On which plain is the Volga basin located. Watersheds. Volga in the Ulyanovsk region

Foreword:

For a long time we wanted to write a review article about this the great Russian (Mari, Tatar, Chuvash, etc.) river! Nomads from the very beginning of their existence traveled along the banks and waters of this river! In 1997 (and several times afterwards) the Nomads reached Astrakhan, that is, to the mouth of the Volga.

And in 2000 large group Nomads traveled up Volga- to the Rybinsk reservoir (then we went to the Onega and Ladoga lakes, and then to St. Petersburg). Along the Volga we visited the cities of Cheboksary, Nizhny Novgorod, Gorodets, Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Kostroma. Those were great times, and there are a lot of photos left, however, then there was still film photography. But if there is time, we will scan these photos and tell you about this exciting journey on our website!

Over the years of our travels, we have visited different points of this great river, from the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin (at the mouth of the Oka) and the Makariev Monastery (at the mouth Kerzhenets), before the mouth of the Kama and Long glades in Tatarstan. They were also in the Ulyanovsk region on their own business.

On many articles of our site you can see stories and photo of the Volga river, for example, at the mouth rivers Ilet, Big and small Kokshaga, Yurino (Sheremetyevo Castle)), Kozmodemyansk, Vasilsursk, Devil's settlement, Arda river, Dorogucha, Kerzhenets, Vetluga, Trinity Posad, Mount Alamner, Sviyazhsk island, the mouth of the Sviyaga, Bulgars etc.

I think it’s not necessary to remind that Kazan is also located on the Volga, and in the days of carefree students (when our Team was born) we climbed onto the roof of our KFEI hostel - and from there stunning panoramas opened on the historical center of Kazan, as well as on the Volga from Sviyazhsk to Bogorodsky mountains. Dachnoye, Morkvashi, Borovoye-Matyushino - were the places of our campaigns and gatherings, and the Kama mouth is still considered one of the most beautiful places Republic of Tatarstan!!!

It should also be noted that half of the Nomads were born in Zvenigovsky district of Mari El- that is, practically on the banks of the Volga! And since childhood, we went fishing on the Volga backwaters, oxbow lakes and floodplain lakes.

Thus, the idea arose to write this review article, which will include photos of the most beautiful and remarkable places on the Volga in our region, as well as links to those articles that will talk about the Volga and places on its glorious shores!

This article, as always, is not finished. And new links and materials will appear in it - as we travel through the native expanses of Mari El and Tatarstan! Therefore, we ask dear readers to send interesting material and photos to our address:

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The average annual water consumption near the Upper Volga Beishlot is 29 m³/s, near the city of Tver - 182, near the city of Yaroslavl - 1110, near the city of Nizhny Novgorod - 2970, near the city of Samara - 7720, near the city of Volgograd - 8060 m³/s. Below Volgograd, the river loses about 2% of its flow to evaporation.

The maximum flow of water during floods in the past below the confluence of the Kama reached 67,000 m³/sec, and near Volgograd, as a result of a spill over the floodplain, it did not exceed 52,000 m³/sec. In connection with the regulation of the runoff, the maximum flood discharges have sharply decreased, while the summer and winter low water discharges have greatly increased. The water balance of the Volga basin to Volgograd on average for many summer period is: precipitation 662 mm, or 900 km³ per year, river runoff 187 mm, or 254 km³ per year, evaporation 475 mm, or 646 km³ per year.

Prior to the creation of reservoirs, the Volga carried about 25 million tons of sediment and 40–50 million tons of dissolved mineral substances to the mouth during the year.

The water temperature of the Volga in the middle of summer (July) reaches 20-25 °C. The Volga breaks up near Astrakhan in mid-March; in the first half of April, the break-up occurs on the upper Volga and below Kamyshin, along the rest of its length - in mid-April. It freezes in the upper and middle reaches at the end of November, in the lower reaches at the beginning of December; Free from ice remains about 200 days, and near Astrakhan about 260 days. With the creation of reservoirs, the thermal regime of the Volga changed: in the upper pools, the duration ice phenomena increased, and on the lower ones it became shorter.

The middle Volga is characterized by three main types of banks. The right ones are steep, descending to the Volga with slopes, sometimes forming cliffs at the turn of the river. The left ones are extremely gently sloping sandy shores, gradually rising to a low meadow floodplain, but they alternate with steep clayey or sandy-clayey almost sheer slopes, which in some places reach a considerable height.

Middle Volga in the Nizhny Novgorod region

Below the confluence of the Oka, the Volga flows along the northern edge of the Volga Upland.

Volga in Nizhny Novgorod. On the opposite bank of the city of Bor

911 km: on the left bank, opposite Nizhny Novgorod, there is the city of Bor and the Moss Mountains.

915 km: the territory of Nizhny Novgorod and the water area of the port of Nizhny Novgorod ends. There are also many rifts and islands in the region of Nizhny Novgorod on the Volga, the largest of them are the Pechersky Sands (910 - 916 km) and Podnovsky (913 - 919 km).

922 km: on the right bank is the village of Oktyabrsky, where the base is located Maintenance fleet, and in 1960 the first catamaran-type ships were built.

933 km: on the right bank is the city of Kstovo, located in the bend of the river - the Kstovsky knee, in the interfluve of the Volga and Kudma, where barge haulers made a halt. In the Kstovo region, the Volga turns south.

939 - 956 km: many backwaters and islands, the largest of which is Teply (939 - 944 km). Lake Samotovo flows in at 944 km from the left.

955 km: the Kudma river flows in from the right.

956 km: on the right is the village of Kadnitsy.

966 km: the beginning of the Cheboksary reservoir, formed in 1980 by a dam near the city of Novocheboksarsk. The reservoir area is 2200 km², length 332 km, maximum width 13 km (below the mouth of the Veluga River). Due to the fact that the Cheboksary HPP has not yet reached its design capacity, the level of the Cheboksary reservoir is 5 meters below the design level. In this regard, the section from the Nizhny Novgorod hydroelectric power station to Nizhny Novgorod remains extremely shallow, and navigation on it is carried out thanks to water releases from the Nizhny Novgorod hydroelectric power station in morning time. At the moment, the final decision on filling the Cheboksary reservoir to the design level has not been made. As an alternative option, the possibility of constructing a low-pressure dam combined with a road bridge above Nizhny Novgorod is being considered.

993 km: the river Sundovik flows to the right, at the mouth of which lies the city of Lyskovo.

Before the formation of the Cheboksary reservoir, it stood on the banks of the Volga, but then the river changed its course and moved away from the Lyskovsky bank, approaching Makaryevsky Monastery and the village of Makaryevo(995 - 996 km). Today, Lyskovo is connected with the Volga by a shipping canal, and Makaryevo village located on the left bank of the Volga.

995 km: the Kerzhenets River (length 290 km) is the left tributary of the Volga.

1005 - 1090 km: many islands, backwaters and channels. The largest island is Barminsky (1033 -1040 km).

1069 km: right tributary - the river Sura (length 864 km). At its mouth and on the right bank of the Volga is Vasilsursk settlement.

Volga in the Mari Republic

The Volga enters the territory of the Republic of Mari El (Mari Republic) immediately after Vasilsursk. The length of the Volga in the territory of the republic is 70 km.

1260 - 1264 km: The Volga again falls into the territory of the Mari Republic, here on the left bank is the city of Volzhsk. In the Volzhsk region, the borders of three republics are joined - the Mari Republic, Chuvashia and Tatarstan.

The Volga enters the territory of Tatarstan outside the city of Volzhsk, at 1965 km. The length of the Volga in Tatarstan is 200 km. Basically, the river flows through the territory of the East European Plain, but the right bank is located on the Volga Upland.

1269 - 1276 km: on the left bank is the city of Zelenodolsk. Opposite it, on the right bank, is the village of Nizhniye Vyazovye.

1275 - 1295 km: there are many small islands on the Volga - Vyazovsky Island, Tatar Griva Islands, Kos Islands, Vasilyevsky Island, Sviyazhsky Islands.

1278 - 1284 km: the river Sviyaga flows to the right(375 km).

1282 km: on one of the Sviyazhsky Islands, in fact, at the confluence of the Volga and Sviyaga stands city-monument Sviyazhsk.

Sviyazhsk island, Volga river

1280 - 1285 km: on the left bank is the village of Vasilyevo - the center of the Raifa section of the Volzhsko-Kama Reserve, founded in 1960.

1295 km: on the right bank is the village of Morkvashi Naberezhnye, near which the Kazan road bridge was built in 1989.

1302 km: on the right bank - the village of Pechishchi, on the left - Arakchino. 1305 km: on the right bank - the village of Verkhny Uslon.

1310 km: the left tributary of the Kazanka River flows into the Volga.

1307 - 1311 km: on the left bank of the Volga, as well as along the left bank of the Kazanka, the city of Kazan is located. In the Kazan region, the Volga turns south. Behind Kazan along the right bank of the Volga, replacing each other, the Uslonsky, Bogorodsky and Yuryevsky mountains stretch, and on the left bank meadows grow.

1311 - 1380 km: on the banks of the Volga there are many small villages, towns and villages. On the right bank are Nizhny Uslon (1320 km), Klyuchishchi (1322 km), Matyushino (1325 km), Tashevka (1330 km), Shelanga (1338 km), Russian Burbasy (1356 km), Krasnovidovo (1358 km), Kamskoye Ustye (1380 km). On the left bank are Kukushkino (1311 km), Novoe Pobedilovo (1312 km), Old Pobedilovo (1315 km), Matyushino-Borovoe (1330 km), Teteevo (1357 km), Atabaevo (1376 km) - the center of the Volga-Kama Reserve.

1377 - 1390 km: on the left, the Kama River flows into the Volga(2030 km 21)

- the main and full-flowing tributary of the river. There is even a theory that it is not the Kama that will flow into the Volga, but the Volga into the Kama. In hydrography, there are several rules for highlighting main river and its tributaries, the following signs of rivers are usually compared at their confluence: water content; pool area; structural features of the river system - the number and total length of all tributaries, the length of the main river to the source, the angle of confluence; altitude position of the source and valley, average height watershed; geological age of the valley; width, depth, current speed and other indicators.

Therefore, it is more correct to say that it is not the Kama that flows into the Volga, but the Kama Bay of the Kuibyshev reservoir, more than 200 km long, into which the Kama River flows.

After the confluence of the Kama The Volga becomes a full-flowing, powerful and wide river and the Lower Volga region begins.

Lower Volga

The Lower Volga flows through Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd and Astrakhan regions and Kalmykia.

The Lower Volga flows along the Volga Upland, across the territory of the East European Plain and Caspian lowland. The basin of the Lower Volga to Samara and Saratov is located in the forest steppe zone, from Saratov to Volgograd - in the steppe zone, and below Volgograd - in the semi-desert. In the lower reaches, the Volga receives relatively small tributaries, and from Kamyshin to the Caspian Sea it flows without tributaries. In the Astrakhan region, when it flows into the Caspian Sea, the Volga forms a delta.

1430 km: on the right bank stands the city of Tetyushi.

1430 - 1440 km: Tetyushsky mountains are located on the right bank, at 1440 km the Kuibyshev reservoir narrows sharply, but then quickly expands again.

1445 km: the Utka River flows from the left, at the mouth of which are the villages of Polyanki and Berezovka.

Volga in the Ulyanovsk region

If you look along the left bank, then the Volga enters the territory of the Ulyanovsk region after the confluence of the Utka river, on the right bank the border between Tatarstan and the Ulyanovsk region is located in the region of 1495 km along its course. The length of the Volga in the region is 150 km. The Volga divides the Ulyanovsk region into an elevated right bank (up to 350 m) and a low left bank.

1468 - 1470 km: the Maina River flows from the left, at the mouth of which the village of Staraya Maina is located.

1495 - 1520 km: Undorovskie mountains stretch along the right bank.

1521 km: Ulyanovsk begins on the right steep bank, called the Crown, and on the left gentle bank. 1527 km: Ulyanovsk bridge connecting the left-bank and right-bank parts of the city. On the left bank, Ulyanovsk ends at 1528 km, and on the right bank it stretches up to 1536 km. On the territory of Ulyanovsk, the Volga narrows to 3 km, but after the Ulyanovsk bridge, the Volga becomes very wide, and below the city it reaches its greatest width - 2500 m.

1536 - 1595 km: Kremensky, Shilovsky and Senchileevsky mountains stretch one after another along the right bank.

1543 km: on the right bank on the chalk Kremensky mountains is Novoulyanovsk - a satellite city of Ulyanovsk.

1548 km: on the right at the mouth of the Tunoshka River, which flows into the Volga, on the Kriushinsky mountains is the village of Kriushi.

1555 km: the left tributary is the Kalmayur River, opposite which on the right bank is the village of Shilovka.

1572 km: on the right bank is the city of Sengilei, in the area of which the rivers Tushenka and Sengileika flow into the Volga. Sengileevskaya Bay serves as a shelter for ships during storms.

1575 - 1577 km: on the left bank is the village of Bely Yar.

1585 - 1598 km: the Bolshoi Cheremshan river flows from the left (336 km). The mouth of the river turned into a large Melekessky bay. On its right bank is the village of Nikolskoye on Cheremshan, on the left - the village of Khryashchevka (1598 - 1599 km). At the confluence of the Bolshoy Cheremshan River in the Melekessky Bay is the city of Dmitrovgrad.

SOURCE OF MATERIAL AND PHOTO:

Nomad Archives

Wikipedia site

http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/encyclopedia/

http://maptatarstan.rf/tatarstan/atlas/volga-kama

http://fotki.yandex.ru/

The first mention of the Volga River dates back to ancient times, when it was called as "Ra". In later times, already in Arabic sources, the river was called Atel (Etel, Itil), which means “ great river or "river of rivers". That is how the Byzantine Theophanes and subsequent chroniclers called her in the annals.
The current name "Volga" has several versions of its origin. The version about the Baltic roots of the name seems to be the most probable. According to the Latvian valka, which means "overgrown river", the Volga got its name. This is how the river looks in its upper reaches, where the Balts lived in antiquity. According to another version, the name of the river comes from the word valkea (Finno-Ugric), which means "white" or from the Old Slavic "volog" (moisture).

Hydrography

Since ancient times, the Volga has not lost its grandeur at all. Today it is the largest river in Russia and ranks 16th in the world among the most long rivers. Before the construction of the cascade of reservoirs, the length of the river was 3690 km, today this figure has decreased to 3530 km. At the same time, navigable navigation is carried out for 3500 km. In navigation, the channel plays an important role. Moscow, which acts as a link between the capital and the great Russian river.
The Volga connects with the following seas:

with the Azov and Black Seas through the Volga-Don Canal;
with by the Baltic Sea through the Volga-Baltic waterway;
with the White Sea along the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Severodvinsk river system.

The waters of the Volga originate in the region of the Valdai Upland - in the spring of the village of Volga-Verkhovye, which is located in the Tver region. The height of the source above sea level is 228 meters. Further, the river carries its waters through all of Central Russia to the Caspian Sea. The height of the fall of the river is small, because. the mouth of the river is only 28 meters below sea level. Thus, throughout its entire length, the river descends 256 meters, and its slope is 0.07%. The average speed of the river flow is relatively low - from 2 to 6 km/h (less than 1 m/s).
The Volga is fed mainly by melt water, which accounts for 60% of the annual runoff. 30% of the runoff comes from groundwater (which supports the river in winter) and only 10% brings rain (mainly in summer). Throughout its length, 200 tributaries flow into the Volga. But already at the latitude of Saratov water basin the river narrows, after which the Volga flows from Kamyshin to the Caspian Sea without support from other tributaries.
From April to June, the Volga is characterized by a high spring flood, which lasts an average of 72 days. The maximum level of water rise in the river is observed in the first half of May, when it spills over the floodplain territory for 10 or more kilometers. And in the lower reaches - in the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, the width of the flood in places reaches 30 km.
Summer is characterized by a stable low-water period, which lasts from mid-June to early October. Rains in October bring with them an autumn flood, after which a period of low-water winter low water begins, when the Volga is fed only by groundwater.
It should also be noted that after the construction of a whole cascade of reservoirs and regulation of the flow, fluctuations in the water level became much less significant.
The Volga freezes in its upper and middle reaches, usually at the end of November. In the lower reaches, ice rises in early December.
Ice drift on the Volga upstream, as well as in the section from Astrakhan to Kamyshin happens in the first half of April. In the area near Astrakhan, the river usually breaks up in mid-March.
At Astrakhan, the river remains ice-free for almost 260 days a year, while in other sections this time is about 200 days. During the period open water the river is actively used for ship navigation.
The main part of the river's catchment is forest zone located from the very source to Nizhny Novgorod. The middle part of the river passes through the forest-steppe zone, and the lower part already flows through semi-deserts.

Volga Map

Different Volga: Upper, Middle and Lower

According to the classification adopted today, the Volga in its course is divided into three parts:

The Upper Volga captures the section from the source to the confluence of the Oka (in the city of Nizhny Novgorod);
The Middle Volga extends from the mouth of the Oka River to the confluence of the Kama;
The Lower Volga starts from the mouth of the Kama River and reaches the Caspian Sea itself.

As for the Lower Volga, some adjustments should be made. After the construction of the Zhigulevskaya hydroelectric power station just above Samara and the construction of the Kuibyshev reservoir, today's border between the middle and lower sections of the river passes just at the level of the dam.

Upper Volga

In its upper course, the river made its way through the system of the Upper Volga lakes. Between Rybinsk and Tver, 3 reservoirs are of interest to anglers: Rybinskoye (the famous "fish"), Ivankovskoye (the so-called "Moscow Sea") and the Uglich reservoir. Even further downstream, bypassing Yaroslavl and as far as Kostroma, the riverbed passes through a narrow valley with high banks. Then, a little higher than Nizhny Novgorod, there is the dam of the Gorky hydroelectric power station, which forms the Gorky reservoir of the same name. The most significant contribution to the Upper Volga is made by such tributaries as: Unzha, Selizharovka, Mologa and Tvertsa.

Middle Volga

Beyond Nizhny Novgorod, the Middle Volga begins. Here the width of the river increases by more than 2 times - the Volga becomes full-flowing, reaching a width of 600 m to 2+ km. Near the city of Cheboksary, after the construction of the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station of the same name, an extended reservoir was formed. The area of the reservoir is 2190 square km. The largest tributaries of the Middle Volga are the rivers: Oka, Sviyaga, Vetluga and Sura.

Lower Volga

The Lower Volga begins immediately after the confluence of the Kama River. Here the river, indeed, can be called mighty in all respects. The Lower Volga carries its full-flowing streams along the Volga Upland. Near the city of Tolyatti on the Volga, the largest reservoir was built - Kuibyshevskoe, on which in 2011 there was a disaster with the notorious motor ship Bulgaria. The reservoir of the Volga hydroelectric power station named after Lenin is propped up. Even further downstream, near the city of Balakovo, the Saratov hydroelectric power station was built. The tributaries of the Lower Volga are no longer so full of water, these are the rivers: Samara, Eruslan, Sok, Big Irgiz.

Volga-Akhtuba floodplain

Below the city of Volzhsky, a left branch called Akhtuba separates from the great Russian river. After the construction of the Volga hydroelectric power station, the beginning of the Akhtuba was a 6 km canal extending from the root Volga. Today, the length of Akhtuba is 537 km, the river carries its waters to the northeast parallel to the mother channel, then approaching it, then moving away again. Together with the Volga, Akhtuba forms the famous Volga-Akhtuba floodplain - a real fishing eldorado. The floodplain territory is pierced by numerous channels, saturated with flood lakes and unusually rich in all kinds of fish. The width of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain averages from 10 to 30 km.
Through the territory of the Astrakhan region, the Volga travels 550 km, carrying its waters along the Caspian lowland. At the 3038th kilometer of its journey, the Volga River splits into 3 branches: Bold Curve, City and Trusovsky. And in the section from 3039 to 3053 km, the city of Astrakhan is located along the branches of the City and Trusovsky.
Below Astrakhan, the river makes a turn to the southwest and splits into numerous branches that form a delta.

Volga Delta

The Volga delta first begins to form in a place where one of the branches called Buzan separates from the main channel. This place is located above Astrakhan. In general, the Volga delta has over 510 branches, small channels and eriks. The delta is located on a total area of 19 thousand square kilometers. In width, the distance between the western and eastern branches of the delta reaches 170 km. In the generally accepted classification, the Volga delta consists of three parts: upper, middle and lower. The zones of the upper and middle deltas consist of small islands separated by channels (eriks) 7 to 18 meters wide. The lower part of the Volga delta consists of very branched channel channels, which pass into the so-called. Caspian peals, famous for their lotus fields.
Due to the lowering of the level of the Caspian Sea over the past 130 years, the area of the Volga delta is also growing. During this time, it has increased more than 9 times.
Today, the Volga delta is the largest in Europe, but is famous primarily for its rich fish stocks.
Note that vegetable animal world The delta is under protection - the Astrakhan Reserve is located here. Therefore, amateur fishing in these places is regulated and not allowed everywhere.

The economic role of the river in the life of the country

Since the 30s of the last century, electricity has been produced on the river with the help of hydroelectric power stations. Since then, 9 hydroelectric power plants with their reservoirs have been built on the Volga. On the this moment the river basin sheltered approximately 45% of industry and half of all Agriculture Russia. More than 20% of all fish for the food industry of the Russian Federation is caught in the Volga basin.
The logging industry is developed in the Upper Volga basin, and grain crops are grown in the Middle and Lower Volga regions. Horticulture and horticulture are also developed along the middle and lower reaches of the river.
The Volga-Ural region is rich in deposits natural gas and oil. Near the city of Solikamsk there are deposits of potassium salts. The famous lake Baskunchak on the Lower Volga is famous not only for its healing mud, but also for its salt deposits.
Upstream ships carry oil products, coal, gravel materials, cement, metal, salt and food products. Downstream supplies timber, industrial raw materials, lumber and finished products.

Animal world

The fauna on the Volga is unusually rich for middle lane Russia. Over 580 live here. various kinds. A lot of migratory birds arrive in the river delta every year. As for the fish population, about 75 various fish, 40 of which are commercial. The Volga fish tribe is divided into indigenous people(sedentary species), into semi-anadromous and anadromous species. On our website you can read more about the species of fish living in the Volga River basin.

Tourism and fishing on the Volga

In the mid-90s of the last century, due to the economic decline in the country, water tourism on the Volga lost its popularity. The situation was normalized only at the beginning of this century. But the outdated material and technical base hinders the development of the tourism business. Motor ships that were built back in Soviet times(60-90 years of the last century). There are quite a lot of water tourist routes along the Volga. From Moscow alone, motor ships run on more than 20 different routes.

As for the amateur fishing on the Volga, then popular places are the Rybinsk and Cheboksary reservoirs, the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain and, of course, the delta. On the Volga, pike perch, pike, asp, perch, catfish, carp, bream and many other species of fish are caught. On our website, we examined in detail what kind of catch can bring:

In general, fishing on the Volga captivates both professionals and amateurs.

the river Adaykom-Don, 78 km along the lev. bank of the river Ardon (Ardon)

Adyl-Su river, 155 km along the avenue bank of the river. Baksan (Baksan without the river Cherek)

Adyr-Su river, 142 km along the avenue bank of the river. Baksan (Baksan without the river Cherek)

Aigamuga River (Dargon-Kom, Sanguti-Don), 68 km along the avenue bank of the river. Urukh (Terek from the confluence of the Urukh river to the confluence of the Malka river)

lake Aidamir-Chel, in the basin of the river. Malka, 1.5 km to the northwest from Mount Kara-Kaya (Malka from the source to the Kura-Maryinsky Canal)

Alenovka river, 7 km along the ave.

bank of the river Tyzyl (464) (Baksan without the river Cherek)

Alikazgan River, Astrakhan Bay of the Caspian Sea (Delta of the Terek River)

Lake Am, in the basin of the river. Kurp, 6 km to the E from the village. Lower Kurp (Terek from the confluence of the Malka River to the city of Mozdok)

Andaki River (Andakis-Tskali), 124 km along the avenue bank of the river. Argun (Sunzha from Grozny to the confluence of the Argun River)

lake Antigirey, in the basin of the river. Khulhulau, 8 km to the SE from the village. Khorochoi (Sunzha from the confluence of the Argun River to the mouth)

Argayuko river, 78 km along the avenue bank of the river. Baksan (Baksan without r.

river Argubli (Argudan), 434 km lv. bank of the river Terek (Terek from the confluence of the Urukh river to the confluence of the Malka river)

Argun river (Chanti-Argun, Argun), 39 km along the avenue bank of the river. Sunzha (Sunzha from Grozny to the confluence of the Argun River)

Ardon River (Kizilka, Mamih-Don, Zemegon-Don), 487 km lv. bank of the river Terek (Ardon)

river Arzhi-Ahk, 0.7 km along the lev. bank of the river Elistanzhi (Sunzha from the confluence of the river.

Argun to the mouth)

lake Arkakseken, in the floodplains of the river. Kordonka, 1.5 km southwest of the lake. Salty (Delta of the Terek River)

Armkhi (Kistinka) river, 551 km along the avenue bank of the river. Terek (Terek from the border of the Russian Federation with Georgia to the confluence of the Ursdon river without the Ardon river)

lake Arnautskoe, in the basin of the river. Terek, 8 km to the NE from Chervlennaya station (Terek from Mozdok to the confluence of the Sunzha river)

river Arf-Aryk, 9.3 km along the lev. bank of the river Dur-Dur (Terek from the confluence of the Ursdon river to the confluence of the

Arkhon-Don river, 53 km along the avenue bank of the river. Ardon (Ardon)

the river Archkhi (Belaya, Bankhi), 83 km along the lev. bank of the river Kambileevka (Terek from the border of the Russian Federation with Georgia to the confluence of the Ursdon river without the Ardon river)

river Asabch-Don (Abeg-Don), 10 km along the lev. bank of the river Kambileevka (Terek from the border of the Russian Federation with Georgia to the confluence of the Ursdon river without the river.

river Assa (Tsirtslovn-Tskhali), 137 km along the avenue bank of the river. Sunzha (Sunzha from the source to the city of Grozny)

Astau-Don watercourse, channel of the river.

Belaya, 21 km along the avenue bank of the river. Dur-Dur (Terek from the confluence of the Ursdon river to the confluence of the Urukh river)

river Akhki-Chu-Shamilya (Shaudan), 39 km lv. bank of the river Khulhulau (Sunzha from the confluence of the Argun River to the mouth)

Akhko-Uini-Tsy river, 18 km along the lv. bank of the river Belka (Sunzha from the confluence of the Argun to the mouth)

Achaluk river, 108 km along the avenue bank of the river. Alkhanchurtovsky Canal (Terek from the border of the Russian Federation with Georgia to the confluence of the Ursdon River without the Ardon River)

Lake Achibai, in the floodplains of the river. Terek, 2 km from the lake. Kutlukay (Delta river.

river Achkhu (Achkhoy), 17 km along the avenue bank of the river. Assa (Sunzha from the source to the city of Grozny)

lake Ashimskoe, in the floodplains of the river. Kordonka, 2 km south of the lake. Big Ochikol (Delta of the Terek River)

river Bad, 58 km along the avenue bank of the river. Ardon (Ardon)

Lake Baibus, in the floodplains of the river. Kordonka, 6.4 km south of the village. New Terek (Delta of the Terek River)

Lake Bakil-Aul, in the floodplains of the river.

Kordonka, at south coast lake Dzhidzhiutskoye (Delta of the Terek River)

the Baksan (Azau) river, 26 km along the avenue bank of the river. Malka (Baksan without the river Cherek)

watercourse Baksanenok, channel of the river. Baksan, 57 km on lv. bank of the river Baksan (Baksan without the river Cherek)

river Basta-Khi (Basty-Khi, gorge Om-Chu), 113 km lv. bank of the river Argun (Sunzha from the city of Grozny to the confluence of the river.

lake Batrakai, in the floodplains of the river. Kordonka, 2.5 km SW from the lake. Ochikol (Delta of the Terek river)

Bakh-Dzhaga (Dzhaga) river, 9.5 km along the avenue bank of the river. Akhko (Sunzha from the confluence of the Argun River to the mouth)

lake Bakhmutskoe, in the floodplains of the river. Terek, 2.5 km to the east from x. Big Bredikhinsky (Delta of the Terek River)

the river Bash-Kol, a component of the river.

Tyzyl, 35 km along the avenue bank of the river. Tyzyl (Baksan without the river Cherek)

river without a name 3.5 km to the north from the village. Ardon, 15 km on lv. bank of the river Ardon (Ardon)

watercourse unnamed hands R. Terek, 1 km south of the station. Darg-Koh, 508 km along the ave. Bank of the river. Terek (Terek from the border of the Russian Federation with Georgia to the confluence of the Ursdon river without the Ardon river)

watercourse unnamed

near the district with. Nart, river channel. Fiag-Don, 24 km lev. bank of the river Kubanka (Ardon)

a river without a name, 2.5 km southwest of Mount Cherekh-Kort, 109 km along the avenue bank of the river. Assa (Sunzha from the source to the city of Grozny)

unnamed watercourse, near the village Zelenaya Grove, channel of the river. Nethoi, 10 km along the avenue bank of the river. Achkhu (Sunzha from the source to Mt.

unnamed watercourse, near the village Lermontovo, channel of the river. Valerik, 12 km along the avenue bank of the river. Sunzha (Sunzha from the source to the city of

unnamed watercourse, at x. Pervomaisky duct Baksanenok, 52 km along the ave. Bank of the river. Baksanenok (Baksan without the river Cherek)

lake without a name Sulla-Chubutla, near the village. Aul-Chubutla (Delta of the Terek River)

Kordonka, 5 km southwest of the lake. Yalga (Delta of the Terek river)

lake without a name, in the floodplains of the river.

Terek, 7 km to N from x. Big Bredikhinsky (Delta of the Terek River)

lake without a name, in the floodplains of the river. Terek, 1 km to the north from the lake. Kazgulakh (Delta of the Terek River)

Terek, near the village Utsmi-Yurt (Terek from the confluence of the Sunzha river to the Kargaly g / y)

lake without a name, in the floodplain of the river. Terek, near Shelkozavodskaya station (Terek from the confluence of the Sunzha river to the Kargaly g / y)

unnamed river, 33 km. Terek, separated by the river. Terek, to the SE from the village Alexander (Delta of the Terek river)

Terek, near Shelkovskaya station (Terek from the confluence of the Sunzha river to the Kargaly g / y)

lake without a name, in the basin of the river.

Chadyri, 2 km southeast of Baum-Kort Mountain (Sunzha from Grozny to the confluence of the Argun River)

lake without a name, in the basin of the river. Kohichu-Ah, near Mount Gairabilya-Kort (Sunzha from the confluence of the Argun River to the mouth)

lake without a name, in the floodplains of the river. Terek, near the village Mangul (Delta of the Terek River)

lake without a name

Talovka, 7.5 km to the NW from the village. Bolshaya Areshevka (Delta of the Terek river)

lake without a name, in the floodplains of the river. Kordonka, 1 km southeast of the lake. Arkaxeken (Delta of the Terek River)

lake without a name, in the basin of the river. Mulkan-Eka, 0.8 km south of the village. Gukhoy (Sunzha from Grozny to the confluence of the Argun River)

lake without a name, in the floodplains of the river. Terek, on the northern shore of the lake. Achibay (Delta of the Terek River)

lake without a name, in the floodplains of the river. Kordonka, 1 km to the SE from Mad Lakes (Delta river

lake without a name, in the floodplains of the river. Kordonka, 0.5 km south of the lake. Melnichnoye (Delta of the Terek River)

a river without a name, 35 km separates from the river. Terek to the west from the village of Alexandria (Delta of the Terek river)

lake without a name, in the floodplains of the river. Terek, 1 km east of Horse Kultuk Bay (Delta of the Terek River)

lake without a name, in the basin of the river. Kohichu-Ah, 3.5 km to the NW from the lane.

Kharmya (Sunzha from the confluence of the Argun River to the mouth)

lake without a name, in the basin of the river. Khocharoy-Akhk, 3 km to the SW from Mount Charkhunysh-Kort (Sunzha from the city of Grozny to the confluence of the Argun River)

lake without a name, in the basin of the river. Malka, at x. Sarsky (Malka from the Kura-Maryinsky Canal to the mouth without the Baksan River)

lake without a name, in the basin of the river. Malka, 6 km to the west from the village. Kyzburun 2nd (Malka from the Kura-Maryinsky Canal to the mouth without the river.

lake without a name, in the basin of the river. Khasaut, in the region of Mount Bolshoy Bermamyt (Malka from the source to the Kura-Maryinsky Canal)

lake without a name, in the floodplain of the river. Terek, near the station Ishcherskaya (Terek from the city of Mozdok to the confluence of the Sunzha river)

lake without a name, in the floodplain of the river. Terek, near the village

Ali-Yurt (Terek from Mozdok to the confluence of the Sunzha river)

lake without a name, in the floodplain of the river. Terek, 3 km to the east from the station Terskaya (Malka from the Kura-Maryinsky Canal to the mouth without the river.

lake without a name, in the basin of the river. Sunzha, 2 km to the southwest of Mount Razrytaya (Sunzha from the source to the city of Grozny)

lake without a name, in the basin of the river. Malka, 5 km to the north from the town of Prokhladny (Malka from the Kura-Maryinsky Canal to the mouth without the Baksan River)

lake without a name, in the basin of the river. Goita, at x. Komsomolsky (Sunzha from the source to the city of Grozny)

lake without a name, 2 km north of the village.

Khasaut (Malka from the source to the Kura-Maryinsky Canal)

lake without a name, in the basin of the river. Cherek Khulamsky, near the Ullu-Chiran glacier (Bezengi (Cherek)

lake without a name, in the floodplain of the river. Terek, near the station Galyugaevskaya (Terek from the city of Mozdok to the confluence of the Sunzha river)

lake without a name, in the basin of the river. Shalushka, 5 km to the SE from the village. Lower Chegem (Cherek)

lake without a name, in the floodplain of the river. Terek, 1 km to the west from the station Galyugaevskaya (Terek from the city of Mozdok to the confluence of the Sunzha river)

lake without a name, in the floodplain of the river.

Terek, near the village of Nikolaevskaya (Terek from the city of Mozdok to the confluence of the Sunzha river)

lake without a name, in the floodplains of the river. Terek, near the lake.

Bakhmutskoye (Delta of the Terek River)

lake without a name, in the floodplain of the river. Terek, 3 km to the northwest from the Staro-Gladkovskaya station (Terek from the confluence of the Sunzha river to the Kargaly g / y)

lake without a name, in the floodplains of the river. Kordonka, to the SW from the lake.

Big Ochikol (Delta of the Terek River)

lake without a name, in the floodplain of the river. Terek, at x. Novo-Voskresensky (Terek from the confluence of the Sunzha river to the Kargaly g / y)

lake without a name

Talovka, near the village Maxim Gorky (Delta of the Terek River)

lake without a name, in the floodplains of the river. Kordonka, near the lake. Arkaxeken (Delta of the Terek River)

lake without a name, in the basin of the river. Khocharoy-Akhk, 1 km to the SE from the village. Avtinboul (Sunzha from Grozny to the confluence of the Argun River)

lake without a name

Prorva, 2 km SW from the village. Black Market (Delta of the Terek River)

lake without a name, in the floodplains of the river. Kordonka, near the village Novo-Biryuzyak (Delta of the Terek River)

lake without a name, in the floodplains of the river. Kordonka, 10 km to the east from the lake. Kutanaulskoye (Delta of the Terek River)

lake without a name, in the basin of the river.

Argun, 0.8 km SW from the village. Bassakhoy (Sunzha from Grozny to the confluence of the Argun River)

lake without a name, in the floodplains of the river. Kordonka, 2 km south of the tract. Pyatikhatka (Delta of the Terek River)

lake without a name, in the floodplains of the river.

Terek, 0.5 km to the north from the lake. Kutlukay (Delta of the Terek river)

lake without a name Sulla-Chubutla, 6.3 km SW from the village. Sari-Su (Delta of the Terek River)

lake without a name, in the basin of the river. Terek, 8 km to the NE from Chervlennaya station (Terek from Mozdok to the confluence of the Sunzha river)

lake without a name, in the basin of the river. Terek, near the village Vinogradovka (Terek from the city of

Mozdok to the confluence of the Sunzha river)

lake without a name, in the basin of the river. Kich-Malka, 3 km to the northwest from Mount Alabaster (Malka from the source to the Kura-Maryinsky Canal)

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Oka river- one of the largest tributaries of the Volga. River slope. 0.1 meters per kilometer. The length of the river is 1498 kilometers.

Along the Oka

The river originates in the village of Aleksandrovka, Orel Region, and then flows through the Central Russian Upland. Crosses the Tula, Orel, Kaluga, Moscow, Ryazan, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod regions.

In the Nizhny Novgorod region, not far from Nizhny Novgorod, it flows into the Volga.

Oryol Region

The length of the river in this area is 211 kilometers.

In this area, high limestone cliffs are often found along the banks, however most of the valley is symmetrical. Before the confluence of the Kroma River, the width of the Oka is from two to six meters. Near the village of Rogovka, the river widens to 20 meters. To the village of Dadurovo, the Oka expands to 60-70 meters, but the river still becomes very shallow. In Orel, the width is already 80 meters, the depths are increasing.

The largest tributaries of the Oka in the Oryol region are Rybnitsa, Nepolod, Kroma, Zusha, Nugr, Tson, Orlik, Optuha.

Tula region

In this area, the river flows along the western and northern borders. The length is 220 kilometers, the maximum width of the river is 200 meters, the average is 120 meters.

The depth varies from 1 to 5 meters, mostly two to three meters. The average current speed is 0.2-0.4 meters per second.

Kaluga region

Length 180 kilometers. In this region, the Oka is a typical flat river in the European part of Russia. Here the river forms many oxbows, branches, backwaters, floodplain lakes.

Here the Oka is replete with rifts, They occur every 5-6 kilometers. The bottom is mostly sandy and clay. The largest tributaries are Ugra, Zhizdra, Protva.

Moscow region

The length on the territory of the Moscow region is 176 kilometers.

The shores are sandy and clay, overgrown with pine forests. The width of the river is up to 200 meters, mostly 120-130. The maximum depth is 12 meters.

In the village of Beloomut there is a dam, after which the speed of the current increases.
The largest tributaries of the Oka in the Moscow region are Besputa, Sturgeon, Tsna, Rechma, Lopasnya, Kashirka,

Ryazan Oblast

The length within this area is 489 kilometers, the average width of the river is 150 meters, the maximum width is 400 meters.

Main tributaries

Species composition of fish

In the Oka River, almost all the fish characteristic of the Volga basin are found.

The most common types of fish: bream, silver bream, roach, rudd, ruff, chub, asp, ide, dace, bleak, pike perch, perch. Blue bream, glacier, podust, carp, minnow, and sabrefish are found in smaller quantities in the river. Even the sterlet is found in the Oka, but there are very few of them. The most common fish in the Oka are bream, roach and silver bream.

Fishing on the Oka

Along its length, the Oka forms many river branches, bays, floodplain lakes and oxbow lakes, which are great for fishing.

big water space favorably affects the size of fish and their number. Every spring, fish from the Oka begin to rise to numerous tributaries for spawning, at which time fishing on small rivers will be very successful. The summer fishing season opens in late April - early May. Strong ice usually rises in mid-January. However, in some areas of the Oka it does not freeze at all, for example, near Beloomut, you can fish all year round.

News and Society

The Volga River belongs to which ocean basin? Description and photo of the Volga River

One of the largest waterways in the world is the Volga River. Which ocean basin does it belong to? This is the most full-flowing river in Europe, which has no flow.

It flows into the Caspian Sea, and therefore belongs to its basin. Almost through the entire European part of the territory of Russia, this mighty river carries its waters. Many cities and villages are built on its banks. From time immemorial, it has been for people both a breadwinner and a transport artery.

Volga river

Which ocean basin does this belong to? water artery are studying at school. But not everyone realizes that the Caspian Sea, into which it flows, is inland and has no flow.

And the Volga is the most big river in Europe. It starts on the Valdai Upland near the village of Volgoverkhovye.
From a small stream, it turns into a mighty full-flowing river and flows into the Caspian Sea near the city of Astrakhan, forming a wide delta.

At the Volga River, the source and mouth are located at a distance of more than three and a half thousand kilometers from each other, therefore it is conditionally divided into three parts, which differ slightly in hydrological and environmental conditions.

The Upper Volga is the section from the source to the confluence of the Oka River.
Here it flows through dense forests.
From the Oka to the mouth of the Kama is the middle Volga. This site is located in the forest-steppe and steppe zones.
Lower Volga - from the Kama to the confluence with the Caspian Sea. It flows through the steppe and semi-desert zones.

Volga river basin

About a third of the European territory of Russia is connected with this river. Its basin extends from the Valdai and Central Russian Uplands before Ural mountains, it occupies an area of almost one and a half million square kilometers.

This full-flowing mighty river is fed mainly by meltwater. Several large rivers and many small ones flow into it - about 200 in total. The most famous of them are the Kama and Oka. In addition, its tributaries are Sheksna, Vetluga, Sura, Mologa and others.

At the source, the Volga is divided into several branches. The largest of them is Akhtuba, which has a length of more than 500 kilometers. But the Volga River carries its waters not only to the Caspian Sea. Which ocean basin this water artery belongs to can be found in any encyclopedia.

But people connected it with other seas with the help of canals: the Volga-Baltic and Volga-Don are known. And through the Severodvinsk system, it connects with the White Sea.

Economic importance

The basin of the Volga River has long fed and provided for the people living on its banks.

There are many game animals in the forests, and the waters are rich in fish - about 70 species are found in it. Huge areas around the river are occupied by crops, horticulture and melon growing are also developed.

In the Volga basin are located large deposits oil and gas, potash and table salt deposits. Great importance this water artery also has a traffic artery. For shipping, the Volga has been used for a long time, huge caravans went along it - up to 500 ships.

Now, in addition, several dams and hydroelectric power stations have been built on the river.

Catchment and river basin

Definition 1

A catchment area is a part earth's surface, thicknesses of soils and soils, from where a particular river receives food.

Rivers, as a rule, have not only surface nutrition, but also underground, so the catchment can be surface and underground.

These watersheds may not coincide.

Definition 2

A river basin is a part of land that includes a particular river system bounded by an orographic watershed.

The catchment and basin of the river usually coincide, but there are cases and discrepancies. Cases of non-coincidence are typical for arid regions with a flat relief.

The orographic boundaries of the basin and the boundaries of the catchment do not coincide in cases where part of the groundwater flow comes from outside the basin, or, conversely, goes beyond it.

There are not only river basins, but also lake, sea, and ocean basins. There are 4 largest ocean basins on the planet: the Arctic, Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans.

The river basins are distributed among the ocean basins. There are also drainless regions of the globe. The rivers flowing in these areas do not carry their water to the ocean.

The drainless regions of Russia include: the basin of the Caspian Sea, including the basin of the Volga, Ural, Terek, Kura.

River basins have the main morphometric characteristics: area, length, maximum width, as well as the distribution of the basin area over the heights of the terrain.

The height of the area is shown by a hypsographic curve, which is used to calculate the average height of the pool.

Volga basin

Remark 1

The Great Russian River originates on the Valdai Hills, the height of which in this region is 229 m. The river carries its waters to the south through the entire Russian Plain and flows into the Caspian Sea. The mouth of the river is 28 m below sea level. The water of the Volga does not enter the ocean, so it is the largest river of internal flow.

The Volga basin is 1/3 of the European territory of Russia. In the west it starts from the Valdai and Central Russian uplands and in the east it reaches the Urals. The main part of the catchment area that feeds the Volga from its source to Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod is located in the forest zone, the middle part to Saratov is in the forest-steppe zone, the lower part to Volgograd is in the steppe zone, and the most southern part located in the semi-desert zone. The Volga basin sharply narrows from Saratov and the river flows without tributaries to the Caspian Sea.

The hydrographic length of the river is variable and is assumed to be 3694 km. Variability is associated with secular fluctuations in the level of the Caspian water. The Volga basin occupies 40% of the European territory of Russia and is 1.5 million square meters. km. Located on the territory of the Russian Plain, the relief of the Volga basin is mainly flat and low, bordered by hills. Elevations in the basin occupy no more than 5% and have heights of up to 300 m. The Ufimskoe Plateau and the Belebeevskaya Upland, which are 400 m high, are an exception.

To low places pools include:

upper reaches of the river;
Meshcherskaya lowland;
Oka-Don lowland;
Caspian lowland.

Erosion processes are typical for half of the basin area, leading to the formation of ravines, different in length and depth, 15% of the territory is covered by swamping processes. The danger is represented by landslide and karst phenomena.

The Volga is in 5th place in Russia in terms of length, basin area, water content. The river yields in these indicators only Siberian rivers- Yenisei, Lena, Ob, Amur.

The Volga basin includes 151 thousand watercourses, the total length of which is 574 thousand km. The catchment area of small rivers is 45% of the area of the entire basin. In general, the Volga receives about 200 tributaries. The density of the river network is 40% higher than the national average and is 0.42 km per sq. km. km.

The flow of the Volga and Kama was regulated by 11 large reservoirs. At the confluence with the Kama, the Volga unites a smaller number of rivers and is inferior to the Kama basin - 66.5 thousand rivers against 73.7 thousand.

Remark 2

The Volga valley is younger than the Kama valley. Before the epoch of maximum glaciation, in the first half Quaternary period, in modern form The Volga didn't exist yet. There was Kama, which, having united with Vishera, flowed into the Caspian Sea. To the north, to the Vychegda, there was a runoff of the modern upper reaches of the Kama, but glaciation reshaped the hydrographic network.

The fall of the Volga is 256 m, and the slope of the water surface is 7 cm / km. The speed of the current during low water varies from 0.7 to 1.8 km/h. In high water, the current speed increases to 9-11 km/h.

When it flows into the Caspian Sea, the Volga forms a delta, which begins at the point of separation of the left arm - Akhtuba.

Main sleeves:

Bakhtemir;
Kamyzyak;
Old Volga;
Akhtuba;
Buzan;
Bold.

From the beginning to the sea, the length of the delta is about 120 km, the area is 13 thousand square meters. km. In the upper part, the delta has a width of up to 17 km, and along the sea edge it reaches 200 km.

Northern Dvina river basin

The Northern Dvina flows in the north of the Russian Plain and is formed from the confluence of the Sukhona and Yuga rivers. With all its tributaries, the river flows into the White Sea, which belongs to the basin of the Northern Arctic Ocean. From the confluence of the two rivers to the point of confluence, the length of the river is 750 km. The river basin has an area of 357 thousand square meters. km and in terms of its size among the rivers of the European part, it ranks 5th.

The relief of the basin is represented by a hilly plain, descending in a northwesterly direction. A layer of glacial deposits covers the entire surface of the basin, so a significant part of it - 8.5% - is waterlogged. There are many mosses among the swamps.

The Northern Dvina basin is located in the taiga subzone, where spruce and pine forests predominate. conifers. There are admixtures of small-leaved species. The river valley is occupied by meadows with forb-large-grass vegetation. The forests are rich in mushrooms and berries. The sandy banks of the Northern Dvina are reminiscent of the Volga banks. On the river, at the source, there are sandbanks that change their place every year.

Within the 25-kilometer zone in the upper reaches of the river, there are more than 20 shoals. The river is navigable throughout its length. Having received large tributaries, the Northern Dvina becomes full-flowing and wide, and on its way begins to erode loose banks.

Among the tributaries:

Vaga;
Yemets;
Pinega.

Having met dense soil, the river breaks into many branches and carries water to the White Sea. The lake network is well developed in the river basin. In watershed swamps, lakes with a small mirror area are sometimes found. Lakes on old floodplain massifs are rare. On the floodplains of the rivers, a network of oxbow lakes is developed.

In general, the number of lakes in the catchment area is 17602. They occupy an area of 1517 square meters. km. Total population rivers and streams in the basin 61879, their length is 206248 km. The average slope of the Northern Dvina is about 0.07 ‰, which indicates that the river is typically flat.

In spring, the floodplain of the river is under water. Navigation is hampered by the presence of islands and sandy rifts. In addition, new islands are formed every year. The islands look like open sandbanks.

Remark 3

The hydrological regime of the river is determined climatic conditions, which are characterized by long cold winters, short cool summers with a lot of precipitation.

The river basin is dominated by wet air masses coming from the west, they bring about 500 mm of precipitation, so there is excessive moisture.

For hydrological regime characterized by high spring floods, low summer low water. The rivers of the basin are mainly fed by melting snow. Due to this, the volume of spring flood runoff is equal to 50% of its annual value.

In low-water years, the volume of runoff is reduced to 40%, and in high-water years it increases to 80%. Ice breakup on the river is established in late October - early November, and ice drift occurs with the advent of April. The ice drift is very stormy with the formation of congestion. The direction of the river flow to the north is an important factor in the formation of the hydrological regime.

Hello! The Volga River flows into the Caspian Sea and, accordingly, belongs to the basin of this sea.

Volga is a river in the European part of Russia, one of largest rivers on Earth and the largest in Europe.

Length - 3530 km (before the construction of reservoirs - 3690 km). The basin area is 1360 thousand km².

The Volga originates on the Valdai Upland (at an altitude of 229 m), flows into the Caspian Sea. The mouth lies 28 m below sea level. The total fall is 256 m. The Volga is the world's largest river of internal flow, that is, it does not flow into the oceans.

The river system of the Volga basin includes 151 thousand watercourses (rivers, streams and temporary watercourses) with a total length of 574 thousand km. The Volga receives about 200 tributaries. The left tributaries are more numerous and more abundant than the right ones. There are no significant tributaries after Kamyshin.

The Volga basin occupies about 1/3 of the European territory of Russia and extends from the Valdai and Central Russian Uplands in the west to the Urals in the east. The main feeding part of the Volga catchment area, from the source to the cities of Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan, is located in the forest zone, the middle part of the basin to the cities of Samara and Saratov is in forest-steppe zone, the lower part - in the steppe zone to Volgograd, and to the south - in semi-desert zone. It is customary to divide the Volga into 3 parts: the upper Volga - from the source to the mouth of the Oka, the middle Volga - from the confluence of the Oka to the mouth of the Kama, and the lower Volga - from the confluence of the Kama to the mouth.

Geographically, the Volga basin includes Astrakhan, Volgograd, Saratov, Samara, Ulyanovsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Moscow, Smolensk, Tver, Vladimir, Kaluga, Oryol, Ryazan, Vologda, Kirov, Penza, Tambov, Tula region, Perm region, Udmurtia, Mari El, Mordovia, Chuvashia, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Kalmykia, Komi, Moscow and Atyrau region of Kazakhstan.

The Volga is connected to the Baltic Sea by the Volga-Baltic waterway, the Vyshnevolotsk and Tikhvin systems; with the White Sea - through the Severodvinsk system and through the White Sea-Baltic Canal; with the Azov and Black Seas - through the Volga-Don Canal.

Large forest areas are located in the upper Volga basin, in the Middle and partly in the Lower Volga large areas are occupied with grain and industrial crops. Developed melon growing and horticulture. The Volga-Ural region has rich deposits of oil and gas. Near Solikamsk there are large deposits of potash salts. In the Lower Volga region (Lake Baskunchak, Elton) - table salt.

About 70 species of fish live in the Volga, of which 40 are commercial (the most important are: vobla, herring, bream, pike perch, carp, catfish, pike, sturgeon, sterlet).

General characteristics of the pool

The Volga is mainly fed by snow (60% of the annual runoff), ground (30%) and rain (10%) waters. The natural regime is characterized by spring floods (April - June), low water levels during the summer and winter low water periods, and autumn rain floods (October). Annual fluctuations in the level of the Volga before regulation reached 11 m near Tver, 15–17 m below the Kama mouth, and 3 m near Astrakhan. With the construction of reservoirs, the Volga runoff was regulated, level fluctuations decreased sharply. At the same time, on wide multi-kilometer reservoirs (for example, in Rybinsk, Kuibyshev) in inclement weather, waves up to 1.5 meters high are formed, to counteract which artificial breakwaters had to be built in the water area of a number of ports on the Volga (for example, Kazan). In addition, in connection with the rise in the level during the creation of reservoirs along low-lying banks in a number of cities, wide and often shallow marshy estuaries and backwaters were formed, and engineering protective structures were built in the form of dams, backup pumps, etc. Volga water temperature in the middle of summer (July) reaches 20--25 °C. The Volga breaks up near Astrakhan in mid-March; in the first half of April, the break-up occurs on the upper Volga and below Kamyshin, along the rest of its length - in mid-April. It freezes in the upper and middle reaches at the end of November, in the lower reaches at the beginning of December; Free from ice remains about 200 days, and near Astrakhan about 260 days. The basin area is 1360 thousand km².

The Volga basin occupies about 1/3 of the European territory of Russia and extends from the Valdai and Central Russian Uplands in the west to the Urals in the east. The main, feeding part of the Volga drainage area, from the source to the cities of Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan, is located in the forest zone, the middle part of the basin to the cities of Samara and Saratov is in the forest-steppe zone, the lower part is in the steppe zone to Volgograd, and to the south - in the semi-desert zone. It is customary to divide the Volga into 3 parts: the upper Volga - from the source to the mouth of the Oka, the middle Volga - from the confluence of the Oka to the mouth of the Kama, and the lower Volga - from the confluence of the Kama to the mouth.

The source of the Volga is the key near the village of Volgoverkhovye in the Tver region. In the upper reaches, within the Valdai Upland, the Volga passes through small lakes - Small and Big Verkhity, then through a system of large lakes known as the Upper Volga lakes: Sterzh, Vselug, Peno and Volgo, united in the so-called Upper Volga reservoir.

Large forest areas are located in the upper Volga basin, large areas in the Middle and partly in the Lower Volga region are occupied by grain and industrial crops. Developed melon growing and horticulture. The Volga-Ural region has rich deposits of oil and gas. Near Solikamsk there are large deposits of potash salts. In the Lower Volga region (Lake Baskunchak, Elton) - table salt. Inland waterways along the Volga: from the city of Rzhev to the Kolkhoznik pier (589 kilometers), the Kolkhoznik pier - Bertul (Krasnye Barrikada settlement) - 2604 kilometers, as well as a 40-km section in the river delta

About 70 species of fish live in the Volga, of which 40 are commercial (the most important are: vobla, bream, pike perch, carp, catfish, pike, sturgeon, sterlet).

The river ports of the Volga basin are the main water transport centers that organize the transportation of goods and passengers along the Volga River and its tributaries. After the creation of a unified deep-water transport system and the completion of the construction of the White Sea-Baltic and Volga-Don canals and the Volga-Baltic waterway, they became "ports of five seas", having access to the White, Baltic, Azov, Black and Caspian seas.

In the middle of the 20th century, the construction of hydroelectric facilities of the Volga-Kama cascade of hydroelectric power stations and the creation of large reservoirs led to the construction of new and reconstruction of old ports, incl. largest in Europe (Kazan, Perm, Astrakhan, etc.), a sharp increase in cargo and passenger turnover of ports.

The main ports of the Volga (from the headwaters to the mouth, year of construction): Tver (1961), Cherepovets (1960), Rybinsk (1942), Yaroslavl (1948), Kineshma, Nizhny Novgorod (1932), Cheboksary, Kazan (1948), Ulyanovsk ( 1947), Tolyatti (1957), Samara (1948), Saratov (1948), Volgograd (1938), Astrakhan (1934). Ports and piers on the Kama: Berezniki, Levshino, Perm (1943), Tchaikovsky, Kambarka, Naberezhnye Chelny, Chistopol. Other major ports and piers in the basin: Ryazan on the Oka, Ufa on Belaya, Kirov on Vyatka; special meaning have ports of Moscow on the Moskva River (Northern, Western and Southern). Ports work from 180 days in Perm to 240 days in Astrakhan.

Waterways scheme

Characteristics of the locks of the hydroelectric facilities of the Volga basin

Characteristics of the largest lakes of the Volga basin

Distances between the main tariff points of the Volga Shipping Company

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Hydrography

Different Volga: Upper, Middle and Lower

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Middle Volga

Lower Volga

Volga-Akhtuba floodplain

Volga Delta

The economic role of the river in the life of the country

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Tourism and fishing on the Volga

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Tula region

Kaluga region

Moscow region

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Species composition of fish

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