Photos of Gaidar Arkady Petrovich. Arkady Gaidar: biography and bibliography. Childhood and adolescence
A.P. Gaidar
The great commander Suvorov has a saying: “Take a hero as an example, strive to catch up with him, catch up with him, overtake him, and glory to you...”. On January 22, 2014, the legendary man, writer-warrior, forever associated with the army, Arkady Petrovich Gaidar celebrated his 110th birthday.
Let's follow the military and literary paths of the wonderful writer A.P. Gaidar.
What does the name Gaidar mean?
A.P. Gaidar
When in old times The cavalry warriors went on a campaign, they sent a rider ahead. This horseman, galloping ahead of everyone, peering into the unknown distance where the detachment was heading, was called Gaidar.
Gaidar himself, Arkady Petrovich Golikov, was such a forward-looking, clear-eyed sentinel. It must be no coincidence that he took this sonorous and telling pseudonym for himself. A pseudonym is a fictitious name.
Gaidar is a lookout, a horseman galloping ahead. Gaidar's son Timur suggested that his pseudonym means: Golikov Arkady is a friend of the army.
From other sources it follows that the literary pseudonym "Gaidar" stands for "Golikov Arkady D" ARzamas" (in imitation of the name D'Artagnan from Dumas' "The Three Musketeers"). The author of the third version is Gaidar's school friend Adolf Goldin. During his school years, Arkady Golikov was a great inventor, a romantic, and loved war games. So I encrypted my name in the following way. G is the first letter of the surname “Golikov”. A and Y are the first and last letters of the name “Arkady”. D means "of" in French. AR - the initial letters of the name of the city of Arzamas.
Family
He was born on January 22, 1904 in the city of Lgov, Kursk province, from where the Golikov family soon moved to Arzamas. His father, Pyotr Isidorovich, was the grandson of a serf peasant, thanks to perseverance and perseverance he made his way to education and worked as a teacher. The writer's mother, Natalya Arkadyevna, was a noblewoman of a not very noble family. After graduating from high school, she left home, broke with her environment, deciding to devote her life to educating the people.
She worked first as a teacher, later as a paramedic. After Arkady, three more children appeared in the family - his younger sisters.
Self-education
Parents did a lot of self-education, studied foreign languages. In their free hours, they sang folk songs, read poems aloud to each other, and read fairy tales to children. Imitating his father and mother, Arkady began to “speak in harmony” early on. He composed his first poem without knowing how to read.
There were many books in the Golikovs' house. Arkady became addicted to reading early and could retell entire chapters from his favorite books word for word.
Education of chivalry
From an early age, Arkady was taught independence and chivalry. No one in the family remembered him being capricious over trifles or complaining about his comrades. His duties included taking care of his younger sisters. When one day Arkady broke the glass and ran away, his mother explained to him that a strong and brave person never lies and does not hide behind other people’s backs. From then on, he always confessed to his mistakes and misdeeds. Conquering the fear of punishment, Arkady cultivated courage and will.
Front
Extraordinary times gave birth to unprecedented biographies. When the red flags of the revolution waved, Arkady joined the people who fought for equality and a bright life for all people. They were called Bolsheviks. The boy began to be trusted with various small assignments: to run somewhere, carry something, call someone. He was 13 years old at that time. Once, while carrying out an assignment from the revolutionary Arzamas headquarters, he was wounded in the chest at night on the street.
He managed to do everything: guard the city at night, educate himself, write for the student newspaper. And besides all this, Arkady diligently went through military training and even learned to ride an old water-carrying nag. He was determined to go to the front. In November 1918, Golikov volunteered for the Red Army. He was broad-shouldered and tall beyond his years. When asked how old he was, he replied that he was 16 (although he was 14). Served as adjutant to the battalion commander. But staff work attracted him little. Golikov asks to go to the front. Wanting to protect the boy, the commander sends him to the Moscow command courses of the Red Army. But these courses were soon transferred to Kyiv, and this was the Petliura Front. Very often the lectures were interrupted and the listeners were thrown either against the whites or against the green gangs.
Defeat of the Bityug gang
During one such expedition, Golikov was appointed commander small detachment and were instructed to destroy the gang of Ataman Bityug. The enemy turned out to be cunning and insidious, the operation was disrupted. But one day a man was caught, whom Bityug sent to pour poison into the well from which the cadets took water. Golikov decided to use a trick. He ordered the headman to prepare carts because people were supposedly sick. At night, when Bityug burst into the village, confident that everyone was dead, a rocket soared into the sky. The Bityug gang was defeated. You can read about this and other episodes in A. Gaidar’s book “In the Days of Defeats and Victories.” Soon the situation at the front changed and the courses were closed. Golikov was appointed company commander and sent to the front.
Regimental commander
He was 16 years old! Golikov showed brilliant abilities as a commander: he was brave, thoughtful, and enjoyed authority among the soldiers. Therefore, Arkady was entrusted with commanding the Voronezh regiment of 5 thousand sabers and bayonets.
Golikov takes part in the liquidation of the Antonov rebellion in the Tambov region, catches the strong and treacherous ataman Solovyov in Siberia (the events are the basis of the film “The End of the Emperor of the Taiga”).
Golikov traveled a long and glorious path along the fronts of the civil war. He experienced the death of many friends, learned the resentment and bitterness of defeat, and the inspiring joy of victory.
Illness and life choice
Arkady Petrovich spent six years in the Red Army. He loved her with all his pure and restless being, became close to the military family. The future was clear for him - he would remain in the army forever.
But then he was struck down by illness. Injuries, head concussion, and non-stop, severe overloads took their toll. Arkady Petrovich is being treated patiently, but the doctors are relentless. Diagnosis: unsuitable military service. It was November 1924. Golikov was 20 years old.
The question immediately arose: what to do, how to live further? Golikov decides to become a writer. This choice of his is not accidental. Arkady had an early interest in words and a need to write. At school he wrote poetry and created a handwritten journal. To the question “What is your favorite activity?” - answered: “A book.” Among the authors I read and love: Pushkin, Gogol, Tolstoy, Goncharov, Shakespeare, Jules Verne, Mark Twain.
He traveled the length and breadth of our country, saw a lot, and he wanted to tell the children about everything. In one of his autobiographical notes, Gaidar will write that he became a children's and youth writer because during the Civil War he himself was still a boy, and he wanted to tell today's boys and girls how the revolution began, in what harsh battles a new life was won.
The first story "RVS" and themes of creativity
But Arkady Petrovich did not immediately achieve success in his new field. Gaidar himself considered his first stories rather weak (1925-1927). But already in 1926, a story was written that determined the truly correct path of the writer. It was the story "R.V.S."
If you carefully read Gaidar's short stories, you can say that they were written by a cheerful man, with an open heart and strong character, a man who has seen a lot in life. Gaidar loved brave, truthful people, devoted to the revolution and the Motherland. It shows heroes, adults and children, in the most difficult, decisive moments of life. At such moments, a person gathers all his strength, all his mind to do the right thing, with dignity. At such moments you can see what a person is capable of, what he is worth. So, the choice has been made: to write about children and for children.
Other famous works Arkady Gaidar: “Distant Countries”, “The Fourth Dugout”, “School” (1930), “Timur and His Team” (1940), “Chuk and Gek”, “The Fate of the Drummer”, stories “Hot Stone”, “Blue Cup” "... The writer's works were included in school curriculum, have been actively filmed and translated into many languages of the world. The work “Timur and His Team” actually marked the beginning of a unique Timur movement, which aimed at voluntary assistance to veterans and elderly people on the part of the pioneers.
The Great Patriotic War
During the Great Patriotic War, Gaidar was in active army as a correspondent for Komsomolskaya Pravda. He was a witness and participant in the Kyiv defensive operation of the Southwestern Front. Wrote military essays “At the Crossing”, “Bridge”, “At leading edge", "Rockets and grenades". After the encirclement of the Southwestern Front near Kiev, in September 1941, Arkady Petrovich ended up in Gorelov’s partisan detachment. He was a machine gunner in the detachment. On October 26, 1941, near the village of Lyaplyavaya in Ukraine, Arkady Gaidar died in battle with the Germans, warning members of his squad about the danger. Buried in Kanev.
Meaning
Is A.P. a happy person? Gaidar?
In the book “Chuk and Gek” we read: “What happiness is - everyone understood this in their own way. But all together people knew and understood that they had to live honestly, work hard and deeply love this huge and happy land, which is called the Soviet country.” Gaidar not only left us such a covenant. He lived as he taught.
And Gaidar died with weapons in his hands, following the path of his heroes, until the last minute of his life, confirming the truth of every word he wrote.
He was 37 years old. He was always a real commander. For adults and for children. He knew how to use military cunning, go on reconnaissance, how to become resilient and strong. How to save strength on a difficult hike. How to come to the rescue in time. And he also knew the main thing: who to love and who to hate.
Do today's boys and girls need Gaidar? We think so. From the pages of his books, he conducts a direct, honest and frank conversation with young readers.
Many political assessments of A.P. Gaidar is outdated, but the very spirit of his stories will never become outdated. His books cannot be removed from library shelves. Gaidar teaches you to love your country, people, value friendship, awakens good feelings in your soul, and responsibility for others.
Why is Gaidar valuable to current generation children and teenagers? Gaidar has heroes from whom you can take an example; they commit actions from which you can learn.
In his books he proved - The best way to raise a real person: to teach him to tell the truth.
Once upon a time, from the short story “Timur and his team,” the wonderful Timur movement was born and entered our lives. It reached millions of children. During the Great Patriotic War, the Timurites took care of the wounded, looked after the families of those who went to the front, and helped everyone who needed help.
Timur’s movement did not go away, it’s just that Gaidar’s idea outgrew the framework of the pioneer detachment and became the property of older people. Those who today restore monuments, collect toys for orphanages, care for the elderly, tidy up our entrances and streets, clear forests of garbage...
During his lifetime, awarded the “Badge of Honor,” Arkady Petrovich Gaidar was posthumously awarded in 1963 the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree. His name is immortalized in the names of hundreds of streets, schools, Palaces of Pioneers, and libraries. Ships and diesel locomotives, a village in Kazakhstan, and a distant asteroid bear the proud name of Gaidar.
The children's favorite writer was awarded the Lenin Komsomol Prize. A.P. Gaidar is an Honorary Citizen of a number of cities in the country.
In Moscow, on the Sparrow Hills, there is a sculptural image of Gaidar’s hero Malchish-Kibalchish. In Lgov, where he was born, his immortal book “Timur and his team” is laid out in stone.
Gaidar's fascinating and charming works will survive any time and any change. You just need to read them on time.
Creator of your favorite children's books
AND true friend Guys,
He lived like a fighter should live,
And he died like a soldier.
Open the school story -
Gaidar wrote it:
The hero of that story is true
And brave, even though he is small in stature.
Read Gaidar's story
And look around:
They live among us today
Timur, and Gek, and Chuk.
They are recognized by their actions.
And it doesn't matter
What is the Gaidar name?
Not always heroes.
Pages of honest, clean books
Left as a gift to the country
Fighter, Writer, Bolshevik
And Citizen - Gaidar...
(S. Mikhalkov)
Our Gaidar
Name A.P. We have worn Gaidar with pride since 1968, since the opening of the library.
BIOGRAPHIES OF RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN WRITERS
Gaidar Arkady Petrovich
(1904-1941) (real name Golikov) prose writer
Born on January 9 (January 22 n.s.) in the city of Lgov, Kursk province, in the family of a teacher. My childhood years were spent in Arzamas. I studied at a real school, but when the First World War began World War and my father was drafted into the army; a month later he ran away from home to go to his father at the front. Ninety kilometers from Arzamas he was detained and returned.
Later, as a teenager of fourteen, he met with “good people - the Bolsheviks” and in 1918 he left “to fight for the bright kingdom of socialism.” He was a physically strong and tall guy, and after some hesitation he was accepted into the Red Commanders' Course. At fourteen and a half years old, he commanded a company of cadets on the Petlyura front, and at seventeen he was the commander of a separate regiment to combat banditry (“this is in Antonovism”).
In December 1924, Gaidar left the army due to illness (after being wounded and shell-shocked). I started writing. His teachers in the craft of writing were K. Fedin, M. Slonimsky and S. Semenov, who analyzed literally every line with him, criticized and explained the techniques of literary craftsmanship.
He considered his best works to be the stories "R.V.S." (1925), “Distant Countries”, “The Fourth Dugout” and “School” (1930), “Timur and His Team” (1940). He traveled a lot around the country, met with different people, greedily absorbed life. He couldn’t write, locked himself in his office at a comfortable table. He composed on the go, thought about his books on the road, recited entire pages by heart, and then wrote them down in simple notebooks. "The birthplace of his books different cities, villages, even trains."
When did it start Patriotic War, the writer rejoined the army, going to the front as a war correspondent for the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper. His unit was surrounded, and they wanted to take the writer out by plane, but he refused to leave his comrades and remained in the partisan detachment as an ordinary machine gunner. On October 26, 1941, in Ukraine, near the village of Lyaplyavoya, Gaidar died in a battle with the Nazis.
A Rkady Gaidar (real name Golikov) was born on January 9 (22), 1904 in the city of Lgov, Kursk province, in the family of a teacher. In 1911, the Golikovs moved to Arzamas, where Arkady went to study at a real school.
Golikovs, 1914
Life for a 13-year-old teenager, a future famous writer, is a game, full of dangers: he participates in rallies, patrols the streets of Arzamas, becomes a liaison for the Bolsheviks. At the age of 14 he joined the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and worked for the local newspaper Molot.
In January 1919, as a volunteer, hiding his age, Arkady entered the Red Army, soon became an adjutant, studied at the Red commanders' courses, took part in battles, where he was wounded. Arkady left to fight when he was not yet fifteen years old. He raved about military exploits from the time when his father, Pyotr Isidorovich, a rural teacher, took part in the First World War. Probably, the same fate happened to hundreds of Russian boys who were born into intelligent families, studied in gymnasiums and secondary schools, and never completed their education.
Arzamas, 1918
In 1920, Arkady Golikov was already a headquarters commissar. In 1921 - commander of a department of the Nizhny Novgorod regiment. He fought on the Caucasian front, on the Don, near Sochi, participated in the suppression of the Antonov rebellion, and in Khakassia he took part in operations against the “Emperor of the Taiga” I. N. Solovyov. Accused of arbitrary execution (in the case of I.N. Solovyov), he was expelled from the party for six months and sent to long vacation due to a nervous illness that did not leave him later throughout his life.
« At the beginning of 1921, at the head of a battalion and then a combined detachment, he acted against two rebel “armies” of Antonov in the Tambov province. At the end of June 1921, the commander of the troops in the Tambov province, M. N. Tukhachevsky, signed an order appointing Arkady Golikov, who was not yet 18 years old at that time, as commander of the 58th separate anti-banditry regiment. The regiment also operated in the Tambov province.
From February to November 1922, he was in the Yenisei province, leading a detachment of the ChON, which suppressed the anti-Soviet insurgent movement in Khakassia (in the Achinsk-Minusinsk region of the Yenisei province), the leader of which was considered by the authorities to be I. N. Solovyov.
On March 19, battalion commander Golikov was appointed to the post of chief of the Second Combat Section of the Achinsk-Minusinsk Combat Region.
On March 26, he left Uzhur for the village of Bozhi Ozero, and from March 29, he took command of the site. At his disposal were 102 Red Army soldiers of the 2nd company of the 6th consolidated detachment with four machine guns and 26 cavalrymen, later the number of fighters increased to 165 people. Having allocated forty Red Army soldiers to guard the Lake Shira resort and ten to serve as a garrison for the village of Solenoozernoye, Golikov kept the main forces with himself.
Already at the beginning of April 1922, finding himself with small forces in an area where, in his opinion, half of the population supported the “bandits,” Golikov informed the commander of the provincial CHON about the need, based on the experience of the Tambov region, to introduce tough sanctions against the “semi-wild foreigners,” up to complete destruction of the “bandit” uluses. With the advent of the 18-year-old commander, cases of cruelty towards the Khakass population became more frequent among the Chonovites. Residents of the uluses of Barbakov, Podkamen, Balakhta, Sulekov, Bolshoi Aryshtaev, Maly Kobezhikov and mining villages were subjected to confiscations (looting) and executions (beatings and floggings).
The representative of the military authorities failed to establish relations with the local Soviets and with the representatives of the provincial department of the GPU, who, in his opinion, were more monitoring the behavior of the Chonov commanders and were not engaged in their direct responsibilities - creating an agent network. Golikov, in his own words, “had to personally recruit spies for himself.” At the same time, he framed his actions with terrifying attributes.
The young commander's methods soon aroused discontent on the part of both the population and local authorities. Golikov did not burden himself with formalities; beatings and even executions were more than once carried out by him simply “on suspicion” of collaborating with a gang. Confiscations took place in accordance with the needs of the detachment and were perceived by the population as robbery. Recruitment was also carried out through beatings and under the threat of execution. So, on April 19 and 27, 1922, battalion commander Golikov, on suspicion of connections with a gang, arrested F.P. Ulchigachev and I.V. Itemenev, who, after interrogation, agreed to become his intelligence officers.
In his younger years, the battalion commander abused alcohol. Difficult relationships developed with Golikov and his subordinates. Six Red Army soldiers from the platoon returning from an operational mission, who showed dissatisfaction with his behavior, were arrested and deprived of their belongings when sent to the Outpost. On April 22, the commander of this platoon submitted a report to higher command in which he accused the battalion commander of the collapse of his unit.
In May 1922, on the orders and with the participation of Golikov, Chonovites shot and killed five people while trying to escape. This attitude towards the population on the part of the Chonovites and their commander caused concern among local authorities. Complaints about the activities of Arkashka were received in Uzhur, Achinsk and Krasnoyarsk. A telegram with a request to take measures to save people was sent by the deputy chairman of the Ust-Fyrkal executive committee, Kokov.
On June 3, 1922, a special department of the provincial department of the GPU opened case No. 274 on charges of abuse of official position against Golikov. A special commission headed by battalion commander J. A. Wittenberg went to the site, which, having collected complaints from the population, concluded its report with a demand for execution former boss combat site.
On June 7, the resolution of Commander V.N. Kakoulin was transferred from the headquarters of the provincial CHON to a special department: “Arrest under no circumstances, replace and recall.”
On June 14 and 18, Golikov was interrogated by the GPU. Having shown that all those shot were “bandits” or their accomplices, he pleaded guilty only to failure to comply with “legal formalities” when carrying out these actions. According to his explanation, there was no one to draw up interrogation protocols and execution sentences.
The head of the special department, Konovalov, found Golikov guilty of arbitrary executions and subject to detention.
On June 30, the Golikov case was transferred by the provincial department of the GPU, at the direction of the presidium of the Yenisei provincial committee of the RCP (b), to the control commission under the provincial committee for consideration along party lines.
On August 18, the party body decided to discuss it at a joint meeting of the presidium of the provincial committee and the CC of the RCP (b).
On September 1, 1922, it decided to transfer Golikov to the category of test subjects for two years, with deprivation of the opportunity to occupy responsible positions."
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“Gaidar was demobilized from the Red Army with a diagnosis of traumatic syndrome.” In the anamnesis, “compiled from the patient’s words,” it was noted that the disease manifested itself when he went to the Yenisei province to fight white gangs: “Irritability, anger, and cruelty appeared here. There were cases of unnecessary executions, brashness, a disregard for everything, and unhinged behavior appeared... Attacks of melancholy anger, spasms in the throat, drowsiness, and crying began to appear.”
Then Gaidar was repeatedly treated in psychiatric clinics. He constantly experienced sudden mood swings. There are memories that he cut himself several times with a razor, and only the timely intervention of relatives and doctors saved him from inevitable death. His grandson Yegor Gaidar, citing family stories, argued that these were not suicide attempts, but a desire to overcome the terrible headache that tormented Gaidar by causing himself suffering. The writer also abused alcohol and “was terrible when drunk.” In his notebook there is an entry: “I dreamed about the people I killed in childhood.”
“Youthful maximalism, a thirst for exploits, an early sense of power and responsibility confirmed Golikov in the idea that the only possible future for him was to be an officer in the Red Army. He is preparing to enter military academy, but after a shell shock he was demobilized. He must forget about the military field and the life experience accumulated during the years of the civil war draws him to writing.”
The first publication dates back to 1925. His story “In the Days of Defeats and Victories” was published in the magazine “Star”. It didn't bring success.
Using the pseudonym “Gaidar” (Turkic word for “horseman galloping ahead”), Golikov first signed the short story “Corner House,” created in 1925 in Perm, where Arkady Petrovich lived at that time and worked on a story about the struggle of local workers against the autocracy – “Life for nothing” (another title is “Lbovshchina” (1926).
In the Perm newspaper “Zvezda” and other publications, the writer publishes feuilletons, poems, notes about a trip to Central Asia, a fantastic story “The Secret of the Mountain”, an excerpt from the story “Knights of the Inaccessible Mountains” (another name is “Riders of the Inaccessible Mountains” (1927), poem "Machine Gun Blizzard".
“During this period, his “childish” literary orientation had not yet emerged, but already in the story “R.V.S.” Gaidar declared himself as a writer capable of telling with subtle skill about complex world child, making it clear that following the age-old moral laws of duty, honor, and loyalty to the Motherland is not easy for children. Gaidar was one of the first who, following the traditions of classical Russian and world prose about children, was able to show a child in incredible reality without “sociological exaggerations.”
In Perm, Gaidar married Ruva-Liya Lazarevna Solomyanskaya (1908-1986), the daughter of a Bolshevik, a native of the Minsk province Lazar Grigorievich. She was a journalist, organizer pioneer movement In Perm. She was a member of the editorial board of the Perm newspaper “Na Smenu” and worked on the radio. In cinema - since 1935 (first she worked at Mosfilm, then as head of the script department at Soyuzdetfilm). During the Great Patriotic War, he was a military journalist for the Znamya newspaper. After the war, she collaborated with various newspapers and magazines. 
In 1926, Arkady Gaidar and Leah Solomyanskaya had a son, Timur, in Arkhangelsk.
Since 1927, Gaidar lived in Sverdlovsk, where he published the story “Forest Brothers” in the newspaper “Uralsky Rabochiy” (another name is “Davydovshchina” - a continuation of the story “Life for Nothing”).
In the summer of 1927, being already quite famous writer, moved to Moscow, where, among many journalistic works and poems, he published the detective-adventure story “On the Count's Ruins” (1928). The story was filmed in 1957. (dir. V. N. Skuibin).
In 1931, Solomyanskaya and Gaidar separated. Arkady Gaidar leaves for Khabarovsk as a correspondent for the Pacific Star newspaper.
In 1930, the autobiographical story “School” was published. In 1932 - the story “Distant Countries”, in 1935 - “ A military secret”, and written back in 1933 and included in the story “The Tale of a Military Secret”, it receives not just a realistic frame - it is, as it were, continued by the dramatic events of real life.
In 1935, the story “The Fate of the Drummer” was published, in 1936 the story “The Blue Cup” was published - a lyrical short story telling about one day in one family, about a quarrel in the family. The “Blue Cup” is a symbol of peace and mutual understanding, fragile and extremely necessary for everyone.
In mid-1938, Gaidar settled in Klin in the Chernyshovs’ house: the head of the family had a private shoemaker’s workshop in Klin and a small factory in Moscow. Gaidar marries Chernyshov’s daughter, Dora Matveevna, and adopts his wife’s child, the girl Zhenya, whose name, along with the name of his son, he gives to the main characters of the famous story “Timur and His Team,” written in Klin. Soon the film “Timur and His Team” (directed by A.E. Razumny), based on the screenplay of A.P. Gaidar, will be released on the screens of the country, telling about the brave and sympathetic pioneer boy Timur Garayev and his friends who helped the families of front-line soldiers.
The fascination of the plot, the rapid ease of narration, the transparent clarity of the language with the fearless introduction of significant and tragic events, poetic “atmosphere”, trust and seriousness of tone, the indisputability of the code of “knightly honor”, camaraderie and mutual assistance - all this ensured the sincere and long-term love of young readers for Gaidar - the official classic of Soviet children's literature. The noble initiative of the hero of the story, Timur, served as an incentive for the emergence and widespread spread throughout the country of the Timur movement, which was especially relevant in the 1940–1950s.
In 1940, Gaidar wrote a sequel to “Timur...” - “The Commandant of the Snow Fortress”, and at the beginning of 1941 - a film script for the sequel and a screenplay for the film “Timur’s Oath” (production 1942, directed by L.V. Kuleshov).
In July 1941, the writer went to the front as a correspondent for the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper. At this time, he wrote essays “The Bridge”, “At the Crossing”, etc. In August-September 1941, he published philosophical tale Gaidar for children “Hot Stone” - about the uniqueness of life, about the inevitable difficulties and mistakes on the path to comprehending the truth.
Gaidar’s “children’s” heroes, different in age, character and type (among whom there are many “negative” persons: Malchish-Plokhish, Mishka Kvakin, etc.), are complemented by characters from miniature stories for preschoolers (“Vasily Kryukov”, “Hike”, “Marusya” ", "Conscience").
Many of Gaidar’s works have been staged and filmed: the films “Chuk and Gek” (1953, directed by I.V. Lukinsky); “School of Courage” (1954, directed by V. P. Basov and M. V. Korchagin); “The Fate of the Drummer” (1956, directed by V.V. Eisymont).
Perhaps because Gaidar himself was virtually deprived of a real childhood, almost all of his works are imbued with the echo of war, the premonition of war. He romanticizes struggle, battles. All his life he was drawn to everything military, he even dressed in a military manner. He believed in what he wrote.
During the Great Patriotic War, Gaidar was in the active army, as a correspondent for Komsomolskaya Pravda. He wrote military essays “At the Crossing”, “The Bridge”, “At the Front Line”, “Rockets and Grenades”. After the encirclement of units of the Southwestern Front in the Uman-Kyiv region in September 1941, Arkady Petrovich Gaidar ended up in Gorelov’s partisan detachment. He was a machine gunner in the detachment.
“On October 26, 1941, Arkady Gaidar died near the village of Leplyavo, Kanevsky district, Cherkasy region (Ukraine). According to the widespread version of events, on October 26, 1941, a group of partisans of the detachment encountered a German detachment. Gaidar jumped up to his full height and shouted to his comrades: “Forward! Behind me!".
Other sources describe the writer’s death differently. Thus, in Boris Kamov’s book “Gaidar’s Partisan Path” his death is described as follows: five partisans led by Gaidar were moving towards the new base of the partisan detachment (carrying food for the fighters); on the morning of October 26, 1941, they stopped for a rest next to the railway embankment near the village of Leplyavo near the Kanev-Zolotonosha railway. Gaidar took a bucket to collect potatoes from the trackman's house. At the very crest of the embankment I noticed Germans hiding in ambush. He managed to shout: “Guys, Germans!” - after which he was killed by a machine-gun burst. This saved the others - they managed to escape the ambush. According to the testimony of local residents, Gaidar was killed at dawn, but the ambush was organized by the Germans in the evening. The ambush included a motorcycle with a sidecar and a machine gun. All this suggests that the cause of Gaidar’s death was the betrayal of one of the local residents (possibly a trackman). The fact that it was Arkady Gaidar who was killed became clear only after the war, but local residents believed that it was an officer, since he was wearing chrome boots and woolen underwear issued to officers.
According to eyewitness accounts presented in Sergei Medvedev’s film “The Death of Gaidar. The Legend of the Red Horseman" - A. Gaidar was shot dead by a local policeman."
In 1947, Gaidar's remains were reburied in the city of Kanev.
There is a museum named after him in his homeland in Lgov. In Kursk, on January 15, 1965, one of the streets (formerly Zolotarevskaya) of the Central District was named after him.
B bibliography:
1925 - “RVS”
1926 - “Life is nothing”
1930 - “School”
1932 - “Distant Countries”
1935 - “Military Secret”
1936 - “Blue Cup”
1939 - “The Fate of the Drummer”, “Chuk and Gek”
1940 - “Timur and his team”
“Life is nothing (Lbovshchina)” (story)
"Forest Brothers (Davydovshchina)"
"Riders of the Impenetrable Mountains"
"Let It Shine" (story)
"The Fourth Dugout" (story)
“The Tale of the Military Secret, of Malchish-Kibalchish and his firm word»
"Commandant of the Snow Fortress"
“In the days of defeats and victories”, (1925?)
"Smoke in the Forest"
"On the Count's Ruins"
"An Ordinary Biography"
"Bumbarash"
"Hot Stone" (short story)
A Rkady Gaidar. Collected works in 4 volumes (1971-1973) (PDF, DjVu)
Volume 1. Autobiography of 1937, novels and short stories: “R.V.S.”, “School”, “The Fourth Dugout”. 375 pp.
Volume 2.“Far Countries”, “Let It Shine”, “Military Secret”, “Blue Cup”, “The Fate of the Drummer”. 438 pp.
Volume 3. Front-line recordings, stories (“Seryozha Chubatov”, “Levka Demchenko”, “The End of Levka Demchenko”, “Night on Guard”, etc.) and poems different years. 404 pp.
Volume 4. Unfinished works ("An Ordinary Biography", "Clay", "Blue Stars", "Bumbarash"), feuilletons and essays, from letters and diaries. 595 pp.
A Rkady Gaidar. Collected works (fb2, rtf)
______________________________________
E adaptations of works:
1937 - Karo (based on A. Gaidar’s story “School”)
1937 - Duma about the Cossack Golota
1940 - Timur and his team, director Razumny Alexander Efimovich
1942 - Timur's Oath
1953 - Chuk and Gek
1954 - School of Courage
1955 - The Fate of a Drummer
1955 - Smoke in the Forest
1957 - On the count's ruins
1959 - Military secret
1960 - Let it shine
1964 - Blue Cup
1964 - The Tale of Malchish-Kibalchish
1964 - Distant countries
1965 - Hot Stone
1971 - Bumbarash
1976 - Timur and his team
1976 - The Fate of a Drummer
1976 - Budenovka
1977 - R.V.S.
1981 - School
1987 - Summer to Remember
Seventy years ago, on October 26, 1941, the writer Arkady Petrovich Gaidar (Golikov) passed away.
The fate of this man, if you look without ideological blinders ("white" or "red" - it doesn't matter) is amazing! He commanded a regiment at the age at which our modern children receive passports. He died on the front of the Great Patriotic War as combat commander at a time when other well-known writers were evacuated or served as front-line correspondents. He is the only one of our writers who created a work that was not just read by children, but gave rise to a real social movement among teenagers who called themselves “Timurovites.” So, today fans of Tolkien’s novels call themselves “Tolkienists” - different times, different morals, different “Timurites”...
But that's not even the main thing. The mystery of Gaidar’s personality is how this born warrior, who took part in the bloodiest Civil War in Russian history, which claimed millions of lives on both sides, could write a work of such lyrical depth as “The Blue Cup”? You may not know about Gaidar’s life, but you won’t fall unconditionally in love with the author (precisely the author!) of this pure and touching story the love of adults and children's complicity in the love of adult parents is absolutely impossible! It is impossible not to choke with delight after reading the first lines of the story “School”: “Our town of Arzamas was quiet, all in gardens surrounded by shabby fences. In those gardens grew a great variety of “parental cherries,” early ripening apples, thorns and red peonies.” Because everything here breathes not of bloody revolution, but deep Russia, which was also known to writers of a completely different ideological “front” - Bunin, Shmelev, Zaitsev...
What about "Drummer's Fate"? Is this really a thing about “spies” and “bandits” who deceived a Soviet teenager, who in the end turned out to be vigilant and took up a pistol? Of course not! This is a story about a boy who dreamed of becoming a midshipman and sailing far, far away, into unknown distances, away from all these “spies” and “bandits,” and at the same time from this vigilant state. This is a great teen adventure novel, like Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn. There, too, if you remember, the boy was left without parents and is floating somewhere all the time (only on a raft, and not on a beautiful ship, but what, in essence, is the difference?), and he is also surrounded by adult swindlers, the King and the Duke, and other adult idiots shoot each other, obsessed with their American dream"But it is impossible to deceive a child's soul, just as it is impossible to deceive God. And it is the boys with childish wisdom who remain right, and not the adults with adult stupidity. That is what this story is about.
Nevertheless, there are many dark myths and legends about the life of Arkady Gaidar. In this regard, many questions have accumulated that we asked Boris Nikolaevich Kamov, a teacher, publicist, and biographer of Gaidar. For the book "Arkady Gaidar. A Target for Newspaper Killers" he was awarded the Artem Borovik Prize for 2010.
Myth one: cruelty
Russian newspaper: Is it true that Arkady Golikov (the future Arkady Gaidar) was from the nobility?
Boris Kamov: Half. Mother, Natalya Arkadyevna, belonged to an ancient (300 years old!), but poor noble family. Father, Pyotr Isidorovich, was the son of a serf. All men in the mother's family chose military service.
RG: Is it true that at the age of 14 he commanded a regiment?
Kamov: Wrong. Arkady Petrovich Golikov was born in 1904. Until the end of 1918, he studied in the fifth grade of the Arzamas Real School. At the end of the same year he became an adjutant to the commander of a local labor battalion. Suddenly the commander was appointed commander of the troops for the protection of all railways of the Soviet Republic. Arkady remained with him as an adjutant, head of the communications center. Left for Moscow.
In 1919 he graduated from the Kyiv command courses and at the age of 15 became a company commander. The regiment was entrusted to him at the age of 16 after receiving his second military education at the Shot school. During the study, teachers from former officers discovered the young man's leadership abilities. The regiment received by the future writer consisted of 4,000 people. Golikov was afraid of such responsibility and asked for a lower position. In response, he... was sent to the Tambov province. There he soon became the commander of the combat area. 6,000 people were under his command.
RG: Vladimir Soloukhin in the book " Salt Lake“wrote that his “bloody cruelty” was manifested in the Tambov region.
Kamov: However, he did not provide a single document. In my book I showed: Soloukhin attributed to Golikov the criminal acts of other commanders. By 1921, both the rebels and the federal authorities were exhausted. The command of the Tambov province, headed by M. N. Tukhachevsky, could not agree with the rebel peasants on voluntary surrender. And so the seventeen-year-old regiment commander Golikov, whose civilian education amounted to five unfinished classes, came to the famous commander. He told the commander that the conditions for the surrender of prisoners, set out in his order No. 130 of May 12, 1921, were incorrect. The order promised that bandits who voluntarily surrendered would not face the death penalty, but would only face... imprisonment for up to five years.
What do you offer? - the commander asked politely. He was a very well-mannered man.
If a person leaves the forest, hands over his rifle, you need to write down his name and let him go home.
Tukhachevsky accepted the offer. After some time, more than 6,000 rebels came to Arkady Golikov’s headquarters and laid down their arms. There are documents about this. I think that at that moment the future writer remembered that he was the grandson of a serf.
RG: Soloukhin also wrote that Golikov behaved extremely cruelly in Khakassia...
Kamov: That's also not true. After the completion of the Tambov campaign, awards were given. Commanders and soldiers received from the hands of Tukhachevsky weapons with gold monograms, gold pocket watches and even gold cigarette cases. Golikov received nothing from this jewelry wealth. But Tukhachevsky arrived at Golikov’s headquarters, received the garrison’s parade, had lunch from a soldier’s cauldron and announced a unique award for Golikov. He was sent to study in Moscow, at the Academy General Staff. The academy did not yet know 17-year-old applicants who would have combat experience, two wounds and two military educations.
When Golikov was already in Moscow and preparing to take the exams, a difficult situation arose in Khakassia, in the Krasnoyarsk province. There, since 1920, a detachment operated under the command of local Cossack Ivan Solovyov. The detachment was small, but enjoyed the support of the Khakass and was elusive. The provincial leadership asked Moscow for 1,500 fighters. The capital's authorities decided that Krasnoyarsk simply lacks a smart head. And they sent Golikov there. ONE. He was sent to Khakassia not as an executioner, but “as someone who knows how to negotiate with the local population.”
The Siberian authorities hated the envoy from Moscow, offended that the capital sent a boy to solve all local problems. He was appointed head of a combat area where there was no telephone connection with Moscow or telegraph. Three couriers were assigned to him, who brought orders from the authorities and took away reports. One security officer always stayed with the commander of the combat area around the clock.
Golikov’s direct boss, Kudryavtsev, regularly wrote denunciations against him to the provincial GPU. The denunciations have been preserved. When there were too many of them, Golikov was recalled to Krasnoyarsk. Here, four departments opened criminal cases against him: the ChON, the GPU, the prosecutor's office of the 5th Army and the control commission under the Yenisei provincial party committee... Each authority conducted an independent investigation. Accusations like: “Why did you throw children into wells?”, or: “Why did you drown several hundred Khakass in the Salt Lake?” were simply not in the folders. The questions were discussed: why did he “not pay for the six sheep taken from the residents?” He was also suspected of... collaboration with Solovyov. Accusations of “genocide of the Khakass people” arose only 70 years later.
Nevertheless, the villainous, cannibalistic facts cited by Soloukhin were confirmed. There were mass executions and group drownings in lakes (100 people each!). There is only one inaccuracy in Soloukhin's book. The crimes were committed by other officials. Moreover, one and a half to two years before Golikov’s appearance in Khakassia. He never had any “bloody ideology”. His letters from the war to his relatives, especially his father, are full of tenderness.
In fact, Golikov in Khakassia decided the fate of only three captured Solovyov intelligence officers. They agreed to cooperate with the commander, but in a combat situation they deceived him.
RG: How did the criminal cases end?
Kamov: He was acquitted by all four authorities, proving his complete innocence - and this at the age of 18, without lawyers! Then I bought a ticket and went to Moscow to enter the General Staff Academy again. And here it was discovered that he was sick. Four simultaneous investigations were not in vain. His military career was cut short.
Myth two: illness
RG: Was he discharged from the army?
Kamov: Not right away. The then Minister of Defense Mikhail Vasilyevich Frunze became interested in him. For more than two years, Golikov continued to receive the salary of a regiment commander, significant at that time, and all types of treatment. But there was no complete recovery.
RG: Is it true that after Khakassia he became a mentally ill person?
Kamov: He was never mentally ill. In fact, in 1919, during a battle, he was torn from his saddle by a blast wave. He fell badly - on his back. He received a severe head concussion. In a quiet life, the consequences of a fall might not be felt for a long time. During the war, the disease made itself known three years later.
He was diagnosed with traumatic neurosis. This is not destruction of the brain, but a periodic disruption of the blood supply to its cells. Such disruptions can lead to short-term behavioral disturbances, but as soon as the oxygen supply is restored, the person is completely healthy until the next attack. The psyche and abilities do not suffer. Compare the story "RVS" with "Chuk and Gek". His talent has only improved over the years.
RG: Where then did the rumors come from that he slashed himself with a razor?
Kamov: If a person has spasms in only one vessel, he looks for a headache pill. During attacks, Gaidar experienced several constrictions at the same time. The condition became unbearable. To stop the pain in his head, he caused pain in his own body. Doctors call this “distraction therapy.”
Statements by false Gaidar scholars that Gaidar attempted his own life, that he was therefore regularly taken to the Sklifosovsky Institute, have no evidence.
Myth three: success
RG: Gaidar the writer was a successful Soviet author? Party servant? Did you often compromise?
Kamov: Classic portraits of a smiling Gaidar gave rise to an opinion about his unclouded life. About "warmed by power." In fact, the writer’s fate was full of drama. Before recent years, being famous, he remained a natural homeless person, without his own corner and desk. He lived and worked in creative houses, the Artek pioneer camp, went to his homeland in Arzamas, lived with friends, rented a dacha in the village of Kuntsevo. Only in 1938, the Writers' Union allocated a room to Arkady Petrovich in a communal apartment on Bolshoi Kazenny Lane.
He published a lot, but then there was a regressive payment system. The more often the work was published, the lower the fee. Payment could drop to 5% of the original one. When Arkady Petrovich was supposed to receive the order, his wife Dora Matveevna spent the entire evening mending the famous tunic. There was nothing else to go to the Kremlin.
Since 1935, with the exception of the story “Chuk and Gek,” Gaidar has not published a single work that was not subject to furious criticism. When the story "Military Secret" was published in 1935, he was accused of "ideological vacillation." In six issues of the magazine "Children's Literature", collections of articles against the story were regularly published. The writer was hospitalized.
When The Blue Cup came out, the same magazine met it with hostility. The new discussion continued for three and a half years. The result was a ban on further printing of the story, imposed by the People's Commissar of Education N.K. Krupskaya. During Gaidar's lifetime, The Blue Cup was never published again.
After the first chapters of “The Fate of the Drummer” appeared in “Pionerskaya Pravda,” the story was banned and its collection was scattered. A circular was immediately issued. All the writer's books in schools and libraries were collected, taken away and burned. In 1938, Arkady Petrovich was awaiting arrest. A miracle saved him. According to a list compiled long ago, he was awarded the order along with other writers, and the list was endorsed by Stalin himself. All accusations were instantly dropped, Gaidar’s books were reprinted in huge editions. For the first time, on short term, he became a wealthy man.
History repeated itself when Pioneer published the first chapters of Timur and His Team. A denunciation was instantly sent. The story was banned. The writer was accused of trying to substitute activities pioneer organization them. V.I. Lenin underground children's movement. The story, Gaidar, the editorial board of Pionerskaya Pravda and the press department of the Komsomol Central Committee were saved by the highest party officials
management who became aware of the scandal. The manuscript of the story was placed on Sam's table. The leader liked the story about Timur and his team. He didn't find any crime.
By the way, in his works and even in his journalism we will never meet the name of Stalin, who was praised by highly respected masters of Soviet literature.
Death of Gaidar
RG: The end of Gaidar's life is shrouded in darkness... He died at the beginning of the war, didn't he? It seems that there was not a single eminent writer who would go to war, and not just as a front-line correspondent.
Kamov: Gaidar submitted his first application with a request to be sent to the front on June 23, 1941. The military registration and enlistment office refused as a disabled person from the Civil War. Then Arkady Petrovich stated (but already in the editorial office of Komsomolskaya Pravda) that he wanted to get into the combat area as a correspondent. When he appeared on the front line, near Kiev, it became obvious to everyone that he had come to fight.
Together with the soldiers of battalion commander I.N. Prudnikov, he went to the German rear for the “tongues”, went on the attack and in one battle carried Prudnikov himself out from under fire, who lost consciousness from concussion. Before the fall of Kyiv, Gaidar was offered a seat on a plane flying to Moscow. Arkady Petrovich refused. "Why?" "Ashamed!" Stalin and Budyonny abandoned the then best army of 600,000 men near Kiev. But these were his readers. Gaidar did not find it possible for himself to abandon them either.
Being deep in the German rear, Gaidar heard that 3,000 or even 4,000 soldiers had gathered in the forest near the village of Semenovka. He entered the forest and found despondency close to despair. There was no food, no bandages, not even enough water. But the main thing: no one had any idea what to do next? In a neighboring village, Gaidar found Komsomol members. They arrived in carts and took away some of the wounded. After that, he began to look in the forest for people who were familiar with these places, and found a crippled sapper captain named Ryabokon. He explained how to get out of the forest and where to go safely. Together with fighter pilot, Colonel A.D. Orlov, they formed three assault columns and fought their way out of the forest, went to the swamps, and there they began to disperse in small groups. That night, Gaidar and Orlov managed to save more than 3,000 people.
Soon a group of encirclement led by Gaidar and Orlov found a partisan detachment. The camp and the detachment turned out to be unreliable. Orlov with some of the soldiers and commanders headed to the front line, came to ours and fought until the end of the war. Gaidar refused to go with Orlov...
He decided to create his own partisan detachment, but of the army type. Today it is obvious that the former regiment commander Golikov-Gaidar had real opportunity create partisan unit before the future twice Heroes Sidor Kovpak and Alexey Fedorov. All that remained was to stock up on provisions for the road to the Chernigov forests.
On the morning of October 26, 1941, Gaidar and four comrades were returning from a food depot to a temporary camp. Before reaching, we made a halt. Gaidar volunteered to go to a familiar roadman to ask for bread or potatoes. To do this, he climbed up a high railway embankment and saw an ambush.
There was still a possibility of escape. All it took was a dash across a single-track embankment. The Nazis were ready to allow the partisan who was standing on the hill to leave. The Germans needed “tongues”, not corpses. Gaidar had the opportunity to perform any action, but only one.
Guys, Germans! - he shouted.
A machine gun burst rang out. Gaidar died, but four comrades remained alive. The fate of the two is unknown to me personally. Lieutenant Sergei Abramov, who accompanied Gaidar on the 26th, later became Kovpak’s main bomber. Another lieutenant, Vasily Skrypnik, reached Berlin. I was friends with both of them. One day, when we got together, Abramov said to Skrypnik:
You know, Vasily Ivanovich, if it weren’t for Arkady Petrovich, you wouldn’t have your daughters, and I wouldn’t have my sons.
Real name: Arkady Petrovich Golikov. Born on January 9 (22), 1904 in the city of Lgov, Kursk province - died on October 26, 1941 near the village of Leplyavo, Kanevsky district, Cherkasy region. Famous Soviet children's writer, participant in the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars.
Arkady, Gaidar was named after his maternal grandfather. Thus, Gaidar’s mother wanted to make peace with her father, Lieutenant Arkady Gennadievich Salkov. Ask him for forgiveness for marrying the “commoner” Pyotr Golikov. But the father did not forgive his disobedient daughter and did not want to look at his grandson.
Where did the surname Gaidar come from? Arkady Golikov never answered this question. If they pestered you, you would get off with a joke.
After his death, speculation began to arise. Writer Boris Emelyanov suggested that pseudonym"Gaidar" comes from the Mongolian "gaidar" - a horseman galloping in front. This version has become widespread. Indeed, Arkady Golikov visited Bashkiria, and the names Gaidar, Geida, Haydar are common in the East.
But why on earth should nineteen-year-old Arkady take a foreign, albeit sonorous, name? Yes, and he was not boastful. The fact is that since childhood he has been a great inventor, and at school he used a code of his own invention.
Arkady’s school friend, A. M. Goldin, managed to solve the mystery of the pseudonym “Gaidar”. It turns out that “G” is the first letter of the Golikov surname; “AY” - the first and last letters of the name; “D” - in French - “from”; “AR” are the first letters of the name of the hometown.
G – AY – D – AR: Golikov Arkady from Arzamas.
By the way, at first he signed simply - Gaidar, without a name and without an initial, because the name was already part of pseudonym. Only when pseudonym became a surname, the following appeared on books: . And his son is Gaidar, and his daughter is Gaidar, and his grandchildren are Gaidars.
Over the course of four war years, he went from adjutant to regiment commander. Colonel at seventeen! Even the young officers of eight hundred and twelve did not know such a career. They fought for the Fatherland, against a foreign enemy, and Golikov fought with his own people - the Russians. Civil War brought the young man a lot of shock and pain: the wounds and concussion were not in vain. The path of a career commander of the Red Army, which began so confidently, was clouded over. The result was a severe nervous illness that haunted him all his life and forced him to leave the army. It was not possible to continue my education.
Having lost his only and favorite business, Arkady decided to tell people, and, above all, young people, about what he saw and experienced - “In the days of defeats and victories.” This was the name of Golikov’s first story.
He considered his best works to be the stories "P.B.C." (1925), “Distant Countries”, “The Fourth Dugout” and “School” (1930), “Timur and His Team” (1940). He traveled a lot around the country, met different people, and greedily absorbed life. He couldn’t write, locked himself in his office at a comfortable table. He composed on the go, thought about his books on the road, recited entire pages by heart, and then wrote them down in simple notebooks. “The birthplace of his books is different cities, villages, even trains.” When the Patriotic War began, the writer rejoined the army, going to the front as a war correspondent. His unit was surrounded, and they wanted to take the writer out by plane, but he refused to leave his comrades and remained in the partisan detachment as an ordinary machine gunner. On October 26, 1941, in Ukraine, near the village of Leplyavo, Gaidar died in a battle with the Nazis.