Subordination between parts. Types of subordinating connections of words in phrases

To the question: What are the types of subordinating connections in the Russian language? and how to determine them? given by the author THE DEVIL ALSO WEARS A PRADO the best answer is

For example: Very cute (how cute?); speak while listening (doing what?).

Reply from Whistle[guru]
agreement: the dependent word is adj. (or another part of speech with the meaning of the attribute), answers the question which? (uh, uh, uh...)
blue sea...

adjacency - connection in meaning, the dependent word is necessarily unchangeable (adv., adverb, n.f. verb), answers questions of circumstances (how? where? where?...)
very loud, so far away...

Control - the main word subjugates the dependent word with the help of the candidate. case (except I. p), you can ask questions about cases. If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, this is definitely control.

Reply from Igor Volkov[newbie]
There are three types of subordination: coordination, control, adjacency.
Agreement is a type of subordinating relationship in which the main word agrees with the dependent word in gender, number and case. Ch. Form sl. =form frozen sl.
For example: beautiful picture (feminine, singular, nominative) ; from the main road (feminine, singular, genitive).
Control is a type of subordinating connection in which the main word puts the dependent in a certain case.
For example: advise a friend (to whom? dat. case); talk about the weather (about what? prepositional case).
Adjunction is a type of subordinating connection in which the main word is associated with the dependent word only in meaning and intonation, and the dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech.

go to school, knock on the door, see a friend, give a notebook...

Reply from Mansion[newbie]
Evgenia Gordeeva speaks the truth

Reply from Caucasian[newbie]
There are three types of subordination: coordination, control, adjacency.
Agreement is a type of subordinating relationship in which the main word agrees with the dependent word in gender, number and case. Ch. Form sl. =form frozen sl.
For example: a beautiful picture (feminine, singular, nominative case); from the main road (feminine, singular, genitive).
Control is a type of subordinating connection in which the main word puts the dependent in a certain case.
For example: advise a friend (to whom? dat. case); talk about the weather (about what? prepositional case).
Adjunction is a type of subordinating connection in which the main word is associated with the dependent word only in meaning and intonation, and the dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech.
For example: Very cute (how cute?); speak while listening (doing what?). agreement: the dependent word is adj. (or another part of speech with the meaning of the attribute), answers the question which? (oe, ee, ee...) blue sea... adjacency - connection in meaning, the dependent word is necessarily unchangeable (adv., adverb, n.f. verb), answers questions of circumstances (how? where? where?.. .)
very loud, so far away... control - the main word subjugates the dependent word with the help of k. -n. case (except I. p), you can ask questions about cases. If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, this is definitely control.
go to school, knock on the door, see a friend, give a notebook...

B3 - types of subordinating connection

Teacher's comments

Possible difficulties	Good advice
It can be difficult to determine the type of connection between words in phrases noun + noun, where the dependent word answers the question what? For example: smart daughter, Moscow city, birch leaf, house by the road.	Try changing the main word by using it in a plural form or an indirect case, such as the genitive. If the dependent noun changes, that is, it agrees with the main word in number and case ( smart daughters, Moscow city), then the type of connection between words in this phrase is agreement. If the dependent noun does not change, that is, does not agree with the main word in number and case ( birch leaf, houses near the road), then the type of connection in this phrase is control.
Sometimes the gender, number and case of nouns associated with control are the same, so in such cases it is possible to confuse control with agreement, for example: from the director of the college.	To determine the type of connection between words in a given phrase, you need to change the form of the main word. If the dependent word changes after the main word, then this is a phrase with agreement: at the beautiful artist - at the beautiful artist. If the dependent word does not change, then it is a control phrase: from the director of the college - to the director of the college.
Some adverbs formed from nouns and other parts of speech can be confused with the corresponding parts of speech and an error can be made in determining the type of connection, for example: go in the summer - admire the summer, hard-boil - get into a tough mess.	To determine the type of connection in such a situation, it is necessary to correctly determine the part of speech, which is the dubious word. If the dubious word is written together with the former preposition or with a hyphen, then it is an adverb: hard-boiled, into the distance, towards, in the old way. If the word is without a preposition or is written separately with a preposition, try asking a case question for the dubious word: go how? in summer. The question is obviously inappropriate, which means it is an adverb, the type of connection is adjacency. Admire how? in summer. The question is appropriate, so it is a noun, the type of communication is management. In the case when the dependent word answers the question Which? and is an adjective, the type of connection between words is agreement: in trouble which one? cool.
Sometimes it is difficult to establish which word in a phrase is the main one and which is the dependent one, for example: a little sad, I like to eat.	In adjective + adverb phrases, the main word is always the adjective, and the dependent word is the adverb, which means attribute sign. In phrases of verb in the mood form + infinitive, the main word is always the verb, and the dependent word is the infinitive. The type of connection between words in both phrases is adjacency, because the dependent word is unchangeable.

Syntax. The concept of sentences and phrases

Syntax is a section of grammar that studies the structure and meaning of phrases and sentences.

A sentence is a basic unit of syntax that expresses a thought, containing a message, a question, or an incentive. The sentence has intonation and semantic completeness, i.e. it is framed as a separate statement.

It's cold outside (message).

When does the train leave? (question).

Please close the window! (motivation).

The offer has grammatical basis(subject and predicate). Based on the number of grammatical stems, sentences are divided into simple (one grammatical stem) and complex (more than one grammatical stem).

The morning fog over the city has not yet cleared, although it has thinned(simple sentence).

The one with the gold tooth turned out to be a waiter, not a swindler(complex sentence).

According to the nature of the grammatical basis, simple sentences are two-part and one-part.

Based on the completeness of their implementation, proposals are divided into complete and incomplete.

According to the purpose of making sentences, there are narrative, motivating and interrogative.

According to the intonation of sentences there are exclamation marks And non-exclamatory.

By phrase two or more words are called, united in meaning and grammatically (using subordinating connection).

A phrase consists of a main and a dependent word. From the main word you can ask a question to the dependent one.

Go (where?) into the wilderness.

Charging (what?) the battery.

A phrase, like a word, names objects, actions and their signs, but more specifically, precisely, because the dependent word concretizes the meaning of the main thing. Let's compare:

Morning - summer morning;

Sleep - sleep for a long time.

There are three types of subordinating connections between the main and dependent words in a phrase: agreement, control and adjacency.

In a phrase, dependent words are associated with the main three ways: coordination, control, adjacency . The classification of subordinating communication methods is based on what part of speech the dependent word is expressed in.

Coordination- this is a method of communication in which the dependent word is placed in the same forms of gender, number and case as the main word. For example: shady garden (masculine, singular, nominative case), after long separation (feminine, singular, genitive case), fallen leaves (plural, nominative case). When the form of the main word changes, the form of the dependent word changes accordingly: shady garden, shady garden(genitive), in a shady garden(prepositional).

When agreed, the dependent word can be expressed by: an adjective (difficult task) pronoun-adjective (our friend), communion (oncoming wave), ordinal number (second entrance), quantitative numeral in indirect cases (with three comrades).

Control- a method of communication in which the dependent word is placed with the main word in a certain indirect case with or without a preposition. For example: buy a magazine(the dependent noun is in accusative case), talk to him(the dependent pronoun is in the instrumental case with the preposition “s”). When controlling with changing the form of the main word, the form of the dependent word does not change. Wed: buy a magazine, bought a magazine, bought a magazine, buy a magazine.

When controlling, the dependent word can be expressed as: a noun (break the vase) pronoun-noun (tell him) cardinal number (divide by five) and other parts of speech used in the meaning of a noun (to care for the sick).

Adjacency- a method of communication in which a dependent, unchangeable word (or form of a word) is associated with the main one only in meaning and intonation. For example: go limping, very happy.

When adjoining, the dependent word can be expressed: by an adverb (cries loudly) infinitive (ready to help) participle (work without stopping) shape comparative degree adjective or adverb (older boy, come closer) immutable possessive pronouns (her friend).

Types of communication - coordinating and subordinating.

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In the Russian language there are two main types of connections between words and sentences - coordinating and subordinating.

Coordinating connection present in equal parts: in this case it is impossible to ask a question from one part to another. Such a connection between words in coordinating phrases (forest and mountains). In simple sentences this is homogeneous members(“... Our forest and mountains will dance!” I. Krylov). There is a coordinative connection between parts of complex sentences (“... We have notes, and we have instruments...” I. Krylov). Promotes coordinating communication coordinating conjunctions: and, a, but, or, either, then - that, not that - not that, etc.

Subordinating connection combines the main part and the dependent part. From the main part a question is asked to the dependent part. Such a connection occurs in subordinating phrases (let’s sit next to each other) and in complex sentences (“... we’ll probably get along, under what conditions? If we sit next to each other” I. Krylov). The subordinating connection is carried out using the endings of dependent words, clarified with the help of prepositions and formalized by subordinating conjunctions: what, which, where, because, if, when, etc. For example: “Here everyone is asking him to solve their doubts...” - complex sentence. In the phrase “everyone to him,” the subordinating relationship is expressed by the ending -him, supported by the preposition to, from the main word to the dependent word, the question is asked to whom? The main thing and subordinate clause connected subordinating conjunction so that

If in a phrase both words are unchangeable parts of speech, that is, they do not have endings and prepositions are not used with them, then the connection between them is carried out using intonation. In the non-union complex sentence connection between simple sentences is also carried out by the intonation of enumeration.

Types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences

There is such a thing in linguistics as a subordinating relationship. In Russian, subordinating connections occur in phrases and sentences. This happens in speech all the time. But what is subordinating phrase and a proposal?

First, let's look at what a subordinate relationship means. It connects independent (notional) words and phrases with each other through the fact that one part is the main part and the other is the dependent part. This is very easy to check. From the main part you can ask a question to the dependent part. Such a connection is determined both in meaning and grammatically. For example, beautiful flower, where from the word “flower” you can ask the question “which one?” to the word “beautiful” and determine that the dependent adjective here is.

Types of subordinating connections in phrases

Coordination

Gender, number and case form the dependent part is completely consistent with the main part, that is, it is likened to it. From the main word you can ask questions “which?” and “whose?” (these questions may vary depending on the form).

This is interesting: complex sentences, examples in the literature.

When agreeing, the main noun is always the noun, and the dependent ones can be:

Adjectives: blue sea, clear image, bright light.
Ordinal numbers: first place, (on) the tenth floor, hundredth film.
Participles: writing man, running kitten, bouncing ball.
Possessive pronouns (except for them, him, her): our hearts, my treasure.

Coordination also can be complete or incomplete. In the first case, the dependent word in all forms is likened to the main one, and in the second case - only partially. But the incomplete form rather concerns only exceptions and vernaculars. An example of incomplete (or partial) agreement is the case when a word denoting a profession (as we know, many such words are in the masculine form, but the person himself can be a woman) has an adjective next to it, but in a different gender (our doctor).

Control

When controlling, the dependent word changes under the influence of the main word only by case, one word “controls” the other. Control phrases can be: verb + noun, gerund + noun, participle + noun, two nouns or cardinal number + noun. Happens two types of control: with a preposition, when there is a preposition, or without a preposition. When controlling, the dependent word is asked an indirect case question or an adverbial question (where, to where, from where), since the word can answer two questions at the same time.

Examples: smoking a cigarette, living in a house, a toy cat, six players, dropping out of school, writing books.

Adjacency

With this type of connection, one part is “adjacent” to another. In other words, such phrases determined only by meaning, since both parts retain all their shapes. Main sign adjacency - the dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech (verb infinitive, gerund, adverb, pronouns his, her, their).

The main difference from management and coordination is precisely the “independence” of the parts and dependence on each other only in meaning. An adjacency is a connection between two nouns if they denote a name (Lake Baikal, the country of Russia, the Volga River). You can ask an adverbial question (not to be confused with management!): what to do, what to do, what by doing, what by doing and whose (his, her, theirs).

Examples: his jacket, planet Earth, live well, drive without stopping, grew up quickly.

Phrases that do not have a subordinating connection

Word and service part speeches (near the house).

Compound words (more vivid).

Words joined by the conjunction “and”.

Phraseologisms.

Verb and subject.

Subordinating communication in sentences

Sentences also have a subordinating relationship, but this only applies to non-complex sentences. Complex sentence differs from a compound one in that both parts cannot be separated. If they are used separately, the sentence will lose its meaning, while parts of a complex sentence can be completely use separately from each other and divide the letter with a dot.

The types of subordinating connections in such sentences are distinguished only if there are several subordinate clauses. For example: he told me that he would only go to the place where he was directed. Here we see one main clause and two dependent clauses.

sequential;
parallel;
homogeneous.

Sequential a sentence can be determined if a question goes from the main part to a subordinate clause, and from this subordinate clause to another subordinate clause. For example: I bought a jacket (which one?), which was sewn for me in an atelier (which one?), which is located far from my home.

At parallel in the form of subordination to all subordinate clauses, questions from the main part are asked, but from different words. Thus, a sort of “parallel” is obtained. In such cases, usually the main part is located between the dependent ones. (Example: when the school bell rang, I was talking to a new classmate who had recently transferred to our class).

At homogeneous In this type, dependent clauses refer to the same word in the main part. (For example: today I went for a walk in the park, where there are usually very few people and where I forgot my jacket).

education.guru

Types of subordinating connections in phrases

With the help of 5-ege.ru you can easily learn to determine the type of subordinating connection.

Subordinating connection is a connection that unites sentences or words, one of which is the main one (subordinate), and the other is dependent (subordinate).

Collocation is a combination of two or more significant words related to each other in meaning and grammatically.

green eyes, writing letters, difficult to convey.

In a phrase, the main word (from which the question is asked) and the dependent (to which the question is asked) are distinguished:

Blue ball. Relax outside the city. Ball and rest are the key words.

Trap!

The following are not subordinating phrases:

1. Combination of an independent word with a service word: near the house, before a thunderstorm, let him sing;

2. Combinations of words as part of phraseological units: beat screw around, play the fool, headlong;

3. Subject and predicate: night came;

4. Compound word forms : lighter, will walk;

5. Groups of words united by a coordinating connection: fathers and sons.

Video about types of subordinating connections

If you like the video format, you can watch it.

There are three types of subordinating connections:

seashore, reading youth, first snow, my home

Questions may vary by case!

Remember! The prepositional case form of a noun can be an adverbial form, so adverbial questions are asked for these forms (see below)

listen carefully, walk without looking back, soft-boiled egg

4. possessive pronouns (his, her, theirs)

2. doing what? what did you do?

3. how? Where? Where? where? When? For what? Why?

Distinguish!

Her coat is an adjunction (whose), to see her is control (of whom).

In the categories of pronouns, there are two homonymous (identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) categories. The personal pronoun answers the questions of indirect cases, and it participates in the subordinating connection - control, and the possessive answers the question whose? and is immutable, it participates in contiguity.

Go to the garden - management, go there - adjoining.

Distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb. They may have the same questions! If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, then you have control.

Algorithm of actions No. 1.

1) Determine the main word by asking a question from one word to another.

2) Determine the part of speech of the dependent word.

3) Pay attention to the question you ask about the dependent word.

4) Based on the identified signs, determine the type of connection.

Analysis of the task.

What type of connection is used in the phrase BUILD MECHANICALLY.

We define the main word and ask a question from it: catch (how?) mechanically; catch – the main word mechanically – dependent. Determine the part of speech of the dependent word: mechanically is an adverb. If the dependent word answers the question How? and is an adverb, then the connection is used in the phrase adjacency.

Algorithm of actions No. 2.

1. In the text it is easier for you to find the dependent word first.

2. If you need agreement, look for the word that answers the question Which? whose?

3. If you need control, look for a noun or pronoun that is not in the nominative case.

4. If you need to find an adjunct, look for an unchangeable word (infinitive, gerund, adverb or possessive pronoun).

5. Determine from which word you can ask a question to the dependent word.

From the sentences, write down a subordinating phrase with the connection CONNECTION.

I was in third grade when I caught a bad cold. I started getting otitis media. I screamed in pain and hit my head with my palms. Mom called ambulance, and we went to the regional hospital.

When adjoining, the dependent word is an infinitive, adverb or gerund. Let's try to find these parts of speech: strongly (how?) – adverb. We find the main word for it, from which the question is asked to the adverb: caught a cold.

Thus, write it out with the phrase I caught a bad cold.

Home » Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian » Types of subordinating connections in phrases

Methods of subordinating communication

The methods of subordinate communication are as follows: coordination, control, adjacency

Agreement as a method of subordinating communication

Coordination- this is a type of subordinating connection when the dependent word takes the grammatical forms of the main word, for example: a beautiful picture.

The main word when agreed, a noun, a substantivized adjective or participle (i.e., has become a noun), as well as a pronoun, a noun, for example: high spirits, student canteen.

dependent word can be an adjective, an adjective pronoun, an ordinal number or a participle, i.e. such categories of words in which the categories of gender, number and case are not independent, for example: right decision, our meeting.

Management as a method of subordinate communication

Control- a type of subordinating connection, when the dependent word is used in the indirect case that requires the main word, for example: write a book, click your teeth, advise a friend (to whom? dative case);

The main word when governing, it can act as a verb (to rejoice in meeting you), a noun (love for people), an adjective (regrettable), an adverb (near the city), or an ordinal number (first in class).

When driving dependent word nouns, pronouns-nouns, substantivized adjectives always appear (cover with snow, conversation with workers).

Adjunction as a method of subordinating connection

Adjacency- this is a type of syntactic connection when an unchangeable dependent word is attached to the main one in meaning. For example: Very nice (how nice?).

Unchangeable words are adjacent: infinitive, adverb, simple comparative form, gerund, some unchangeable adjectives (order to advance, door to the left, a little to the south).

Infinitive adjacent to a verb (try to answer, came to stay), a noun (desire to make peace), adjective (intends to relax)

Comparative forms adjacent to a verb (it’s better to answer, to run faster), to a noun (the news is more interesting, the drink is stronger)

Participles adjoin the verb in cases where the meaning of an adverb develops in them (read while lying down, sleep while sitting).

Immutable adjectives such as beige, mini, maxi, hindi, midi, flared, etc. adjacent to nouns (Hindi language, peak hours).

It is necessary to distinguish between adjacency and control

Her shoes– this is an adjunction (whose?),
See him– management (of whom?).

In the categories of pronouns there are two homonymous categories. The personal pronoun answers questions of indirect cases, and it participates in a subordinating connection - this is control, and the possessive is involved in adjacency.

Run to the store– management,
Go here– adjacency.

It is important to distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb, because there may be the same questions! If there is a preposition between the main and dependent words, then this is management.

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First, let's look at what a subordinate relationship means. It connects independent (notional) words and phrases with each other through the fact that one part is the main part and the other is the dependent part. This is very easy to check. From the main part you can ask a question to the dependent part. Such a connection is determined both in meaning and grammatically. For example, a beautiful flower, where from the word “flower” you can ask the question “which one?” to the word “beautiful” and determine that the dependent adjective here is.

Types of subordinating connections in phrases

Coordination

The gender, number and case form of the dependent part are fully consistent with the main part, that is, they are similar to it. From the main word you can ask questions “which?” and “whose?” (these questions may vary depending on the form).

When agreeing, the main noun is always the noun, and the dependent ones can be:

Adjectives: blue sea, clear image, bright light.
Ordinal numbers: first place, (on) the tenth floor, hundredth film.
Participles: a person writing, a running kitten, a bouncing ball.
Possessive pronouns (except for them, him, her): our hearts, my treasure.

Control

Examples: smoking a cigarette, living in a house, a toy cat, six players, dropping out of school, writing books.

Adjacency

With this type of connection, one part is “adjacent” to another. In other words, such phrases determined only by meaning, since both parts retain all their shapes. The main sign of adjacency is that the dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech (the infinitive of the verb, the gerund, the adverb, the pronouns his, her, their).

Examples: his jacket, planet Earth, live well, drive without stopping, grew up quickly.

Phrases that do not have a subordinating connection

Word and functional part of speech (near the house).
Compound words (more vivid).
Words joined by the conjunction “and”.
Phraseologisms.
Verb and subject.

Subordinating communication in sentences

Sentences also have a subordinating relationship, but this only applies to non-complex sentences. A complex sentence differs from a complex sentence in that both parts cannot be broken. If they are used separately, the sentence will lose its meaning, while parts of a complex sentence can be completely use separately from each other and divide the letter with a dot.

sequential;
parallel;
homogeneous.

At parallel In the form of subordination to all subordinate clauses, questions from the main part are asked, but from different words. Thus, a sort of “parallel” is obtained. In such cases, usually the main part is located between the dependent ones. (Example: when the school bell rang, I was talking to a new classmate who had recently transferred to our class).

Phrases and sentences - syntactic constructions, making up a harmonious system of any language. The structural and functional features of phrases and sentences are studied by syntax - one of the sections of grammar.

What are phrases and sentences? A phrase is two or more meaningful words, fastened by a subordinating connection. A sentence is a complex main function whose main function is communicative, therefore, it is framed intonationally and has certain forms of mood and tense. Individual words in a sentence have a certain semantic connection with each other, due to which, in fact, their communicative and semantic function is formed. Such connections are called syntactic. They, in turn, are divided into coordinating and subordinating. In sentences, both occur in a phrase - only one is subordinating (as indicated above).

Subordinating connections in phrases

The very name “subordinate” clearly shows the essence of this grammatical connection, where two words always occupy different positions: one acts as the main word, and the other as a dependent, subordinate word, and its grammatical features (number, case and gender) fully or partially correspond and are determined by the main word. Depending on the degree of subordination of the secondary word to the main one, there are different types subordinating connection.

Coordination

Dependent words with this type of syntactic connection fully correspond and are determined by the significant, main word. For example: stone flower, big city(nominative pad., m.r., singular), golden cities (plural, eminent. pad.), many beautiful people(gen. fall., plural). Moreover, if the main word changes its grammatical form, it changes, accordingly, for the subordinate. For example, autumn leaf (nominative p.), autumn leaf (birth p.), autumn leaf(creates. etc.) etc.

Various parts of speech - adjectives ( beautiful dress), participles (bouncing ball), (second grade), (with two rooms). At the same time, it is very important to note that such types of subordinating connections as agreement are impossible with verbs, adverbs, gerunds, i.e. parts of speech that have no gender, number, or case. A noun, also when agreed, always acts only as a defining, main word and in no case can it be dependent, because it does not change by gender.

In a phrase, the agreement between its components can be complete, matching all grammatical features, or partial, when the match occurs on one or two features. For example: red heat (full agreement), our postman (partial).

The following types Subordinating connections in phrases are constructed according to different grammatical principles.

Control

In management, the subordinate word is placed in the indirect case with or without a preposition, which is determined by the semantic meaning of the main component of the phrase. For example: run around the room (the dependent word “around the room” is in the prepositional case), watch a movie (the dependent word “film” is in the accusative case), met with interesting people(the instrumental case with a preposition). It should be noted that, unlike coordination in control, when the form of the main word changes, the dependent word does not change. For example: sing a song - singing a song - sang a song - sing a song.

In management, the main words can be verbs, nouns or adverbs. These types of subordinating connections are called preverbal, adverbial or adverbial control. For example: reading poetry, a bowl of soup, alone with everyone. Control can be prepositional (with the participation of a preposition) or non-prepositional, as well as strong, when the lexico-grammatical form of the main word necessarily implies a dependent component next to it (for example: devotion to friends, a letter sent), or weak, when such a dependence is not traced (for example : letter in an envelope, vase on the table).

Adjacency

Types of subordinating connections in words, in which the dependent word is determined by the main word only by its semantic meaning, are called adjacency. Here the subordinate word can be an adverb (reads quickly), a gerund (does it carelessly), a comparative adjective or adverb (the fur is fluffier, throw it further), possessive pronouns (her room).

How to determine types of subordinating relationships

To correctly establish the type of connection, you first need to determine the main and subordinate words and the part of speech of this dependent component. participate in adjacency. If, when the main word changes, the subordinate also changes its grammatical characteristics, then this is agreement. Finally, you need to ask a question from the main to the dependent word and, if this question refers to any indirect case, then this is control.