Terms 

How to make a footnote to a scientific article. Rules for the design of the list of references. Formatting links within text

According to GOST 7.32-2001, footnotes are placed immediately after the text, figure or table to which they refer. The footnote sign is placed directly after the word, number, symbol, sentence to which an explanation is given. The footnote sign is performed superscript and subscript in Arabic numerals "1". References are paginated. The footnote is placed at the end of the page with a paragraph indent, separated from the text by a short horizontal line on the left. The font color is black, without underlining. Font size (point size) - at least 10. Spacing - 1-1.15. Font type - Times New Roman.

Source requirements:

Federal laws should be written in the format:

Federal Law of [date] No. [number] "[title]" // [official source of publication, year, number, article]

If a legislative collection or publication of a separate law was used when writing the work, the law (order, etc.) should still be recorded in the list of references, indicating the official source of publication. For federal acts, such sources are: “Collection of Legislation Russian Federation», « Russian newspaper”, “Collection of acts of the President and the Government of the Russian Federation”, etc.

General requirements to the description of literary scientific works and articles:

After indicating the author's surname and initials, a space is followed by the name of the scientific work - space - sign "//" - space - City: publisher - year of publication. - S. __-__, or the total number of pages - p. _ _ _. Along with the basic requirements, the design of links to articles in periodicals and scientific collections, to works from multi-volume publications, etc. has certain features.

The design of references is regulated by GOST R 7.0.5-2008 “Bibliographic reference. General requirements and rules for drafting. The standard applies to bibliographic references used in any published and unpublished documents in any medium.

When references to the same object are repeated, references are distinguished:

primary, in which bibliographic information is given for the first time in this document;

repeated, in which the previously indicated bibliographic information is repeated in an abbreviated form.

If there are several reference objects, then they are combined into one complex bibliographic reference. References included in a complex reference are separated from each other by a semicolon with spaces before and after this character. Several objects in one link are arranged alphabetically or chronological order, or according to the principle of a single graphic basis - Cyrillic, Latin, etc., or in each language separately (in alphabetical order of the names of languages). If the complex includes several references given in a row containing entries with identical titles (works by the same authors), then the titles in the second and subsequent references can be replaced by their verbal equivalents "His", "Her", "Their" , or - for documents in languages ​​using Latin script - "Idem", "Eadem", "Iidem".

In contrast to the description of the source in the list of references, in the references the prescribed dot and dash character separating the areas of the bibliographic description can be replaced with a dot, and square brackets for information borrowed not from the source of information can be omitted.

If the text is cited not from the original source, but from another document, then the words at the beginning of the reference are given: “Cit. by: "(quoted from)," Cited by: ", indicating the source of borrowing, for example:

Cit. Quoted from: Florensky P.A. At the watersheds of thought. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1990. - T. 2. - S. 27.

To link subscript bibliographic references with the text of the document, a footnote sign is used; to link off-text bibliographic references with the text of the document, a callout sign or reference is used, which is given in the form of numbers (serial numbers), letters, asterisks and other characters.

1 Tarasova V.I. Political history of Latin America. - M., 2006. - S. 305.

3 Kutepov V. I., Vinogradova A. G. Art of the Middle Ages / under the general. ed. V. I. Romanov. - Rostov n / a: NORMA, 2006. - 320 p.

It is allowed, if the text contains bibliographic information about the constituent part, in the subscript reference to indicate only information about the identifying document:

2 Adorno T.V. To the logic of social sciences // Vopr. philosophy. - 1992. - No. 10. - S. 76-86.

For entries on Internet resources, it is allowed if the text contains information identifying the electronic resource remote access, in the subscript link indicate only his email address - URL (Uniform Resource Locator):

2 Official periodicals: electron. guidebook / Ros.nats. b-ka, Center for Legal Information. [St. Petersburg], 2005-2007. URL: http://www.nlr.ru/lawcenter/izd/index.html (date of access: 01/18/2007).

or, if this publication is referred to in the text of the document:

2 URLs: http://www.nlr.ru/lawcenter/izd/index.html

When numbering subscript bibliographic references, a uniform order is used for everything this document: pagination throughout the text, within each chapter, section, part, etc., or - for a given page of the document.

Bibliographic information is indicated in the description in the form in which they are given in the described source of information. The missing clarifying information, as well as the completely missing necessary data, are formulated based on the analysis of the document. At the same time, information formulated on the basis of the analysis of the document, as well as borrowed from sources outside the document, in all areas of the bibliographic description, except for the note area, is given in square brackets.

When compiling a bibliographic description, one can use the reduction of words and phrases, the omission of part of an element, and other reduction techniques. The main condition for the reduction of words is the unambiguity of their understanding and the provision of decoding. Abbreviations are used in all areas of bibliographic description. However, it is not allowed to abbreviate any titles in any area (unless the abbreviation is in the source of information being described). In some cases, for example, when recording a very long title, it is allowed to use such an abbreviation method as skipping individual words and phrases, if this does not lead to a distortion of the meaning.

Capital letters are used according to modern rules the grammar of the language in which the bibliographic description is written, regardless of what letters are used in the source of information. Capital letters begin the first word of each field, as well as the first word of the following elements: the general designation of the material and any titles in all fields of description. All other elements are written with a lowercase letter. At the same time, upper and lower case letters are retained in the official names of modern organizations and other proper names.

The design of the heading of a bibliographic entry is regulated by GOST 7.80-2000. "Bibliographic record. Title. General requirements and rules for drafting.

If the document has specific authors, then the author's name is given in front of the description. If there are two or three authors, as a rule, only the name of the first one is indicated. If there are four or more authors, then the description of the document begins with the title, and the authors follow it with a slash.

The surname is given at the beginning of the title and, then - the initials of the name and patronymic. A full stop is placed after the given name.

According to GOST 7.1-2003, the title proper may contain an alternative title connected with it by the union "or" and written with capital letter. Before the union "or" put a comma (for example: Science of joy, or How not to get an appointment with a psychotherapist).

The following is information related to the title, i.e. containing information that reveals and explains the title proper, including another title (subtitle), information about the type, genre, purpose of the work, an indication that the document is a translation from another language, etc.

According to GOST 7.1-2003, information on liability contains information about the persons and organizations involved in the creation of the intellectual, artistic or other content of the work that is the object of the description. They may consist of names of persons and (or) names of organizations, together with words specifying the category of their participation in the creation of the work that is the object of description. Information about responsibility is recorded in the form in which they are indicated in the source of information.

The name of the place of publication, distribution is given in the form and case indicated in the prescribed source of information.

M. : Nauka: Prospect: Infra-M

If there are several groups of information, including the place of publication and the publisher related to it, they are indicated sequentially and separated from each other by a semicolon (space, semicolon, space). The number of groups may be limited.

The publication date is the year of publication of the document that is the subject of the description. The year is indicated in Arabic numerals, preceded by a comma.

According to GOST 7.1-2003, the area of ​​physical characteristics contains the designation of the physical form in which the object of description is presented, in combination with an indication of the volume and, if necessary, the size of the document, its illustrations and accompanying material, which is part of the object of description.

The area provides information on the number of physical units (in Arabic numerals) and the specific designation of the material. Information about the type of material is given in the language of the bibliographic institution.

2 electron. opt. disk

Information about the volume is given by those numerals (Roman or Arabic) that are used in the object of description.

XII, 283 p.

Examples of the main possible references to sources and scientific literature:

      Law of the Republic of Bashkortostan dated June 21, 2005 No. 190-z On the procedure for vesting local governments with certain state powers of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as amended. Laws of the Republic of Belarus No. 267-z dated 28.12.2005, No. 355-z dated 10.10.2006, No. 370-z dated 03.11.2006. // Republic of Bashkortostan. - 2008, February 1.

      Code of the Russian Federation on administrative offenses dated December 30, 2001 No. 195-FZ // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. - 2001. - December 31.

      Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, ratified on March 30, 1998 N 54-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 1998. - No. 14. – Art. 1514.

      Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Ufa.: IP Polyakovsky Yu.I., 2006. - 40 p.

      Review of cassation and supervisory practice in criminal cases for the first half of 2008. Decree of the Presidium Supreme Court Republic of Bashkortostan, October 22, 2008// URL:vs.bkr.sudrf.ru

      Message of the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation November 12, 2010 // URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/transcripts/5979

      Decree of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation dated June 10, 2005 No. 1979-IV GD Regulations on the Public Youth Chamber under State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2005. - No. 25. - Art. 2481.

      Decree of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of February 14, 2000 No. 7 "On judicial practice in cases of juvenile crimes" with amendments of February 6, 2007 / / Bulletin of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, No. 4, 2000.

      Federal Law of October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ “On the General Principles of Organizing Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” as amended on June 29, 2005, as amended on February 2, 2006 No. 19-FZ // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. - 2006. - February 8.

      Dal V.I. Dictionary living Great Russian language. - M.1998. - P.188.

      Dolgov V.V. Komsomol in the Elimination of Unemployment during the NEP Years // Youth: Sociology, Politics, History: Information Bulletin. -1991, - No. 2. - p.30-36

      Enikeev Z.D. The system of fundamental rights, freedoms and duties of the individual under the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan // Bulletin of Justice. Ufa. 1998. S.8-14.

      Zabelin P.V. Youth policy: strategy, ideas, prospects. - M.: "Ray", 1998. - 86 p.

      Article from the book:

Dvinyaninova, G. S. Compliment: Communicative status or strategy in discourse / G. S. Dvinyaninova // Social power of language: coll. scientific tr. / Voronezh. interregional Institute of Societies. Sciences, Voronezh. state un-t, Fak. roman-german. stories. - Voronezh, 2001. - S. 101-106.

      Article from the series:

Mikhailov S.A. Driving like a European: the system of toll roads in Russia is at the beginning. stages of development / Sergey Mikhailov // Nezavisimaya gaz. - 2002. - June 17.

Bogolyubov A.N. On real resonances in a waveguide with inhomogeneous filling / A. N. Bogolyubov, A. L. Delitsyn, M. D. Malykh // Vestn. Moscow university Ser. 3, Physics. Astronomy. - 2001. - No. 5. - S. 23-25.

      Section, chapter:

Maly AI Introduction to the legislation of the European Community // Institutions of the European Union: textbook. allowance / Al. Small, J. Campbell, M. O "Neil. - Arkhangelsk, 2002. - Section 1. - S. 7-26.

Glazyrin, B. E. Automation of individual operations in Word 2000 [Text] / B. E. Glazyrin // Office 2000: 5 books. in 1: tutorial / E. M. Berliner, I. B. Glazyrina, B. E. Glazyrin. - 2nd ed., revised. - M., 2002. - Ch. 14. - S. 281-298.

      Reviews:

Gavrilov, A. V. How does it sound? // Book. review. - 2002. - March 11 (No. 10-11). - S. 2. - Rev. on the book: Musical reserve. 70s: problems, portraits, cases / T. Cherednichenko. - M.: New lit. Review, 2002. - 592 p.

In accordance with these requirements, the sources and literature used are included in the BIBLIOGRAPHIC LIST.

A reference to the borrowing source (bibliographic footnote) is an essential element scientific work to which any abstract, term paper or thesis. A footnote is obligatory in the text if it uses a quote from another work, tables, illustrations, formulas are borrowed.

The concept of "footnote" is broader than the concept of "reference", which is often used by teachers or in guidelines. Footnotes include both comments indicating their source or belonging to the work of the author of the work (for example1), and links to the sources used (for example).

Footnotes can be of two types: manual and automatic. Manual footnotes are placed in the text of the work after a quote or borrowed text in the form of square or round brackets, where the first digit is the number of the source in the list of references, and the second is the page number. In some cases, it is possible to indicate only the source number, but in this case, at the end of the work, it is necessary to create a "Notes" section, where references to literature will be given in order. The presence of notes does not eliminate the need to create a list of references in the correct and alphabetical order. Examples of manual footnotes: ; ; ; (2; 18); (12; p. 87); (18; pp. 21-23). The most common is next view footnote: . In rare cases, the full or abbreviated name of the source is indicated in brackets in the text. For example: [Nevolina E.M. How to write and defend a dissertation; from. 112].

Automatic footnotes are placed using the capabilities of Microsoft Office Word. The program automatically numbered footnotes. In the tab "Links" there is a function "Insert footnote" (Fig. 6.).

Fig 6. Insert Footnote feature in Microsoft Office Word 2007

Source: author's work in Microsoft Office Word - There are two types of footnotes: on each page (regular footnotes) or at the end of the entire text, then they automatically form "Notes" (endnotes). The preferred option is the placement of footnotes in the text with continuous numbering throughout the text. Footnotes can be numbered within each page.

It is important to note that a footnote to the source of borrowing may refer the reader to some source where the specified problem is disclosed in more detail. As a rule, in such footnotes they indicate: See for more details: Ivanov IL. Management. - M.: Publishing house, 2011. - S. 212.

The very design of footnotes to literature, as a rule, is regulated by the university, or in guidelines it is written that it is necessary to issue demolition in accordance with GOST 7.1-2003, which will be discussed in detail in the next paragraph.

Let us give the most common examples of designing footnotes to sources in the written work of students.

Footnotes to legal acts:

Constitution of the Russian Federation. (IN latest edition dated January 19, 2009) // Rossiyskaya gazeta. - 2009. - January 21. - No. 7.

Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation dated 2407.2002 No. 95-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2002. - No. 30. - Art. 3012.

Note. When drawing up legal documents in footnotes or in the list of references, it is necessary to indicate the source of publication of this document. Such a source for federal legislation may be the Collection of Legislation, "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" or "Parliamentskaya Gazeta". For regional or departmental legal acts, the sources of the first publication are regional, departmental and specialized periodicals mass media. In some cases, teachers are asked to indicate the dates of all editions or the latest edition of the normative legal act.

I will give examples of the design of bibliographic descriptions of books for the list of references:

Sarkisov, S.E. Management: a reference dictionary / S.E. Sarkisov. - Zh: Ankil, 2005. - 805 p.

Titov, V.V. Production management: Basic principles and tools of organizational development / V.V. Titov, I.S. Mezhov, A.A. Solodilov.-Novosibirsk: IEOPP SO RAN, 2007.-275 p.

Note. In this design option, after the slash behind the title of the book, all the authors of the book are indicated, while before the title, only one author. At the same time, in the designation of the author, before the title, the initials are written after the surname, and after the slash, before. In some cases, when the name of the publishing house is difficult to establish, its omission is allowed.

If there are no requirements for the design of a footnote, it is enough to use a simple version of the bibliographic description of the book in accordance with GOST R 7.05-2008 "Bibliographic reference. General requirements and design rules":

Alekseev V.A. Real estate transactions. - M.: Prospect: Velby, 2006. - 224 p.

References to articles from periodicals:

Beznoshchenko, D. Evaluation of the activities of a Russian insurer based on indicators of financial risk management EVA and FAROC / D. Beznoshchenko // Problems of theory and practice of management. - 2010. - No. 1. - P. 63-70.

Vasilkov, KHV. Risk management system as a tool for managing the economy of an enterprise / Yu.V. Vasilkov, JLC Gushchina // Methods of quality management.-2012.-№ 2. - P. 10-15.

If there are no requirements for the design of a footnote, it is enough to use a simple version of the bibliographic description of an article from a periodical in accordance with GOST R 7.05-2008: Antonenkova E.L. Real estate transactions joint-stock companies// Accounting. - 2011. - No. 8. - S. 114-119. TO

Rule: if on one page a footnote is made to the same source, it is not customary to repeat its description. Usually they write, for example: "Ibid. - S. 145". If the same situation occurs with a foreign source, then they indicate in Latin: "Ibidem. - R. 158", where "P" means page - a page in English.

Thus, footnotes are the most important element of the work, the presence of which demonstrates to the teacher high level work. Undoubtedly, all footnotes in the work must be valid and refer to exactly the part of the text from which the borrowing is taken.

Registration of the bibliographic apparatus of the dissertation

The bibliographic apparatus is a very significant part of the dissertation. First, it is a valuable reference to the sources on the research topic for those who will read the dissertation; secondly, it allows one to judge the scientific culture of the author, the depth of his penetration into the topic and the ethics of his position in relation to the authors of the sources used.

The bibliographic apparatus of dissertations is drawn up in accordance with the requirements of GOST 7.1.84 "Bibliographic description of the document" and taking into account the brief rules "Compiling a bibliographic description" (2nd ed., add. M .: Kn. chamber, 1991). We give examples of the design of the bibliographic list as an appendix to the dissertation.

Dmitriev A.V. Conflictology. - M.: Gardariki, 2000. - 320 p.
Tursunov A. Foundations of cosmology: Critical. essays. - M.: Thought, 1979.-237p.
History of sociology in Western Europe and USA: Textbook / Ed. ed. G.V.Osipov. - M.: Norma - Infra, 1999. - 576s.
Sociology. Basics general theory: Textbook / G.V. Osipov, L.N. Moskvicheva, A.V. Kabyshcha and others / Ed. G.V. Osipova, L.N. Moskvinchev. - M.: Aspect Press, 1996. - 461 p.

Rukavishnikov 5.0. Social tension // Dialogue. - 1990. No. 8. - S. 32-45.
Lefevre V.A. From psychophysics to the modeling of the soul // Questions of Philosophy. - 1990. No. 7. - S. 25-31.
Raitsyn I. In the trenches of trade wars // Business world. - 1993. - 7 Oct.

Biryukov 5.5.,. Gastev Yu.A.. Geller E.S. Modeling // TSB. - 3rd ed. M.. 1974. - T. 16. - S. 393-395.
Dissertation // Soviet encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1985. - S. 396.

Problems of the university textbook: Proceedings. report Third All-Union. scientific conf. - M.: MISI, 1988.-156s.
Marketing, PR: abstract. report Second Ros. conf. - M.: MIIT, 2005.-184p.

Philosophical problems modern science/ Comp. V.N. Ivashchenko. - Kyiv: Rainbow, 1989. - 165 p.

Lifelong learning as pedagogical system: Sat. scientific tr. / Research Institute higher education/ Rev. ed. N.N. Nechaev. - M.: NIIVO, 1995. - 156 p.

ongoing edition

Safronov GL. Results, tasks and prospects for the development of book trade // Book. trade. Experience, prob., research. - 1981. - Issue. 8. - S. 3-17.

Public education and culture of the USSR in figures in 1985. M. 1986. S. 241-255.

AusubelD-P. Das Jugendalter. - Monchen, 1968. - 284 S.
2. Collier P. Horowitz L. Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts about the / Sixties. - N.Y., 1989. - 312 p.
Homans G. Social Behavior as Exchange // American Journal of Sociology. - 1958. - Vol. 63. - P. 32-49.
Mannheim K. The Problem Generations // K. Mannheim. Esseys on the Sociology of Knowledge. - London, 1952. - P. 131-154.

Rudakova Zh.I. Organization management: alignment of interests and social conflict: Dis. ... cand. sociological Sciences. Novocherkassk. 1999. - 146 p.
Rodionov I.N. State youth policy(Essence, stages, main trends): 1980-1993: Abstract of the thesis. dis. ... cand. history Sciences. M., 1994.-20s.

Kotryakhov N.V. Theory and practice of preparing a teacher of a unified labor school of the 1st stage for labor training and education of students // Manuscript dep. in the OCNI "School and Pedagogy of the MP and APS of the USSR 10.27.86., No. 265-86. - 26 s.

Ivanova S.I. Application psychological knowledge in the education of schoolchildren: Preprint - 87-5. SPbGUPM, 1998. - 24 p.

State archive of the Russian Federation. F. 9412, on. I, d. 355, l. 32. State Archive Chelyabinsk region. F. P-2. on. 1, d. 15. Current archive of the Administration of Public Education of the Sverdlovsk Region. F. 12, on. 1,d. 7, l. 13.

Bibliographic reference - a set of bibliographic information about another document cited or mentioned in the text, which is necessary for its identification and search (Compiling a bibliographic description: Brief rules. - 2nd ed., add. - M.: Prince. Chamber, 1991. S. 116.). They should also be drawn up according to the rules.

When linking, some deviations from general rules bibliographic description of sources. So, if a link is included in the text, then the rules for formatting the text, and not the bibliographic description, apply to it. For example, in the text, the titles of books are given in quotation marks, and in the bibliographic list - without quotation marks, the initials of the authors in the reference should go before the surname, and in the list - after the surname. Between areas of description, the "dot and dash" sign can be replaced by a period, the use of the short description form is allowed.

If the text is cited not from the original source, but from another edition or from another document, then the reference should begin like this: “Cit. by: "or" Quoted. according to the book: "or" Cited. according to Art.:". If a smooth logical transition to the link from the text to which it refers is impossible, then the initial words “See”, “Sm. about it". When it is necessary to emphasize that the source to which the link is given. - only one of many, where the position of the main text is confirmed or expressed, or illustrated, then in such cases they write: “See, for example”, “See, in particular”. When it is necessary to show that a reference represents additional literature, indicate "See. also:".

By location relative to the main text of the dissertation, bibliographic references are:

1) intratext, i.e. being an inseparable part of the main text;
2) subscript, i.e. taken out of the text at the bottom of the page;
3) beyond text, i.e. taken out for the text of the whole work or part of it.

Intratext links are used when a significant part of the link has entered the main text of the dissertation so organically that it is impossible to remove it. Then in brackets indicate only the imprint and the page number on which the cited place is printed, or only the imprint (if the page number is indicated in the text), or only the page number (if the reference is repeated).

If links are given at the end of each page in the form of subscripts, footnote signs in the form of a number or an asterisk are used to link them to the text. If there are more than four links, then using asterisks is inappropriate.

A full description of the source is given only at the first footnote. With repeated references, instead of the title, they write “Decree. op. If several links to the same source are placed on one page, then in the footnotes they write "Ibid" and the number of the page to which the link is given.

There are several ways to link the main text of the thesis with the description of the source. Usually, for this purpose, the serial number of the source indicated in the bibliographic list is used, and in the main text this number is taken in square brackets. When referring to the source page in the main text, the latter is also enclosed in square brackets; for example: (73. p. 62], which means: source in list 73, page 62.

When the author's surname and the title of the article are mentioned in the main text, the footnote can be limited to the description of the publication itself. In cases where you have to operate a large number sources, use off-text bibliographic references.

Dear teachers, graduate students, applicants and students! In the scientific and technical library of the university, you can get advice on compiling bibliographic lists for scientific papers in accordance with GOST 7.1-2003. Contact NTB aud. 153 a.

Registration of bibliographic references (citations)
(according to GOST R 7.0.5 - 2008 "Bibliographic reference")

  • citation;
  • borrowing provisions, formulas, tables, illustrations;
  • the need to refer to another publication where the issue is more fully stated;
  • analysis of published works.

If the text is cited not from the original source, but from another edition or from another document, then the reference should begin with the words "Quoted by"; "Quoted from the book"; "Quoted according to Art.".

If necessary, it must be emphasized that the source to which the reference is made is only one of many, where the position of the main text is confirmed (expressed, illustrated), then in such cases the words "See, for example", "See, in particular" are used. .

Additional literature to be shown is the "See also" link. The reference given for comparison is explained by the abbreviation "Af." If the work indicated in the link covers the subject in the main text in more detail, they write "For more details, see".

to the entire source, for example:
Of great interest among Americans was A. Powell's article "Falling into the abyss" (Powell A Falling for the Gap // Reason. 1999. N. 11, Nov. P. 36-47.), In which he outlined in sufficient detail the essence of the problem of information inequalities.

reference to the source number in the list of references and the page number where the quote is taken from, for example:
The most successful, from the point of view of the author, is the definition of the scientific team of the Institute for Development information society, in which under " digital divide"understood" the new kind social differentiation arising from different possibilities of using the latest information and telecommunication technologies" (5, p. 43).

Subscript links- these are links located at the bottom of the page, under the lines of the main text in the outlined header and footer. To link subscript links with the text of the document, a footnote sign is used, which is given in the form of numbers (serial numbers), asterisks, letters, and other characters, and is placed on the top line of the font.

When numbering subscript b / s, a uniform order is used for the entire document: continuous numbering throughout the text, within each chapter, section or given page of the document.

Only the aesthetic dimension, according to Marcuse, still retains the freedom of expression that allows the writer and artist to call people and things by their proper names, that is, to give a name to what cannot be called in another way. “The protest against the obscure, hidden, metaphysical nature of the universals of the technogenic world, the insistent demand for the familiar and safe reliability of common and scientific sense still reveal something of that primitive anxiety that precisely directed the recorded in written sources philosophical thought in its evolution from religion to mythology and from mythology to logic, and security and safety still constitute the most important part of the intellectual baggage of mankind.

Beyond text links- this is an indication of the sources of quotations with a reference to a numbered list of references placed at the end of the work. The set of off-text bibliographic references (b/s) (references) is drawn up as a list of bibliographic records placed after the text of the document or its component part. An off-text link is visually separated from the text of the document. The serial number of the bibliographic entry in the off-text reference is indicated in the callout sign on the top line of the font or in the reference, which is given in square brackets in the line with the text of the document.

For example: in text.

“The study of this issue was carried out by such scientists as A. I. Prigogine, L. Ya. Kolals, Yu. N. Frolov and many others”

25. Prigozhin, AI Innovators as a social category // Methods of activating innovative processes. M., 1998. S. 4-12.

26. Kolals, L. Ya. Social mechanism of innovation processes. Novosibirsk, 1989. 215p.

For example: in text:

10. Berdyaev, N. A. The meaning of history. M. : Thought, 1990. 175 p.

in the text:

[Bakhtin, 2003, p. eighteen]

Bakhtin, M. M. Formal Method in Literary Studies: A Critical Introduction to Social Poetics. M. : Labyrinth, 2003. 192s.

It is necessary to know that the set of off-text bibliographic references is not a bibliographic list of references, which, as a rule, is placed after the text of the document. The list of references is an independent reference apparatus. The list of off-text references is compiled separately.

As seen from research recent years(12; 34; 52. S.14-19; 64. S. 21-23).

If it becomes necessary to refer to an opinion shared by a number of authors, or argued in several works of the same author, then all serial numbers of sources should be noted, which are separated by a semicolon. For example:

1. The text of the quotation is enclosed in quotation marks and is given in that grammatical form, in which it is given in the source, while preserving the features of the author's spelling.

2. The citation must be complete, without arbitrary reduction of the quoted text and without distortion of the author's thought. The omission of words, sentences, paragraphs when quoting is allowed without distorting the quoted text and is indicated by ellipsis. It is placed anywhere in the quote (at the beginning, in the middle, at the end). If the omitted text was preceded or followed by a punctuation mark, it is not preserved.

3. When quoting, each quotation must be accompanied by a link to the source.

4. When quoting indirectly (when retelling, when presenting the thoughts of other authors in your own words), which gives a significant savings in the text, one should be extremely accurate in presenting the author’s thoughts and correctly assessing what is presented, give appropriate references to the source. However, such quoting should not be abused.

5. Citation should not be either excessive or insufficient, since both of them reduce the level of scientific work.

7. If the author of a scientific work, quoting, highlights some words in it, he must specifically stipulate this, i.e., after the explanatory text, a dot is placed, then the initials of the author of the scientific work are indicated, and the entire text is enclosed in parentheses.

Options for such reservations are as follows: (our discharge. - A. A.); (underlined by me. - A. A.); (our italics. - A.A.).

When quoting, you should know the rules associated with writing uppercase and lowercase letters, as well as the use of punctuation marks in quoted texts.

If a quotation completely reproduces a sentence of the cited text, then it begins with a capital letter in all cases, except for one - when this quotation is part of the sentence of the author of the work.

If the quotation reproduces only part of the sentence of the cited text, then after the opening quotation marks, a dot is placed. There are two options for quoting here. First option: the quote starts with an uppercase letter if the quoted text comes after a dot, for example:

Serge Toubiana noted: "Deleuze was a true cinephile. In the strict sense of the word ... He understood earlier and better than us that, in a sense, society itself is cinema."

The second option: the quotation starts with a lowercase letter, if the quotation is not completely entered in the middle of the author's sentence (the first words are omitted), for example:

When visiting the Presidential Library, Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev demanded "... the speed of entering the library's website must be adjusted so that even a reader from Kamchatka can instantly get access, and not wait for hours."

A lowercase letter is also used when a quote is organically part of a sentence, regardless of how it began in the source, for example:

Deleuze attributed an unusually high theoretical status to cinema, saying that "since philosophy, after its death, is spilled over the entire space of culture, why not find it in the cinema?"

References in the text to the number of the figure, table, page, chapter are written in abbreviated form and without the "No" sign, for example: fig. 3, tab. 1, p. 34, ch. 2. If the indicated words are not accompanied by a serial number, then they should be written in the text in full, without abbreviations, for example: "it can be seen from the figure that ...", "the table shows that ...", etc.

The link sign, if the note refers to a single word, should be directly next to this word, but if it refers to a sentence (or group of sentences), then - at the end. In relation to punctuation marks, a footnote is placed before them (with the exception of question and exclamation marks and ellipsis).

Registration of results of educational and scientific work

Registration of the results of educational and scientific work (abstract, course work, thesis, Research Article, report, dissertation) is one of the most important stages of research and creative work. This stage works (formulation of the bibliographic part of the manuscript) includes:

use of quotes and references;

registration of the list of references;

bibliographic description of the documents in this list.

Work with the manuscript is based on normative and regulatory documents (GOSTs), which define the formal requirements for a scientific manuscript and a technical document. The system of standards for information, librarianship and publishing (SIBID) is a system of general technical, organizational and methodological documents. All standards developed in the field of information, librarianship, bibliographic activity and publishing are united under the general heading "System of standards for information, librarianship and publishing".

For clearance primary documents are used:

GOST 7.32-2001. Research report. Structure and rules of registration.

In addition to the general requirements for scientific manuscripts, there are special requirements for certain types of documents. These standard documents combined into series - Unified series of design documentation (ESKD) and Unified series of technological documentation (ESTD).

ESKD is represented by (including) the following standards:

GOST 2.104-68 ESKD. Basic signatures.

GOST 2.105-95 ESKD. General requirements for text documents.

GOST 2.106-96 ESKD. Text documents.

GOST 2.109-73 ESKD. Basic requirements for drawings.

GOST 2.702-75 ESKD. Rules for the implementation of electrical circuits.

GOST 2.721-74 ESKD. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Designations for general use.

ESTD includes:

GOST 3.1001-81 (St. SEV 875-78) ESTD. General provisions.

GOST 3.1102-81 (St. SEV 1799-79) ESTD. Stages of development and types of documents.

The preparation of secondary documents is based on:

GOST 7.9-95 (ISO 214-76). Abstract and abstract. General requirements.

GOST 7.1-2003. Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and rules for compilation.

GOST 7.82-2001. Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description of electronic resources: General requirements and rules for compilation.

GOST R 7.0.12-2011. Bibliographic record. Abbreviation of words and phrases in Russian. General requirements and rules.

Making a list of references

The list of references is an organic part of any scientific work. The list includes works cited in this work, viewed works, archival material related to the topic. Options for the location of literature in the list:

  • alphabetical;
  • by types of documents;
  • systematic;
  • as they are used (by chapters and sections);
  • chronological, etc.

The location of the material in the lists is either determined by the author, or the author coordinates it with the rules adopted in a given organization, journal, council for the defense of dissertations, etc. In any case, within sections, information about sources is located in the alphabet of the bibliographic description (author or title).

The alphabetical arrangement of sources means that a strict word alphabet is maintained for the titles of the bibliographic description (authors or titles). This way of arranging entries is similar to the arrangement of cards in the alphabetical catalog of libraries. Separately, an alphabetical row is built in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.) and a row in languages ​​with Latin letters (English, French, German, etc.).

When arranging by types of documents, the material in the reference list is located first by types of publications: books, articles, official documents, standards, etc.

Systematic arrangement means dividing the list into sections according to the system of science or industry. In this case, well-known classification systems, for example, library ones, can be taken as a basis. In this case, the list resembles the sections of a systematic catalog of a library.

Arrangement as you use it (by chapters and sections). The simple structure of such a list is inconvenient due to the fact that it is difficult to navigate and search for the right source. This method is most often used in small articles (reports), where the list of sources used is small. If the structure of such a list is complicated by the fact that separate sublists are allocated to sections or chapters, then it is easier to search for the desired publication in the list. Most often, this method is used in major scientific publications - monographs. At the same time, there is a certain inconvenience, which lies in the fact that the same source used in several sections will be included in the list several times.

The chronological arrangement of the material is used most often in works of a historical nature, where it is important to show periods and pay attention to the time at which a particular source was published.

The arrangement of the material is dictated by the types of publications, the description of which is included in the list of references (for example, if the list contains standard documents, then it is more convenient to arrange them as the numbers increase - in numerical order, etc.). The basis of the list of sources (literature) is a bibliographic description of the publication, which allows you to build a list in one logic or another.

Abbreviation of words and phrases

On September 1, 2012, GOST R 7.0.12-2011 “Bibliographic record. Abbreviation of words and phrases in Russian. General requirements and rules”. It was developed to replace GOST 7.12 - 93 with the same name. This standard regulates the use of abbreviations in records for all types of documents and defines new conditions for the use of word abbreviations in the elements of a bibliographic description.

This standard was developed to establish the basic rules for abbreviating words in Russian in bibliographic records for all types of documents. It defines the rules for abbreviation of words frequently encountered in a bibliographic record, establishes a unified method for abbreviating words when various options reading his abbreviation. New abbreviations for individual words and phrases in Russian have been developed in accordance with modern practice leading libraries in the country.

The standard applies to bibliographic records and bibliographic references prepared by libraries, state bibliographic centers, scientific and technical information bodies, publishers and bookselling organizations.

One of the innovations of GOST is the restriction on the use of abbreviations:

1.do not abbreviate words or phrases if, when deciphering the abbreviation, a different understanding of the text of the bibliographic record is possible

2.do not abbreviate words and phrases that are part of the main, parallel, other and alternative title

3.do not abbreviate the words and phrases included in the information related to the title, denoting the name of the publisher when preparing bibliographic records for publications of the state bibliography, catalogs and card indexes, annotated card layout.

For example:

Ikonnikova, G. I. History of Philosophy of the 19th-beginning of the 20th century: tutorial for universities of non-philosophical specialties / G. I. Ikonnikova, N. I. Ikonnikova. - Moscow: Vuzovsky textbook: INFRA-M, 2011. -303, ; 22 cm. - Bibliography. at the end of ch. —1000 copies. —ISBN 978-59558-0201-5 (University textbook) (in translation). —ISBN 978-5-16-004820-8 (INFRA-M).

Exception from this rule- it is allowed to abbreviate words and phrases in information related to the title when compiling a bibliographic entry for lists of references, in bibliographic manuals that are not related to state bibliographic indexes, for bibliographic references.

New in GOST is the abbreviation of the designation of the place of publication, which is now recommended to be abbreviated only for bibliographic references (Moscow - Moscow; St. Petersburg - St. Petersburg, etc.).

EXAMPLES OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION

Novikova, A. M. Universal Economic Dictionary / A. M. Novikova, N. E. Novikov, K. A. Pogosov. - Moscow: Economics, 1995. - 135 p.

Religions of the world: a guide for teachers / Ya. N. Shapov [and others]. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 1996. - 496 p.

Collection of problems in physics: textbook. manual for universities / ed. S. M. Pavlova. - 2nd ed., additional - Moscow: high school, 1995. - 347 p.

Multivolume editions.

Edition as a whole.

Book of books: bibliographic manual: in 3 volumes - Moscow: Book, 1990.

Separate volume.

A book about books: a bibliographic guide: in 3 volumes - Moscow: Book, 1990. - Vol. 1. - 407s.

Teaching aid

Water supply and sanitation of residential and public buildings: an example of calculation: textbook.-method. allowance for vol. well. project for students specialist. 290700 / G. F. Bogatov. - Kaliningrad: Publishing house of KSTU, 1997. - 40 s.

Network resources

Researched in Russia [Electronic resource]: multi-subject. scientific magazine / Moscow. physics and technology in-t. - Access mode: http: // zhurnal.mipt.rssi.ru.

DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPONENT PART OF THE DOCUMENT.

Article from the book.

Tkach, M. M. Technological preparation of flexible production systems / M. M. Tkach // Flexible automated production systems/ ed. L. S. Yampolsky. - Kyiv, 1995. - S. 42-78.

Journal article.

Volberg, D. B. Main trends in the development of the world energy sector / D. B. Volberg// Thermal power engineering. - 1996. - No. 5. - S. 5-12.

Newspaper article.

Budilovsky, G. Human health is the basis of politics / G. Budilovsky //Kaliningradskaya Pravda. - 1997. - 28 Jan. - p. 8.

Article from the collection of works.

Minko, A. A. Method for determining the sealing force in the end precision connectors of high-pressure fuel pumps / A. A. Minko // Operation of ship power plants, systems and equipment for agricultural production: Sat. scientific tr. / KSTU. - Kaliningrad: Publishing house of KSTU, 1994. - S. 57-61.