Interesting things are nearby: deserts and semi-deserts of Russia. Natural area desert

What is the climate in deserts and semi-deserts?

1. Same
2. DREAM

   Midday heat in the valley of Dagestan
   With lead in my chest I lay motionless;
   The deep wound was still smoking,
   Drop by drop my blood flowed.

   5 I lay alone on the sand of the valley;
   Rock ledges crowded around,
   And the sun burned their yellow tops
   And it burned me, but I slept like a dead sleep.

   And I dreamed of shining lights
   10 Evening feast in the native land.
   Between young wives crowned with flowers,
   There was a cheerful conversation about me.

   But without entering into a cheerful conversation,
   I sat there alone, thoughtfully,
   15 And in a sad dream her young soul
   God knows what she was immersed in;

   And she dreamed of the valley of Dagestan;
   A familiar corpse lay in that valley;
   There was a smoking black wound in his chest,
   20 And the blood flowed in cold streams.

3. Hot
4. The climate is hot and dry (arid), cool at night, located in the temperate zone
5. dry
6. arid climate of temperate latitudes
7. Hot in summer and cold in winter.
   The temperature in summer is from 20 to 30 degrees or 50 degrees; in the mountains in the summer the temperature drops to 0, and in winter it is 40 or 50 degrees.
   In the mountains the temperature is moderate. On the plain, the temperature difference is at least 100 degrees.
8. hot
9. Deserts and semi-deserts are a natural area characterized by almost complete absence vegetation and very poor fauna.

   1. Deserts are primarily found in the tropics.
   Tropical deserts occupy most of the territory tropical Africa and Australia, west coast tropical zone South America, as well as the territory of the Arabian Peninsula in Eurasia.
   Here their formation is associated with the year-round dominance of tropical air mass, the influence of which is enhanced by the terrain and cold currents off the coast. Climate - tropical dry

   The natural conditions of deserts are extremely harsh. The amount of precipitation here does not exceed 250 mm per year, and in large areas it is less than 100 mm. The driest desert in the world is the Atacama Desert, where no rainfall has been recorded for 400 years. The most big desert world - the Sahara, located in North Africa. Its name is translated from Arabic as “desert”. The most recorded high temperature air on the planet +58C. Under the scorching rays of the sun in the summer months, when it reaches its zenith at noon, the sand under your feet heats up to enormous temperatures. However, as the sun sets, the temperature in the desert drops sharply, changes reaching tens of degrees during the day, and on a winter night frosts even occur here. This is due to the constantly clear sky due to the downward flows of dry air from the equator; because of this, almost no clouds form here. The vast open spaces of deserts do not at all prevent the movement of air along the surface of the earth, which leads to the occurrence of strong winds. Dusty sandstorms come unexpectedly, bringing clouds of sand and streams of hot air. In spring and summer, a strong wind rises in the Sahara - samum, which can be literally translated as “poisonous wind”. It can last only 10-15 minutes, but the hot dusty air is very dangerous for humans, it burns the skin, the sand does not allow you to breathe freely, many travelers and caravans died in the deserts under this deadly wind. Also, at the end of winter - beginning of spring in North Africa, a seasonal wind begins to blow from the desert almost every year - khamsin, which means “fifty” in Arabic, since on average it blows for fifty days.

   2. Deserts of temperate latitudes, in contrast to tropical deserts, are also characterized by strong temperature changes throughout the year. Hot summer gives way to cold, harsh winter. Air temperature fluctuations over the year can be about 100C. Winter frosts in deserts temperate zone Eurasia drops to -50C, the climate is sharply continental.

   3. Subtropical inland climate is characteristic of deserts of the subtropical zone. Average temperature July varies from 25 to 35 C and above. The average temperature in January is 5-15 C and more. The average annual precipitation is no more than 300 mm.

   Semi-deserts occupy an intermediate position:
   - between zones of deserts and steppes in temperate and sub tropical zones;
   - between desert and savannah zones in the tropical zone.

   Temperate semi-deserts are characterized by a dry continental climate with annual precipitation usually not exceeding 300 mm. Surface runoff is small, and rivers usually dry up during the dry season. The vegetation of semi-desert zones is usually sparse with a predominance of grass-wormwood communities, perennial grasses and shrubs.

   Semi-deserts of tropical and subtropical zones
   The climate is continental, summer is hot (air temperature 2030 C, in some places up to 50 C), winter is cool, air temperature in the mountains can drop to 0 C. Precipitation falls 200-250 mm per year, in the mountains up to 400500 mm. Surface runoff is insignificant and there are few permanent rivers.

10. It is located in the temperate zone
11. Desert and semi-desert.
12. Dry
13. Subtropical, tropical, temperate.
14. it is located in the temperate zone it is hot but cold at night
15. hot
16. Moderate
17. Dry
18. hot

natural zone forest-steppe tundra

The semi-desert zone enters the Russian Plain only in the southeast, occupying the Ergeni upland and the northern half Caspian lowland. Its southern border west of the Volga runs at a distance of about 150 km from the coast of the Caspian Sea; in the Volga-Ural interfluve it moves even further from the sea and passes here along the line: Lake Baskunchak - Lake Aralsor - the mouths of the Small and Bolshoi Uzeni - the Ural River south of Kalmykov.

The location in the southeast of the Russian Plain in the depths of the Eurasian continent determines the sharply continental, dry climate of this zone. Summer in semi-deserts is sultry and sunny. The average July temperature reaches 23--25°, in the city of Novouzensk during warm period There are 85 days with dry winds. Winter is as cold as on Kola Peninsula: the average January temperature is --7--8° in the southwest of the zone and --13--14° in its northeast. Snow cover is thin - from 10 to 30 cm. Total, annual amount atmospheric precipitation 300--200 mm; this is three to four times less than the evaporation value. For example, in the city of Novouzensk the annual precipitation is 250 mm, and evaporation is 910 mm.

The surface flow in the semi-desert is negligible, so its own river network is not developed. Groundwater is saline and mostly not suitable for drinking.

In addition to climate, the geological and geomorphological features of the territory have the strongest impact on the landscape of the zone - small absolute altitude, flatness, weak erosional dissection, the presence of saline bedrock and Quaternary rocks. There are few ravines and gullies in the zone. Instead of these erosional forms, closed basin-depression forms are widespread - steppe depressions, estuaries, soras, etc. Their genesis is different - from suffusion-subsidence to karst and tectonic (some estuaries).

The continental climate, flat terrain and saline soils contribute to the accumulation of salts in semi-desert soils, including easily soluble ones. Solonetz soils are as characteristic of semi-deserts as light chestnut soils, which are zonal here. Lack of moisture and soil salinity lead to a patchy, clump-like distribution of vegetation. The abundance of depression-depression forms causes extraordinary diversity and complexity of plant and soil cover. With a lack of moisture, even the most insignificant depressions - 10 - 20 cm deep - lead to sudden changes in soil and vegetation. We can say that a semi-desert is a zone of complexes in which the grassy steppe in the depressions, the wormwood-hodgepodge desert on solonetzes and the fescue-chamomile semi-desert proper on light chestnut soils are closely intertwined.

In the fauna of semi-deserts, an outstanding role belongs to rodents. Among them, in terms of abundance and impact on the landscape, ground squirrels stand out, represented here by two species - the small ground squirrel, which lives on loamy plains, and the yellow ground squirrel, which inhabits the sands. The occurrence of gophers is very high. In some places, up to 740-750 gopher burrows can be counted on one hectare. The discharges of gophers create the tubercular microrelief characteristic of the Caspian region, which further enhances the complexity of the soil and vegetation cover.

In addition to gophers, common rodents in the semi-desert are jerboas, gerbils, voles, steppe pieds, and mice. The saiga antelope, which previously inhabited the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Russian Plain, is found within the zone. Here and there a wild boar is found in the reed thickets of river valleys. The most common predators are the wolf, corsac fox, and steppe polecat.

The composition of birds (steppe eagle, harrier, larks), reptiles and insects is also quite diverse.

Most of the semi-desert zone is used as pasture. Estuary and irrigated agriculture is developed in some places.

The southern third of the Caspian lowland belongs to the desert zone. Due to the small size of the territory and the uniformity of geological and geomorphological conditions, the desert zone on the Russian Plain belongs to one landscape provinces--provinces sandy and clay-salt deserts of the Caspian region. The features of dryness and continental climate, characteristic of the southeast of the Russian Plain, reach their maximum in the desert zone. The annual amount of precipitation in deserts is less than 200 mm. In the city of Astrakhan, on average, 170 mm of precipitation falls per year, with an evaporation rate of 936 mm. The winter is exceptionally light-snowy, even at the end of the winter the height of the snow cover does not reach even 10 cm. For this reason, the Caspian desert, especially west of the Volga (Black Lands), where the winter is warmer, is a good winter pasture.

Surface flow in deserts is so insignificant (less than 0.5 l/sec) that not a single local river crosses the territory of the province.

Geologically, the territory of the Caspian desert is very young; Its coastal parts turned into dry land quite recently. Unlike the semi-desert, the desert zone in the Quaternary was flooded by all three transgressions of the Caspian Sea, including the Khazar one. Almost the entire territory of the province lies below sea level.

Huge areas in the desert are occupied by sands of marine (late Khvalynian Sea) and alluvial-deltaic origin. The area of ​​the Volga-Ural sands alone is about 50 thousand km3.

On the coast of the Caspian Sea and especially near the Volga delta and to the west of it, Baer mounds are found. More precisely, these are low (6-20 m) and long (from several hundred meters to 5-6 km) sandy ridges, mainly in a latitudinal direction. First described by Academician K. M. Baer, ​​the mounds then more than once served as the object of special study. A variety of hypotheses have been put forward regarding their genesis - aeolian, tectonic, water-erosion, water-accumulative and many others. Most likely, their formation should be associated with the accumulation and movement of sediments by the waters of ancient sea basins retreating to the south. Later, some of the mounds underwent aeolian reworking. IN soil cover Brown desert-steppe soils appear in the deserts, and salt marshes stretch along the shores of the Caspian Sea in a wide strip. Vegetation is closely dependent on soils. On saline clayey soils, wormwood-solyanka groups are present. The vegetation of sandy deserts, characterized by shallow fresh groundwater, looks more diverse. It is formed by grass-wormwood groups with the participation of bluegrass (Poa bulbosa), Siberian wheatgrass (Agropyrum sibiricum), twig grass, and milkweed. In the north-west of the Volga-Ural sands in the Urda sands, rich fresh water, small groves of poplar and aspen have survived and are being planted orchards and melons.

Deserts are used as pastures and hayfields. In the wide Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, horticulture, vegetable gardening and melon growing are developed. The area of ​​floodplain land used for agriculture is still small and can be successfully increased many times over.

Deserts and semi-deserts are waterless, dry areas of the planet where no more than 25 cm of precipitation falls per year. The most important factor in their formation is wind. However, not all deserts experience hot weather; some of them, on the contrary, are considered the coldest regions of the Earth. Representatives of flora and fauna have adapted to the harsh conditions of these areas in different ways.

How do deserts and semi-deserts arise?

There are many reasons why deserts arise. For example, there is little precipitation in the city because it is located at the foot of the mountains, which cover it from rain with their ridges.

Ice deserts formed for other reasons. In Antarctica and the Arctic, the bulk of the snow falls on the coast; snow clouds practically do not reach the interior regions. Precipitation levels generally vary greatly; one snowfall, for example, can result in a year's worth of precipitation. Such snow deposits form over hundreds of years.

Hot deserts have a wide variety of topography. Only some of them are completely covered with sand. The surface of most is strewn with pebbles, stones and other different breeds. Deserts are almost completely open to weathering. Strong gusts of wind pick up fragments of small stones and hit them against the rocks.

In sandy deserts, the wind moves sand across an area, creating wave-like deposits called dunes. The most common type of dunes is dunes. Sometimes their height can reach 30 meters. Ridge dunes can be up to 100 meters high and extend for 100 km.

Temperature

The climate of deserts and semi-deserts is quite diverse. In some regions, daytime temperatures can reach 52 o C. This phenomenon is due to the absence of clouds in the atmosphere, thus nothing saves the surface from direct sunlight. At night, the temperature drops significantly, which is again explained by the absence of clouds that can trap the heat emitted by the surface.

In hot deserts, rain is a rare occurrence, but sometimes heavy downpours occur here. After rain, water does not soak into the ground, but quickly flows from the surface, washing away particles of soil and stones into dry channels called wadis.

Location of deserts and semi-deserts

On continents that are located in northern latitudes, there are deserts and semi-deserts of the subtropical and sometimes tropical ones are also found - in the Indo-Gangetic lowland, in Arabia, in Mexico, in the southwestern United States. In Eurasia, extratropical desert areas are located in the Central Asian and South Kazakh plains, in the Central Asian basin and in the Western Asian highlands. Central Asian desert formations are characterized by a sharply continental climate.

In the southern hemisphere, deserts and semi-deserts are less common. Here are located such desert and semi-desert formations as the Namib, Atacama, desert formations on the coast of Peru and Venezuela, Victoria, Kalahari, Gibson Desert, Simpson, Gran Chaco, Patagonia, Great sandy desert and the Karoo semi-desert in southwest Africa.

Polar deserts are located on mainland islands periglacial regions of Eurasia, on the islands of the Canadian archipelago, in northern Greenland.

Animals

Over the many years of existence in such areas, animals of deserts and semi-deserts have managed to adapt to harsh climatic conditions. They hide from cold and heat in underground burrows and feed mainly on underground parts of plants. Among the fauna there are many species of carnivores: fennec foxes, pumas, coyotes and even tigers. The climate of deserts and semi-deserts has contributed to the fact that many animals have an excellent thermoregulation system. Some desert inhabitants can withstand fluid loss of up to a third of their weight (for example, geckos, camels), and among invertebrates there are species that are capable of losing water up to two-thirds of their weight.

IN North America and Asia there are a lot of reptiles, especially many lizards. Snakes are also quite common: ephas, various poisonous snakes, boas. Among the large animals there are saiga, kulans, camels, pronghorn, which recently disappeared (it can still be found in captivity).

Animals of the desert and semi-desert of Russia are a wide variety of unique representatives of the fauna. The desert regions of the country are inhabited by sand hares, hedgehogs, kulan, jaiman, and poisonous snakes. In the deserts that are located in Russia, you can also find 2 types of spiders - karakurt and tarantula.

They live in polar deserts polar bear, musk ox, arctic fox and some species of birds.

Vegetation

If we talk about vegetation, then in deserts and semi-deserts there are various cacti, hard-leaved grasses, psammophyte shrubs, ephedra, acacias, saxauls, soap palm, edible lichen and others.

Deserts and semi-deserts: soil

The soil, as a rule, is poorly developed; its composition is dominated by water-soluble salts. Among them, ancient alluvial and loess-like deposits predominate, which are reworked by winds. Gray-brown soil is typical for elevated flat areas. Deserts are also characterized by salt marshes, that is, soils that contain about 1% of easily soluble salts. In addition to deserts, salt marshes are also found in steppes and semi-deserts. Groundwater, which contains salts, when reaching the soil surface is deposited in its upper layer, resulting in soil salinization.

Completely different are characteristic of such climatic zones, like subtropical deserts and semi-deserts. The soil in these regions has a specific orange and brick-red color. Due to its shades, it received the corresponding names - red soils and yellow soils. In the subtropical zone in northern Africa and in South and North America there are deserts where gray soils have formed. In some tropical desert formations, red-yellow soils have developed.

Natural and semi-deserts are a huge variety of landscapes, climatic conditions, flora and fauna. Despite the harsh and cruel nature of the deserts, these regions have become home to many species of plants and animals.

Semi-desert soils are distributed in a sublatitudinal direction over almost 3000 km, occupying a small area (919.4 km 2) or 1.67% of the area of ​​Eurasia. They stretch from Kalmykia and the Astrakhan region, the lower reaches of the Volga and Ural rivers and east to the Irtysh, in Kazakhstan and Tuva, in the Zaisan basin in the form of a narrow strip along the border with Mongolia in the “basin of large lakes”, in the northern and eastern parts of the Gobi, in the low mountains Kunlun. The zone of these soils is mainly included in the European-Kazakhstan subboreal semi-desert region.

Climate. The semi-desert and desert zone is characterized by arid, sharply continental climate. Spring here is short and dry, summer is long, hot and dry. The average annual temperature ranges from 5 °C to 9 °C in the European-Kazakhstan region and from 3...7 °C to -6 °C in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China and Mongolia. Also, the sum of temperatures is higher in Kazakhstan (3400 °C) and lower in Mongolia (2600 °C). The thickness of the snow cover varies respectively from 10...20 to 5...10 cm. Precipitation is 100...250 mm, and evaporation is 4...7 times higher than the amount of precipitation, amounting to 700...900 mm per year . Dust storms and hot winds are frequent, severely drying out the soil.

Relief and soil-forming rocks. In the Caspian lowland the relief is flat and slightly undulating. In the northern part, flat depressions (estuaries and depressions), various microdepressions, microhillocks, individual salt-dome uplifts, and salt lakes are well defined. The soil-forming rocks are mainly saline sandy-clayey layered deposits of the ancient Caspian transgression, which make up the lowland from the Volga-Ural interfluve to the lower reaches of the Sagiz and Emba rivers; in the northern part there are early Khvalynian loams, and in depressions there are chocolate clays. Below zero levels in the southern part, Late Khvalynian blown sands dominate. To the west of the Volga delta there is an area of ​​“Berovsky hillocks” - fan-shaped branching narrow ridges with a height of 1...2 to 8...10 m and a length of 8 to 25 km, with depressions (ilmens).

In the Kazakh hills, the most common type of relief is small hills (the relative height of the hills is 150...200 m) with ridges and mountain ranges. Negative landforms are represented by depressions different sizes, valleys, dells, lake depressions. Soil-forming rocks are deluvial-eluvial rubbly and carbonate cover deposits, less often - saline Neogene clays in depressions, ancient weathering crusts (variegated clays), eluvium of bedrock, saline eluvial-deluvial deposits of sedimentary rocks, in the Sarysu basin and northern Balkhash region, hummocky-ridge and dune sands.

On the Ustyurt plateau (North Ustyurt ridge and its gentle slope to the North Ustyurt basin), the surface of which is flat and uniform, the source rocks are thin (up to 1 m) silty cartilaginous cover loams and calcareous eluvial rocks. On the tertiary plateaus of the Aral Sea region, cartilaginous sandy loams and sands are common, and in depressions - saline Paleogene clays. On the Mangyshlak plateau, thin gravelly sandy-loamy deposits and limestone eluvium are developed, and on Betpak-Dale - gristly-pebble loams (western part) and gravelly weathering products of ancient crystalline rocks (eastern part). On the foothill plains of the Balkhash-Alakol Plain, mainly loess-like rocks and proluvial deposits are common.

On the Turgai table plateau, which is an undulating denudation plain, the soil-forming rocks are brown silty loams, sometimes saline, and sands, and in the Turgai depression - tertiary saline sediments.

In Central Asia, the following soil-forming rocks are most typical: proluvial gruss-crushed loamy and sandy loam sediments on piedmont plains, on alluvial fans and vast plains of Mongolia, sandy-clayey saline tertiary rocks on piedmont plains and their remnants, sandy loess on the northern slopes of the Tien Shan, proluvial-alluvial gravelly and sandy-clayey sediments of intramountain depressions, thin eluvium of Mesozoic uninhabited rocks in the northern Gobi, pebble proluvia with a thin cover of loess-like sandy-clayey sediments and coarse loamy-sandy rocks of the plateau in Mongolia, sandstones and sandy rocks of the northern and central Ordos.

Vegetation cover. Due to the redistribution of moisture, soluble substances and heat due to a pronounced microrelief, as well as suffusion processes, the activity of diggers, human influence, etc., the vegetation cover is characterized by complex complexity. He is poor species composition, sparse (projective coverage up to 30...40%). On loamy soils, wormwood, fescue-wormwood, wormwood-biurgun, biurgun-kokpek associations with a fairly noticeable admixture of ephemeroids and ephemera are developed. On saline and solonetzic soils, complex wormwood-hodgepodge and solyanka vegetation is developed. Among the grass on highly saline brown semi-desert soils dominate various types wormwood along with prutnyak, camphorosma, kokpek, biyurgun, chamomile.

On sandy loam and sandy soils with a more favorable water regime, sandy wormwood, sandy caraway, fescue, wheatgrass, and sometimes astragalus grow.

Shrubs are represented mainly by juzgun and tamarix. Woody vegetation found in floodplains and ravines and consists of poplar, aspen, birch and other small-leaved species. Saxaul trees grow along ancient deltas.

Grass and forb vegetation is typical for meadow-brown soils.

In Central Asia, due to the extremely continental climate, the vegetation is more sparse. The main background is formed by feather grasses and endemic onions; pair-leaved and coniferous shrubs are often found; wormwood and saltwort are few, and ephemerals are absent. Low-growing Gobi feather grass and pebble feather grass are widespread.

Semi-desert temperate zones

natural land areas in the temperate zones of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres with a predominance of semi-desert landscapes. The largest area is occupied in the interior of Eurasia, where they extend (approximately 10 thousand km). km) from the Caspian lowland in the north to the eastern edge of the Ordos plateau in the east; the width of the strip of semi-deserts, within which plains predominate, reaches in some places 500 km. In North America P. z. u. p. are located in a meridionally elongated strip of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains and basins of the Great Basin, where they alternate mosaically with desert landscapes. IN Southern Hemisphere distributed in the south of South America (to the east of the Andes, in Patagonia).

Climate P. z. u. Northern Hemisphere arid, continental, with cold winter, long hot and dry summers. The radiation balance is about 5 Mj/m 2 or 120 kcal/cm 2 per year, evaporation is several times higher than the annual amount of precipitation (usually 200-300 mm). The average temperature in July is 22-25 °C, in January up to -20 °C. Winters usually have little snow, with strong winds. In the Southern Hemisphere (Patagonia) the climate is less continental. In summer the air temperature is 15-20 °C, in winter - about 1 °C. The Andes retain most of the moisture brought by the dominant western regions. winds, so precipitation falls only 100-150 mm(in some places - up to 250) per year.

Surface drainage is poorly developed, many rivers dry up in the summer, and they are usually full of water only in the spring, during the melting of seasonal snows. Significant territories generally deprived surface runoff. Numerous brackish and salt lakes. There has been a constant moisture deficit in soils since the middle of the growing season.

Light chestnut and brown soils predominate, often in combination with solonetzes; along the depressions of the relief, solonchaks and meadow-saline soils are common. The soils are characterized by complexity and low humus content (1.5-3%); soils are often characterized by a high content of gypsum, carbonates, and the manifestation of solonetzization processes. They are often suitable for agriculture, but require irrigation and, in some places, elimination of salinity and resettlement.

The vegetation is xerophilic and often has a complex character. In the semi-deserts of temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, grass-wormwood communities predominate with a significant participation of ephemerals and ephemeroids. On sandy soils, tree and shrub vegetation (elf, birch, pine, dzhuzgun, sand acacia) is common. In the Southern Hemisphere, semi-desert vegetation is sparse, predominantly semi-shrub with the participation of grasses and succulents. Desert and steppe species of animals predominate. Semi-deserts of temperate latitudes are usually good pastures for year-round grazing.

M. P. Petrov, Yu. K. Efremov.

Big Soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

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