Program “I love Psychology” 

How to correctly say where we are going or far away. Far understandable meaning of the concept in the Dahl synonym dictionary

distant, distant, distant, distant, distant, located at a great distance, not close; quite distant in space, distance, and sometimes in time. The far side of the stepmother. Long farewells mean extra tears. It's a long time ago, old man. And the road is long and travelling. This song is still far away, it will not happen soon. I am far from him, not close, I know little. I am far from this thought, I don’t think so in German. He is not far off, he is not far off, he is not far off in his intelligence and knowledge. Distant relatives, beyond the third generation; further cousin. Long-term successes, further actions, upcoming, future. Long-range buckshot, large, for long-distance combat. Still far from close. The king is far away, but God is high. It’s far from the Tsar, high from God (according to the Russian pronunciation, high, far; according to the ruler, high, far). You can't get far in a van, cab drivers in St. Petersburg. In truth, you won’t go far: it will either drag on or it will break. He looks far away, but does not see under his nose. The bird flew high and landed not far away, about the braggart. Even though it’s far away, it’s flying, calling, or convenient. We traveled a long way, but soon (okay, by the way) we arrived. Why far away, it’s good here too. Close neighbor (i.e. a kind person) is better than distant relatives. Far away, distant, somewhat or too distant. Far away, very, very, extremely far; far-distant. Next people will compare. degree distant. Further, farthest; everything that lies ahead is the future. Far and far, far, far is the eagle. far-far adv. The sandpiper is a long way from Petrov days. And high and far, high and far, song. How far is it? the cab drivers ask, vm. Where. You are far from him, far from being equal to him, far from being equal to him. He has gone far in science, in his career, etc. He sees far, is perspicacious. You went too far, did something unnecessary, something wrong. Read further, further. Those who got up early went (stepped) further away. I would drive farther, but my shoulders hurt. The quieter you go, the further you'll get. If you hide it further, you will find it sooner. Put it further, you will take it closer. I wanted to ride further, but the horses stopped. You will go further, as long as they give it to you. What is further (more) disassembled is worse. Whatever is further is better, that is, worse. What's next is worse. Be familiar, and move on (walk around). Farness, range, remoteness [fem. genus ] the state of being distant, distant. You can't see beyond the distance from here. Don't be scared by the distance, I'll come. We don’t have gardens nearby, but we do have them in the distance. In the expression: cannonball range, shot range, etc. range means distance, measure or limit. Dal, Dalina; perm. distance, enlarged dalishcha, dalechina [fem. genus ] comparatively long distance, not as a property of the distant, but in itself; between range and far is the same relationship as between distant and far, between adj. and adv.; therefore, distance, dalina, also means the very object that is far away, that is removed, distant, esp. in pictures, in painting. Dali many East Sib. Suzemy, distant taiga, where industrialists go for the whole summer. Long-range [_cf. clan] distant nomads of foreigners. Tabyn residents go to long distance jobs for the summer. Dalnik [male genus] distant wasteland, open-air, distant arable land. To remove something, to remove something, to carry it into the distance; eliminate, avoid; -sya, go into the distance, move away, be eliminated. Pressure [_avg. genus] valid by value verb To distance, to remove, to remove, to carry into the distance, saying for example. about the visual device. Thick glass is far away, thin glass is close, convex and hollow. Far-voiced, far-voiced, what sounds loud and what is heard far away. A far-sighted person is prudent, perspicacious. Foresight is a property; visionary [male] genus ] a visionary person. The far-sighted eye, which sees a distant object more clearly than a close one, is the opposite sex. myopic. The far-sighted eye, or rather its lens, is flatter than usual, and this deficiency, to enhance the refraction of rays, is supplemented with thick (convex) glass. Farsightedness [fem. genus ] property, state this. Far-sighted, -sighted, about glasses, shells, spy, showing distant objects closer or more clearly. Rangefinder, long-term, reaching significant distances, for example. rifle. Rangefinder [men. genus ] a projectile for measuring distances from afar, using angles. The range and range of a gun is its most important quality. Long-range rifle.

This is very interesting post. I think in any case it will be useful to just remember, and maybe learn a few interesting points about how to say certain words correctly. I will not comment on my opinion on one point. Or rather, in the way it is presented, but I completely agree with the rule itself. You need to know this and be sure to say it that way. ;)

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20 most common mistakes:

1. Let's start with the banal calls, I understand, and those too. 80% of all mistakes are made in these in three words. If you still pronounce these words incorrectly, then write them with a red marker above your bed so that you wake up every morning with this thought. Personally, it irritates me greatly when they say “it’s ringing” or “theirs.”

2. Next come “what time is it” and “what time”. Remember for the rest of your life that time is not measured in quantity. In this context, the words of Lydia Chukovskaya are appropriate, who in “Notes about Anna Akhmatova” conveys the words of Anna Andreevna: “You know, I consider it indecent to make comments to people if they speak incorrectly. Indecent and vulgar. I'm not fixing anything. I'll endure everything. But “what time” instead of “at what time” or instead of “when,” - here she choked with anger and then said in a sentence, “I can’t bear it.” So, we only say WHAT TIME IS IT?

3. And now, as a note for Ukrainian citizens, let’s talk about the word Ukrainian. Many of you prefer to put the emphasis on the letter "a". And by doing this you show your disrespect for our country. After all, the emphasis in the UkrAina format comes from the word “outskirts”. Therefore, it is correct to put the emphasis on the first “i”. We also need to move away from the outdated phrase “I’ll go to Ukraine.” This expression comes from the same “outskirts”.

4. It’s also very funny to communicate with marketers who don’t know how to correctly pronounce the words “marketing” and “billboard”. Regarding the first, it is correct to say both marketing and marketing. But I would advise you to say marketing, because this word comes from “market”, that is, “market”. As for billboards, the incorrect spelling “bigboards” came from the Big Board company. This advertising company was very popular in the 90s in the USSR. This is the same as the “copiers”, which were named after the XEROX company.

5. And now everyone’s favorite “lay down” and “put down”. Remember that there is NO such word and forms as “lozh”, “lozh” in the Russian language. In these cases (no matter how much you like this word) you need to say PLACE. And if there are prefixes “po-”, “re-”, then you need to say “put”, not “put”.

6. From the same opera come “dress” and “put on.” The verb “to dress” is always used in relation to someone. For example, dressing a child. The verb "to put on" refers to an item of clothing that is worn. If this is difficult for you to understand, then remember the phrase: “Put on Hope, put on clothes.” I wonder what needs to be done first: put on clothes or put on Nadezhda.

7. I also very often hear the expression “don’t use the key fob.” I understand when a child makes such a mistake, but not an adult. In this word, the letter “o” is not omitted when inflected. That is, “key fob”, “key fob”, “key rings”.
8. A few words about “during” and “during”. If you say “over a period of time,” there will always be an “e” at the end. If “in the course of the river”, then – “and”.

9. A lot of discussions exist because of the Internet. Some people believe that this word is not declined according to cases. This opinion is wrong. So you can safely say “let me go surf the Internet.”

10. From this point many of you will spit until the end of the week. It is correct to say “steel bottling” and “beer bottling”. So you won't drink beer on tap anymore.

11. We all love cakes, but many do not know that the correct way to pronounce this word is: “Cakes.” Also smear with cake and juggle with cakes.

12. Now attention! A substitute can be a player or an option, and the only way out is a SUBSERVE. So, if you see an “emergency exit” sign somewhere, you can safely take out a marker and correct the “o” to “y”.

13. If you are going abroad, then write these two words separately. But, if only abroad will help you, then write this noun together.

14. You can also very often hear the phrase “product made of dermantine.” I, of course, understand where this root comes from. But the word dermatin is written without the letter “n”.

15. A few words about the catalog and quarter. In both words, in all cases, the stress is placed on the last syllable. Even if it's a quarter of the year.

16. Also, do not forget that the letter “th” of the verb to come is written only in the indefinite form. Therefore, forget about “come”, “come”, etc. This rule also applies to pronunciation.

17. And now a few words, the spelling of which you just need to learn from memory. These are: scrupulous, post office, conveyor belt, military leader, vinaigrette and sherbet.

18. The phrase devil-those (where, where, to whom) is written with a hyphen. I did research, and it turned out that 90% of my friends wrote this phrase like this: “where the devil is.”

19. As for the word moldy, the emphasis here falls on the first “e”. This sounds very strange. But there's nothing you can do about it.

20. But what surprised me most was the spelling of the word FIREHOPE. Yes, yes, this is how the word is spelled, not “bransboyd” or “branzboyd”. All because of the Dutch origin of “brandspuit”. By the way, for general development, it is worth knowing that a fire hose is not a fire water cannon, but a metal tip of a fire hose.

I was personally surprised that it is correct to say “steel bottling” and “beer for bottling”. So you won't drink beer on tap anymore.

In the old days, knowledge of signs associated with the road was a necessary condition for a successful journey, although now many ancient signs seem simply ridiculous to a civilized person. But we will still list them, and you decide whether to believe it all or not.

So, it was necessary to avoid at all costs the direct question: “Where?” “If you were asked about the road in this way, answer: “To Kudykina Mountain! "(Sometimes they use a more humorous tone: “To Kudykina Mountain, steal tomatoes!”) Because you should not ask “where?” , and “how far are you going, are you going, are you getting ready? » “Bugging” the road is an evil eye, so very superstitious people in such cases postpone the trip or return halfway.
If you meet a dog or a beggar first on the road, then this means good luck in business.
Also a good omen, signifying success in a plan, is considered to be a meeting with a woman carrying full buckets (or baskets, bags - in short, a heavy load). And, of course, vice versa: empty buckets mean failure along the way.
A meeting with a pregnant woman is also good, and for the peasant it portends special luck - a rich harvest.
Bad omen It is considered a meeting with a gray-eyed woman, and even worse if it is a gray-eyed old woman - she will put the evil eye on you. In such cases, keep the fig in your pocket.
You should not go on the road on Monday and Friday - there will be no luck.
When are you going to long journey on for a long time and forget to take with you something you prepared for the journey, then you will return home safely.
Before leaving, it is necessary for everyone present in the house to sit down for a minute and sit in silence so that the trip is successful.
If you return half way for a forgotten item or for something else, there will be no success in your intended business. But you can neutralize this sign by simply looking in the mirror.
Rain when setting off on the road is good luck.
Sewing in front of the road means failure.
Before a long journey, you should not wash your hair, otherwise you will invite disaster.
In order not to feel homesick, when setting off on a journey, you should not look back until your native places disappear from sight.
Any travel find is worth more than the most valuable gift, and the one who does not pick up the found item will act rashly. If a person does not consciously take what he has found, then he will never find anything again.
Whatever road adventure befalls a person, upon returning home you cannot tell your family about it, otherwise a similar incident will happen during your next trip.
No matter how significant a loss on the road may be, one cannot greatly regret it: it often happens that such a loss replaces a more significant one. In a word, act according to the principle: “If you find it, don’t rejoice; if you lose it, don’t cry.” And may your path be good!

What rituals exist for travelers? Today, as in the old days, travel and long trips are fraught with a number of dangers. To avoid them and make your journey easy, successful and safe, you can use well-known rituals and magic spells for travelers.

Signs before a long journey

The practice of “sitting on the path” has not lost its relevance and importance, so as not to encounter obstacles along the way. They sit down literally for a minute or two, sit silently, and then get up and be sure to say: "With God blessing!"

Just before leaving the house, you need to hold on to the edge of the table. The table symbolizes home, and thus the connection with it is maintained. Sometimes they also kissed the edge of the table and asked home blessings on the way.

To ensure a successful trip, they used to take dry wormwood on the road, which was believed to protect against evil spirits. Modern magicians add that other plants can be used as the same amulet: dill, oregano, violet, thyme, caraway seeds, mint.

Before a long journey, it is not recommended to wash your hair to avoid disaster. A lot of power has been concentrated in the hair, which is very necessary when traveling, and this power is washed away with soapy water, and individual hairs remain in the bath or on the comb, and with them - the share vitality. It is better to wash your hair a couple of days before departure.

When setting out on a trip, you should not step over the threshold with your left foot, so as not to be under the influence of evil forces. Returning halfway is also very bad. If you still need to do this, be sure to look at yourself in the mirror and stick your tongue out at your own reflection - thereby you will scare away the evil spirits that forced you to return.

On the day of departure, none of the traveler’s relatives should wash or sweep the floor - there is a great danger of sweeping the road for the departing person and making it extremely dangerous.

And on the day of departure, you don’t need to sew anything up - there will be no luck. By the way, this sign belongs to the category of often coming true.

Don't let your keys fall before leaving the house. This will lead to failure. If suddenly, just before you leave, someone from your family brings something you forgot, there will also be no luck on the road.

On the road, try to walk around all the lying sticks and other objects and under no circumstances step over them - otherwise there is a risk of encountering various obstacles. And it’s better not to pick up anything along the way, especially coins or sharp objects.

If on the way you meet an acquaintance who asks where you are going, the most correct answer is: “To Kudykina Mountain.” Previously, such an answer was not considered rude, but was a special magical excuse. The fact is that, having learned your plans, a person can put the evil eye on you, even unwittingly. Nowadays you can replace " Kudykiny mountains» in a more appropriate and neutral formulation - "on business."

Advice to those seeing off - if you want the person to return faster, then when leaving home from the station, be sure to turn around and look after the person leaving.

Signs on the road

There are a lot of road signs that can be useful to travelers - they will make them careful and attentive on the road. Such signs are signs that fate sends, warning of danger and problems along the way.

  • For example, to see an earthworm crawling across the street on the way - good sign. It promises success in the proposed business and good news.
  • But if the first person you see when leaving the house is an elderly woman or a priest, you won’t have any luck on the road. In this case, you need to put a fig in your pocket to neutralize the trouble.
  • If you notice a coin on the road, it’s lucky, but if it’s a nail or a button, it’s a sign of trouble and even disaster. It is also considered unlucky to lose a glove on the road.
  • If you meet a person on the way with a full bucket, bag or package, the road will be fruitful and successful, but if with something empty, then the road will turn out to be empty and useless.
  • Meeting someone immediately on the threshold or porch is a bad omen and predicts an unsuccessful path.
  • If it suddenly rains, rejoice. This sign promises that your journey will be successful.

Spells for a safe and successful journey

We also bring to your attention several special road spells aimed at making the road safe and successful. As a rule, these conspiracies are read before leaving the house.

  1. Before leaving, you need to throw a few coins to the side and say: “All traces, all misfortunes, everything is left behind, but for me, God’s servant (name), a happy road.”
  2. This plot is read three times before leaving: “I will stand, blessing myself, go, crossing myself, and meet two angels. The Lord is on the way, Nicholas the Wonderworker, light the way. Amen".
  3. Or you can turn to your guardian angel: “My angel, come with me, go forward, show God’s servant (name) the way and remove all enemies from the road.”

If you see that there are some obstacles and obstacles along the way, sudden delays, then you should stop and think carefully about whether you need to go to the intended place, whether you forgot to take anything with you, whether you thought through the path well. It is quite possible that all the annoying misunderstandings along the way are warning signs of fate.

Among the rules and prohibitions regulating the speech behavior of village residents of the Russian North, a large number of refers to situations when a person goes into the forest or on the road. Usually, we're talking about about hunters and fishermen going fishing, but these could also be ordinary villagers who go for berries and mushrooms or simply to the neighboring village.

Such prescriptions were repeatedly recorded in the Russian North in the 19th-20th centuries. Our observations are based mainly on materials collected in last years during ethnological expeditions of the Russian-French Center for Historical Anthropology named after. M. Blok (Russian State University for the Humanities) (expeditions 2003-2005 to the Pudozhsky district of Karelia and 2006 to the Vytegorsky district of the Vologda region). Materials from ethnolinguistic expeditions of the Faculty of History and Philology of the Russian State University for the Humanities were also used (expeditions 1993-2006 to the Kargopol and Nyandoma districts of the Arkhangelsk region). Other published and archival materials were also used.

IN populated areas In the Pudozh and Vytegorsky districts, we have repeatedly heard that a person who goes into the forest should under no circumstances say that he is going there for a short time and will return soon.

A prescription can be recorded as an imperative formula, but more often we are dealing with a memorat, that is, with a story about how a certain person violated a given prohibition and what happened as a result of this. In memoirs, the action develops, as a rule, according to the following scheme: 1. going into the forest, a person says that he is going there for a short time and will return soon; 2. once in the forest, he loses orientation and cannot find his way; “drives” him, “scares” him (sometimes he appears as a devil in one form or another); 3. after long wanderings, a person finds a way out of the forest; sometimes this is preceded by the performance of certain ritual actions (changing clothes, changing shoes, shaking out one’s clothes, etc.). The text often ends with a maxim that confirms the need to observe the prohibition.

It turns out to be fatal to pronounce self-confident statements with the words “not long”, “not far”, “quickly”, “directly”, for example: “Oh, I won’t be going for long!”, “It’s not far, we’ll go quickly!”, “...we’ll cut straight. .. to get out quickly and walk a little”; “...we will make it!” and even: “...I fly like an airplane!” Similarly, in the tales from Vodlozero, recorded earlier and published by V.P. Kuznetsova, such forbidden formulas appear as: “we’ll go for a short time” (Kuznetsova 1997: 47), “I’ll go quickly” (Kuznetsova 1997: 57), “I’ll go for a short time” (Kuznetsova 1997: 62). Sometimes in such formulas there are indications of exact distances: “Oh yes, how long will it take us to run these three kilometers!” (Kuznetsova 1997: 58).

Here are a few stories about how people, due to careless utterance of these words, disappeared in the forest where a goblin led them:

“[The woman got lost in the forest.] She said: “Oh, I won’t be going for long!” “I’ll go,” he says, “not for long, because I have a swamp there, I won’t take you to this, this swamp, for berries, for cloudberries.” But they say how she went there, the sundress was created and you... the branches all rustled... this is a forest, and she went, went, went, went, and she went from us, and, apparently, the devil took it there, and she got so lost and maybe she was tired, she couldn’t walk anymore, or maybe the forest guard tormented her” (EA TsMB-2003; V.F. Danilina, born in 1932, village of Kuganavolok, Pudozhsky district of Karelia, app. A.L. Toporkov);

“And this one grandfather, well, he’s already a grandfather now, to him... well, he’s already a grandfather now, to him... he’s older than me. I say, you know, he... what... “I won’t go long, I’ll go get some ber/estina!” But take it, you know, light it up. And he said “not for long,” that’s all... he went, he went, he went, and the forest man led him right. And then he stood on the trees and looked to see where he was” [EA TsMB-2003; M.S. Semerikova, born in 1927, village. Kuganavolok Pudozh district of Karelia, west. A.L. Toporkov];

“I was in a secondary school, then I finished my studies at Chalet and lived there with the landlady, and we went for some volokhams. She says (the volnakhas are close there), she says: “If I don’t light the stove, let’s go and get the volnakhas.” It’s not far, let’s go quickly!” We went and collected waves. To go home - we can’t go out. They walked, walked, walked, walked and went home... So, they took the waves (that’s how ships used to sail, but small tugs used to sail), so the horns were blaring, and there was one man with his wife, talking... Nobody talks here, there are no horns , and we walk and can’t find the road (laughs). And she says (well, their name was Masha), Aunt Masha says: “Are you kidding us (laughs), are you kidding? This one says, come on girl, she says, come on girl, let’s change the dress for left side!” Changed the dress on the left side. I don’t know if she said something or not, and we walked up a little, the horns started buzzing, we found the path and went home” [EA TsMB-2003; A.P.Vakhromeeva, born in 1929, village. Bostilovo Pudozh district of Karelia, west. A.L. Toporkov, A.B. Ippolitova];

“[The women went to pick mushrooms] And I said: “Tonya, Tonya - come on, don’t go - you got it... We keep getting such mushrooms, and little mushrooms, yes...” And we will go out onto the road ahead of them and will be on the road. Well. And these words, “soon” and “directly”... Well... and they left, and we got lost and spent the night in the forest.<…>And only then did they leave. But they were close and couldn’t get out. So they said, I said that: “ahead, we will go out on the road ahead of them... and we will go out ahead of them on the road.” It turns out they left, screaming, screaming - we couldn’t get out. [You can’t say “ahead”?] Yes, what’s “straight”... As you go into the forest, for example, you’re walking, well, suddenly he’ll say: let’s cut straight, let’s cut straight, so that we can get out quickly and don’t walk a lot” [EA TsMB- 2006; O.I. Terekhova, born in 1920, village. Andoma Andoma churchyard, Vytegorsky district, Vologda region, west. I.A. Kaneva];

“[The children got lost] They picked mushrooms... Zhenya and Luda and this... “Oh, we still have time, mom, and dad, to milk the cow.” Milked. We come home from work with this - there are no guys. And this is niece Lena and Olga saying: “Where is this Luda and Zhenya?” We say: “We don’t know.” - “You don’t know, they’ve been around for a long time... They say, we’ll have time to take care of the house before dad and mom.” They were busy! And then, this... with a torch... lit the torch and went to look for them, this, but they don’t remember how railway passed over. From here they crossed the railway to Berezina, only to find themselves... [Was it the devil who drove them?] Well, quickly, we’ll make it to dad and mom. So then how many times do I say: “Guys, don’t talk like that! What time will we have!” You can’t say this in any way” [EA TsMB-2006; M.I. Kalinkina, born in 1935, village. Kurzino, Andomsky churchyard, Vytegorsky district, Vologda region, west. E.A. Klushina];

“I once said to myself: “I, I say, fly to Karshevo like an airplane!” Well, she flew away. I can’t come back, my legs are paralyzed and that’s it, I can’t walk, can you imagine? My grandmother just cast a spell on me. I barely got home, I was roaring. “Mom,” I say, “my legs hurt so much, I can’t walk, and nothing!” She says: “So you flew by plane!” Yes, our grandmother Anna was a witch. Oh, grandma the witch was good. Anna was called. She whispered something, prayers or some kind of zagov/orah, and walked for three days” [EA TsMB-2005; A.T.Petrova, born in 1933, village. Karshevo Pudozh district of Karelia, west. A.L. Toporkov, K.A. Khomyakova];

More broadly, villagers generally frown upon any confident statements about events that may happen in the future (apparently out of fear of the evil eye and in accordance with the principle of “don’t tempt fate!”):

“[SLV’s husband died. Before his death, he often screamed in pain at night, so she could not sleep. Sometimes my daughter sat with the dying man at night.] When he died, the wake had already passed, she [the daughter] told me that: “Well, mom, today we’ll get some sleep. Everything is perfect, grandfather won’t bother us.” And that’s it, from that day on we didn’t sleep with her. Neither she nor I. And so they were afraid. I came to her, she barks, I don’t dare [to come in] in the morning, she’s sleeping, but I bark: “Yes, I didn’t sleep.” And she says: “Well, I didn’t sleep either, I was afraid.” We got some sleep. I say: such words do not speak like that. In advance. Maybe from these words, she said it like that” [EA TsMB-2006; L.V. Sosnina, born in 1939, village. Andoma Andoma churchyard, Vytegorsky district, Vologda region, west. M.D. Alekseevsky, O.A. Simonova];

“[You can’t talk in advance.] They raised the girls [with her husband], lived for forty-eight years, forty-eight years. Eight more, forty and a half. It was a year and a half before the wedding. It happened that girls [i.e. daughters] will say: “Well, mom, we’ll throw a wedding [golden wedding], we’ll buy rings with dad.” Sasha [PMI’s husband] said: “Stop chatting, we have to live.” [Some time later, before the wedding, PMI’s husband died.] So, you can’t say this, you can’t. The word is not an arrow, but it flies far.<…>It’s true, the Lord heard” [EA TsMB-2006; M.I.Ploschitsina, born in 1929, village. Andoma Andoma churchyard, Vytegorsky district, Vologda region, west. A.A. Solovyova, E.V. Publicchuk, T.S. Ilyina].

In no case can one say that nothing will happen to any person, especially a child. Saying phrases such as “Where will she go!”, “Well, what will happen there..!” leads to misfortune:

"In the forest. We had a woman, she died, her name was Damn Lost. She was lost, lost as a little girl - how old was she, eight. And so she went... her parents worked. And before there were all fields there, everyone lived there individually, before collective farms. And there they are in the forest, and they sent her home, the mother, that’s the same thing, says: “Well, how will she go alone?” And he says: “Where will she go!” So, we came home, and she was gone. No, no and no. And she’s not there, and they’ve been looking for a week - no, that’s the same thing, and then they went to Pola\boryo to see an expert\” [KA-1998; A.E. Smyshlyaeva, born in 1936, village. Trufanovo-Seredka, Kargopol district, Arkhangelsk region, west. A.A. Trofimov, M.M. Kaspina];

“I lost the sheep, and what happened was Trinity, I released the cow myself.<…>And my host had a drink, it was a celebration. And he says: “I’ll go let the sheep out!” I tell him: “Don’t let him out, I’ll let him out myself!” - “Well, whatever happens, I’ll let you out!” After all, he drove out the sheep<…>. And we can’t find it. It was he who said what would happen,” [EA TsMB-2005; K.M. Ustinova, born in 1928, village. Krasnoborsky Pudozh district of Karelia, west. A.L. Toporkov].

We find a similar collision in a memo from the Perm region: “We mowed down near Shaitanka. The strawberries were just ripe. We went to collect, and met someone there: “Have you gone far? - asks. - Don't get lost!” - “Yes, I know all the Christmas trees here!” Still get lost. Well, I put bast shoes on the roe deer, took off my skirt - then we found the way...” (Chernykh 2004: 19).

A specific feature of many memorials of this type is that they are often narrated by people who themselves found themselves in this situation. The texts are emotionally charged, they are accompanied by indications of real time and place, household details. In general, the situation is such that a person enters the forest, but cannot find a way out of it. From “our own,” mastered and familiar, the forest turns into “alien,” wild and unrecognizable. It is often noted that a person goes to familiar places, but does not recognize them. For some reason, he stops hearing the sounds that were usually heard in this forest. The path along which he has walked many times leads him in the other direction or turns out to be incomparably longer than usual. In this forest, a person finds himself at the mercy of alien and incomprehensible forces, the nature of which and their actions cannot be controlled. rational explanation. He is overcome by a feeling of fear and hopelessness. When he tries to act rationally, he only makes his situation worse.

The pragmatic goal of such stories is to encourage people to take the forest and its inhabitants seriously, not to boast and to soberly assess their strengths. At the same time, the memory of actually experienced stress enriches a person’s personal emotional experience. It takes the form of a colorful plot narrative and thereby expands the repertoire of narratives that is at a person’s disposal and makes it more attractive for communication with various interlocutors, including participants in folklore and ethnographic expeditions.

In conclusion, let us give a description real case which happened to one of the authors. “In October 2005, I lived in Belgium for a week. Staying with a friend in the city of Ghent, I made trips around different cities, in particular, I went to Leuven for one day, where I gave two lectures at the local university. I was accompanied at the station by a Russian professor who asked where I lived in Ghent. I flippantly told him that I lived very close to the station. “I’ll arrive in Ghent and literally be home in 5 minutes.” When I arrived in Ghent and went out into the city, I strangely enough got lost, although it is difficult to imagine how one could get lost living so close to the station. For about 40 minutes I walked in circles near the station and could not find the street I was looking for. When I realized. that I got lost, I returned to the station and started my journey from the beginning, but I got lost a second time. Since all this took place in a very small area of ​​the city of Ghent, I walked past the same houses from different directions, approaching them from different directions. I, of course, remembered my arrogant words spoken at the station, and was amazed at how close what was happening to me was to the situations of fairy tales. I really got lost “among three pines,” although it happened among stone houses.” The above story is a description of a genuine event, although it reproduces the outline of a memorial.

2. “Where are you going?”

Among the verbal prohibitions known not only in the Russian North, but in other areas inhabited by the Slavs, the prohibition of asking a person who sets off on a journey where he is going is very stable (Potebnya 1881: 29-31; Potebnya 1905: 460, 462; Zelenin 1929/1: 78-79; 1930/2: 16; Zelenin 1929a; Shchepanskaya 2003: 154, 221). This ban was common among Russians and Ukrainians; it is also known among Serbs and Poles. In the Timok region (Eastern Serbia) it was believed that if you ask a person who is going somewhere: “Where are you going?” [Where are you going?], then this will cause him misfortune; Therefore, you need to ask: “What about God?” [How did God give?] (GEMB 1933/8: 67; the same without indicating the place of recording: Karaџiћ 1849: 1). According to the belief from the East. Poland, fishing is good in distant and remote lakes even if no one knows where you went; In general, you cannot ask a fisherman where he is going and in what place he will fish (Prüfferowa-Znamierowska 1947: 22-23).

After the publication of the 1st part of D.K. Zelenin about verbal taboos and his article “Russian “zakudy/kat”: A study from social psychology language” by the famous folklorist E.N. Eleonskaya informed him in a letter dated September 5, 1929: “In your new job there is an indication of the fear of the word “where” when going hunting, you know that we were very afraid of this word in Moscow during times of famine. As soon as someone went in search of something edible, he tried in every possible way so that no one knew and asked “where?”” (St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, f. 849, op. 3, item. 169, l. 3 vol.).

IN last decades materials were collected and partially published that expand the data on the existence of this ban in the Russian North. Until now, in the Pudozh region of Karelia and the Kargopol region of the Arkhangelsk region, it is considered unacceptable to ask a fisherman or hunter about “where” he is going; instead you should ask “How far?” If, nevertheless, someone, out of ignorance or forgetfulness, asks such a question, then he risks hearing in response something like “To Kudykina Mountain”:

“[Is it possible to ask a hunter, a fisherman, where he is going?] But “somewhere” is not allowed. Yes, “where” is not allowed. Where. It’s better to say “How far?” And where to? To Kudykina Mountain! [laughs]. From how. Yes, this is impossible, yes, they already answered there, just like, “Where did you go?” And he can answer you “And to Kudykina Mountain!” That's why they don't say that, that's how he answers you. See how. Look, I know this old thing” [EA TsMB-2003; V.A.Kuropteva, born in 1928, village. Terebovskaya, Pudozh district of Karelia, west. A.L. Toporkov, T.S. Ilyina, I.I. Chernyavskaya]

“[Sometimes they say that you can’t ask: “Where are you going?”] This word “where” [is not allowed], they keep saying it, but now they ask. “Where” was not [asked] before, but “how far did you go?” or there... And now the first word is “where did you go?” This is the favorite word “where” [Why didn’t they love it so much before?] Well, that means people believed, there were believing people, this word meant that it was like a scourge for them. That something bad will happen, since this word was said when leaving somewhere” [EA TsMB-2003; A.I. Pimenova, born in 1932, village. Kuganavolok Pudozh district of Karelia, western A.L. Toporkov];

“[I heard that you can’t ask a fisherman “Where are you going?”] You can’t, you can’t, I heard that too. [How should he ask?] How far is it? [And if an ignorant person asks “Where are you going?”] To Kudykina Mountain, he will say” [EA TsMB-2003; A.V.Trifonova, born in 1935, village. Karshevo, Pudozh district of Karelia, western A.L. Toporkov];

“[Can you ask “where did you go”?] But when they go, they don’t ask. “How far” is the word before. No matter where you’ve gone, how far have you gone? [laughs] - that's what they say. [Why can’t you ask “where”?] And... apparently, the unhappy road is bumpy and... or something like that, that... it’s not customary to say words... there: “Where did you go”? They answer: “To Kudykina Mountain, where I stole tomatoes” [laughs]” [KA-2005; L.I.Popova, born in 1933, village. Voezero-Zadnaya Nyandoma district, Arkhangelsk region, west. A.B.Moroz, M.S.Ustyuzhaninova].

The well-known verb is “okudykat”, “okudykat”/“okudakivat”, with the meaning ‘to ask someone you meet “where are you going, going, heading”’ (SRNG 1974: 173):

“[Can you ask “where did you go”?] And... it is customary to say: “Did you go far?” [And if you ask “where”?] Where, they say: “It doesn’t dip” (SO?). You can't dip it. [Okudakivat?] Yes, you can’t okudakivatsya, and... as if the way is... so it’s also covered. Have you gone far? - you need to say it correctly. Here” [KA-2005; Z.M.Kulik, village. Voezero-Kurnikovo, Nyandoma district, Arkhangelsk region, west. M.S. Ustyuzhaninova, O.V. Sysoeva];

“You go somewhere, and they say: “Where did you go?” Look, they okuda/kali, but you couldn’t okuda/nod, that’s all” [KA-1998; I.V. Mikhnov, born in 1927, village. Trufanovo-Kukli, Kargopol district, Arkhangelsk region, west. M.M. Kaspina, A.A. Trofimov, A.A. Moroz].

In some texts, the emphasis is not on saying questions like “Where are you going?”, but on negative impact“thin eye”:

“Some people don’t have what they want to put the evil eye on, but others have such an eye. Here... our woman is here... my son-in-law is going to go get some fish, when she sees that we have gone - there is no fish. Yona doesn’t see - they’ll bring fish. She has such an eye.<…>Pebbles over there didn’t look there because she had a thin eye, so they wouldn’t catch fish, but she has such an eye... Let’s go... her son-in-law and grandson came to her, something had to be taken: “Misha, and you where to? “And catch fish.” Well, they didn’t catch anything. Without her, and she didn’t see the tody, let’s go, four of them caught pike. Well, this son-in-law is asking to come, but she didn’t know. She has such an eye. Yona it doesn’t want to, so they didn’t catch anything there. This is how it turns out” [EA TsMB-2006; E.F. Demidova, born in 1927, village. Knyazevo of the Andoma churchyard, Vytegorsky district, Vologda region, west. A.L. Toporkov, E.A. Klushina].
The very moment of leaving the house of a fisherman or hunter was regulated by many regulations, including those related to speech behavior. Neither the fisherman himself, nor his family and friends, nor random people Those who came across him should not have said anything, much less asked where he was going. In this situation, not only a question with the ominous “where?”, but also any other inappropriate word could lead to sad consequences and required magical protection from the traveler.

The two verbal prohibitions discussed above are situationally correlated with each other. One of our texts talks about how someone leaving home will feel bad if you ask him “where” he went and how long he will be leaving:

“[Sometimes they say that when you go fishing, you shouldn’t ask “Where are you going”?] Well, yes, we have people like that, sometimes we even have women, our wife, yes. “How long have you been going?” There’s no need to say after that, where you went into the forest, somewhere or something for a long time, there. Well, no need to say that. Sometimes we, we have already wandered so many times” [EA TsMB-2005; A.A.Sakhatarov, born in 1961, village. Karshevo Pudozh district of Karelia, west. A.L. Toporkov, S.Yu. Kukol].
Both prohibitions are associated with the moment when a person sets off on the road. This situation is generally marked (Shchepanskaya 2003). At this moment, on the one hand, special spells and prayers are pronounced, and on the other hand, numerous instructions of a pragmatic and symbolic nature are observed. It is these rules and prohibitions that constitute the immediate context for the regulations we have considered. Both prohibitions presuppose the possibility of the “evil eye,” as well as dialogue between the traveler and those who remain at home or meet along the way.

At the same time, there are significant differences between them. Violating the prohibition in the first case can lead to a person getting lost in the forest, in the second - not finding mushrooms, not catching fish, not shooting an animal. In the first case, forbidden words are uttered solely out of thoughtlessness and their result will have a disastrous effect on the speaker himself; in the second, the result of “sneaking” is directed at the person who is being asked the question, and such a question can be asked out of unfamiliarity with the tradition, but it can also be done specifically in order to harm.

In the first case, various statements are tabooed that have a general meaning and express a certain attitude of the speaker; in the second - not only are they taboo interrogative sentences With general meaning, but also a certain word form (the adverb “where”), and the general negative assessment of words with the root * turns out to be significant where- (kudesa, paskuda, prokudit, meager etc.), folk etymological convergence of the adverb Where with words where‘witchcraft, witchcraft’, where ‘ evil spirit, demon’ (Zelenin 1929a: 502; Zelenin 1929/1: 79; Zelenin 1930/2: 16; Vasmer 1967/2: 399), as well as with onomatopoeic words denoting the clucking of a chicken ( cackle, cackle and etc.). Essentially an interrogative adverb Where in its function it is similar to the name of some demonic creature, the very utterance of which leads to undesirable consequences.

The first prohibition reflects the widespread idea that when starting any business, caution and prudence are required and it is inappropriate to boast about the result until it is achieved (“Don’t say hell until you jump!”). Inappropriate boasting is fraught with future troubles (“If you hurry, you’ll make people laugh!”). These common places folk wisdom predetermine the internal logic of the verbal prohibition, which is actualized in certain liminal situations, mainly when going to the forest to pick berries and mushrooms. Fatal words like “I’m going for a while!” lead to the fact that a person is frightened and led through the forest by unknown forces. Our materials about this order relate mainly to the Russian North; basic information - to Vodlozero and neighboring territories of the Pudozh and Kargopol districts. Here similar texts have been repeatedly recorded before (Kuznetsova 1997: No. 44, 54, 56, 58, 62). Stories about this verbal prohibition and its violations are associated with ideas about the forest, the goblin and difficult relationships, which they enter into with the forest and forest inhabitants local residents. In this sense, the considered tales have a pronounced local flavor.

The man says that he will return soon and so on, clearly overestimating his strength and, conversely, underestimating the danger of the space into which he is entering. The meaning of the ban, apparently, is to warn the traveler against arrogant statements that could anger supernatural forces and especially the devil. A person must approach the matter thoroughly and carefully, concentrate and not rush into words in vain.

The second ban we talked about is much more widespread. As already mentioned, it is known among Russians, Ukrainians, Serbs and Poles. Modern materials from the Russian North show that it retains a certain relevance even in beginning of XXI V. It is prohibited to ask “where are you going?” falls on par with other regulations that fishermen and hunters observe. By the way, it was in this professional (or semi-professional) environment that this prohibition, apparently, originated at some point (Zelenin 1929: 499).

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