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White Actions in the Civil War. Civil War. Red and white. "War Communism"

"White" and "Red" movement in the Civil War 27.10.2017 09:49

Every Russian knows that the Civil War of 1917-1922 was opposed by two movements - "red" and "white". But among historians there is still no consensus on how it began. Someone believes that the reason was Krasnov's March on the Russian capital (October 25); others believe that the war began when, in the near future, the commander of the Volunteer Army, Alekseev, arrived on the Don (November 2); there is also an opinion that the war began with the fact that Milyukov proclaimed the “Declaration of the Volunteer Army, delivering a speech at the ceremony, called the Don (December 27).

Another popular opinion, which is far from unfounded, is the opinion that Civil War started immediately after February Revolution when the whole society split into adherents and opponents of the Romanov monarchy.

"White" movement in Russia

Everyone knows that "whites" are adherents of the monarchy and the old order. Its beginnings were visible as early as February 1917, when the monarchy was overthrown in Russia and a total restructuring of society began. The development of the "white" movement was during the period when the Bolsheviks came to power, the formation of Soviet power. They represented a circle of dissatisfied with the Soviet government, disagreeing with its policy and principles of its conduct.

The "Whites" were fans of the old monarchical system, refused to accept the new socialist order, adhered to the principles traditional society. It is important to note that the "whites" were very often radicals, they did not believe that it was possible to agree on something with the "reds", on the contrary, they had the opinion that no negotiations and concessions were allowed.
The "Whites" chose the tricolor of the Romanovs as their banner. Admiral Denikin and Kolchan commanded the white movement, one in the South, the other in the harsh regions of Siberia.

The historical event that became the impetus for the activation of the "whites" and the transition to their side for the most part former army empire of the Romanovs, is the rebellion of General Kornilov, who, although he was suppressed, helped the “whites” strengthen their ranks, especially in southern regions, where, under the command of General Alekseev, huge resources and a powerful disciplined army began to gather. Every day the army was replenished due to newcomers, it grew rapidly, developed, tempered, trained.

Separately, it must be said about the commanders of the White Guards (this was the name of the army created by the "white" movement). They were unusually talented commanders, prudent politicians, strategists, tacticians, subtle psychologists, and skillful speakers. The most famous were Lavr Kornilov, Anton Denikin, Alexander Kolchak, Pyotr Krasnov, Pyotr Wrangel, Nikolai Yudenich, Mikhail Alekseev. You can talk about each of them for a long time, their talent and merits for the "white" movement can hardly be overestimated.

In the war the Whites long time won, and even summed up their troops in Moscow. But the Bolshevik army grew stronger, besides, they were supported by a significant part of the population of Russia, especially the poorest and most numerous sections - workers and peasants. In the end, the forces of the White Guards were smashed to smithereens. For some time they continued to operate abroad, but without success, the "white" movement ceased.

"Red" movement

Like the "whites", in the ranks of the "reds" there were many talented commanders and politicians. Among them, it is important to note the most famous, namely: Leon Trotsky, Brusilov, Novitsky, Frunze. These commanders showed themselves excellently in battles against the White Guards. Trotsky was the main founder of the Red Army, which was the decisive force in the confrontation between the "whites" and the "reds" in the Civil War. The ideological leader of the "red" movement was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, known to every person. Lenin and his government actively supported the most massive sections of the population Russian State, namely, the proletariat, the poor, land-poor and landless peasants, the working intelligentsia. It was these classes who quickly believed the tempting promises of the Bolsheviks, supported them and brought the "Reds" to power.

The main party in the country was the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks, which was later turned into a communist party. In fact, it was an association of intelligentsia, adherents of the socialist revolution, social base which were the working classes.

It was not easy for the Bolsheviks to win the Civil War - they had not yet completely strengthened their power throughout the country, the forces of their fans were dispersed throughout the vast country, plus the national outskirts began a national liberation struggle. A lot of effort was spent on the war with the Ukrainian People's Republic, so the Red Army during the Civil War had to fight on several fronts.

Attacks of the White Guards could come from any side of the horizon, because the White Guards surrounded the Red Army soldiers from all sides with four separate military formations. And despite all the difficulties, it was the “Reds” who won the war, mainly due to the broad social base of the Communist Party.

All representatives of the national outskirts united against the White Guards, and therefore they also became forced allies of the Red Army in the Civil War. To win over the inhabitants of the national outskirts, the Bolsheviks used loud slogans, such as the idea of ​​"one and indivisible Russia."

The Bolsheviks won the war with the support of the masses. Soviet authority played on a sense of duty and patriotism Russian citizens. The White Guards themselves also added fuel to the fire, since their invasions were most often accompanied by mass robbery, looting, violence in its other manifestations, which could not in any way encourage people to support the "white" movement.

Results of the Civil War

As has been said several times, the victory in this fratricidal war went to the "Reds". The fratricidal civil war became a real tragedy for the Russian people. The material damage caused to the country by the war, according to estimates, amounted to about 50 billion rubles - unimaginable money at that time, several times higher than the amount of Russia's external debt. The level of industry because of this decreased by 14%, and Agriculture- by 50%. According to various sources, human losses ranged from 12 to 15 million.

Most of these people died from starvation, repression, and disease. During the hostilities, more than 800 thousand soldiers from both sides gave their lives. Also during the Civil War, the balance of migration fell sharply - about 2 million Russians left the country and went abroad.


Causes of the Civil War - a deep crisis of the social structure that developed during the late Romanov Empire, accompanied by an extreme degree of social class hatred of some sections of society towards others; the presence on both sides of political forces interested in inciting this hatred: on the part of the Reds, this is the Bolshevik Party, interested in establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat, on the part of the Whites, these are the nobility, the bourgeoisie and representatives of the Entente countries, interested in weakening Russia.


Main events and stages:


Before the start of the war (October 1917-spring 1918).


The triumphal procession of Soviet power; creation of Soviet organs government controlled throughout most of Russia. Consolidation of anti-communist forces; the creation of the Volunteer Army in the south-west of Russia and the Semyonov organization in Manchuria.


The beginning of the war (March-December 1918)


The beginning of the intervention; Germany occupies Ukraine, Crimea, the Baltic states, British troops land in Murmansk, Japanese troops land on Far East. The uprising of the Czechoslovak Legion, with the support of which Socialist-Revolutionary organizations come to power in a number of cities along the Trans-Siberian Railway and Soviet power is liquidated. To the east of the Urals, the Siberian, Ural governments arise. The Semyonov organization occupies Transbaikalia. Ice campaign of the Volunteer Army to the south of Russia. Proclamation of Kolchak as the Supreme Ruler of Russia.


Active stage of the war (1919)


The offensive of Kolchak's Eastern White Army European Russia. The Whites are approaching Kazan and Samara. Yudenich's advance on Petrograd. AFSR advance to the north. By the end of the year, all three offensives were repulsed, and the counteroffensive of the Red Army was launched beyond the Urals. By the beginning of 1920, the Reds take Omsk, the Kolchakites flee from Omsk to the east. Denikin's army was thrown back to the south as a result of the battles near Orel, Kastorna, Tsaritsyn


End of the main part of the war (1920)

The victory of the Red Army is a foregone conclusion. The beginning of the offensive of the Red Army on the positions of the All-Union Socialist League in southern Russia. In Irkutsk, members of the Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik political center captured Admiral Kolchak, the remnants of Kolchak adjoin the troops of General Semyonov in Transbaikalia. Kolchak was handed over to the Bolsheviks and shot.

From January to March 1920, the Red Army completes the defeat of Denikin's army. By April, the south of Russia was cleared of the Whites, with the exception of the Crimea.

In April 1920, the Polish army invades Ukraine. The beginning of the Soviet-Polish war. In October - a peace treaty between the RSFSR and Poland: the division of Ukraine and Belarus into western and eastern. November - attack on the remnants of the White troops in the Crimea, the defeat of Wrangel.


End of the Civil War (1921-22)

Offensive in the Far East, the defeat of Semyonov, Ungern. Antonov uprising, uprising of sailors in Kronstadt.



By 1922, all anti-Soviet and anti-communist speeches were suppressed and Soviet power was restored in most of the territory of the former Russian Empire, with the exception of Poland, Finland, Western Ukraine and Belarus, the Baltic states, the Kars region. It became possible creation Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

"Red Movement"

The Red movement relied on the support of the main part of the working class and the poorest peasantry. social basis white movement there were officers, officials, the nobility, the bourgeoisie, individual representatives of the workers and peasants. The party that expressed the position of the Reds was the Bolsheviks. The party composition of the white movement is heterogeneous: Black Hundred-monarchist, liberal, socialist parties. The program goals of the red movement are: the preservation and establishment of Soviet power throughout Russia, the suppression of anti-Soviet forces, the strengthening of the dictatorship of the proletariat as a condition for building a socialist society.

The Bolsheviks won a military-political victory: the resistance of the White Army was suppressed, Soviet power was established throughout the country, including in most national regions, conditions were created for strengthening the dictatorship of the proletariat and implementing socialist transformations. The price of this victory was huge human losses (more than 15 million people were killed, died of starvation and disease), mass emigration (more than 2.5 million people), economic devastation, the tragedy of entire social groups(officers, Cossacks, intelligentsia, nobility, clergy, etc.), society's addiction to violence and terror, the break in historical and spiritual traditions, the split into reds and whites.

"Green Movement"

The "Green" movement is the third force in the Civil War. In Russia, there were many opponents of both whites and reds. They were members of the rebel, the so-called "green" movement.

The largest manifestation of the "green" movement was the activities of the anarchist Nestor Makhno (1888-1934). Makhno-led movement ( total strength unstable - from 500 to 35,000 people), acted under the slogans of a "powerless state", "free councils", led armed struggle against everyone - the German interventionists, Petliura, Denikin, Wrangel, the Soviet government. Makhno dreamed of creating independent state in the steppe Ukraine with the capital in the village of Gulyai-Pole (now the city of Gulyai-Pole, Zaporozhye region). Initially, Makhno collaborated with the Reds and helped defeat Wrangel's army. Then his movement was liquidated by the Red Army. Makhno with a group of surviving associates in 1921 managed to hide abroad and died in France.

Peasant uprisings engulfed areas of Tambov, Bryansk, Samara, Simbirsk, Yaroslavl, Smolensk, Kostroma, Vyatka, Novgorod, Penza and Tver provinces. In 1919-1922. in the area of ​​​​the village of Ankuvo, Ivanovo Territory, the so-called “Ankovskaya gang” operated - a detachment of “greens” led by E. Skorodumov (Yushko) and V. Stulov. The detachment consisted of peasant deserters who evaded conscription into the Red Army. The "Ankovskaya gang" destroyed the food detachments, raided the city of Yuryev-Polsky, and robbed the treasury. The gang was defeated by the regular units of the Red Army.

Assessment by domestic and foreign historians of the causes of the civil war

The outstanding philosopher of the 20th century, Nobel laureate, Bertrand Russell (who had a sober and critical attitude towards the Bolsheviks), having spent five weeks in 1920 at the height of the civil war in Russia, described and comprehended what he had to see: “The main thing that the Bolsheviks succeeded in , is to ignite hope ... Even under the existing conditions in Russia, one can still feel the influence of the life-giving spirit of communism, the spirit of creative hope, the search for means to destroy injustice, tyranny, greed, everything that hinders the growth of the human spirit, the desire to replace personal competition with joint actions , the relationship of master and slave - free cooperation.

The “spirit of creative hope” (B. Russell) helped the struggling workers and peasants, despite the incredible hardships (including due to the “war communism” regime), hunger, cold, epidemics, found the strength to endure the trials of those harsh years and victoriously end the civil war.

Ivanov Sergey

"Red" movement of the civil war 1917-1922

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1 slide. "Red" movement of the civil war 1917 - 1921.

2 slide V.I. Lenin is the leader of the "red" movement.

The ideological leader of the "red" movement was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, known to every person.

V.I Ulyanov (Lenin) - Russian revolutionary, Soviet political and statesman, the founder of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), the main organizer and leader of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the RSFSR, the creator of the first socialist state in world history.

Lenin created the Bolshevik faction of the Social Democratic Party of Russia. It was determined to seize power in Russia by force, through revolution.

3 slide. RSDP (b) - the party of the "Red" movement.

Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks RSDLP (b),in October 1917, during the October Revolution, it seized power and became the main party in the country. It was an association of intelligentsia, adherents of the socialist revolution, whose social base was the working classes, the urban and rural poor.

IN different years of its activities in the Russian Empire, the Russian Republic and the Soviet Union, the party had different names:

  1. Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) RSDP(b)
  2. Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks RCP(b)
  3. All-Union Communistparty (Bolsheviks) VKP(b)
  4. communist party Soviet Union CPSU

4 slide. Program goals of the "Red" movement.

The main goal of the red movement was:

  • Preservation and establishment of Soviet power throughout Russia,
  • suppression of anti-Soviet forces,
  • strengthening the dictatorship of the proletariat
  • world revolution.

5 slide. The first events of the "Red" movement

  1. On October 26, the “Decree on Peace” was adopted , who called on the warring countries to conclude a democratic peace without annexations and indemnities.
  2. 27 October adopted "Land Decree"which took into account peasant demands. Cancellation was proclaimed private property to the land, the land passed into the public domain. The use of hired labor and the lease of land were prohibited. Equalized land use was introduced.
  3. 27 October adopted "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars"Chairman - V.I. Lenin. The composition of the Council of People's Commissars was Bolshevik in composition.
  4. January 7 The Central Executive Committee decided todissolution Constituent Assembly . The Bolsheviks demanded the approval of the "Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People", the assembly refused to approve it. Dissolution of the constituent assemblymeant the loss of the possibility of establishing a multi-party political democratic system.
  5. November 2, 1917 accepted "Declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia", which gave:
  • equality and sovereignty of all nations;
  • the right of peoples to self-determination up to secession and formation of independent states;
  • free development of the peoples that make up Soviet Russia.
  1. July 10, 1918 adopted Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.She set the foundations political system Soviet state:
  • dictatorship of the proletariat;
  • public ownership of the means of production;
  • federal structure of the state;
  • the class character of the right to vote: the landowners and the bourgeoisie, priests, officers, policemen were deprived of it; workers compared with peasants had advantages in the norms of representation (1 vote of the worker was equal to 5 vote of the peasants);
  • election order: multistage, indirect, open;
  1. Economic policywas aimed at the complete destruction of private property, the creation centralized management country.
  • nationalization of private banks, large enterprises nationalization of all types of transport and means of communication;
  • introduction of a monopoly of foreign trade;
  • introduction of workers' control in private enterprises;
  • the introduction of a food dictatorship - the prohibition of the grain trade,
  • the creation of food detachments (food detachments) to seize "grain surpluses" from wealthy peasants.
  1. December 20, 1917 created All-Russian extraordinary commission- VChK.

The objectives of this political organization were formulated in the following way: to pursue and eliminate all counter-revolutionary and sabotage attempts and actions throughout Russia. As punitive measures, it was proposed to apply to enemies such as: confiscation of property, eviction, deprivation of food cards, publication of lists of counter-revolutionaries, etc.

  1. September 5, 1918 accepted "Decree on Red Terror",which contributed to the deployment of repression: arrests, the creation concentration camps, labor camps, in which about 60 thousand people were forcibly kept.

The dictatorial political transformations of the Soviet state became the causes of the Civil War

6 slide. Agitation propaganda of the "Red" movement.

The Reds have always paid great attention agitational propaganda, and immediately after the revolution began intensive preparations for the information war. We created a powerful propaganda network (political literacy courses, propaganda trains, posters, movies, leaflets). the slogans of the Bolsheviks were relevant and helped to quickly form the social support of the "Reds".

From December 1918 to the end of 1920, 5 specially equipped propaganda trains operated in the country. For example, the propaganda train "Krasny Vostok" served the territory Central Asia during 1920, and the train "Named after V. I. Lenin" launched work in Ukraine. A steamboat sailed along the Volga October Revolution", "A red star". They and other agitation trains and agitation. about 1,800 rallies were organized by paratroopers.

The duties of the collective of agitation trains and agitation steamships included not only holding rallies, meetings, talks, but also distributing literature, publishing newspapers and leaflets, and showing films.

7 slide. Campaign posters"Red" movement.

IN in large numbers propaganda materials were published. These included posters, appeals, leaflets, cartoons, and a newspaper was published. The most popular among the Bolsheviks were humorous postcards, especially with caricatures of the Whites.

8 slide Creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA)

January 15, 1918 . Decree SNK was createdWorkers' and Peasants' Red Army, January 29 - Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet. The army was built on the principles of voluntariness and a class approach only from workers. But the voluntary principle of manning did not contribute to the strengthening of combat capability and the strengthening of discipline. In July 1918, a Decree was issued on the general military service of men aged 18 to 40 years.

The size of the Red Army grew rapidly. In the autumn of 1918, there were 300 thousand fighters in its ranks, in the spring - 1.5 million, in the autumn of 1919 - already 3 million. And in 1920, about 5 million people served in the Red Army.

Much attention was paid to the formation of command personnel. In 1917–1919 short-term courses and schools were opened for the training of the middle command level from distinguished Red Army soldiers, higher military educational institutions.

In March 1918, a notice was published in the Soviet press about the recruitment of military specialists from the old army to serve in the Red Army. By January 1, 1919, about 165,000 former tsarist officers had joined the ranks of the Red Army.

9 slide. Biggest wins for the Reds

  • 1918 - 1919 - the establishment of Bolshevik power on the territory of Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia.
  • The beginning of 1919 - the Red Army goes on the counteroffensive, defeating the "white" army of Krasnov.
  • Spring-summer 1919 - Kolchak's troops fell under the blows of the "Reds".
  • The beginning of 1920 - the "Reds" ousted the "Whites" from the northern cities of Russia.
  • February-March 1920 - the defeat of the rest of the forces of Denikin's Volunteer Army.
  • November 1920 - the "Reds" ousted the "Whites" from the Crimea.
  • By the end of 1920, the "Reds" were opposed by scattered groups of the White Army. The Civil War ended with the victory of the Bolsheviks.

10 slide Commanders of the Red Movement.

Like the "whites", in the ranks of the "reds" there were many talented commanders and politicians. Among them, it is important to note the most famous, namely: Lev Trotsky, Budeny, Voroshilov, Tukhachevsky, Chapaev, Frunze. These commanders showed themselves excellently in battles against the White Guards.

Trotsky Lev Davidovich was the main founder of the Red Army, which was the decisive force in the confrontation between the "whites" and "reds" in the Civil War.In August 1918, Trotsky formed a carefully organized "train of the Pre-Revolutionary Military Council", in which, from that moment, he basically lives for two and a half years, continuously driving around the fronts of the Civil War.As the "military leader" of Bolshevism, Trotsky shows undoubted propaganda skills, personal courage and obvious cruelty. Trotsky's personal contribution was the defense of Petrograd in 1919.

Frunze Mikhail Vasilievich.one of the largest commanders of the Red Army during the Civil War.

Under his command, the Reds held successful operations against the White Guard troops of Kolchak, defeated the army of Wrangel in the territory of Northern Tavria and Crimea;

Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich. He was the commander of the troops of the Eastern and Caucasian Fronts, with his army he cleared the Urals and Siberia from the White Guards;

Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich. He was one of the first marshals of the Soviet Union. During the Civil War - Commander of the Tsaritsyno Group of Forces, Deputy Commander and member of the Military Council of the Southern Front, Commander of the 10th Army, Commander of the Kharkov Military District, Commander of the 14th Army and the Internal Ukrainian Front. With his troops, he liquidated the Kronstadt rebellion;

Chapaev Vasily Ivanovich. He commanded the second Nikolaev division, which liberated Uralsk. When the whites suddenly attacked the reds, they fought courageously. And, having spent all the cartridges, the wounded Chapaev started running across the Ural River, but was killed;

Budyonny Semyon Mikhailovich. In February 1918, Budyonny created a revolutionary cavalry detachment that acted against the White Guards on the Don. First cavalry army, which he directed until October 1923, played important role in a number of major operations of the Civil War to defeat the troops of Denikin and Wrangel in Northern Tavria and Crimea.

11 slide. Red Terror 1918-1923

On September 5, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree on the beginning of the Red Terror. Harsh measures to retain power, mass executions and arrests, hostage-taking.

The Soviet government spread the myth that the Red Terror was a response to the so-called "White Terror". The decree that initiated the mass executions was a response to the murder of Volodarsky and Uritsky, a response to the assassination attempt on Lenin.

  • Shooting in Petrograd. Immediately after the assassination attempt on Lenin, 512 people were shot in Petrograd, there were not enough prisons for everyone, and a system of concentration camps appeared.
  • Execution royal family . The execution of the royal family was carried out in the basement of the Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg on the night of July 16-17, 1918, in pursuance of the decision of the executive committee of the Ural Regional Council of Workers, Peasants and soldiers' deputies led by the Bolsheviks. Together with the royal family, members of her retinue were also shot.
  • Pyatigorsk massacre. On November 13 (October 31), 1918, the Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, at a meeting chaired by Atarbekov, issued a decision to shoot 47 more people from among the counter-revolutionaries and counterfeiters. In fact, most of the hostages in Pyatigorsk were not shot, but hacked to death with swords or daggers. These events were called the "Pyatigorsk massacre."
  • "Human slaughter" in Kyiv. In August 1919, the presence in Kyiv of the so-called "human slaughterhouses" of the provincial and district Extraordinary Commissions was reported: ".

« The whole ... the floor of the large garage was already covered with ... several inches of blood, mixed into a terrifying mass with brains, skull bones, tufts of hair and other human remains .... the walls were spattered with blood, brain particles and pieces of head skin stuck to them next to thousands of bullet holes ... a chute a quarter of a meter wide and deep and about 10 meters long ... was filled with blood all the way to the top ... Next to this place of horrors in 127 corpses of the last massacre were hastily buried in the garden of the same house ... all the corpses had their skulls crushed, many even had their heads completely flattened ... Some were completely without a head, but their heads were not cut off, but ... came off ... we came across another more old grave, in which there were about 80 corpses ... corpses lay with their bellies open, others had no members, some were completely chopped up. Some had their eyes gouged out… their heads, faces, necks and torsos were covered with stab wounds… A few had no tongues… There were old people, men, women and children.”

« In turn, the Kharkiv Cheka under the leadership of Saenko reportedly used scalping and “removing the gloves from the hands”, the Voronezh Cheka used to skate naked in a barrel studded with nails. In Tsaritsyn and Kamyshin "bones were sawn". In Poltava and Kremenchug, the clergy were impaled. In Yekaterinoslav, crucifixion and stoning were used, in Odessa, officers were tied with chains to boards, inserted into the furnace and roasted, or torn in half by winch wheels, or lowered in turn into a cauldron of boiling water and into the sea. In Armavir, in turn, “mortal whisks” were used: a person’s head on the frontal bone is girded with a belt, the ends of which have iron screws and a nut, which, when screwed, squeezes the head with a belt. In the Oryol province, people are widely used to freeze people by dousing cold water at low temperatures."

  • Suppression of anti-Bolshevik uprisings.Anti-Bolshevik uprisings, especially uprisings of peasants who resisted surplus appraisal, brutally suppressed special purpose Cheka and internal troops.
  • Shootings in Crimea. Terror in Crimea concerned the broadest social and community groups population: officers and military officials, soldiers, doctors and employeesRed Cross , sisters of mercy, veterinarians, teachers, officials, zemstvo figures, journalists, engineers, former nobles, priests, peasants, even the sick and wounded were killed in hospitals. The exact number of those killed and tortured is unknown, according to official data, from 56,000 to 120,000 people were shot.
  • Narrative. On January 24, 1919, at a meeting of the Orgburo of the Central Committee, a directive was adopted that marked the beginning of mass terror and repression against the wealthy Cossacks, as well as "towards all Cossacks in general who took any direct or indirect part in the fight against Soviet power." In the autumn of 1920, about 9 thousand families (or approximately 45 thousand people) of the Terek Cossacks were evicted from a number of villages and deported to the Arkhangelsk province. The unauthorized return of the evicted Cossacks was suppressed.
  • Repression against Orthodox Church. According to some historians, from 1918 to the end of the 1930s, during the repressions against the clergy, about 42,000 clergymen were shot or died in prison.

Some of the killings were carried out in public, combined with various demonstrative humiliations. In particular, the clergyman elder Zolotovsky was previously dressed in women's dress and then hanged.

On November 8, 1917, Archpriest Ioann Kochurov of Tsarskoye Selo was subjected to prolonged beatings, then he was killed by dragging the railroad tracks along the sleepers.

In 1918 three Orthodox priest in the city of Kherson were crucified on the cross.

In December 1918, Bishop Feofan (Ilmensky) of Solikamsk was publicly executed by periodically dipping into an ice hole and freezing, being hung up by his hair.

In Samara, the former Bishop of St. Michael Isidor (Kolokolov) was put on a stake, as a result of which he died.

Bishop Andronik (Nikolsky) of Perm was buried alive in the ground.

Archbishop Joachim (Levitsky) of Nizhny Novgorod was executed by public hanging upside down in the Sevastopol Cathedral.

Bishop of Serapul Ambrose (Gudko) was executed by tying a horse to the tail.

In Voronezh in 1919, 160 priests were simultaneously killed, led by Archbishop Tikhon (Nikanorov), who was hanged on the Royal Gates in the church of the Mitrofanov Monastery.

According to information published personally by M. Latsis (chekist), in 1918-1919, 8,389 people were shot, 9,496 people were imprisoned in concentration camps, 34,334 in prisons; 13,111 people were taken hostage and 86,893 people were arrested.

12 slide. Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War

1. The main difference between the "Reds" and "Whites" was that from the very beginning of the war, the Communists were able to create a centralized government, to which the entire territory they had conquered was subordinate.

2. The Bolsheviks skillfully used propaganda. It was this tool that made it possible to inspire the people that the "Reds" are the defenders of the Motherland and Fatherland, and the "Whites" are supporters of the imperialists and foreign invaders.

3. Thanks to the policy of “war communism”, they were able to mobilize resources and create a strong army, attracting a huge number of military specialists who made the army professional.

4. Finding in the hands of the Bolsheviks the industrial base of the country and a significant part of the reserves.

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Slides captions:

"Red" movement 1917 - 1922 Completed by a student of 11 "B" class MBOU "Secondary School No. 9" Ivanov Sergey.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks and founder of the Soviet state (1870–1924) "We fully recognize the legitimacy, progressiveness and necessity of civil wars"

RSDP (b) - the party of the "Red" movement. Period Transformation of the party Numbers Social composition. 1917-1918 RSDLP(b) Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) 240,000 Bolsheviks. Revolutionary intelligentsia, workers, urban and rural poor middle strata, peasants. 1918 -1925 RCP(b) Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks From 350,000 to 1,236,000 Communists 1925-1952 VKP(b) All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 1,453,828 communists Working class, peasantry, working intelligentsia. 1952 -1991 CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union as of January 1, 1991 16,516,066 communists 40.7% factory workers, 14.7% collective farmers.

The goals of the "Red" movement: the preservation and establishment of Soviet power throughout Russia; suppression of anti-Soviet forces; strengthening the dictatorship of the proletariat; World revolution.

The first events of the "Red" movement Democratic Dictator October 26, 1917. adopted "Decree on Peace" Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. October 27, 1917 The Decree on Land was adopted. In November 1917, a Decree on the prohibition of the Kadet Party was adopted. October 27, 1917 adopted the "Decree on the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars" Introduction of food dictatorship. November 2, 1917 The Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia was adopted on December 20, 1917. All-Russian Extraordinary Commission of the All-Russian Cheka was created. On July 10, 1918, the Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was adopted Nationalization of land and enterprises. "Red Terror".

Agitation propaganda of the "Red" movement. "Power to the Soviets!" "Long live world revolution". "Peace to the nations!" "Death to World Capital". "Land to the peasants!" "Peace to the huts, war to the palaces." "Factories for workers!" "The Socialist Fatherland in Danger". Agitation train "Red Cossack". Agitation steamer "Red Star".

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Propaganda posters of the "Red" movement.

Creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA) On January 20, 1918, a decree on the creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was published in the official organ of the Bolshevik government. On February 23, 1918, the appeal of the Council of People's Commissars of February 21 “The socialist fatherland is in danger” was published, as well as the “Appeal of the Military Commander-in-Chief” N. Krylenko.

The biggest victories of the "Reds": 1918 - 1919 - the establishment of Bolshevik power in the territory of Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia. The beginning of 1919 - the Red Army goes on the counteroffensive, defeating the "white" army of Krasnov. Spring-summer 1919 - Kolchak's troops fell under the blows of the "Reds". The beginning of 1920 - the "Reds" ousted the "Whites" from the northern cities of Russia. February-March 1920 - the defeat of the rest of the forces of Denikin's Volunteer Army. November 1920 - the "Reds" ousted the "Whites" from the Crimea. By the end of 1920, the "Reds" were opposed by scattered groups of the White Army. The civil war ended with the victory of the Bolsheviks.

Budyonny Frunze Tukhachevsky Chapaev Voroshilov Trotsky Commanders of the "Red" movement

The Red Terror of 1918-1923 The shooting of the elite in Petrograd. September 1918 The execution of the royal family. On the night of July 16-17, 1918. Pyatigorsk massacre. 47 counter-revolutionaries were hacked to death with swords. "Human massacres" in Kyiv. Suppression of anti-Bolshevik uprisings. Shootings in the Crimea. 1920 Cossackization. Repressions against the Orthodox Church. September 5, 1918 The Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution on the Red Terror.

Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War. Creation of a powerful state apparatus by the Bolsheviks. Agitation and propaganda work among the masses. Powerful ideology. Creation of a powerful, regular army. Finding in the hands of the Bolsheviks the industrial base of the country and a significant part of the reserves.

The civil war is one of the bloodiest pages in the history of our country in the 20th century. The front line in this war did not pass through fields and forests, but in the souls and minds of people, forcing a brother to shoot at his brother, and a son to raise a saber against his father.

Beginning of the Russian Civil War 1917-1922

In October 1917, the Bolsheviks came to power in Petrograd. The period of the establishment of Soviet power was distinguished by the swiftness and speed with which the Bolsheviks established control over military depots, infrastructure and created new armed detachments.

The Bolsheviks had extensive social support thanks to the decrees on peace and land. This massive support compensated for the poor organization and combat training of the Bolshevik detachments.

At the same time, mainly among the educated part of the population, the basis of which was the nobility and middle class, an understanding has matured that the Bolsheviks came to power illegitimately, which means that they should be fought against. The political struggle was lost, only the armed one remained.

Causes of the Civil War

Any step taken by the Bolsheviks gave them both new army supporters and opponents. Therefore, the citizens of the Russian Republic had reason to organize armed resistance to the Bolsheviks.

The Bolsheviks demolished the front, seized power, launched terror. This could not help but force those whom they used to take up the rifle as a bargaining chip in the future construction of socialism.

The nationalization of the land caused discontent among those who owned it. This immediately turned the bourgeoisie and landlords against the Bolsheviks.

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The "dictatorship of the proletariat" promised by V. I. Lenin turned out to be the dictatorship of the Central Committee. The publication of the decree "On the arrest of the leaders of the Civil War" in November 1917 and on the "Red Terror" allowed the Bolsheviks to calmly exterminate their opposition. This caused retaliatory aggression on the part of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and anarchists.

Rice. 1. Lenin in October.

The methodology of the government did not correspond to the slogans that the Bolshevik Party put forward during its coming to power, which forced the kulaks, the Cossacks and the bourgeoisie to turn away from them.

And, finally, seeing how the empire was collapsing, the neighboring states actively tried to get personal benefit from the political processes taking place on the territory of Russia.

Date of the beginning of the Civil War in Russia

In question exact date there is no consensus. Some historians believe that the conflict began immediately after the October Revolution, others call the beginning of the war in the spring of 1918, when foreign intervention took place and opposition to Soviet power was formed.
There is also no single point of view on the question of who is to blame at the beginning of the Civil War: the Bolsheviks or those who began to resist them.

First stage of the war

After the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks, among the dispersed representatives there were those who did not agree with this and were ready to fight. They fled from Petrograd to territories not controlled by the Bolsheviks - to Samara. There they formed the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch) and declared themselves the only legitimate authority and made it their task to overthrow the power of the Bolsheviks. The Komuch of the first convocation included five Social Revolutionaries.

Rice. 2. Members of the Komuch of the first convocation.

Forces opposing Soviet power were also formed in many regions of the former empire. Let's show them in the table:

In the spring of 1918, Germany occupied Ukraine, Crimea and part of North Caucasus; Romania - Bessarabia; England, France and the United States landed in Murmansk, while Japan deployed its troops in the Far East. In May 1918, the uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps also took place. So Soviet power was overthrown in Siberia, and in the south the Volunteer Army, having laid the foundation of the White Army "Armed Forces of the South of Russia", set off on the famous Ice Campaign, freeing the Don steppes from the Bolsheviks. Thus ended the first phase of the Civil War.