General description of the area. Eastern Sayans

Posted Fri, 17/04/2015 - 08:26 by Cap

More than a thousand kilometers from the sources of the great Yenisei to southern shores the great Baikal is located this mountainous country - the Eastern Sayan!

If you fly to Irkutsk, you can clearly see how below lies an endless mountain valley with peaks, glaciers and snowfields, river bands, lakes - all these are the Sayan Mountains, where we also traveled and rafted. You can talk about these lands endlessly, in this article only about the most important and interesting!
Valley of Volcanoes, Khutel, Belogorye, rapids of Zhom-Bolok and Kitoy, waterfalls and caves, hot springs, beautiful rivers and mountain lakes, Shumak, Goltsy - we will definitely devote time to all this!

There are also vast areas of ancient leveled relief and volcanic plateaus, which are distinguished by a gentle slope (Oka plateau, etc.). Within the mountain system there are young volcanic formations (volcanoes Kropotkin, Peretolchin, etc.).

The slopes of the mountain ranges below 2000 m are characterized by a typical mid-mountain relief with deep valleys. In the intermountain basins there are various forms accumulative relief, composed of glacial, water-glacial and lacustrine deposits. In the eastern part there is permafrost and permafrost landforms caused by it.

A feature of the mountainous relief are kurums, which are widespread above the belt of forest vegetation; but sometimes kurums are also found much lower, as, for example, along the left bank of the Khalban-Khara-Gol River, the left tributary of the Oka Sayanskaya River.

In the relief of rivers, such forms as boms, robberies, rapids and shivers are not uncommon. Part of the rivers of the Eastern Sayan forms picturesque canyons and waterfalls, such as the waterfall on the Dabata River.

TUNK AND KITOY GOLTSI
The Tunkinsky Goltsy Ridge is one of the most accessible areas of the Eastern Sayan. industrial production in the area is almost absent, and even in the foothills nature has been preserved quite well. The high-mountainous region is also attractive for sports tourists and climbers.
The Kitoyskiye Goltsy ridge is less popular, mainly because of its inaccessibility. Often hiking routes to Kitoyskiye Goltsy pass through Tunkinskiye Goltsy. That is why we combine these two ridges in one area of ​​the site.
Basic geographic data

The Tunkinsky Goltsy ridge is located in the very east of the Sayan (Eastern Sayan).
The ridge separates the Irkut and Kitoy rivers.
The length of the ridge is more than 100 kilometers. To the south of the ridge is the Tunkinskaya valley.
The peaks of the Tunkinsky Goltsy reach 3000-3300 m.
The height difference between the crests of the bald mountains and the foothills reaches 2000 m.
The highest point is Strelnikov Peak (3284 m).
Due to its resemblance to the Alps, the ridge is often called the "Tunkinsky Alps".
The Kitoiskiye Goltsy Ridge is located to the north of the Kitoi River and separates it from the tributaries of the Belaya River (Urik, Onota).
The length of the Kitoyskiye Goltsy ridge is more than 50 kilometers.
The highest point of the Kitoy Goltsy is Ospin-Ulan-Sardag peak (3216 m).
Most high part The Kitoyskiye Goltsy Ridge is also characterized by an alpine type of relief, but other areas of the ridge have more gentle relief forms.
The climate of the area is quite dry (although prolonged rains are not uncommon in summer). Precipitation decreases from east to west.
Snow cover in winter is small in the southwestern part (in the western valleys of the tributaries of the Irkut). It increases to the east and to the north - in the valleys of the tributaries of the Kitoi there is more snow, even more of it beyond the Kitoi Goltsy - on the tributaries of the Onot.
Most of the snow melts in May; in the upper reaches, snow remains in the first half of June. In October, permanent snow cover is restored.
Administrative subordination

The Tunkinsky Goltsy ridge is located on the territory of the Tunkinsky and Okinsky districts of Buryatia. The regional center of the Tunkinsky district is the village of Kyren. To the east of the ridge is the Irkutsk region.
The entire territory of the Tunkinsky district of Buryatia is the Tunkinsky national park, created May 27, 1991.
Most of the Kitoyskiye Goltsy ridge is also located (Oka region). Along the part of the ridge there is a border between Buryatia and the Irkutsk region.

There was continuous fog and clouds. However, by 10.00 the fog began to disintegrate, and patches of azure sky appeared. And when we approached the entrance to the Orkho-bom gorge, the sun shone, and the clouds pressed against the distant ridges and nearby hills.

Honestly, as if you are getting from an ordinary trip into a real fairy tale - the huge Oka River, which overflowed in the intermountain valley, was widely split into arms, and suddenly all disappeared in a narrow gorge. How could this happen? And the gorge itself already seemed ahead, it was sandwiched between huge sheer cliffs, like an entrance to dangerous Mordor! It added adrenaline, and foreshadowed an interesting day for today!

As a keepsake, we took a picture at the entrance to the gorge!

The weather all day was just 5 plus - the sun and very warm!!! It was one of the best days of our trip to the Sayan Mountains!!!

At 11:00 we almost reached the beginning of the Orkho-Bom gorge.

Up to this point, on both banks, it is possible to park and there are motor roads, although they are infrequently exploited. Further up to the threshold of the Three Geologists - high rocky outcrops, no places for parking.

First there are the sills, they seem to be preparing us for the main rapids of Orkho-bom:

P-28. "Shaman-stone", shiver 2 category Length 50 m. Landmarks: rock "Shaman-stone" of white color on the left bank and the mouth of the river Etomoi (right turbulent tributary). Center walk.

P-29. Roll 2 k.s. Length 150 m. Landmarks: right turn, sandbank on the right bank.

After 30-40 minutes we swam to the left tributary of the river. Halbaya-Khara-Gol. The tributary is well recognizable, as it is located between two mountains. Immediately after it, on the left bank, a road sign "Narrowing of the road" is visible. Attention! After 100 m after the sign, you need to ride in front of the sign, otherwise you will immediately find yourself in the threshold without inspection.

To be honest, the water level in the Oka was below average, so the categorization of the thresholds was lower by at least half a ball, and maybe a ball. However, in the report, we will keep this categorization, because 2 days after the rains, the Oka rose strongly (by 1.5-2 meters), and the categorization of the thresholds began to correspond to the above points!

It is worth noting that a commercial group from Irkutsk was ahead of us on rafts. They walked quite brazenly - the helmsman and bow were without helmets, they went into the threshold without inspection and broke away from us.

Seeing this, we decided not to inspect the threshold, but to use the navigation, since we had 2 of them, and quite detailed ones. Moreover, we saw how the rafts passed the threshold itself.

Our tactic for passing the thresholds was as follows:

Before a serious threshold (more than 3 c.s.) we hover in front of the threshold, collect the Team, read the direction aloud, choose the optimal route of movement;

First, the flagship Yurga with the most experienced crew passes the threshold, after the threshold we immediately ride, report on the walkie-talkie about the tactics of passing, and insure the second cat from the shore;

The second was Alan's deuce, which after the passage also got up on the insurance;

The third was Viagra, whose crew was the least prepared for rafting.

Due to the low water and the simplification of the rapids - only the Okinsky rapids were examined, it was the most powerful and difficult rapids in Orkho-bom - it really corresponded to the level of 4 class. We remind you once again that it is highly desirable to inspect the rapids in high water!

In front of the threshold there is an excellent place for parking: a lot of space for tents, a lot of firewood. The parking lot is equipped with a table with benches. Seating was built around the fire pit. Grayling is well caught in the river.

P-30. Threshold "Three geologists", 4 Ph.D. Length 100 m. Landmark: road sign "Narrowing of the road" on the left bank 100 m before the threshold. Ahead of the island, in the right sleeve is the threshold. Inspection: from the island that divides the river into two branches (the left tributary is suitable for piloting ships).

Description: the threshold is a short powerful drain, then flows down in a powerful stream, forming a standing shaft 1 m high, after the shaft - a barrel. To the left, a stream goes from the stones, forming at the junction with the main funnel and toadstools. After 30 m, another rocky ledge. It is convenient to moor right after the threshold to the pebble island (on the left). Passed according to the order of passing obstacles on the route (see above). At first we went with a powerful traverse under the right bank. All vessels passed the threshold itself under the right bank successfully. True, Viagra did not hold the steering wheel and scrolled in the main jet, at the same time lost speed, but the heavy four got away with it.

After the first serious threshold, the Viagra crew had to be re-instructed!

P-31, 2nd class Roll. Length 100 m Landmark: 150 m below the island.

P-32. Shiver 3 k.s. Length 1.5 km. There are no directions. Shafts up to 1.5 m. Two steps.

At 14:30 we approached the threshold of "God Carry-1"

P-33. Threshold "God Carry-1", 4 Ph.D. Length 200 m Landmark: immediately after

P-32 on the left bank - the sandy beach "Riviera" and catch, a shallow of boulders behind the beach; right turn of the river. Inspection: on the left bank (you need to moor on the beach "Riviera").

Description: the threshold begins after the right turn and is a straight section of the river with shafts up to 1.5 m, on the right - two powerful barrels.

The threshold was passed quite successfully, they immediately read the guidance of the threshold "Kalandarashvili's Rock", since this rock was already visible, and under it the indicated threshold!

P-34. Length 200 m. Inspection along the left bank (it is also possible along the right bank). Landmarks: right after the threshold Carry God-1. Inspection: on the left and on the right bank. Description: the threshold is a powerful pressure against the left bank (to the rocky wall), along it there are shafts up to 1.5 m, and on the right bank there are flowing and semi-flowing stones. Passing the threshold under the right bank is possible, it is safer, but it requires more maneuverability of the vessel.

Passed an obstacle according to the order of passing obstacles on the route (see above).

Let's say right away that the threshold is quite tricky, because at the beginning of the threshold you try to keep to the right bank, but you can't see the pouring stones. When you hit the rocks, it's already difficult to go to the left bank. Nevertheless, Yurga and Alan passed the right bank, maneuvering between the stones. Viagra went to the left track, the cat almost pressed against the rock and shook on the shafts.

When examining the threshold and after passing it, the landmark of the next two obstacles is clearly visible - the rock "finger" on the left bank.

P-35. Shivera 2 k.s. Length 100 m. Landmarks: 500 m below obstacle 34 and the rock "Finger" on the left bank after the threshold, at the top of the rock there is a flagpole (a thin lonely dry land on top of the rock).

Length 300 m. Landmarks: rock "Finger" on the left bank, turn of the channel to the left by 120-150 degrees. Inspection: on the right bank.

Description: in the middle of the channel there is a ridge of sharp semi-washed boulders, dividing the channel into two parts: the main stream goes along the left bank, but it is also possible to pass under the right bank (in the place where there are many pouring stones). At the beginning of the threshold, under the left bank, there is a powerful barrel, after which there are shafts up to 2 m and one shaft 3 m. Closer to the end of the threshold, two jets with oblique shafts, one shaft 3 m. A barrel with a side stream is formed there.

This threshold was examined, insurance was set, Yurga was the first to go - the left bank, the shafts and barrels were successful, but in the last barrel they received a strong blow from the left, which made the cat almost stand in the side candle, the crew on the starboard side went under water, the cat stopped for a second, there was a danger of overkill. Then the cat straightened up and safely passed the rest of the threshold.

Impressions from the threshold were amazing!!!

Alan went through Okinsky on the right track and did not go into the barrels, and also got on the insurance.

On Viagra, they decided to replace Dilyara with Ilnur (Yurga), and after that they decided to go on the left track, but go a little to the right into the last barrel so that the oblique jet would not overturn the catamaran.

The passage was completed successfully! It was possible to stay overnight near Okinsky to ride on unloaded kats, but there were no parking lots nearby, and a commercial group had already occupied a convenient parking lot below.

P-37. Threshold "Buryatsky", 4th class Length 200 m.

Landmarks: pebble shoal on the left and right banks, turn of the channel to the right, 150 m from the Okinsky rapids. Inspection: on the right and on the left bank. Description: The main stream rests against the rocks of the right bank, thus forming a strong pressure. In the center of the rapid there are several barrels with ramparts about 1 m high. At the end of the rapid, closer to the right bank, there is a powerful barrel and a rampart 1.5 m high. Passing: the threshold was successfully passed, in 10 minutes. The last shaft is impressive, which powerfully covers cat. Viagra on this shaft was deployed again, the rest were successful.

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
http://nature.baikal.ru/bigsayan/
http://gruzdoff.ru/
Wikipedia site
http://www.openarium.ru/
http://www.photosight.ru/
http://www.moy-ulan-ude.ru/
http://www.shumak.ru/
Nature of the Saiyans

Photo by O. Rakhmatullina, A. Koznov, Nomadic Team.

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The entire geological history of the Earth (about 4.5 billion years) is contained in a tiny geochronological table compiled by scientists. During this time, the continents split and moved, and the oceans changed their location. Mountains formed on the surface of our planet, then they collapsed, and then new mountain systems arose in their place - even larger and even higher.

This article will focus on one of the earliest epochs of terrestrial folding - the Baikal one. How long did it last? What mountain systems arose at this time? And what are the mountains of the Baikal folding - high or low?

Ages of folding of the Earth

The entire history of mountain building on our planet is divided by scientists into conditional intervals, periods, and they called them folding. We did this primarily for convenience. Of course, no pauses in the process of formation earth's surface It never happened.

In total, there are six such periods in the history of the planet. The oldest folding is Archean, and the most recent is Alpine, which continues to this day. The following lists all the geological folding of the Earth in chronological order:

• Archean (4.5-1.2 billion years ago).
• Baikal (1.2-0.5 billion years ago).
• Caledonian (500-400 million years ago).
• Hercynian (400-230 million years ago).
• Mesozoic (160-65 million years ago).
• Alpine (65 million years ago to the present day).

Geomorphological structures that were formed in a particular era of mountain building are called accordingly - Baikalids, Hercynides, Caledonides, etc.

Baikal folding: chronological framework and general features of the era

The era of terrestrial tectogenesis, covering the period from 650 to 550 million years of the geological history of the Earth (Riphean - Cambrian), is commonly called the Baikal folding. It began about 1.2 billion years ago and ended about 500 million years ago. The geological epoch was named after Lake Baikal, since it was at this time that the South part Siberia. The term was first used by the Russian geologist Nikolai Shatsky in the 1930s.

In the Baikal folding, due to the activation of the processes of folding, volcanism and granitization in the earth's crust, a number of new geological structures were formed on the body of our planet. As a rule, such formations arose on the outskirts of ancient platforms.

Typical folding can be found on the territory of Russia. This, for example, is the Khamar-Daban ridge in Buryatia or the Timan ridge in the north of the country. How do they look externally? Will the mountains be high or low? Let's answer this question too.

What do Baikalids look like?

The Baikalids formed a very long time ago. Even by geological standards of time. Therefore, it is quite logical that most of them are now in a dilapidated state. For millions of years, these structures were subjected to active denudation: they were destroyed by wind, atmospheric precipitation, and temperature changes. Thus, the mountains of the Baikal folding will be low or medium in height.

Really, absolute heights Baikalid rarely exceed 2000 meters above sea level. This can be easily verified by comparing the tectonic and physical maps of the Earth. On geological and tectonic maps, the mountains of the Baikal folding, as a rule, are marked in purple.

True, the ancient Baikalides in many places of the globe were partially regenerated (rejuvenated) by later Alpine tectonic movements. So, for example, it happened in the mountains of the Caucasus and Turkey.

Significant reserves of non-ferrous metals are most often associated with the geological structures of the Baikal folding. So, within their limits are the richest deposits of mercury, tin, zinc, copper and tin.

Mountains of the Baikal folding: examples

Geological formations of this age are found in different parts of the world. They are in Russia and Kazakhstan, Iran and Turkey, India, France and Australia. The Baikalides are located on the shores of the Red Sea and partially cover the territory of Brazil.

It is important to note that the term Baikal folding» distributed only in scientific literature post-Soviet space. In other countries of the world, this era is called differently. So, for example, in Europe, it corresponds in time to the Kadom and Assinta folding, in Australia - Luinskaya, in Brazil - the Brazilian of the same name.

Within Russia, the following geomorphological structures are considered the most famous Baikalids:

• Eastern Sayan.
• Khamar-Daban.
• Baikal ridge.
• Yenisei Ridge.
• Timan Ridge.
• Patom Highlands.

Mountains of the Baikal folding in Russia. Baikal Range

The name of this ridge is consonant with the name of the era of mountain building we are considering. Therefore, we will begin the characterization of the main Baikalids of Russia with it.

The Baikal Range borders the depression of the lake of the same name from the north-western side. It is located within Irkutsk region and Buryatia. The total length of the ridge is 300 kilometers.

In the north, the Akitkan Ridge visually continues the geological structure. The average heights of this Baikalidae range from 1800-2100 meters. The highest point of the ridge is the peak of Chersky (2588 m). The mountain is named after the geographer who introduced huge contribution in the study of the nature of the Baikal region.

Eastern Sayan

The Eastern Sayan is the largest mountain system in Southern Siberia, stretching for almost a thousand kilometers. Perhaps the most powerful of the Baikalids of Russia. The highest point of the Eastern Sayan reaches 3491 meters (mountain Munku-Sardyk).

The Eastern Sayan is composed mainly of hard crystalline rocks - gneisses, quartzites, marble and amphibolites. Found in its depths large deposits gold, bauxite and graphite. The most picturesque are the eastern spurs of the mountain system, nicknamed by tourists the Tunkinsky Alps.

Most developed (orographically) central part Eastern Sayan. It consists of alpine massifs, which are characterized by vegetation and landscapes of the subalpine type. Kurums are widespread within the Eastern Sayan. These are huge stone placers, consisting of rough fragments of rocks of various sizes.

Byrranga mountains

Byrranga - one more interesting mountains Baikal folding. They are located on the northern Taimyr Peninsula. The mountains are a series of individual ridges, rolling plains and plateaus, deeply cut by canyons and trough valleys. The total length of the mountain system is about 1100 kilometers.

“There is a kingdom of evil spirits, stone, ice and nothing else,” wrote the Nganasans, representatives of one of the indigenous peoples of Siberia, about these places. The Russian traveler Alexander Middendorf was the first to put on the map.

These mountains are very low. Although they look quite impressive, as they are located right on the ocean. The height of their maximum point is only 1146 meters. The relief of this mountain system is very diverse. Here you can see both steep and gentle slopes, flat and pointed peaks, as well as a huge variety of glacial forms.

Yenisei and Timan ridges

We will finish our acquaintance with the Baikalids of Russia with a description of two ridges - the Yenisei and the Timan. The first of them is located within and only in some places exceeds a thousand meters in height. The Yenisei Ridge is composed of ancient and very hard rocks - conglomerates, shales, traps and sandstones. The structure is rich in iron ores, bauxite and gold.

The Timan Ridge is located in the north of the country. It stretches from the coast Barents Sea and adjacent to Ural mountains. The total length of the ridge is about 950 km. The ridge is weakly expressed in the relief. Its central part is the most elevated, where the highest point is located - the Chetlas stone (only 471 m high). Like other structures of the Baikal folding, the Timan Ridge is rich in minerals (titanium, bauxite, agate, and others).

a mountain system located within southern Siberia, in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the Irkutsk Region, the western part of the Buryat ASSR and the northeastern part of the Tuva ASSR.

V. S. begins on the left bank of the Yenisei, to the south-west. from Krasnoyarsk, and stretches for more than 1000 km in a southeast direction almost to the shores of Lake Baikal.

Geological structure and minerals. Geologically, V. S. is an asymmetric folded structure that strikes northwest and adjoins the southwestern edge of the Siberian Platform. According to the age of the main folding, the V. S. is divided into two parts, separated by a deep fault zone: Late Precambrian (Riphean or Baikal) into N.-East. and Early Caledonian (Cambrian) in the southwest. The structure of the northeastern part involves Precambrian rocks of different ages: ortho- and paragneisses, amphibolites, crystalline schists, green schists, marbles, quartzites, etc. Intrusions of Upper Riphean granitoids and ultramafic rocks also play a significant role. Precambrian rocks form a series of blocks of different sizes separated by a system of deep and regional faults. The marginal blocks adjacent to the Siberian Platform are part of its highly elevated fractured basement, which is involved in the zone of Baikal folding. They are separated from the rest of the V. S. by the so-called Main Fault, which in tectonic and metallogenic respects represents one of the most important structural parts of the V. S.

The structure of the Early Caledonian part of the Eastern S. is mainly composed of Lower Cambrian and partly Middle Cambrian volcanic-sedimentary formations and Lower Paleozoic granitoid intrusions. All these rocks form a series of large blocks delimited by faults.

Depressions (Minusinsk, Rybinsk, and others) began to form on the Precambrian and Early Caledonian basement of V. S. in the Devonian. . Starting from this time, and also throughout almost the entire Mesozoic, the V. S. developed under the conditions of a continental regime, and in most of the territory there was a destruction of the rising folded structure and a general leveling of the relief. In some Mesozoic basins, mainly during the Middle Jurassic, terrigenous-coal-bearing deposits of considerable thickness accumulated.

Main minerals: mica (muscovite) associated with Upper Riphean pegmatites; gold confined to quartz, quartz-sulfide and quartz-carbonate veins; graphite (Botogolsky Golets); Riphean ferruginous quartzites (Sosnovy Bayts); Late Precambrian bauxites; deposits of rare metals and rare earths associated with Upper Riphean pegmatites, Middle Paleozoic alkaline albitized granites and carbonatites; asbestos associated with ultramafic rocks; Phosphorites in siliceous-carbonate rocks of the Early Caledonian part. To the south-east V. S., mainly in the Tunkinsky hollow, there are well-known mineral springs (Arshan, Nilova Pustyn, etc.).

N. S. Zaitsev.

Relief. The main directions of the largest ridges and chains of V. S. coincide with the strike of the main tectonic structures and major faults. The general long-term leveling of the relief of VS was interrupted in the Neogene by vault-like uplifts, accompanied by differentiated movements of individual blocks. The growth of these movements, which at the end of the Neogene - Anthropogene created the modern mountainous appearance of V. S., was accompanied in the eastern part of the system by an abundant outpouring of basaltic lavas, widespread intense erosional dissection, and repeated glaciation of the most highly elevated areas, which bore a mountain-valley, and in some places half-cover character.

Flat-topped ridges predominate in the western part of the Eastern S., which, gradually rising in a southeasterly direction, form the so-called white mountains (Manskoye, Kanskoye, etc.) of the year.

In the upper reaches of the river Kizir and Kazyr are located Agulskiye Squirrels, which, together with the Kryzhina Range, which joins them to the west, and the Ergak-Targak-Taiga (Tazarama) Range, which is part of the Western Sayan system (See Western Sayan), approaching from the south, form the largest high-mountain junction V. S. with altitudes up to almost 3000 m and beautifully expressed alpine landforms. The watershed Udinsky ridge departs from the same node, representing an alpine chain with a sharply dissected relief. Further to the south-east. the watershed ranges of V. S. acquire the character of flat-topped massifs, but east of the river. The Tisza is again dominated by alpine ridges (the Bolshoy Sayan ridge), reaching the highest height for all of V. S. in mountain group Munku-Sardyk (3491 m). To the north from Munku-Sardyk, the high Kitoi and Tunkinsky Goltsy stretch almost parallel in the latitudinal direction, separated from the main ridges of the V. S. along the right bank of the river. Irkut by a system of intermountain depressions (see Tunkinskaya hollow).

Along with sharply dissected landforms, V. S. is also characterized by vast areas of ancient leveled relief, usually located at an altitude of 1800-2000 m up to 2400-2500 m, in the eastern part, in the interfluve of the Khamsara and the Great Yenisei and in the basin of the upper reaches of the river. In the relief of the Oka, gently sloping plateaus composed of tuffs and lavas erupted from large shield volcanoes also stand out in the relief. very young volcanic formations (volcanoes Kropotkin, Peretolchin, etc.).

For most of the slopes of mountain ranges located at an altitude below 2000 m, typical mid-mountain relief with deeply incised valleys and relative heights up to 1000-1500 m. From below, the complex of these forms is surrounded by hilly and low-mountain relief of the foothills.

In the intermountain basins (Tunkinskaya and others) and the lower reaches of the river. Kazyr and Kizir are developed different types accumulative relief formed by glacial, hydroglacial, and lacustrine deposits (hilly-morainic relief, terminal moraines, kame terraces, etc.).

Climate sharply continental, with long and severe winters, cool summers with unstable weather, during which the bulk of precipitation falls. The continentality of the climate increases from west to east. At altitudes of 900-1300 m the average temperature in January fluctuates from -17 to -25°С, in July - from 12 to 14°С. The distribution of precipitation is closely dependent on the orientation of the mountain slopes: on the western and southwestern slopes, open towards moist ear streams, up to 800 mm and more per year, in the northern foothills - up to 400 mm, and in the eastern and southeastern regions, located in the "rain shadow", - no more than 300 mm. Winter is snowy in the west, little snow in the east; strata of permafrost rocks are widespread in the eastern part. In the highest massifs - the eastern part of the Kryzhina ridge, the Topographers peak area (the largest center), Munku-Sardyk - there are modern, mainly cirque glaciers. There are about 100 small glaciers with a total area of ​​about 30 km 2 .

Rivers and lakes. The river network of V. S. belongs to the Yenisei basin. Major rivers: Tuba (with Kazyr and Kizir), Syda, Sisim, Mana, Kan with Agul, Biryusa with Tagul and tributaries of the Angara: Uda (Chuna), Oka (with the river Iya), Belaya, Kitoy, Irkut; the Great Yenisei (Biy-Khem) and its right tributaries (the most significant Bash-Khem, Tora-Khem with Azas, Khamsara) begin from the southern slopes. Most of the rivers have a mountainous character for almost their entire length, and only rivers that begin within areas of leveled relief flow in their upper reaches in wide flat valleys. The rivers are fed mainly by snow and rain. They open in late April - early May, freeze in late October - November. All major rivers have large reserves of hydropower, many are used for rafting. On the Yenisei, where the river crosses the spurs of the V. S. (near the Marvelous Mountains), the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station was built.

Most lakes are usually of glacial origin. The most significant are: Agulskoe, lying in a tectonic depression at a height of 992 m, as well as the moraine-dammed lakes Tiberkul and Mozharskoe, located at an altitude of about 400-500 m.

Landscape types. The main types of landscapes in V. S. are mountain-taiga and alpine. Only in the foothills (up to a height of 800-1000 m) and the Tunkinskaya hollow are dominated by light larch and pine forests, alternating with forest-steppe and meadow-marsh (along the valley of the Irkut river) areas.

Typical mountain-taiga landscapes, which occupy more than 50% of the area of ​​the Eastern S., are developed on the slopes of all major ranges and in river valleys. The mountain-taiga belt is characterized by a moderately cool and fairly humid climate (especially in the west). Dark coniferous taiga spruce, cedar, and fir forests predominate on mountain taiga, slightly podzolic, light, deeply leached soils, rising in the west and in the central part to a height of 1500-1800 m, and lighter larch-cedar forests on mountain-frost-taiga humus-podzolized, as well as acidic ferruginous soils, which form in the east and south-east. the upper border of the forest at an altitude of 2000-2250 m.

Mountain taiga forests are the main habitat key representatives fauna, many of which are commercial. Here live: squirrel, hare, fox, roe deer, maral, elk, Brown bear and others; of birds - hazel grouse, capercaillie, woodpeckers, nutcracker, etc. Sable and musk deer are found near the upper border of the forest and among the rocks.

Alpine landscapes are characterized by a harsh climate, long and cold winter, short and cool summer, intensively going processes of solifluction and physical weathering. The leveled watersheds are dominated by shrub and moss-lichen stony tundra on thin mountain tundra soils; in the western, more humid part of the Eastern S., along with the mountain tundra, subalpine shrubs and meadows, sometimes tall grasses, are often developed. The heavily dissected slopes and peaks of the alpine-type mountains represent a rocky desert, almost devoid of vegetation. Stone screes and kurums are widely developed.

Reindeer are found within the highlands, pikas, tundra and white partridges are plentiful.

On the economy and economy of V.S., see Art. Irkutsk Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Buryat ASSR (See Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), Tuva ASSR (See Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic).

Lit.: Mikhailov N. I., Mountains of Southern Siberia, M., 1961; Central Siberia, M., 1964; Geology of the USSR, Krasnoyarsk Territory, v. 15, M., 1961; Geology of the USSR, Buryat ASSR, v. 35, M., 1964; Smirnov A.D., Buldakov V.V., Intrusive complexes of the Eastern Sayan, M., 1962; Predtechensky A. A., The main features of the geological development of the western part of the Eastern Sayan in the Precambrian and Cambrian, Novosibirsk, 1967; Zaitsev N. S., features of the tectonic structure of the Sayano-Altai folded region, in the book: Folded regions of Eurasia, M., 1964; Berzin N. A., Zone of the Main Fault of the Eastern Sayan, M., 1967; Grosvald M. G., Development of the relief of the Sayano-Tuva highlands. (Glaciations, volcanism, neotectonics), M., 1965; Olyunin V.N., Neotectonics and glaciation of the Eastern Sayan, M., 1965; Forests of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, M., 1969 (Forests of the USSR, vol. 4); Malyshev L.I., Alpine flora of the Eastern Sayan, M. - L., 1965; Terrain types and natural zoning of the Buryat ASSR, M., 1959; Rogalsky V.I., Tourist routes in the Sayans, M., 1965; Altai-Sayan mountainous region, M., 1969.

I. G. Nordega.

• - mountains in the south of Siberia - named after the headwaters of the river. Yenisei of the Turkic-speaking tribe of the Sayans, who, having mixed with other Turkic tribes, became part of the Tuvan people ...

  Geographical names of Eastern Siberia

• - see KAVRAK...

  Cossack dictionary-reference book

• - Big Sayan or Mt. Border, east., Highest part. East. Sayana. Extends from NW. to SE. 150 km along the border with Mongolia...

  Geographic Encyclopedia

• - mountains, see ....

  Geographic Encyclopedia

• - mountain system in the south of Siberia. Length approx. 1000 km. The mid-mountain relief prevails with a height of up to 2000 m; highest altitude 3491 m. On the right bank of the river. Irkut - intermountain basins. Glaciation...

  Russian encyclopedia

• - mountain system in the south of Siberia. OK. 600 km. It consists of leveled and peaked ridges separated by intermountain basins. Height up to 3121 m...

  Russian encyclopedia

• - women's clothing like a high skirt, with armholes or straps, which were held under the shoulders, the same as the "fluffy women's sundress". S. were German, made of black velvet, satin, with gold and other decorations ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - Border, the name of the eastern part watershed range Oriental...
• - a mountain system located within Southern Siberia, in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the Irkutsk Region, the western part of the Buryat ASSR and the northeastern part of the Tuva ASSR. V.S. starts at...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - a mountain system located within Southern Siberia, in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and in the north of the Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Z. S. begins in the upper reaches of the river. Small Abakan and stretches to the north-east. over a distance of about 600 km ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - male, solid, resin dyed sundress; | hinged; | kovn. undershirt, skirt, esp. cloth. Sayanka female, tul. women's bib? | kursk. a kind of sundress, a high skirt with straps ...

  Dictionary Dalia

• - Sayan m local. A kind of sundress with a clasp in front...

  Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

• - sa"...

  Russian orthographic dictionary

• - I Sayan II "a playful nickname of the Kuryans", "the name of the monastic peasants in the former Kursk., Lgovsk., Fatezhsk. uu." . Probably the original according to their clothes - sayan, "which they wear with pride"; see Zelenin, Ethnogr. Review...

  Vasmer's etymological dictionary

• - SAYAN a, m. saillant adj. obsolete in the 18th century Upstart, favorite...

  Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

• - noun, number of synonyms: 1 mountain system ...

  Synonym dictionary

"Eastern Sayan" in books

K. orientalis

From the book of Clematis author

K. orientalis

From the book of Clematis author Beskaravaynaya Margarita Alekseevna

K. eastern K. eastern? C. orientalis L. Homeland - the Caucasus, the Caspian Lowland, Central Asia, Asia Minor, Iran, Pakistan, Northwestern Mongolia, China. The flowers are broadly bell-shaped, up to 4 cm in diameter. Chshl. 4, they are yellow or yellowish. Shrub liana up to 6 m long. Leaves

Soup "Oriental"

From the book What can be cooked from bananas author Tolstenko Oleg

Soup "Oriental"

From the book Dishes from the Pressure Cooker author Krasichkova Anastasia Gennadievna

67. Oriental 32-foot

From the book How to Make Coffee: 68 Recipes author Recipe collection

East Horn

From the book Behind the stern a hundred thousand li author Svet Yakov Mikhailovich

Through the Eastern Sayan

From the book 500 Great Journeys author Nizovsky Andrey Yurievich

Through the Eastern Sayan In 1855, an expedition of the Russian geographical society led by astronomer Ludwig Schwartz. Its detachment included military topographers, whose task was to compile

From Sayan to Taimyr...

From the book Siberia firsthand author Aganbegyan Abel Gezovich

From Sayan to Taimyr...

East Timor Democratic Republic of East Timor (Timor-Leste)

From the book All Countries of the World author Varlamova Tatyana Konstantinovna

East Timor Democratic Republic of East Timor (Timor-Leste) Date of establishment of an independent state: November 28, 1975 (declaration of independence); May 20, 2002 (formation of the independent state of Timor-Leste) Area: 14.6 thousand square meters.

Eastern Sayan

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (VO) of the author TSB Missionary Department of the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church

"Oriental House" Leadership: The founder of the movement - Sri Sri Ravi Shankar. Location of the centers: In Moscow - the building of the Institute

In Russia, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Irkutsk Region, Buryatia and Tuva. It is located in the mountains of Southern Siberia. It stretches for more than 1000 km from the northwest to the southeast, from the left bank of the Yenisei River to the shores of Lake Baikal.

Relief. There are symmetrical western and asymmetrical eastern parts. The axial ridges in the northwest are represented by a complex system of mid-mountain flat-topped white mountains (Manskoye, Idarskoye, Kanskoye, etc.) and proteins (Agulsky), which got their name from the snowfields preserved here for the most part of the year. To the west and north of the Kansky Belogorye, mid-mountain (below 2000 m) ridges with steep and deeply dissected slopes predominate; the excess of peaks over valleys is up to 1500 m. In the southeast direction, high mountain ranges with alpine landforms (sharp peaks, cirques, cirques) rise, adjacent to mid-mountain ridge-like ridges and ancient alignment surfaces. In the central part of the Eastern Sayan, at the junction with the Western Sayan (Ergak-Targak-Taiga ridge), there is a large high-mountain junction formed by the Kryzhina (2891 m, Grandiozny peak) and Udinsky (2875 m, Triangulators peak) ridges. The tops of the ridges are ridge-shaped with small glaciers and migratory snowfields. Solifluction is developed on the slopes; in river valleys, often troughs, in some places canyon-like, frost heaving; in areas of moraine-hilly relief - thermokarst. Vast areas are occupied by kurums. The most common cryogenic processes are: frost weathering, cryogenic material sorting (stone rings, cauldrons, polygons, medallion spots).

The highest alpine-type ranges with modern glaciers form a large orographic arc in the southeast - the Okinsky Range (height up to 2546 m), the Big Sayan (3491 m, Mount Munku-Sardyk - the highest high point Eastern Sayan Mountains) and Tunkinskiye Goltsy (3110 m), in the inner part of which there are the Kropotkin Ridge (3141 m), Velskiye Goltsy (2902 m) and Kitoiskiye Goltsy (3215 m), which have much in common with the ranges of the Baikal rift system. Along with sharply dissected landforms in the basin of the upper reaches of the Oka River, there are (at an altitude of 1800-2500 m) vast areas of ancient leveled relief (Oka plateau, etc.), gently sloping tuff-lava plateaus (watersheds of the Ospa and Kitoy, Iya and Uda rivers), streams lavas up to 70 km long (Zhan-Balyk river valley), young volcanoes (Kropotkina, Peretolchin, etc.). In the intermountain basins (Tunkinskaya and others) there are various forms of accumulative relief, including hilly-moraine. On the periphery, hilly low mountains (height 600-800 m) and ridges are characteristic.

Geological structure and minerals. The Eastern Sayan is located within the Paleozoic Altai-Sayan folded region of the Ural-Okhotsk mobile belt. It is a fold-cover mountain structure adjacent to the southwestern edge of the ancient Siberian platform. According to the features of the geological structure and age, the final folding of the Eastern Sayan is divided into two parts - the ancient Baikal in the northeast and the younger, mainly Caledonian, in the southwest, separated by the Main Sayan Fault. In the northeastern part, intensively dislocated Archean and Early Proterozoic gneisses, amphibolites and crystalline schists (compose the Kansk-Biryusa and Sharyzhalgai ledges - "outliers" of the basement of the Siberian Platform), as well as less metamorphosed Upper Riphean volcanogenic and sedimentary rocks and granitoids are widespread. In the southwestern part, the Derbinsky zone is distinguished in the north (formed by Proterozoic gneisses and crystalline schists) and the region of the Caledonian folding in the south. In the Caledonian region, Archean gneisses, intruded by Late Riphean and Paleozoic granitoids, form a small block (Gargan block), which protrudes from under the tectonic covers of ophiolites, volcanic rocks of Late Riphean island arcs, and Vendian-Cambrian carbonate strata. The cover structure of the southwestern part of the Eastern Sayan originated mainly at the beginning of the Ordovician. In the Derba zone, at the end of the Proterozoic - the beginning of the Paleozoic, the Mansky trough was formed, filled with Vendian terrigenous and Cambrian carbonate rocks. In the Devonian, the territory of the Eastern Sayan was covered by mountain building, which was accompanied by the formation of superimposed intermountain depressions (Rybinskaya) and the intrusion of granitoids of increased alkalinity. From the Carboniferous and throughout the Mesozoic and Paleogene, the Eastern Sayan was a denudation plain (peneplain). In the Neogene, an uplift of a mountain structure occurred, accompanied by large-scale outpourings of plateau basalts and the formation of volcanic cones (Kropotkin and Peretolchin volcanoes). The Eastern Sayan retains tectonic mobility. High seismicity is characteristic. Earthquakes are numerous, their intensity can reach 9 points (1800, 1829, 1839, 1950). Ancient geological traces (paleoseismodislocations) and more have been discovered strong earthquakes. On the sides of the Tunka depression, which belongs to the Baikal rift system, there are exits to the surface of thermal waters.

In the Eastern Sayan there are known deposits of iron ores (Sosnovy Baits, Belokitatskoye, Odinochnoye, Ore Cascade, Irbinskoye, Tabratskoye, etc.), titanium (Lysanskoye, Kedranskoye), aluminum (Boksonskoye bauxite deposit, Bogatolskoye urtite deposit, etc.), primary and alluvial gold (large Zun-Kholbinskoye deposit); phosphorites (Seibinskoye, Telekskoye), muscovite (Gutarskoye, Nedey, etc.), phlogopite (Karaganskoye, Razmanovskoye, etc.), quartz (Belokamenskoye), graphite (Botogolskoye, etc.), chrysotile-asbestos (Ilchirskoye), jade (Botogolskoye , Ospinskoye, etc.), flux limestones (Kuturchinskoye), magnesite and talc (Onotskoye), and numerous deposits of natural building materials (Kuraginskoye, Khobokskoye, etc.).

Climate. The climate is continental in the northwest and sharply continental in the southeast, with long severe winters and cool summers, during which the bulk of precipitation falls. In the low mountains, the average temperatures in January are from -17 to -25°С, in July - from 12 to 14°С. Western and southwest winds. Annual rainfall depends on slope exposure; on the western and southwestern slopes, precipitation is 800-1200 mm or more; on the eastern and southeastern slopes - about 300 mm. The greatest thickness of the snow cover is noted at the junction of the Western and Eastern Sayan, as well as in the Tunka and Kitai Goltsy; here the most powerful avalanches come down. The height of the snow line is from 2100 m in the northwest to 2700-3000 m in the southeast. Permafrost (up to 600 m thick) is widespread in the highlands of the eastern part, and in the middle and low mountains it has an island character. There are 107 small glaciers (mainly cirque and hanging) with a total area of ​​30.8 km2 (2000). The largest (area 1.4 km 2) is the Avgevich glacier in the upper reaches of the Bolshoy Yenisei River; the longest (up to 2.7 km) is the Yachevsky valley glacier on the slopes of Topographov peak.

Rivers and lakes. The river network belongs to the Yenisei River basin. major rivers; Tuba (with Kazyr and Kizir), Syda, Sisim, Mana, Kan with Agul, Biryusa with Tagul and tributaries of the Angara (Uda, Oka, Iya, Belaya, China, Irkut); on the southern slopes, the Great Yenisei (Biy-Khem) and its right tributaries (Bash-Khem, Toora-Khem with Azas, Kham-Syr) originate. Most of the rivers have a mountain character (rapids, rifts, waterfalls). The fall of the channel in the upper reaches often exceeds tens of meters. In the middle mountains, snow nutrition prevails, in the low mountains - rain. The duration of freeze-up is from 3.5 to 5 months. Ice is widespread, especially thick (3-10 m) at an altitude of 1200-1600 m. All large rivers have large reserves of hydropower. On the Yenisei - the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station. There are many lakes of glacial genesis: cirque and moraine-dammed. Lakes Medvezhye, Khara-Nur, Agulskoe, Tiberkul, Gutarskie and Mozharskie attract numerous tourists with their picturesqueness.

Landscape types. The nature of the altitudinal zonality of landscapes clearly correlates with the height, exposure of the slopes, and the degree of continentality. Over 50% of the territory of the Eastern Sayans is covered by mountain taiga. Dark coniferous (spruce, fir, Siberian stone pine) forests predominate, among them - fir-cedar, fir (fir forests) forests on illuvial-ferruginous podburs and cedar (cedar forests) on podzolized podburs. Spruce forests grow in marshy valleys on peat-podzolic-gley soils and podzolized gley soils. Light coniferous forests (larch, Scotch pine) are characteristic of the drier eastern and southeastern regions of the Eastern Sayan, where pine forests are also found. On the southern slopes there are so-called uburi - areas of forb-cereal steppes on dark chestnut and chernozem soils. Larch taiga with lichen cover on the northern slopes and grass cover on the southern slopes gives way with height to larch-cedar and cedar forests, forming the upper forest boundary at an altitude of 1500-1600 m in the west to 1900-2100 m in the east. Among the alpine landscapes, mountain tundra dominates, covering flat white mountains and high plateaus. The most common are shrub and moss-lichen tundra on coarse-humus lithozems. In the western, more humid part, there is a subalpine light forest, represented by shrubby alder, golden rhododendron, and in the extreme east - by elfin cedar. Near the snowfields there are rare but colorful alpine meadows. In the intermountain basins there are steppes, turning with height into forest-steppes of foothills with pine-larch forests on gray forest soils.

The forest landscapes of low and middle mountains were subjected to the greatest anthropogenic impact (clearings, fires, etc.), especially in Maysky, Koysky, Idarsky Belogorye, in the northern spurs of the Gutarsky Range, in the Biryusa River basin, as well as near the Abakan-Taishet railway and highways, which led to the replacement of primary forests by small-leaved and pine-larch forests. At the felling sites, the processes of planar and linear erosion have intensified, there is a tendency to reduce the water content of rivers, the emergence of new foci of mudflows and the increase in avalanches. undergone a significant transformation natural landscapes in places of mining, especially placer gold deposits (Zun-Kholbinskoe, etc.), where unique geotechnical systems with a special mode of functioning and dynamics are formed on the site of floodplain complexes.

Specially protected natural areas. To study and protect the unique nature of the Eastern Sayan, a number of reserves and national parks have been created. The Stolby nature reserve near the city of Krasnoyarsk is very popular among tourists and the local population. On the southern macroslope of the Tunkinsky Goltsy, the Tunkinsky National Park was formed, in the recreational zone of which there are mineral springs (Arshan, Nilova Pustyn) and balneological resorts. A number of reserves have been created (Taibinsky, Sisimsky, Shumaksky, etc.) for the conservation and restoration of valuable hunting and commercial species (moose, lynx, mink, otter, musk deer, deer, sable, etc.). Among the numerous natural monuments, the most significant caves (in the spurs of the Maiskoye Belogorye) are: Bolshaya Oreshnaya Cave (one of the longest in the world in conglomerates), Badzheyskaya and Maiskaya with unique sinter formations, as well as extinct volcanoes: Ulyaborsky, Khurya-Boldok, etc.

Lit .: Mikhailov N. I. Mountains of Southern Siberia. M., 1961; Types of forests in the mountains of Southern Siberia. Novosib., 1980; Relief of the Altai-Sayan mountainous area. Novosib., 1988; Sedelnikov V.P. Alpine vegetation of the Altai-Sayan mountain region. Novosib., 1988; Sevastyanov VV The climate of the high mountain regions of Altai and Sayan. Tomsk, 1998; The system of specially protected natural areas Altai-Sayan Ecoregion. Kemerovo, 2001.

G. S. Samoilova; E. V. Khain, A. A. Fedotova ( geological structure and minerals).

Eastern Sayan- a mountain system with a length of over 1000 km in the southern part of Siberia from the left bank of the Yenisei to the coast of Lake Baikal. Adjacent to the southwestern edge of the Siberian Platform. It has a folded structure of the northwestern and sub-latitudinal directions. The main directions of the main ridges and chains coincide with the strike of tectonic structures and faults.

The ridges of the western part of the Eastern Sayan form flat-topped white mountains (Manskoe Belogorye, Kanskoe Belogorye, etc.) and squirrels (Agulskie Belki), on which snow patches remain for most of the year.

In the central and eastern parts of this mountain system are located the high-mountain massifs of the Great Sayan, Tunkinskiye Goltsy, Kitoiskiye Goltsy, etc., which are characterized by alpine landforms.

The Eastern Sayan is also characterized by vast areas of ancient flattened relief and volcanic plateaus, which are distinguished by a gentle slope. Within the mountain system there are young volcanic formations (volcanoes Kropotkin, Peretolchin, etc.).

The slopes of the mountain ranges below 200 m are characterized by a typical mid-mountain relief with deep valleys. In the intermountain basins, various forms of accumulative relief are observed, composed of glacial, water-glacial and lacustrine deposits. In the eastern part there is permafrost and permafrost landforms caused by it.

This mountainous country is composed mainly of gneisses, mica-carbonate and crystalline schists, marbles, quartzites, amphibolites. Intermontane depressions are filled with terrigenous-coal-bearing strata. Among the most notable minerals are gold, graphite, bauxite, asbestos, phosphorites.

The climate of the Eastern Sayan is sharply continental, the winter is long and severe, the summer is short and cool. At altitudes of 900-1300 m, the average January temperatures range from -17 to -25 °C, the average July temperatures range from 12 to 14 °C.

The amount of precipitation depends on the location of the slopes. In the eastern and southeastern regions, about 300 mm per year; in the western and southwestern regions up to 800 mm per year; in the northern foothills about 400 mm per year.

In the Eastern Sayan there are about 100 glaciers with a total area of ​​about 30 km². These are mainly cirque and hanging glaciers.

The landscapes of the Eastern Sayan are more than half mountain-taiga, a significant part of the mountainous country is characterized by high mountain landscapes. In the mountain taiga belt there are dark coniferous spruce-fir and light coniferous larch-cedar forests. Above 1500-2000 m there is a shrub and moss-lichen stony tundra. In the western part of the mountainous country there are subalpine shrubs and meadows. There are numerous screes and kurums.

The river network of the mountainous country belongs to the Yenisei basin. The largest rivers are Tuba, Syda, Sisim, Mana, Kan, Agul, Biryusa. Lakes in the Eastern Sayan are mainly of glacial origin (for example, Agulskoye). There are well-known mineral springs Arshan and Nilova Pustyn.