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Signs characteristic of the literary artistic style of speech. Stylistic features of the artistic style

The artistic style of speech is the language of literature and art. It is used to convey emotions and feelings, artistic images and phenomena.

Artistic style is a way for writers to express themselves, so it is generally used in writing. Orally (for example, in plays) texts written in advance are read. Historically, artistic style functions in three types of literature - lyrics (poems, poems), drama (plays) and epic (stories, novels, novels).

An article about all speech styles -.

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The features of the artistic style are:

2. Language means are a way of conveying an artistic image, emotional state and the mood of the narrator.

3. The use of stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, metonymies, etc., emotionally expressive vocabulary, phraseological units.

4. Multi-style. The use of linguistic means of other styles (colloquial, journalistic) is subordinated to the implementation of the creative concept. These combinations gradually create what is called the author's style.

5. The use of verbal ambiguity - words are selected in such a way that with their help not only “to draw” images, but also to put hidden meaning into them.

6. The information transfer function is often hidden. The purpose of artistic style is to convey the author’s emotions, to create a mood and emotional state in the reader.

Artistic style: case study

Let's look at the example of the features of the style being analyzed.

Excerpt from the article:

The war disfigured Borovoe. Interspersed with the surviving huts stood charred stoves, like monuments to the people's grief. Gate posts were sticking out. The barn gaped with a huge hole - half of it was broken off and carried away.

There were gardens, but now stumps - like rotten teeth. Only here and there were two or three teenage apple trees nestled.

The village was deserted.

When the one-armed Fedor returned home, his mother was alive. She grew old, grew thin, and had more gray hair. She sat me down at the table, but there was nothing to treat her with. Fyodor had his own, a soldier's. At the table, the mother said: everyone was robbed, damned skinners! We hid pigs and chickens wherever we wanted. Can you really save it? He makes noise and threatens, give him the chicken, even if it’s the last one. Out of fright, they gave away the last one. So I have nothing left. Oh, that was bad! The village was ruined by the damned fascist! You can see for yourself what’s left... more than half of the yards were burned down. The people fled where: some to the rear, some to join the partisans. How many girls were stolen! So our Frosya was taken away...

For a day or two, Fyodor looked around. Our people from Borovsk began to return. They hung a piece of plywood on an empty hut, and on it there were lopsided letters with soot on oil - there was no paint - “The board of the collective farm “Red Dawn” - and off and on! Down and Out trouble started.

The style of this text, as we have already said, is artistic.

His features in this passage:

Borrowing and applying vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( as monuments of people's grief, fascists, partisans, collective farm rule, the beginning of a daring misfortune).
The use of visual and expressive means ( hijacked, damned skinners, really), the semantic ambiguity of words is actively used ( the war disfigured Borovoe, the barn gaped with a huge hole).
They've robbed everyone, you damn skinners! We hid pigs and chickens wherever we wanted. Can you really save it? He makes noise and threatens, give him the chicken, even if it’s the last one. Oh, that was bad!).
There were gardens, but now stumps are like rotten teeth; She sat me down at the table, but there was nothing to treat her with; on oil - there was no paint).
The syntactic structures of a literary text reflect, first of all, the flow of the author’s impressions, figurative and emotional ( Interspersed with the surviving huts stood charred stoves, like monuments to the people's grief. The barn gaped with a huge hole - half of it was broken off and carried away; There were gardens, but now stumps are like rotten teeth).
The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian language ( stumps are like rotten teeth; charred stoves stood like monuments to the people's grief; two or three teenage apple trees nestled).
The use, first of all, of vocabulary that forms the basis and creates the imagery of the analyzed style: for example, figurative techniques and means of Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context, and words of a wide scope of use ( grew old, emaciated, burned, in letters, girls).

Thus, the artistic style does not so much tell as it shows - it helps to feel the situation, to visit the places that the narrator is talking about. Of course, there is also a certain “imposition” of the author’s experiences, but it also creates a mood and conveys sensations.

The artistic style is one of the most “borrowing” and flexible: writers, firstly, actively use language of other styles, and secondly, successfully combine artistic imagery, for example, with explanations scientific facts, concepts or phenomena.

Scientific and artistic style: case study

Let's look at an example of the interaction of two styles - artistic and scientific.

Excerpt from the article:

The youth of our country loves forests and parks. And this love is fruitful, active. It is expressed not only in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak groves and forests. One day, at a meeting, even splinters of wood appeared on the presidium table. Some villain cut down an apple tree growing alone on the river bank. Like a beacon, she stood on the steep mountain. They got used to her, like the appearance of their home, they loved her. And now she was gone. On this day, the conservation group was born. It was called "Green Patrol". There was no mercy for the poachers, and they began to retreat.

N. Korotaev

Features of the scientific style:

Terminology ( presidium, laying forest belts, Krutoyar, poachers).
The presence in a series of nouns of words denoting the concept of a sign or state ( bookmark, security).
Quantitative predominance of nouns and adjectives in the text over verbs ( This love is fruitful, active; in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak groves and forests).
Use of verbs and words ( bookmark, protection, mercy, meeting).
Verbs in the present tense, which have a “timeless”, indicative meaning in the text, with weakened lexical and grammatical meanings of time, person, number ( loves, expresses);
A large volume of sentences, their impersonal nature in combination with passive constructions ( It is expressed not only in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak groves and forests).

Features of the artistic style:

Wide use of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( presidium, laying forest belts, Krutoyar).
The use of various visual and expressive means ( this love is fruitful, in vigilant guard, evil), active use of the verbal polysemy of the word (the appearance of a house, “Green Patrol”).
Emotionality and expressiveness of the image ( They got used to her, like the appearance of their home, they loved her. And now she was gone. On this day the group was born).
Manifestation of the author's creative individuality - author's style ( It is expressed not only in the establishment of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak groves and forests. Here: a combination of features of several styles).
Paying special attention to particular and seemingly random circumstances and situations, behind which one can see the typical and general ( Some villain cut down an apple tree... And now it was gone. On this day the conservation group was born).
The syntactic structure and corresponding structures in this passage reflect the flow of the author’s figurative and emotional perception ( Like a beacon, she stood on the steep mountain. And then she was gone).
The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian literary language ( this fruitful, active love, like a beacon, it stood, there was no mercy, growing alone).
The use, first of all, of vocabulary that forms the basis and creates the imagery of the style being analyzed: for example, figurative techniques and means of the Russian language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context, and words of the widest distribution ( youth, evil, fruitful, active, appearance).

According to the variety of linguistic means, literary devices and methods, the artistic style is perhaps the richest. And, unlike other styles, it has a minimum of restrictions - with proper depiction of images and an emotional mood, you can even write a literary text in scientific terms. But, of course, you shouldn’t abuse this.

Literary and artistic style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. This style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, possibilities different styles, characterized by imagery and emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, a word not only carries certain information, but also serves to have an aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger its impact on the reader.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also outdated dialect and colloquial words.

The emotionality of artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of colloquial and everyday journalistic styles. It performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of linguistic means; All language means are used to create images. Distinctive feature artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech that add color to the narrative and the power of depicting reality.

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Style issues

Subtitles

Expressive and figurative means of language

Facilities artistic expression varied and numerous. This:

Tropes (similes, personification, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc.)
Stylistic figures (epithet, hyperbole, litotes, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.)

Trope(from ancient Greek τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in figurative meaning in order to enhance the figurativeness of language and artistic expressiveness of speech.

Main types of trails:

Metaphor(from ancient Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common attribute. (“Nature here destined us to open a window to Europe”). Any part of speech in a figurative meaning.
Metonymy(ancient Greek μετονυμία - “renaming”, from μετά - “above” and ὄνομα/ὄνυμα - “name”) - a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or other (spatial, temporal, and so on) connection with the object, which is denoted by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class or vice versa, container instead of contents or vice versa, and the like), and metaphor - “by similarity.” A special case of metonymy is synecdoche. (“All flags will visit us”, where flags replace countries.)
Epithet(from ancient Greek ἐπίθετον - “attached”) - a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love dearly”), a noun (“fun noise”), and a numeral (“second life”).

An epithet is a word or an entire expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) gain color and richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose (“timid breathing”; “magnificent omen”).

Synecdoche(ancient Greek συνεκδοχή) - trope, a type of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them. (“Everything is sleeping - man, beast, and bird”; “We are all looking at Napoleons”; “In the roof for my family”; “Well, sit down, luminary”; “Most of all, save a penny.”)
Hyperbola(from ancient Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of obvious and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the said thought. (“I’ve said this a thousand times”; “We have enough food for six months.”)
Litota- a figurative expression that diminishes the size, strength, or significance of what is being described. Litotes is called an inverse hyperbola. (“Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, is no bigger than a thimble”).
Comparison- a trope in which one object or phenomenon is compared to another according to some characteristic common to them. The purpose of comparison is to identify new properties in the object of comparison that are important for the subject of the statement. (“A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as the devil”; “My home is my fortress”; “He walks like a gogol”; “An attempt is not torture.”)
In stylistics and poetics, paraphrase (paraphrase, periphrase; from ancient Greek περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “about” and φράσις - “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Periphrasis is an indirect mention of an object by not naming it, but describing it. (“Night luminary” = “moon”; “I love you, Peter’s creation!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

Allegory (allegory)- a conventional depiction of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

For example:

The nightingale is sad near the fallen rose and sings hysterically over the flower.
But the garden scarecrow also sheds tears,
loved a rose secretly.

Personification(personification, prosopopoeia) - trope, the assignment of properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used when depicting nature, which is endowed with certain human traits.

For example:

And woe, woe, woe!
And grief was girded with a bast,

My legs are tangled with washcloths.

The state is like an evil stepfather, from whom, alas, you cannot escape, because it is impossible to take with you
Motherland - a suffering mother.

Aydin Khanmagomedov, Visa response

Irony(from ancient Greek εἰρωνεία - “pretense”) - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (contrasted) with the explicit meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject of discussion is not what it seems. (“Where can we fools drink tea?”)
Sarcasm(Greek σαρκασμός, from σαρκάζω, literally “tear [meat]”) - one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic ridicule, highest degree irony, based not only on the enhanced contrast of the implied and the expressed, but also on the immediate deliberate exposure of the implied.

Sarcasm is a mockery that can be opened with a positive judgment, but in general always contains a negative connotation and indicates a deficiency in a person, object or phenomenon, that is, in relation to which it is happening. Examples.

IN general outline, the main linguistic features of the artistic style of speech include the following:

1. Heterogeneity of the lexical composition: a combination of book vocabulary with colloquial, colloquial, dialect, etc.

Let's look at some examples.

“The feather grass has matured. The steppe for many miles was dressed in swaying silver. The wind took it elastically, flowing, roughened, bumped, and drove bluish-opal waves to the south, then to the west. Where the flowing air stream ran, the feather grass bowed prayerfully, and on its gray ridge a blackened path lay for a long time.”

“Various grasses have bloomed. On the ridges of the ridge there is a joyless burnt-out wormwood. The nights faded quickly. At night, countless stars shone in the charred black sky; the month - the Cossack sun, darkened by the damaged side, shone sparingly, whitely; The spacious Milky Way intertwined with other star paths. The astringent air was thick, the wind was dry and wormwood; the earth, saturated with the same bitterness of the all-powerful wormwood, yearned for coolness.”

(M. A. Sholokhov)

2. Use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to realize the aesthetic function.

“Daria hesitated for a minute and refused:

No, no, I'm alone. I'm there alone.

She didn’t even know where “there” was and, leaving the gate, headed towards the Angara.”

(V. Rasputin)

3. Activity of polysemantic words of all stylistic varieties of speech.

“The river is seething in a lace of white foam.

Poppies are blooming red on the velvet meadows.

Frost was born at dawn."

(M. Prishvin).

4. Combinatorial increments of meaning.

Words in an artistic context receive new semantic and emotional content, which embodies the author’s figurative thought.

“I caught the departing shadows in my dreams,

The fading shadows of the fading day.

I climbed the tower. And the steps shook.

And the steps trembled under my feet.”

(K. Balmont)

5. Greater preference for using concrete vocabulary and less preference for abstract vocabulary.

“Sergei pushed the heavy door. The porch step whimpered barely audibly under his foot. Two more steps - and he’s already in the garden.”

“The cool evening air was filled with the intoxicating aroma of blooming acacia. Somewhere in the branches a nightingale was singing its trills, iridescent and subtle.”

(M. A. Sholokhov)

6. A minimum of generic concepts.

“Another piece of advice that is essential for a prose writer. More specificity. The more precise and specific the object is named, the more expressive the imagery is.”

“You have: “Horses chew grain. The peasants are preparing morning food“,” “the birds were noisy”... In the artist’s poetic prose, which requires visible clarity, there should be no generic concepts, unless this is dictated by the very semantic task of the content... Oats are better than grain. Rooks are more appropriate than birds.”

(Konstantin Fedin)

7. Wide use of folk poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.

“The rosehip, probably, has been creeping up the trunk to the young aspen since spring, and now, when the time has come for the aspen to celebrate its name day, it all burst into flames with red, fragrant wild roses.”

(M. Prishvin).

“New Time was located in Ertelev Lane.” I said “fit.” That's not the right word. Reigned, dominated."

(G. Ivanov)

8. Verbal speech management.

The writer names each movement (physical and/or mental) and change of state in stages. Pumping up verbs activates reading tension.

“Grigory went down to the Don, carefully climbed over the fence of the Astakhovsky base, and approached the window covered with shutters. He heard only the frequent beats of his heart... He quietly knocked on the frame binding... Aksinya silently walked up to the window and peered. He saw her press her hands to her chest and heard her inarticulate moan escape her lips. Grigory motioned for her to open the window and took off his rifle. Aksinya opened the doors. He stood on the heap, bare hands The axins grabbed his neck. They trembled and beat so much on his shoulders, these dear hands, that their trembling was transmitted to Gregory.”

(M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don”)

The dominant features of the artistic style are the imagery and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (down to sounds). Hence the desire for a fresh image, uncluttered expressions, a large number of tropes, special artistic (corresponding to reality) accuracy, the use of special expressive means of speech characteristic only of this style - rhythm, rhyme, even in prose a special harmonic organization of speech.

The artistic style of speech is characterized by imagery and extensive use of figurative and expressive means of language. In addition to its typical linguistic means, it also uses means of all other styles, especially colloquial. In the language of artistic literature, colloquialisms and dialectisms, words of a high, poetic style, slang, rude words, professional business turnover speeches, journalism. Funds in artistic style speeches are subordinate to its main function - aesthetic.

As I. S. Alekseeva notes, “if conversational style speech primarily performs the function of communication, (communicative), scientific and official business message function (informative), then the artistic style of speech is intended to create artistic, poetic images, emotional and aesthetic impact. All language tools included in artwork, change their primary function, submit to the tasks of a given artistic style."

In literature, language occupies a special position because it is the building material, that matter perceived by hearing or sight, without which a work cannot be created.

An artist of words - a poet, a writer - finds, in the words of L. Tolstoy, “the only necessary placement of the only necessary words” in order to correctly, accurately, figuratively express a thought, convey the plot, character, make the reader empathize with the heroes of the work, enter the world created by the author.

All this is accessible only to the language of fiction, which is why it has always been considered the pinnacle of literary language. The best in language, its strongest capabilities and rarest beauty are in works of fiction, and all this is achieved artistic means language. The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. First of all, these are the trails.

Tropes are a figure of speech in which a word or expression is used figuratively in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. The trope is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem close to our consciousness in some respect.

1). An epithet (Greek epitheton, Latin apositum) is a defining word, mainly when it adds new qualities to the meaning of the word being defined (epitheton ornans - decorating epithet). Wed. in Pushkin: “ruddy dawn”; Special attention theorists pay attention to an epithet with a figurative meaning (cf. Pushkin: “my harsh days”) and an epithet with the opposite meaning - the so-called. oxymoron (cf. Nekrasov: “poor luxury”).

2). Comparison (Latin comparatio) - revealing the meaning of a word by comparing it with another for some reason common feature(tertium comparisonis). Wed. from Pushkin: “youth is faster than a bird.” Discovering the meaning of a word by determining its logical content is called interpretation and refers to figures.

3). Periphrasis (Greek periphrasis, Latin circumlocutio) is a method of presentation that describes a simple subject through complex phrases. Wed. Pushkin has a parodic periphrase: “The young pet of Thalia and Melpomene, generously gifted by Apollo.” One type of periphrasis is euphemism - the replacement with a descriptive phrase of a word that for some reason is considered obscene. Wed. from Gogol: “get by with the help of a scarf.”

Unlike the tropes listed here, which are built on enriching the unchanged basic meaning of a word, the following tropes are built on shifts in the basic meaning of the word.

4). Metaphor (Latin translatio) - the use of a word in a figurative meaning. The classic example given by Cicero is the “murmur of the sea.” The confluence of many metaphors forms an allegory and a riddle.

5). Synecdoche (Latin intellectio) is the case when a whole thing is recognized by a small part or when a part is recognized by the whole. The classic example given by Quintilian is “stern” instead of “ship”.

6). Metonymy (Latin denominatio) is the replacement of one name for an object with another, borrowed from related and similar objects. Wed. from Lomonosov: “read Virgil.”

7). Antonomasia (Latin pronominatio) -- replacement own name another, as if borrowed from outside, nickname. The classic example given by Quintilian is “destroyer of Carthage” instead of “Scipio”.

8). Metalepsis (Latin transumptio) is a replacement, representing, as it were, a transition from one trope to another. Wed. from Lomonosov - “ten harvests have passed...: here, after the harvest, of course, it’s summer, after the summer, a whole year.”

These are the paths built on the use of words in a figurative meaning; theorists also note the possibility of simultaneous use of a word in a figurative and literal sense, the possibility of a confluence of contradictory metaphors. Finally, a number of paths are identified in which not the main meaning of the word changes, but one or another shade of this meaning. These are:

9). Hyperbole is an exaggeration taken to the point of “impossibility.” Wed. from Lomonosov: “running, faster than wind and lightning.”

10). Litotes is an understatement expressing through a negative phrase the content of a positive phrase (“a lot” in the meaning of “many”).

eleven). Irony is the expression in words of a meaning opposite to their meaning. Wed. Lomonosov’s characterization of Catiline by Cicero: “Yes! He is a timid and meek man...”

TO expressive means language also includes stylistic figures of speech or simply figures of speech: anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion, polyunion, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical appeal, silence, ellipsis, epiphora. The means of artistic expression also include rhythm (poetry and prose), rhyme, and intonation.

Literary and artistic style serves the artistic and aesthetic sphere of human activity. Artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction. A text in this style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery, emotionality, and specificity of speech. The emotionality of an artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of linguistic means; All language means are used to create images. A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech, the so-called artistic tropes, which add color to the narrative and the power of depicting reality. The function of the message is combined with the function of aesthetic impact, the presence of imagery, a combination of the most diverse means of language, both general linguistic and individual author's, but the basis of this style is general literary language means. Characteristic signs: presence homogeneous members offers, complex sentences; epithets, comparisons, rich vocabulary.

Substyles and genres:

1) prose (epic): fairy tale, story, story, novel, essay, short story, essay, feuilleton;

2) dramatic: tragedy, drama, comedy, farce, tragicomedy;

3) poetic (lyrics): song, ode, ballad, poem, elegy, poem: sonnet, triolet, quatrain.

Style-forming features:

1) figurative reflection of reality;

2) artistic and figurative concretization of the author’s intention (system of artistic images);

3) emotionality;

4) expressiveness, evaluativeness;

6) speech characteristic characters (speech portraits).

General linguistic features of literary and artistic style:

1) a combination of all other linguistic means functional styles;

2) subordination of the use of linguistic means in the system of images and the author’s intention, figurative thought;

3) fulfillment of an aesthetic function by linguistic means.

Linguistic means of artistic style:

1. Lexical means:

1) rejection of stereotyped words and expressions;

2) widespread use of words in a figurative meaning;

3) deliberate clash of different styles of vocabulary;

4) the use of vocabulary with a two-dimensional stylistic coloring;

5) the presence of emotionally charged words.

2. Phraseological means- conversational and bookish.

3. Word-forming means:

1) the use of various means and models of word formation;

4. Morphological means:

1) the use of word forms in which the category of concreteness is manifested;

2) frequency of verbs;

3) passivity of indefinite-personal forms of verbs, third-person forms;

4) insignificant use of neuter nouns compared to masculine and female;

5) shapes plural abstract and real nouns;

6) widespread use of adjectives and adverbs.

5. Syntactic means:

1) use of the entire arsenal available in the language syntactic means;

2) widespread use of stylistic figures.

8.Main features of conversational style.

Features of conversational style

Conversational style is a speech style that has the following characteristics:

used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere;

the task is to exchange impressions (communication);

the statement is usually relaxed, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author’s attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor;

Characteristic linguistic means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotional and evaluative means, in particular with the suffixes - ochk-, - enk-. - ik-, - k-, - ovat-. - evat-, perfective verbs with the prefix for - with the meaning of the beginning of action, appeal;

incentive, interrogative, exclamatory sentences.

contrasts with book styles in general;

inherent function of communication;

forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, and syntax. For example: phraseology - escaping with the help of vodka and drugs is not fashionable these days. Vocabulary - high, hugging a computer, getting on the Internet.

Colloquial speech is a functional type of literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence. Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family settings, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc.

Themes colloquial speech determined by the needs of communication. They can vary from narrow everyday ones to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.

An important feature of colloquial speech is its unpreparedness and spontaneity (Latin spontaneus - spontaneous). The speaker creates, creates his speech immediately “completely”. As researchers note, linguistic conversational features are often not realized and not recorded by consciousness. Therefore, often when native speakers are presented with their own colloquial utterances for normative assessment, they evaluate them as erroneous.

The next characteristic feature of colloquial speech: - the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - dialogical or monological. The activity of the participants is confirmed by statements, replicas, interjections, and simply sounds made.

On the structure and content of spoken language, the choice of verbal and nonverbal means of communication big influence extra-linguistic (extra-linguistic) factors have an effect: the personality of the addresser (speaker) and the addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and proximity, background knowledge (the general stock of knowledge of the speakers), the speech situation (the context of the utterance). For example, to the question “Well, how?” depending on the specific circumstances, the answers can be very different: “Five”, “Met”, “Got it”, “Lost”, “Unanimously”. Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a gesture with your hand, give your face the desired expression - and the interlocutor understands what your partner wanted to say. Thus, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication. Without knowledge of this situation, the meaning of the statement may be unclear. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in spoken language.

Colloquial speech is uncodified speech; the norms and rules of its functioning are not recorded in various kinds of dictionaries and grammars. She is not so strict in observing the norms of literary language. It actively uses forms that are classified in dictionaries as colloquial. “The litter does not discredit them,” writes the famous linguist M.P. Panov. “The litter warns: do not call a person with whom you are in strictly official relations a darling, do not offer to shove him somewhere, do not tell him that he is lanky and sometimes grumpy. In official papers, don’t use the words look, to your heart’s content, and pennywise, isn’t it?

In this regard, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified book speech. Colloquial speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. For example, a geologist writes an article for a special magazine about mineral deposits in Siberia. He uses bookish speech in writing. The scientist gives a report on this topic at international conference. His speech is bookish, but his form is oral. After the conference, he writes a letter to a work colleague about his impressions. Text of the letter - colloquial speech, written form.

At home, with his family, the geologist tells how he spoke at the conference, which old friends he met, what they talked about, what gifts he brought. His speech is conversational, its form is oral.

Active study of spoken language began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze tape and manual recordings of relaxed natural oral speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, and vocabulary. For example, in the field of vocabulary, colloquial speech is characterized by a system of its own methods of nomination (naming): various types of contraction (evening - evening newspaper, motor - motor boat, enroll - in an educational institution); non-word combinations (Do you have something to write with? - pencil, pen, Give me something to cover myself with - blanket, rug, sheet); single-word derivative words with a transparent internal form (opener - can opener, rattle - motorcycle), etc. Colloquial words are highly expressive (porridge, okroshka - about confusion, jelly, sloppy - about a sluggish, characterless person).

Syntactic features of journalistic style of speech

In the journalistic style of speech, as in the scientific style, nouns are often used in genitive case in the role inconsistent definition like the voice of the world, neighboring countries. In sentences, verbs in the imperative mood and reflexive verbs often act as predicates.

The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use of homogeneous members, introductory words and proposals involved and participial phrases, complex syntactic structures.

Literary and artistic style serves the artistic and aesthetic sphere of human activity. Artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction. A text in this style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery, emotionality, and specificity of speech.
The emotionality of an artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles. Emotionality artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of linguistic means; All language means are used to create images.
A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech, the so-called artistic tropes, which add color to the narrative and the power of depicting reality.
The message function is combined with the function of aesthetic impact, the presence of imagery, the totality of the most various means language, both general linguistic and individual author's, but the basis of this style is general literary linguistic means.
Characteristic signs: the presence of homogeneous members of the sentence, complex sentences; epithets, comparisons, rich vocabulary.

Substyles and genres:

1) prose (epic): fairy tale, story, story, novel, essay, short story, essay, feuilleton;

2) dramatic: tragedy, drama, comedy, farce, tragicomedy;

3) poetic (lyrics): song, ode, ballad, poem, elegy, poem: sonnet, triolet, quatrain.

Style-forming features:

1) figurative reflection of reality;

2) artistic and figurative concretization of the author’s intention (system of artistic images);

3) emotionality;

4) expressiveness, evaluativeness;

6) speech characteristics of characters (speech portraits).

General linguistic features of literary and artistic style:

1) a combination of linguistic means of all other functional styles;

2) subordination of the use of linguistic means in the system of images and the author’s intention, figurative thought;

3) fulfillment of an aesthetic function by linguistic means.

Linguistic means of artistic style:

1. Lexical means:

1) rejection of stereotyped words and expressions;

2) widespread use of words in a figurative meaning;

3) deliberate clash of different styles of vocabulary;

4) the use of vocabulary with a two-dimensional stylistic coloring;

5) the presence of emotionally charged words.

2. Phraseological means- conversational and bookish.

3. Word-forming means:

1) the use of various means and models of word formation;

4. Morphological means:

1) the use of word forms in which the category of concreteness is manifested;

2) frequency of verbs;

3) passivity of indefinite-personal forms of verbs, third-person forms;

4) insignificant use of neuter nouns compared to masculine and feminine nouns;

5) plural forms of abstract and real nouns;

6) widespread use of adjectives and adverbs.

5. Syntactic means:

1) use of the entire arsenal of syntactic means available in the language;

2) widespread use of stylistic figures.