-containing galvanic cells, etc.

Russia produces 68 million mercury lamps annually, while consumer enterprises generate 15 thousand tons of waste containing mercury, and approximately 13 thousand tons of them are transferred for disposal. Gradually, the amount of mercury-containing waste will decrease, as alternative light sources are entering the market. The burial of such waste together with MSW is unacceptable, because can cause poisoning of the soil, groundwater and subsequently the population. In general, the disposal of waste containing mercury, according to official statistics, today does not exceed 62.7% of the volume of their education, according to experts - no more than 40%.

Computer, electronic, optical, electrical equipment that has lost its consumer properties

Waste of electronic and electrical equipment is increasing the volume of education every year. This waste contains many valuable components, plastic, metals, as well as toxic substances. About 50 million tons of used electrical and electronic equipment are generated annually in the world, incl. in Russia - from 0.9 to 1.4 million tons. The system for accounting for the generation and management of such waste in Russia is poorly developed, so it is difficult to say exactly what percentage of the generated waste is recycled. According to experts, no more than 5-8% of the generated waste of this group in Russia is collected and recycled, with the bulk of the waste coming for processing from legal entities.

Significant volumes of waste of this type are selected from municipal waste and dismantled by private individuals to extract precious metals. In the same time dangerous substances after dismantling, they end up in MSW streams, and are often simply thrown away, causing great harm to the environment.

On the territory of the Russian Federation there are about 70 companies in different regions advertise recycling services for such equipment, but many do not have recycling facilities.

Reasons for the absence of the industry for processing these wastes in Russia:

There is no motive for the owner/producer of waste, the owner of secondary raw materials;

The collection infrastructure from the population and enterprises is not developed;

Insufficient number of trained processors of such waste.

At the same time, the existing large processing companies note the underutilization of capacities. Large chains of electronics stores often change outdated equipment with a surcharge for a new one, while old technology handed over to recycling companies.

The list of goods subject to disposal after they lose their consumer properties includes the following groups of goods:

Computers and peripheral equipment;

Communication equipment;

Household electronic equipment;

Optical instruments and photographic equipment;

Batteries;

Electrical lighting equipment;

Household electrical appliances;

Household appliances, non-electric;

Hand tools with built-in electric motor;

Industrial refrigeration and ventilation equipment.

Waste tires, tyres, car tubes

Tires and tires are the most large-tonnage waste of rubber products. Tire production volumes in Russia are growing, half of them are exported. According to statistics, 77% of the waste of tires and tires is sent for recycling, which is a good indicator, however, according to experts, only 10% is recycled, and 20% is burned, while the amount of waste generated is many times more than official data. Recycling enterprises are underutilized, raw materials are in short supply, and the resulting secondary rubber is also not in demand.

A promising direction is the production of rubber crumb, the volume of consumption and popularity of which in Russia has increased. The structure of the rubber crumb market is dominated by the products of Russian enterprises, at the same time, there is an increase in the import of crumb rubber. The structure of rubber crumb consumption is dominated by the production of rubber products - 36%, the share of rubber and other coatings is estimated at 20%, tires and tires - 15%.

The main problem of the domestic production of crumbs is the lack of a system for collecting used tires for further processing.

Tires, tires and rubber tubes are included in the list of goods to be disposed of after they lose their consumer properties. In 2016, for this group of goods, a recycling standard of 15% was set, in 2017 - 20%.

The ban on the disposal of such waste will contribute to the formation of an infrastructure for the collection and disposal of waste, loading existing production facilities.

Municipal solid waste

One citizen annually produces up to 400 kg of MSW, annually more than 50 million tons of non-utilized MSW are accumulated in the country, while, according to various estimates, no more than 5-8% of the total waste is recycled.

Disposal of useful components contained in MSW is expedient only under the condition of separate collection of waste, because. Sampling valuable components from a mass of garbage is costly and unprofitable.

The content of components that can be recycled directly depends on the morphological composition of MSW (it is influenced by the climatic zone, the degree of housing improvement, the number of storeys, the type of fuel, etc.). The largest part of MSW is paper, cardboard, food waste, plastic. At the same time, the profitability of transporting the valuable MSW fraction to the consumer should be taken into account. The most cost-effective transportation of non-ferrous metal scrap as MSW fraction.

Conditions under which MSW sorting before disposal is expedient and cost-effective:

The capacity of the total MSW flow is at least 100 thousand tons / year;

The amount of waste fractions in the total volume of MSW is not less than 20-30% of the total volume of MSW;

The transport distance is not more than 100 km, except for the transportation of non-ferrous metal waste, where it can reach 1000 km.

The introduction of a ban on the disposal of unsorted MSW will require the construction of waste sorting complexes and waste processing plants.

international experience

International experience in the field of waste involvement in recycling shows high results thanks to the adopted agreements of the international level.

Council Directive European Union 1999/31/EC of 26.04.1999 "On landfilling of waste" obliges the participating countries to develop a program for the treatment of MSW. In addition, it introduced a ban on the disposal of certain types of waste in landfills, for example car tires and liquid waste. The document stipulates that only previously processed waste can be delivered to the landfill, which predetermines the need to increase the number of waste processing plants.

The second important document is the Directive European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union 2008/98/EC of 19.11.2008 "On Waste and Repeal of Certain Regulations". The purpose of the document is also to reduce the volume of polygons. The most important content is the introduction of quantitative goals for the processing of a number of types of MSW.

Conclusion

The draft resolution fits into the general policy of the state to reduce the amount of generated and disposed waste, increase the amount of recycled waste and, in general, reduce the harmful effects of waste on the environment. Subject to the competent implementation of the resolution and the timely appearance of infrastructure for separate collection waste, waste sorting complexes, approval of transparent territorial waste management schemes, the result will not be long in coming, especially if the project is stimulated by economic mechanisms.

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Population growth and rising living standards, and with it the volume of consumption, inevitably lead to an increase in the amount of solid household waste. To avoid serious problems associated with improper storage of garbage, it is necessary to create a solid waste landfill. Such a site, fully equipped and designed for the collection and storage of waste, is becoming a landfill.

Modern landfills for solid household waste - is a complex of structures aimed not only at the burial, neutralization and disposal of solid waste, but also at protecting the environment and humans.

Threat of household waste

Every year our country produces about 130 million cubic meters household waste. Each cubic meter contains approximately 200 kilograms. Impressive numbers, right?

Of all this mass, only 3 - 4% go to storage and further participate in recycling, while the rest of the garbage rots in landfills. Solid waste landfills are in no way prepared for the storage and disposal of municipal solid waste, most of them do not even have a license. They are in natural areas close to cities, and formed a long time ago, when technology did not allow for the safe storage of waste.

The composition of household waste sent to landfills is approximately the following:

  • Food waste.
  • Faulty household items (electrical equipment, furniture, dishes).
  • Construction garbage.
  • All kinds of packaging, bags, films.
  • Street trash.

All this mixture, which is sent to hazardous waste landfills, becomes a source of the formation of a whole range of harmful substances. They pollute groundwater, poison the soil and the atmosphere. When garbage accumulates and decomposes, a combustible gas, methane, is formed, and improper disposal of waste can cause a large-scale fire. Therefore, competent processing of solid waste is necessary.

Municipal solid waste landfill

The goal is not only the correct storage of waste, but also the maximum use of all the properties of the waste. Since the solid waste landfill concentrates impressive amounts of polluting components, it always poses a serious danger, being the object of potential pollution.

To minimize this danger, the project includes a number of protective structures, which are based on a whole job description for design and use from organizations. Their presence distinguishes the landfill from an ordinary landfill and endows it with a number of positive qualities.

The landfill is not an ordinary landfill, its purpose is to protect the environment from the decomposition products of municipal solid waste.

Therefore, for design, there is the following instruction:

  • Waste storage should be in isolation to ensure the absolute safety of people living nearby and workers at the enterprise.
  • The conditions must ensure the balance of the processes occurring in the stored waste - the rate of gas release, growth of volumes and compaction of garbage are taken into account.
  • The device is calculated taking into account the possibility of using the land after the cessation of the site.

Since each polygon is sharply tailored to the specifics of the area, there is no standard design plan. It can be located both in a lowland (for example, in a ravine) and on flat terrain. Today, there are many organizations specializing in the development of projects for the disposal and disposal of municipal solid waste. They take into account all regulations, even the slightest features of the area, completely eliminating the risk of pollution.

Construction of a solid waste landfill

The instruction from SNiP states that the most successful location is the area, the base of which is clay and heavy loam. If such a place could not be found, then the requirements of SanPiN require the creation of a waterproof base. The design of the solid waste landfill is calculated taking into account the terrain.

The area of ​​the territory is selected taking into account the period of operation of the site and the volume of stored waste. So, the average area can be from 50 to 300 hectares. In addition to the above conditions, SanPiN puts forward requirements regarding the height of storage. It should not exceed 60 meters from the base.

In total, there are two types of landfills where solid waste is buried, the classification depends on the volume of garbage per square meter:

  1. Low load - no more than 2 - 6 t/m2 can be placed here
  2. Highly loaded - from 10 to 20 t/m2

Garbage disposal is carried out according to the cart method. This technology makes it possible to carry out environmental protection actions in stages, without waiting for the expiration of the period of use.

The requirements, handling and job description for storage technology require the installation of waterproof taps, the task of which is to protect groundwater from ingress of waste. All activities are mechanized.

The regulations and instructions from SanPiN establish the following standards and requirements for the composition of the landfill:

  • The presence of the site itself, it must have an appropriate fence on which waste is buried.
  • A separate territory, the area of ​​​​which will accommodate the workshop where sorting will be carried out.
  • The area for composting is one of the methods of disposal of solid waste.
  • Administrative - economic area.
  • Buildings and other structures to ensure environmental safety and life support.
  • An area with a laboratory located on it, where a quick examination will be carried out (express laboratories).

SanPiN requirements also oblige to protect the landfill area with a fence, the height of which is not less than 180 centimeters.

The solid domestic waste storage area is the main structure, which should occupy the main area. As a rule, each landfill is divided into separate sections, which are operated for 5-7 years.

Technologies for sorting waste

The equipment used for sorting solid waste must be without fail be used at the landfill. This is evidenced by the instructions and regulations, which describe the basic requirements of SanPiN.

Such equipment includes the following components:

  • a set of conveyors of both belt and plastic type
  • briquettes for pressing
  • impact crushers
  • shredders

Sorting can be carried out in such equipment:

  • Manual sorting chamber. The device can sort glass, plastic, fabric. Manual sorting is an attribute of almost any work on the processing of solid waste.
  • Drum sieve. Such equipment is intended for elimination of small and heavy household garbage.
  • Air separator. Here the light debris is separated from the heavy one. Sorting is based on the difference in the density of substances.

Each device has its own instructions for use.

The legislative framework

The design and further opening of any landfill where solid waste will be placed is impossible without taking into account the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Accordingly, the design of the landfill should be based on the following:

  • Requirements from SanPiN.
  • Standards that are established by SNiP.

SNiP is a document with rules that describes the main economic and legal standards relating to urban development.

It is SNiP that sets the basic requirements for landfills:

  • The order of placement (this includes warehousing).
  • Polygon design.
  • Regulations on the calculation of capacity and engineering studies.
  • Area scheme.
  • Ecological protection.
  • This document establishes a job description for the collection and disposal of household waste.

We can say that SNiP controls all the main points regarding the development of the landfill. Below are a few key points.

Garbage disposal rules

Instruction from SNiP allows you to place polygons:

  • In areas unsuitable for agricultural activities and not occupied by green spaces.
  • In areas where it is possible to introduce engineering solutions that prevent pollution of nature.
  • On areas adjacent to urban areas, but not included in residential development.

Project Creation Guidelines

In order to obtain a license to permit the construction of a landfill, proper design is necessary. SanPiN and SNiP establish the sections that the project should consist of (from DNB A 2.2-3):

  • Explanatory note.
  • Technical section, which describes the calculation of capacity, land examination, personnel, area.
  • The main site plan.
  • Sanitary - technical section.
  • Estimate.
  • Approximate level of impact on nature.

environmental protection

The SNiP document contains a regulation that describes the main measures to protect the environment and humans:

  • The entire perimeter should have a kind of fencing in the form of soil, the task of which is to isolate debris after the territory is closed.
  • Must be built special complex for monitoring, including control over the state of water bodies (underground and aboveground), the atmosphere, green spaces.
  • The entire landfill must be fenced to prevent unauthorized people from entering the area.

Project development

As mentioned above, the design of landfills is based on the main idea - to minimize the possibility of risk to the environment. That is why it is better to entrust the development to specialists.

Although the territories allocated for the construction of landfills are very different, there are some standards related to the features of the relief, the passage groundwater, land value and so on.

The MSW site takes into account the following conditions:

  • topographic conditions. A site with a moderately sloping relief is considered ideal for a landfill, preferably with one slope. The most undesirable areas will be flat or, on the contrary, too sloping territories.
  • Land value. The best option is land intended for low-value farmland. Under the landfills allocate the territory without forests or covered with forests of lower categories. It is forbidden to arrange waste sites in areas where rare species of trees and other plants grow.
  • Water. The most favorable factor is complete absence on the river intakes. The maximum water content of the watercourse is also a positive side. This makes it possible to accept landfill effluents in the event of an emergency.

Construction

Solid waste landfills are being built in almost all countries of the world. Usually they are located at a sufficient distance from settlements - the presence of a landfill near residential areas is unacceptable. Work on the construction of a solid waste landfill begins with the creation of a pit on the prepared territory, which is equipped with special screens. These screens prevent the penetration of decomposition products of debris into the soil. After that, all communications necessary for the work are brought to the landfill and the planned facilities are built.

Since the project of each site is unique, its cost may vary. Usually, the following indicators are taken into account in the calculation:

  • Square.
  • Territory type: lowland, ravine, plain.
  • Planned waste volumes.
  • Use of special equipment, protective materials.

In addition to these main points, there are many small nuances that affect the cost. But whatever the results, the construction of the landfill has a double benefit. In addition to earning from garbage disposal, it makes it possible to process garbage and obtain very valuable raw materials.

Activity license

The collection and disposal of household waste is the same business as everyone else. In order to start construction of a solid waste landfill, a mandatory license is required. It is issued on the basis of the Federal Law No. 99 dated May 4, 2011 "On licensing certain types of activities." License issued Federal Service on supervision in the field of nature management.

Work without a license

If there is no license, then you should not start work. Otherwise, it threatens with administrative responsibility. The result of such liberties is usually a large monetary fine.

Working with waste as a business is doubly dangerous, as there is always a threat of causing serious harm to the environment and the environment. In the event that trouble nevertheless happened, the unfortunate entrepreneur (if he does not have a license) will have to answer already under the article of the Criminal Code (No. 171 Illegal business).

A license must be obtained without fail, otherwise the risk is too great. Therefore, when taking on a serious recycling mission, you should not behave irresponsibly.

Benefit

Landfill gas extraction is one of the profitable areas in waste processing. The gas is formed due to the decomposition of debris under the soil layer. Up to 60% of it is methane. On average, one ton of decomposed garbage gives at least 100 - 200 cubic meters of gas. After cleaning, this gas is almost as good as natural gas, and its collection can become a profitable business.

Naturally, the extraction of landfill gas is impossible without additional equipment and devices, including a gas gathering system, wells, and much more. The stability of gas formation (after all, garbage will always appear), the low cost of obtaining and the scale make it quite a valuable source of energy.

Gas production is not the only prospect that the landfill provides. There are a number of technologies for processing certain types of waste - plastic, glass, paper, as a result of which raw materials are ready for reproduction. Garbage that cannot be recycled is disposed of.

Reclamation

Any landfill has a limited lifespan. When the volumes of waste reach the maximum levels possible under the project, the landfill ceases to function. But what about the large-scale territories that it occupies? The answer is simple: reclamation is necessary.

The process is quite laborious, because despite all the protective measures, the landfill is a place of accumulation of large volumes of dangerous and harmful compounds. The reclamation process depends on how the reclaimed land will be used. It begins after the completion of the storage of garbage and its transition to a stable state.

Stages

Landfill reclamation takes place in two stages.

  • The first stage is technical. It includes the development and transportation of materials for creating a reclamation cover, the design of all necessary structures. Protective screens are being installed, Wastewater and leachate with their subsequent processing and disposal, as well as gas collection.
  • The second stage is biological. Its task is to restore the economic value of the land. A complex of agrotechnical measures is being carried out, the result of which is the readiness of the damaged soil for use.

In order to preserve the natural and ecological balance, which has already been shaken quite a lot due to human activity, it is necessary to take seriously the issue of storing household waste.

Filtrate cleaning

The filtrate is a concentrated multicomponent solution of a wide chemical nature. Another name for the filtrate is highly mineralized wastewater.

In order to identify the exact substances that make up the filtrate, a mandatory examination must be carried out, however, there is a general list of substances:

  • Biological substances that have undergone decomposition.
  • nitrogen in the form of ammonium.
  • Salts in the dissolved type.
  • Various heavy metals.

The SanPiN regulation states that an examination should be carried out for each landfill separately. Violation of this rule may result in a serious fine.

Scientists have found out the sources of filtrate formation. There are three of them:

  1. Atmospheric precipitation in contact with the landfill surface.
  2. moisture content of the waste.
  3. Moisture that is released from the garbage as a result of the decay process.

To prevent the harmful effects of the leachate on the environment, all municipal waste landfills are cleaned. The most common equipment that is used to clean the area from leachate is called "Reverse Osmosis".

In addition to cleaning the filtrate using equipment, there are other methods:

  • Biochemical, which is carried out after mechanical (filtration and further settling) of the filtrate.
  • Physico-chemical methods.

The landfill is the best way to solve the problem today. Modern technologies allow you to design the site, ensuring maximum safety.

What is MSW? Their classification

Municipal solid waste- items or goods that have lost consumer properties, the largest part consumption waste. MSW is also divided into garbage(biological TO) and actually household waste(non-biological TO of artificial or natural origin) . MSW classification. In terms of quality : paper (cardboard); food waste; wood; black metal; non-ferrous metal; textile; bones; glass; leather and rubber; stones; polymeric materials; other components; screening (small fragments passing through a 1.5 cm grid); To hazardous MSW relate: waste batteries and accumulators, electrical appliances, varnishes, paints and cosmetics, fertilizers and dochemicals, household chemicals, medical waste, mercury-containing thermometers, barometers, blood pressure monitors, lamps.
Household waste characterized multicomponent heterogeneity of the composition, low density instability (ability to rot). By the nature and degree of impact on natural environment they are divided into: industrial waste, consisting of inert materials, the disposal of which is currently economically unjustified;
recyclable materials ( secondary raw materials); waste class 4 hazard; waste 3 hazard classes; waste 2 hazard classes; waste 1 class of danger. P about x-py occurrence: industrial; household.

2. The main causes of waste
*irrational economic, which has become the norm, the activities of many enterprises using old technologies;
* outdated regulatory framework. About 30 normative acts of the ministry are significantly outdated, since they were adopted back in 1992. and in 1997;
*ineffective (ineffective) control of central and local environmental and health authorities and other sectoral government bodies;
*lack of economic incentives for the development of "historical" and newly formed waste.
*absence of a special law regulating relations in the field of waste management. The attempt of the ministry to solve the problems of waste management by introducing amendments and additions to the law "On Environmental Protection" is unrealistic. It is impossible to solve such a huge problem by amending several articles of the law.

3. Formulate the concept of integrated waste management.
The basic concept of integrated waste management provides that household waste consists of various components, which ideally should not be mixed between
themselves, but should be disposed of separately from each other by the most beneficial environmental and economic methods. The concept of integrated waste management provides that, in addition to the traditional methods of disposal of municipal solid waste (garbage incineration and burial), waste recycling should become an integral part of their activities to reduce the amount of waste. A combination of several methods can help effective solution problems of municipal solid waste.

4. What is the CMO hierarchy?
Such a hierarchy implies that, first of all, measures for the primary reduction of waste should be considered, then for secondary reduction: the reuse and processing of the remaining part of the waste, and, last but not least, the measures for the disposal or disposal of those wastes that could not be avoided and which cannot be are recyclable. The abbreviation means reduction of their toxicity and other harmful properties. Waste reduction is achieved by reorienting manufacturers and consumers towards products and packaging that result in less waste. Recycling(including composting) is the second step in the hierarchy. Recycling not only saves landfill space, but also improves incineration efficiency by removing non-combustible materials from the general waste stream. Below in the hierarchy are incineration and landfills. Incineration reduces the amount of waste that ends up in landfills and can be used to generate electricity. Landfilling continues to be necessary for non-recyclable, non-combustible or combustible waste.

List the main problems of MSW disposal at landfills.

The landfill is a specially designed structure. For their device, lands with a slight natural slope that are not suitable for economic needs are specially selected. If there is no slope, then it is created artificially. Following this, they arrange a special base for the landfill, most often reinforced concrete, to prevent the ingress and mixing of landfill and groundwater. According to world standards, a landfill prepared for work should contain only one type of solid household waste. This circumstance makes it possible to more successfully recycle or further dispose of household waste, depending on their type. When storing such waste, if possible, they are further modified by crushing and pressing, which increases the life of the landfill. When laying a layer of household waste, an additional base layer is laid on it, on which household waste is subsequently laid. At the end of the resources of the landfill, it is backfilled with a layer of sand, clay and earth, and plants are also sown, which contributes to the restoration of the soil layer. Unfortunately, today in Russia, household waste is very often disposed of at landfills without prior preparation of the area. Household waste itself is practically not sorted, and the choice of a place for future landfills is often made almost spontaneously. In addition, another negative factor is the increase in the number of natural landfills, as well as unauthorized burials, hazardous solid household waste. It is important that all these problems be solved at the state level.

6) Name the existing waste collection systems Currently, there are two main waste collection and disposal systems: tank and container. tank system is the disposal of waste by bodywork garbage trucks. Such a system has major drawbacks, since it requires significant costs of metal, heavy physical labor and difficult in the operation and sanitary maintenance of garbage bins. Tanks are used with a capacity of 100 liters, a garbage truck - with a sealing device. container system consists in the removal of waste by container or body garbage trucks. This system is preferable to the tank one and has become widespread in the cities of Russia. However, it also has a significant drawback: the low density of waste in containers leads to a decrease in productivity and an increase in the cost of removal.

7) Tell us about the recycling of waste paper. Waste paper recycling is a very clear example of protecting the environment at the same time as saving valuable natural raw materials. Careful collection of waste paper and its reasonable use not only prevent our environment from being littered with paper residues, but also save valuable wood . From an economic point of view, it is advisable to use waste paper for the production packaging materials, corrugated and plain cardboard, etc. The production of paper and cardboard from waste paper requires 60% less energy, since the production of wood pulp and pulp is eliminated. At the same time, air pollution is reduced by 15%, and water pollution by 60%. It should not be forgotten that people are learning to get more and more new and valuable products from cellulose and that it, as a raw material, in many respects not only is not inferior to synthetic polymers, but often and surpasses them. The same can be said about cellulose fibers, comparing them with synthetic ones.

8. Talk about recycling wood waste. The use of only sawmill and woodworking wastes would significantly improve the situation with the country's supply of forest materials, and most importantly, would make it possible to reduce the annually increasing volumes of forest felling. Problem over rational use of all harvested wood, reducing the amount of waste in the process of processing and maximizing the use of waste obtained from sawmilling and woodworking, is one of the main problems of the current seven years. When calculating the savings from the use of wood waste in construction, it should be taken into account that some of them go to the manufacture of materials and products that directly replace lumber, and some - to replace such structural elements and building products, such as plaster, ceramic facing tiles, thermal insulation, etc. Existing technological methods for processing wood waste include the use of sawdust for the production of wall and thermal insulation building materials based on cement, lime, gypsum and other binders: opilo concrete, thermolite, etc. In significant volumes sawdust can be used in the manufacture of partition and finishing gypsum boards, as well as a filler that promotes better firing in the brick industry. Chips obtained on woodworking machines are a good raw material for the production of particle boards.

9) Tell us about the recycling of textile waste.Textile waste includes production waste: as fibers, yarns, threads, patches and scraps of textile materials and consumer waste in the form of household waste textiles. Consumption waste also includes industrial and technical waste in the form of worn overalls, tablecloths, bedspreads, bed linen, curtains, curtains, etc., formed on industrial enterprises, in transport, in the fields of public catering and healthcare, in medical institutions, enterprises consumer services etc. Textile production waste by type of raw material is usually divided into three main groups: first- textile waste from natural raw materials (cotton fiber, linen fiber, wool, natural silk); second- textile waste from chemical raw materials (chemical threads and artificial and synthetic fibers); third- textile waste from mixed raw materials (mixtures based on natural and chemical fibers). In the knitting industry, waste is generated during the processing of yarn, the manufacture of knitted fabrics and products from it, the production of socks and gloves, most of which are used as secondary raw materials. The amount of textile consumption waste in the composition of MSW exceeds textile production waste. They can be considered one of the main sources of secondary raw materials for the production of secondary textile materials.

10. Talk about recycling polymer waste. Polymer recycling is a rather complex process. Granular raw materials, or secondary polymers, are obtained by processing polymer waste, which significantly reduces the cost of manufacturing polymer products. In this case, products can be made both completely from recycled raw materials, and from primary raw materials with the addition of recycled polymers. The first stage of polymer recycling is sorting and cleaning waste from impurities. Then they are crushed and processed in accordance with the selected technology. The secondary polymers obtained as a result of processing are raw materials for the industrial production of a wide variety of products - spare parts for cars, containers for industrial and domestic use, dishes, furniture filler, medical equipment and much more. Today, the recycling of polymers is considered one of the highest priorities both in terms of economic feasibility and in terms of environmental protection.

11. Tell us about the recycling of cullet. Quite a few MSW components can be recycled into useful products. Waste type - cullet. It is used in the production of glass containers: 1) glass expanded clay, 2) glass tiles, 3) glass ceramic tiles, 4) foam plastic.

12. Tell us about the recycling of mercury-containing waste. Mercury-containing waste (mainly used mercury-containing lamps). It is used in obtaining 1) mercury concentrate (stupa), 2) obtaining non-toxic mercury compounds (mercury sulfide) for subsequent burial, 3) sending the spent sorbent for mercury recovery.

13. Tell us about the recycling of rubber waste. Rubber-containing waste (worn rubber). Use: 1) production of commercial rubber crumb and reclaimed material (for partial replacement of primary raw materials), 2) production of rubber crumb: roofing materials, (slate, tiles, rubber roofing material), mastics for waterproofing, technical products (floor tiles, wheels for carts, fields for farms, gaskets), 3) the use of crumb rubber in asphalt mixtures when laying roads (rail pads, slabs for level crossings, slabs for speed bumps, gaskets)

14. What is composting? Advantages and disadvantages. Composting is a waste processing technology based on their natural biodegradation. The most widespread composting is used for the processing of organic waste, primarily of plant origin, such as leaves, branches and grass clippings. There is a technology for composting food waste, as well as an undivided stream of MSW. In contrast to the process of putrefaction, which is anaerobic with the formation of biogas, oxygen is required for efficient composting. The result is compost or humus that resembles soil in texture and smell and can be sold for use as fertilizer or mulch. Properly organized field composting protects the soil, atmosphere, groundwater and surface water from MSW contamination. Apply 2 circuit diagrams field composting: with preliminary crushing of SDW and without preliminary crushing. Composting is a fairly rational way to neutralize waste, with almost no negative impact on the environment.

15. Garbage incineration as a technology for processing solid waste. Advantages and disadvantages. Waste incineration - this is the most complex and high-tech option for waste management. Incineration requires pre-treatment of MSW (with fuel extracted from waste). Waste incineration can only be one component of a comprehensive waste management program. The environmental impact of waste incineration plants is mainly associated with air pollution, primarily fine dust, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, furans and dioxins. Serious problems also arise with the disposal of incineration ash, which by weight is up to 30 percent of the initial weight of the waste and which, due to its physical and chemical properties, cannot be buried in conventional landfills. Currently, there are 7 waste incinerators in Russia. Simultaneously with gas emissions, secondary solid waste (25-30 percent of the volume) contaminated with toxic substances remains. This waste for the most part are taken to landfills. Speaking about the social-economy. aspects of waste incineration, it should be noted that usually the construction and operation of the incinerator is beyond the budget of the city and should be carried out on credit or by private companies.

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There is no way to get rid of them, then they should be equipped taking into account safety precautions and the impact on the environment. Unfortunately, in our country, it happened that landfills were simply placed in large ravines, and later they were “conserved” without observing environmental requirements. Such objects still cause damage to the environment. Let's try to find out how, ideally, waste disposal should take place.

To store garbage on them is understandable. But at the same time, all municipal solid waste that gets there should not affect atmospheric air, soil, water. Landfills are required to prevent the excessive spread of insects and rodents. Place them away from residential and recreational areas, reservoirs. Swampy and flooded areas are not suitable for landfills.

All territory landfill can be considered as a set of separate zones: roads along which garbage trucks move; economic zone; directly to the place of storage of solid waste; Don't forget about power lines.

There is a polygon, what's next?

They develop a schedule for the use of the landfill, during work they keep a daily record of the amount of waste. There should be strict control of garbage that is delivered to a regular landfill. Should not end up in landfills (they must be recycled), radioactive and toxic substances(if the landfill is not intended for this).

After the garbage trucks are unloaded, all the work falls on bulldozers, compactors (in large landfills, all these processes take place simultaneously). Waste is stored in different ways: either by layering, when a layer of compacted debris alternates with a layer of soil, or from top to bottom - by the “pushing” method.

After the landfills reach certain level, they are closed. But everything is not simple here either, a number of complex works need to be carried out, including reclamation, when everything is covered with layers of sand, soil, and vegetation is planted.

What disrupts the burial process?

The problem is that, as noted earlier, sorted garbage should go to landfills, but in practice, waste ends up in landfills. chemical industry, and valuable secondary raw materials. The input control of waste is purely nominal, part of the waste is burned in order to reduce the volume, so harmful substances enter the atmosphere.

It turns out that there are established standards, there are also developed storage and isolation of waste, but there is no effective mechanism for monitoring the implementation of all this - this is crux of the problem solid waste disposal in our country.