Presentation - palace coups. Presentation "palace coups"
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Presentation on history on the topic: “Palace coups.”
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General characteristics of the period.
During the years that separated the death of Peter 1 from the accession of Catherine 2, 6 empresses and sovereigns replaced the throne: Catherine 1, Peter 2, Anna Ioanovna, Elizaveta Petrovna, Peter 3. These were people different ages, dissimilar characters and tastes, nevertheless they had a lot in common. Previously, none of them were distinguished by their talent as statesmen; most of them ended up on the throne by chance.
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Peter and Catherine considered themselves servants of the state. The purpose of the service is to achieve the common good, a mythical goal in modern understanding, but their entire life and activity was subordinated to it. Peter's successors, although they occasionally used his terminology about the common good, did so out of inertia or due to external imitation. During the reign of six kings, the state was mainly ruled by their favorites. The kings were not interested in the state. Rule was like satisfying everyone's whims.
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Catherine's coup 1.
Catherine's coup 1.
Peter 1 in the “Charter on the Succession to the Throne” granted the right to the reigning sovereign to appoint an heir, but he himself did not have time to do this. In 1725, he died before he could say who would become the heir to the throne. From the point of view of customary law, the throne should have been inherited by the tsar’s eldest son, Tsarevich Alexei. But he died tragically during interrogation. The nobles, fearing for their future, decided to place the Tsar’s wife, Catherine 1, on the throne.
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Catherine's coup 1.
This illiterate, weak-willed, but kind woman, a former laundress, arranged for Menshikov and Tolstoy, and they, relying on the guard, elevated her to the throne. It was a kind of palace coup. During the reign of Catherine 1, the Supreme Privy Council was created in 1826, which included Peter’s associates. In fact, during Catherine’s reign, Menshikov was next to her as a favorite. It was he who had great influence on the empress.
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Russian Empress in 1725 - 1727 Second wife of Peter I. Daughter of a Latvian peasant. She was in the service of Pastor E. Gluck. In 1701 - 1702 she married a Swedish dragoon. During the capture of Marienburg in 1702, she was captured by Russians. She lived with B.P. Sheremetev, then with A.D. Menshikov. From 1705 she was a favorite, from 1712 she was the wife of Peter I. She gave birth to 8 children, of whom daughters Anna and Elizabeth lived to adulthood. In 1711 she took part in the Prut campaign. She was crowned empress in 1724, but was not declared the official heir to the throne, possibly due to adultery with the chamberlain V. Mons. In 1725 she was enthroned under pressure from A.D. Menshikov and the guard. Rules together with the Supreme Privy Council established by her.
Personality of the Empress
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Statesman and military leader, closest associate of Peter I, His Serene Highness Prince (from 1707), Field Marshal (from 1709), Generalissimo (from 1727). The son of a court groom, in his youth he peddled pies. He began his service in 1686 as an orderly for Peter I.
Menshikov Alexander Danilovich
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He actively participated in the Northern War and supervised the construction of St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg governor in 1703 - 1724. He commanded the cavalry in the battle of Lesnaya, the vanguard and left flank of the Russian army in the Battle of Poltava. Led the conquest of Livonia. In 1718 - 1724 and 1726 - 1727. - President of the Military Collegium. Played a key role in the enthronement of Catherine I. Under Catherine I, he was a member of the Supreme privy council, the de facto ruler of the state. He tried to become related to the royal family by marrying Peter II to his daughter Maria. In September 1727 he was placed under house arrest, deprived of property and exiled to Berezov. Died in exile. Two children of A.D. Menshikov were returned from exile and restored to their rights by Empress Anna Ivanovna.
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Reign of Peter 2.
The reign of Catherine 1 lasted two and a half years, she was replaced by Peter 2 in May 1727. The appearance of a 12-year-old boy on the throne was the result of a radical change in Menshikov’s attitude towards him: from an irreconcilable opponent he turned into an ardent admirer of his accession. Even during Catherine’s life, he decided to become related to the reigning family, marrying his daughter Maria to Peter.
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Menshikov's plan would have come true if not for Osterman. Thanks to his intrigues, Peter 2 freed himself from Menshikov, proclaimed himself emperor, and sent his failed father-in-law into exile in Berezov. Menshikov's place was taken by Dolgoruky. 20-year-old Ivan Dolgoruky became Peter’s favorite and attracted the emperor to hobbies unusual for his age. Ivan's father, Alexei Dolgoruky, tried to marry Peter to his daughter Ekaterina. A. Dolgoruky got Peter addicted to hunting. They're almost all year round They rushed through the fields and meadows, and the boy’s body was so exhausted that he fell ill. Then he caught a cold at the festival of the Blessing of Water on the ice of the Moscow River and on January 18, 1730 he died.
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Russian Emperor since 1727, son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. He died after catching a cold while hunting.
Peter 2
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The idea of the supreme leaders.
On January 19, 1730, Emperor Peter 2 died. He was the last direct descendant in the male line in the Romanov family. Everyone was worried about the question: who will come to power? Will it be the descendants of Peter 1 and Catherine 1: his twenty-year-old daughter Elizaveta Petrovna or two-year-old grandson Karl Peter Ulrich - the son of the then deceased Anna Petrovna and Duke of Holstein Karl Friedrich? Or maybe there will be a new dynasty on the throne? This is exactly what the Dolgoruky princes dreamed of. They also belonged to the Rurik family, albeit to a side branch. They were under Peter 2 during his reign. Alexei Dolgoruky managed to marry his daughter to the emperor. The Dolgorukys, after the death of Peter2, came up with an ominous plan to seize power. They made a false will, allegedly indicating that after his death Peter 2 would hand over the reins of government to his wife Ekaterina Alekseevna (i.e. Dolgoruky).
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At a meeting of the Supreme Privy Council in the Lefortovo Palace, A. Dolgoruky laid out this will. But none of the leaders supported Dolgoruky. The council began to consider candidates for the throne, and Anna Ioannovna was chosen. The leaders decided that she was the most suitable candidate for the throne. The leaders decided to limit the power of Anna Ioannovna by conditions (i.e., provide her with certain conditions of rule). The leaders wanted to rule the state with the help of Anna Ioannovna.
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They decided to send Vasily Lukich Dolgoruky to Mitava in good condition. Arriving there and meeting with the future empress, Dolgoruky explained everything to Anna Ioannovna. The conditions illuminated for her the overthrow of the autocracy and the actual establishment of the power of the Supreme Privy Council. Arriving in Moscow, Anna Ioannovna saw that the nobles did not support this idea. On February 25, 1730, Anna broke her condition and proclaimed herself autocrat.
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Russian Empress in 1730 - 1740. Middle daughter of Tsar Ivan V (brother of Peter I). In 1710 she was married to Duke Frederick William of Courland. She was widowed almost immediately. She lived in the capital of Courland, Mitava (now Jelgava). Since 1727, E. I. Biron became Anna Ivanovna’s favorite. In February 1730, having signed the “conditions”, she arrived in Moscow to assume the Russian throne. Having received a request from the nobility to restore autocracy, she tore up the “standards”. She was crowned in April 1740. In 1731 she established the Cabinet of Ministers. In 1731, she canceled the decree on single inheritance and established the Corps of Nobles. In 1736, the noble service was limited to 25 years. In everyday life she adhered to old Moscow traditions.
Personality of the Empress
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Board of Ivan Antonovich
Anna Ioanovna left the throne as unexpectedly as she appeared on it - in the fall of 1740 she died, leaving a will in favor of the infant Ivan Antonovich. Where did he come from, what are his rights to the throne? Peter 1 married Anna Ioanovna to the Duke of Courland, and her sister Catherine to the Duke of Mecklenburg. The last one family life It didn’t work out, she was forced to leave her quarrelsome and oppressive husband and settle in Russia with her daughter. After accepting Orthodoxy, the daughter was named Anna Leopoldovna. The Empress married her niece to the Duke of Brunswick Anton Ulrich. On August 24, 1740, Princess Anna Leopoldovna gave birth to a son, Ivan Antonovich.
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Peter the Great's daughter Elizabeth had a preferential right to the crown, but Anna Ivanovna decided to secure the throne for her branch of the dynasty. Another reason for appointing the baby as successor was the desire to benefit Biron, who under Elizaveta Petrovna would have no place left in the government. It was announced to astonished contemporaries that it was not his mother who was declared the emperor’s regent until he came of age, but the favorite of the late empress, Duke of Courland Biron. In the conditions of general dissatisfaction with Biron and the murmur of the guard, which the regent tried to “sort out” among the army regiments, Minich, without much difficulty, managed to carry out another palace coup on November 8, 1740, depriving Biron of the rights of regent, which he had enjoyed for only three weeks. Minich proclaimed Anna Leopoldovna regent. After all the intrigues, Ivan Antonovich began to rule without any intrigues or slander. But this did not last long. In 1741, another coup took place in favor of Elizabeth Petrovna.
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Russian Emperor in 1740-1741. Great-grandson of Tsar Ivan V, son of Duke Anton Ulrich of Brunswick and Anna Leopoldovna, niece of Empress Anna Ivanovna. He inherited the throne according to Anna Ivanovna's will after her death. Overthrown by Elizaveta Petrovna in November 1741. Exiled with his parents to Kholmogory, there he was excommunicated from his parents and kept alone. In 1756 he was secretly transported to the Shlisselburg fortress, where he was kept as a secret prisoner, without mentioning his name. He knew about his origin, was literate, but was mentally unbalanced. Killed by guards during a liberation attempt made by V. Ya. Mirovich.
Emperor's personality
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In the dead of night on November 25, 1741, Tsarevna Elizaveta Petrovna committed coup d'etat, arresting the baby - Emperor Ivan Antonovich and his parents - Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick and Anna Leopoldovna. This coup was not a surprise to anyone - rumors about it spread throughout the capital and became the property of the capital. Elizabeth, daughter of Peter 1 and the former Livonian peasant Martha Skavronskaya (after converting to Orthodoxy, Ekaterina Alekseevna), was born on December 18, 1709. The marriage relationship of Peter 1 and Ekaterina Alekseevna at the time of Elizabeth’s birth had not yet been officially formalized, which subsequently influenced the fate of Elizabeth. In August 1721, Peter 1 accepted the imperial title, after which Anna and Elizabeth began to be called “crown princesses.” This title separated the emperor's children from other members of the Romanov family. Peter, the son of the executed Tsarevich Alexei, was called the Grand Duke, and Peter's niece Anna was called the princess.
Revolution of Elizaveta Petrovna
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After unexpected death Peter 2 in 1730, Elizabeth turned out to be the legal heir to the throne, since her sister Anna renounced her rights to the Russian throne for herself and her descendants. However, the Supreme Privy Council, recognizing Elizabeth as illegitimate, denied her rights to the throne, inviting Anna Ioanovna in her place. After the death of the ruler in 1740, the throne was inherited by her two-month-old great-nephew Ivan Antonovich. As a result of the conspiracy of Field Marshal Minich, real power passed to Anna Leopoldovna. The new ruler treated Elizabeth with sympathy, but she hardly reciprocated. Elizabeth was probably already having thoughts of taking the throne. The coup d'état of Elizaveta Petrovna had important feature: as never before, the participation of foreign powers - FRANCE AND SWEDEN - was noticeable in it.
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Both states, helping Elizabeth ascend the throne, hoped that the empress would generously pay for the service provided. Sweden hoped that Russia would return Estland and Livonia to it. Events, however, did not develop according to the Swedish scenario: the Swedish ambassador was unable to persuade Elizabeth to sign an obligation to return these lands to Sweden. France also intended to benefit from the accession of Elizabeth Petrovna - she counted on changing Russia's foreign policy course: turning into an obedient executor of the will of French diplomacy. Finally, the last, but not least, feature of the coup is that it was directed against German dominance and was an expression of the growth of national self-awareness.
Everything happened without noise or bloodshed: the grenadiers entered the Winter Palace, took the ruler, her husband and the emperor into custody. Minikh and Osterman were arrested. Both were sent into exile in Siberia.
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Personality of the Empress
Russian Empress in 1741 - 1761. Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I (born before her parents’ marriage). She ascended the throne as a result of a palace coup, overthrowing the ruler Anna Leopoldovna and the young Emperor Ivan VI Antonovich. During her reign, Russia took part in the Russian-Swedish (1741 - 1743) and Seven Years' Wars. She practically did not deal with issues of domestic policy, entrusting it to ministers, especially P.I. Shuvalov. She was distinguished by her passion for clothes and entertainment. Moscow University and the Academy of Arts were founded under her. The favorites are A. G. Razumovsky and I. I. Shuvalov.
Slide 23 The empress's chaotic life led to her death at the age of 54. The throne was taken by her nephew Peter 3, a representative of the Petrine branch of the House of Romanov. He was the son of Anna Petrovna, eldest daughter
Peter the Great, who married her to the Duke of Holstein. Karl's mother, Petra, died shortly after giving birth, and his father died in 1739, leaving the 11-year-old orphan, who was in poor health, in the care of rude and ignorant teachers. By the will of fate, Karl-Peter turned out to be the heir to three thrones: he could become the Duke of Holstein, the Swedish king and the Russian emperor. That is why Elizaveta Petrovna, having become empress, hastened to deliver her nephew to St. Petersburg in order to prepare him for inheriting the throne.
Coup of Peter 3.
After accepting Orthodoxy, Charles-Peter was named Peter Fedorovich, and his wife, Anhalt, the Cerbian princess Sophia Frederica Augusta, was named Ekaterina Alekseevna. Being married, i.e. as an adult, Pyotr Fedorovich showed strange properties of his nature: he was either interested in playing with dolls, or playing with toy soldiers, or training dogs, or playing the violin. But nothing attracted him as much as exercises and watch parades. Peter 3, who took the throne on December 25, 1761, was no longer restrained from strange behavior and manifestations of an unbalanced character: he began to devote even more time to drills and parades, casually insulted the courtiers, angrily punished those close to him for trivial actions, spent long hours in incredibly smoky rooms drinking and card game. During his reign, in 1762, he published a manifesto on the freedom of the nobility. But this reign did not last long. In 1762, Peter 3 was overthrown from the throne with the help of the guard by his wife Ekaterina Alekseevna. This is how the male branch of the Romanov dynasty ended.
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Russian Emperor in 1761 - 1762 Son of the daughter of Anna Petrovna, daughter of Peter I, and Duke Karl Friedrich of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. In 1742 he arrived in Russia and was declared heir to the throne. In 1745 he was married to Princess Sophia Frederica August of Anhalt-Zerbst (future Catherine II). In December 1761, after the death of his aunt, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, he ascended the throne.
Personality of Peter 3.
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Being an admirer of the Prussian king Frederick II, he concluded a separate peace with him and returned to Prussia all the conquests of Russia in Seven Years' War, was going to start a war with Denmark for the return of Schleswig to the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp. He issued a Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility, abolished the Secret Chancellery, announced the secularization of church and monastic lands, stopped the persecution of schismatics, and sent a decree to the Senate on the equalization of all religions. Overthrown as a result of a palace coup organized by Catherine II.
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With the death of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna in December 1761, the Romanov dynasty came to an end. The throne passed to Karl - Peter - Ulrich, who during his short reign managed to give rise to a new dynasty - the Romanovs-Holstein-Gottorps. The name of the Holstein prince, grandson of Peter the Great and Charles 12, was associated with many hopes and concerns. In 1745, the Grand Duke was married to his second cousin, the sixteen-year-old Princess Sophia Augusta from the small principality of Anhalt-Zerbst. After accepting Orthodoxy, the princess was given the name Ekaterina Alekseevna. The transition of the throne to Peter 3 passed calmly - without Catherine’s attempts to counteract this. Apparently, the Grand Duchess’s pregnancy played a role - in April 1762, she gave birth to a son from Grigory Orlov, the future Count Alexei Bobrinsky.
Catherine's coup 2.
Count, favorite of Catherine II. One of the organizers of the palace coup of 1762. Suppressed the Plague Riot in Moscow in 1771.
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Already six months after Peter’s accession, society was revolutionary against him. The clergy expressed dissatisfaction with the secularization of church lands, as a result, rumors spread throughout the country about the tsar’s neglect of the foundations of Orthodoxy, about how Peter 3, laughing loudly, walked around the church during services, and in general was going to introduce Lutheranism to Russia. The Guard did not approve of the emperor's plans to send her to war with Denmark. Industrialists opposed the ban on the purchase of serfs for factories. Officials were worried about Peter's unpredictability. And the nobility, who at first intended to thank him for the manifesto on noble freedom by building a golden statue of the emperor, quickly realized that nothing good could be expected from Peter.
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The national feelings of the Russian people were offended by the emperor’s emphasized reverence for the Prussian king, a recent enemy of Russia who had suffered a crushing defeat from the Russian army. Peter defiantly walked around in a Prussian military uniform, wore a Prussian order on his chest, and on his hand a ring with a miniature portrait of Frederick, and was proud that the king had made him a major general in the Prussian army. Ekaterina Alekseevna had a hard time. The French envoy Breteuil wrote: “The Empress’s position is most desperate: she is expressed complete contempt,... The Emperor redoubled his attention to the maiden Vorontsova. He appointed her chamberlain. She lives at court and enjoys extreme honor...” Peter’s affection for Elizaveta Romanovna Vorontsova was strong and deep. This was precisely the danger for Catherine. The favorite was supported by the Vorontsov clan, led by her uncle, Chancellor Mikhail Illarionovich. In a letter to Baron Osten in June 1762, Catherine wrote that the Vorontsovs planned to imprison her in a monastery and place their relative on the throne next to them.
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Catherine’s friends suggested that, using the general hatred of Peter, she should overthrow him, imprison him in a dungeon, so that she could rule as an autocrat or as a regent under the young Emperor Paul. The same Breteuil reported: “I believe that the empress, whose courage and ardor I know, will decide sooner or later to take extreme measures. She has friends who try to calm her down, but they will do anything for her if she demands it.” Among the most active conspirators are guards officers led by the five Orlov brothers, the chief of the Izmailovsky regiment, the president of the Academy of Sciences, Count K. Razumovsky; teacher of Grand Duke Paul, experienced diplomat N. Panin and his brother General P. Panin, their niece E. Dashkova, Native sister favorites of Peter 3 M. Vorontsova, and a number of others. Each of them had their own reasons for the palace coup. Thus, Nikolai Panin expected that Catherine would become only a regent for the young Paul. The Orlov brothers hoped that Catherine's enthronement would elevate them, and maybe even lead to marriage with Gregory. The young and romantically inclined Dashkova simply sympathized with the empress deceived by her husband, and Razumovsky, as Catherine later claimed, was slightly in love with her.
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An atmosphere of conspiracy was quickly thickening around Peter 3, which was felt by his close friend King Frederick, who strongly recommended taking security measures. The plan of the Orlov brothers was to, following the proven model of St. Petersburg palace revolutions, capture the emperor in his chambers, declaring him deposed and thereby limiting the event to the boundaries of the imperial palace. This plan was not carried out, since Peter 3 left St. Petersburg and went to the summer residence of Oranienbaum on the Gulf of Finland, about 40 kilometers from the city. Because of this, the protest against the emperor was moved from the walls of the palace to the guards barracks and to the streets of St. Petersburg. The date of the coup was determined by Peter 3 himself, giving the order to the guard to prepare for an attack against Denmark. In addition, one had to reckon with the possibility of Catherine’s arrest and imprisonment in a monastery.
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On June 12, the emperor went to Oranienbaum, leaving his wife and son in the capital. On June 17, Catherine also left St. Petersburg and arrived in Peterhof, entrusting Pavel to the care of teacher Nikolai Panin. On June 19, the Empress visited her husband in Oranienbaum, where she attended theatrical performance, during which Peter played the violin. Then she returned to Peterhof. On the night of June 28, Catherine was awakened by Alexei Orlov, the brother of her lover, who said that it was necessary to act immediately, since one of the conspirators, guards officer Pyotr Passek, had been arrested.
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A little earlier, Fyodor Orlov informed Kirill Razumovsky that brother Alexei was going to go after Catherine to Peterhof to deliver her to the Izmailovsky regiment, where there were many officers favorable to the empress. Razumovsky notified the academic printing house to begin printing a manifesto on the accession to the throne of Catherine 2. Since Catherine did not want to be content with the role of regent for her son, the manifesto, ahead of events, said that her loyal subjects had already sworn an oath of allegiance to her as the empress and autocrat of all Rus'. From Peterhof, Catherine rushed to Petersburg with such speed that she had to change driven horses along the way. Grigory Orlov met her in the capital, and they immediately headed to the barracks of the Izmailovsky regiment. All the guards shouted “Hurray” after Catherine. When leaving for Nevskaya Square, people greeted Catherine with joyful shouts. At 9 o'clock in the morning, Catherine, accompanied by a group of officers, arrived at the crowded Kazan Cathedral. The ceremony of accession to the throne of the new empress began.
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What was Peter 3 doing? In the morning, the emperor arrived in Peterhof, where it was planned to celebrate his name day. But Catherine was not there. Peter returned to Oranienbaum and began sending messengers to St. Petersburg to find out what had happened. But they didn't return. Having learned about the coup, half of them swore allegiance to the empress. After some time, Peter learned that a coup had occurred in St. Petersburg. Without thinking for a second, he sent a decree to Kronstadt for three thousand soldiers to arrive in Peterhof. He and the soldiers were unable to enter St. Petersburg, since everyone told him that there was no Peter 3, but there was Catherine 2. Meanwhile, Catherine gathered a large army and went to Oranienbaum to arrest her unlucky husband. Having reached Strelna, Peter 3 sent a letter to Catherine asking for forgiveness and that he would change. But she didn't answer him.
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In Peterhof, Peter's envoy handed over a note to the Empress, in which Peter promised to renounce the throne in exchange for a small pension, the Holstein throne and the maid of honor Vorontsov. In response, Catherine sent her husband an act of renunciation, which he had to sign. By lunchtime, Grigory Orlov brought from Oranienbaum the personally signed abdication of the throne of Peter 3. The emperor himself was arrested and taken to the Ropsha estate under the supervision of Alexei Orlov, captain Peter Passek. Then he was taken to Shlisselburg. The regiments returned to the capital on June 30. This day was declared a day of general drunkenness. Soon after Catherine ascended the throne, a manifesto was issued stating that the former Emperor Peter 3 was seriously ill and would soon die. But not everyone believed this, even the Empress’s son Pavel. Only after the death of the empress did he find letters from Alexei Orlov from Shlisselburg in her desk. It said that Peter was very ill with colic and that Orlov was afraid whether he would survive or not. The last letter is dated June 6. It says that Peter died. A. Orlov does not know why. Peter argued with Baryatinsky and.....he was gone. To refute the suspicion of poisoning, Catherine ordered the body to be opened and nothing was found there.
Slide 36
It can be assumed that Catherine benefited from this death. Her subjects knew that she needed this and helped to achieve the speedy death of Peter. Catherine understood that society would suspect her of the death of the muse and staged a small performance. She walked around the palace all dejected, forgetful, and cried a lot demonstratively. It was publicly announced that the former emperor died of “hemorrhoidal” colic. Catherine did not participate in the burial of the murdered man. Peter 3 was buried in the church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra without a tombstone or inscription. The participants in the conspiracy were not punished. Catherine achieved everything she wanted: she bypassed the legitimate heir of Paul and took the throne without any legal basis.
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Russian Empress in 1762 - 1796. Born Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst. In February 1744, at the invitation of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, she arrived in Russia, and in 1745 she was married to the heir to the throne, Peter Fedorovich (the future Peter III). From her youth she had a penchant for serious literature; she read Voltaire, Diderot, and other educators. In 1762 she overthrew Peter III and took the throne. Carried out a number of reforms: reorganization of the Senate (1763), secularization of church lands (1763 - 1764), abolition of the hetmanate in Ukraine (1764), provincial reform (1775). She issued letters of grant to the nobility and cities (1785), liquidated the Zaporozhye Sich (1775), attached Ukrainian peasants to the land (1783), resettled Ukrainian Cossacks to Kuban (1791).
Personality of the Empress
Slide 38
In 1764 - 1765 compiled the “Order” for the convened in 1767 - 1768. The commission was laid down, but the attempt to create a new Code ended in failure due to the inability to harmonize the interests of the estates and overcome the resistance of the nobles to the mitigation of serfdom. Catherine was an opponent of mercantilism and sought to reduce state intervention in the economy, fought trade monopolies, and abolished farming.
Slide 39
During her reign, Russia waged successful wars with Turkey (1774 - 1768 and 1787 - 1791), annexed Crimea, Kuban, the Black Sea coast to the Dniester, participated in the partitions of Poland, annexed Lithuania, Belarus, and Right Bank Ukraine. Catherine II pursued a policy of enlightened absolutism, corresponded with educators, and contributed to the development of Russian culture. She had many favorites (up to 15), but although there were outstanding ones among them statesmen, for example G. A. Potemkin, always ruled independently.
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Slides: 19 Words: 539 Sounds: 0 Effects: 19Russia in the era of palace coups 1725 - 1762. Purpose of the lesson: to get acquainted with the causes, circumstances and consequences of palace coups in Russia in the 18th century. Study Plan new topic. Heirs of Peter 1. Causes of palace coups. Characteristics of palace coups. Heirs of Peter I. Reforms. "The Case of Tsarevich Alexei." Charter of Peter I On succession to the throne. Ekaterina is the wife. Elizabeth is the daughter. Peter is a grandson. Anna is a niece. Causes of palace coups. Peter's reforms. Palace coups. The growth of the privileges of the nobility. The struggle for power between Peter I’s associates. - History of palace coups.ppt
Palace coups in Russia
Slides: 24 Words: 1421 Sounds: 0 Effects: 16Palace coups (1725 – 1762). History 7th grade. 1. Catherine I. 2. Peter II. 3. "The Supremes." 4. Anna Ioanovna. 5. Elizaveta Petrovna. 6. Peter III. Lesson assignment. Make a chronological table of the main events of the era of the Palace coups. What are the reasons for palace coups? The role of the guard has grown significantly. Catherine I (Martha Skavronskaya) (1725-1727). Evdokia Lopukhina. Praskovya Saltykova. Ivan V Alekseevich (1682-1696). Peter I Alekseevich (1682-1725). Catherine. Anna Ivanovna (1730-1740). Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761). Alexei. Anna. Ivan VI Antonovich (1740-1741). - Palace coups in Russia.ppt
Russia in the era of palace coups
Slides: 60 Words: 1249 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The era of palace coups. Change of rulers on the throne. The son of Peter I died. Charter on the succession to the throne. Catherine I. Peter I died. The reign of Catherine I. Supreme Privy Council. Decree on the transfer of the throne to Peter II. The dying queen. The period of the reign of Peter II. Ekaterina Dolgorukaya. The Supreme Privy Council became clearly aristocratic. Peter II returned his grandmother Evdokia Lopukhina from exile. Peter II died on his wedding day. The period of Anna Ioannovna's reign. Choosing a new head of state. Anna Ioannovna. Head of the Spiritual College. F. Prokopovich. Sheet with conditions. Baltic Germans. - Russia in the era of palace coups.ppt
The era of palace coups 1725-1762
Slides: 23 Words: 1271 Sounds: 0 Effects: 116Palace coups 1725 – 1762 Lesson plan. Palace coups. Causes of palace coups. The Guard played a decisive role in the coups. Who is the contender for the throne? Working with educational material Fill the table. Catherine I (1725-1727). Peter Alekseevich II (1727 –1730). 1730 “Verkhovniki” (Supreme Privy Council). Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740). John Antonovich (1740-1741). Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761). Pyotr Fedorovich (1761-1762). Ekaterina Alekseevna (1762-1796). Palace coups 1725-1762 Check yourself. Who was the actual ruler of the state. - The era of palace coups 1725-1762.ppt
Politics 1725-1762
Slides: 9 Words: 228 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Russian foreign policy in 1725 - 1762. Story. Main directions of foreign policy. The fight with Turkey for access to the Black Sea. Russian interference in the internal affairs of Poland. Preservation of Peter's conquests in the Baltic states. Consolidation of Russia in the Caucasus. Russia's advance to the East. War of the Polish Succession. 1733 – 1735 – War of the Polish Succession. Stanislav Leshchinsky. August. Fill the table. Russian-Swedish War 1741 - 1743. Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (1756 - 1762). Coalition: Prussia and England. Coalition: France, Austria, Russia, Saxony, Sweden. - Politics 1725-1762.pptx
Foreign policy 1725-1762
Slides: 12 Words: 197 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Russian foreign policy in 1725-1762. Main directions of foreign policy: Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The struggle for power between Stanislav Leszczynski and the son of the deceased king - Augustus III. Russian – Turkish war 1735-1739. Burchard Christoph Minich. 1736 – new Crimean campaign. Belgrade Peace Treaty of 1739. Russian-Swedish War 1741-1743. 1742 – Treaty of Abo. Russia has part of the territory of the Baltic and Finland. Seven Years' War 1756-1762. Two coalitions of European states: Russia's goal -. S.F. Apraksin. P.A. Rumyantsev. V.V. Fermor. P.S. Saltykov. Results of foreign policy of 1725-1762. - Foreign Policy 1725-1762.pptx
Domestic policy 1725-1762
Slides: 19 Words: 774 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Domestic policy in 1725-1762. Standard requirements. Lesson objectives. Lesson plan. Table form. Catherine (1725-1727). Peter II (1727-1730). Anna Ioannovna (1730 -1740). Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761). Peter III Fedorovich (1761-1762). Policy towards the Cossacks. Find manufactories on the map. Policy in the field of manufacturing production. Changes in the city government system. Compare the nature of the reign of Peter I and his successors. - Domestic policy 1725-1762.ppt
Peter 2
Slides: 10 Words: 1607 Sounds: 0 Effects: 22Peter ll. Peter did not have time to show interest in state affairs and did not actually rule on his own. Childhood. Childhood. Catherine's will. On May 6 (17), 1727, 43-year-old Empress Catherine I died. According to the will, the throne was inherited by the grandson of Peter I, Peter Alekseevich. Reign. Peter II under Menshikov (1727). The daughter of Peter I, Anna Petrovna, was forced to leave Russia with her husband. The fall of Menshikov. Peter II under the Dolgorukovs (1728-1730). The fall of Menshikov brought Peter closer to Anna Petrovna. Ekaterina Dolgorukova, Peter's second bride. Domestic policy. - Peter 2.ppt
Peter 3
Slides: 19 Words: 1496 Sounds: 0 Effects: 70Emperor Peter III. Heir to the throne. Grand Duke Petr Fedorovich. Prince Peter Fedorovich. Empress Elizabeth seriously considered declaring her great-nephew as heir. Foreign policy of Peter III. Politics of Peter III. The most important document of the reign of Peter III was the Manifesto “on the granting of freedom to the Russian nobility” published on February 18, 1762. The manifesto on the freedom of the nobility for the first time created in Russia a layer of free people independent of the state. By decree of February 21, 1762, Peter III abolished the Secret Chancellery. Peter III stopped persecuting schismatics. Non-discrimination on religious grounds, equality of religions – natural principles existence. - Peter 3.ppt
Peter III
Slides: 13 Words: 258 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Peter III in the assessments of historians and contemporaries. Childhood. The guardian is Bishop Adolf Friedrich. At the age of 11, in the care of an uncle - Indifference, Rudeness, Ignorance. Life in Russia. Yakov Yakovlevich Shtelin discovered complete absence knowledge. Besides ownership French. Instructions from Chancellor A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Fidgety, poorly educated, good-natured, trusting. Reign of Peter III. Events of Peter III. Prussian influence. Various assessments. A worthless monarch who had a negative attitude towards everything Russian - Catherine II, S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky. Conspiracy participants. Causes of death of Peter iii. - Peter III.pptx
Seven Years' War
Slides: 9 Words: 325 Sounds: 0 Effects: 17The war was started by the Prussian king Frederick the Great. Seven Years' War. Frederick the Great. 4. Seven Years' War. Field Marshal S. Apraksin, who commanded the troops, was an experienced courtier. Field Marshal Apraksin. Elizabeth appointed Fermor as the new commander. General Fermor. Battle of Zorndorf. In 1759, P. Saltykov became commander. Soon the Russians went on the offensive, and Friedrich barely escaped capture. P.S. Saltykov. General Chernyshov. -
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The era of palace coups
The presentation of the lesson was prepared by the history teacher of school No. 186 Kolyganova E. A
The period in the history of Russia from 1725 to 1762.
1730 1740 1741 1761 ?
1725 – death of Peter I
Catherine I Peter II Anna Ioannovna Ivan VI
Elizaveta Petrovna
Peter III
1762 – accession of Catherine II
Temporary - Favorite - Regent - Guard - Dictionary
the name of the period 1725-62, accepted in Russian historiography, when in Russian Empire the change of power took place mainly through palace coups carried out by noble groups with the assistance of guards regiments. III.
The era of palace coups -
(Italian guardia), a selected privileged part of the troops, distinguished by the best weapons, uniforms and training and performing, in addition to combat missions, the functions of guarding the monarch. Played a significant role in political life and repeatedly carried out palace coups.
a random person who accidentally achieved honors and nobility; favorite, favored (from V.I. Dahl’s dictionary).
a favorite of a high-ranking official who receives benefits and advantages from his patronage.
a ruler who rules the country, in the form of a guardian, for a minor or incompetent sovereign.
Dictionaries: Brockhaus and Efron; V.I. Dalya; Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
1722 – Decree on succession to the throne:
Peter I and the problem of succession to the throne
According to Peter's decree of February 5, 1722 on succession to the throne (confirmed in 1731 and 1761), the emperor appointed himself a successor from among the members of the imperial family.
Peter I did not have time to appoint a successor and after his death his wife Catherine I Alekseevna (1725-27) ascended the throne. The son of Peter I, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, was executed on June 26, 1718 for actively opposing the reforms.
Emperor Peter I died on January 28, 1725. The Russian throne became the object of struggle among various factions. Russia has entered the so-called era of palace coups. Guard regiments became an instrument of the struggle for the throne; with ending Northern War The Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments were constantly in St. Petersburg or Moscow, accompanying imperial court. Political significance The guard increased already during the illness of Peter I, when two groups clashed in the struggle for power: the new Peter the Great nobility (Menshikov, Apraksin, Tolstoy, etc.) and the old boyar aristocracy (Golitsyns, Dolgorukies, Repnins, etc.). The struggle revolved around the issue of the heir to the throne. In 1722, in connection with the case of Tsarevich Alexei and the early death of the sons of Peter I from his marriage to Catherine, Peter issued a decree according to which the throne passed according to the will of the monarch. Peter himself did not leave such a will. The matter was complicated by the fact that Peter had no direct male offspring left, except for the grandson of Peter Alekseevich, the son of Tsarevich Alexei. There were also descendants of Peter I's brother - Tsar Ivan (two daughters - Anna, Duchess of Courland, and Catherine, Duchess of Mecklenburg).
Under Catherine I: The Supreme Privy Council was created; Bering's expedition was equipped; Academy of Sciences opened; an explanation of the inheritance law was issued; Russia entered into an alliance with Austria
1725 - 1727 Peter I Anna Elizabeth
Catherine I (1684, Dorpat - 1727, St. Petersburg) - first Russian empress in 1725-1727. The daughter of the Lithuanian man in the street Samuil Skavronsky was called Martha Skavronsky before accepting Orthodoxy. After early death She was raised by her parents in the house of a Protestant pastor. She was not taught to read and write. Married to dragoon Johann Ribot, who served in a Swedish detachment. In Marienbad, Catherine I was captured by Russians and ended up with B.P. Sheremetev, who lost her to A.D. Menshikov. In 1703, she became the de facto wife of Peter I. Contemporaries noted that Catherine I had a sound, active mind and had a strong moral influence on Peter I; was indispensable for him and even accompanied him on campaigns. According to legend, during the Prut campaign in 1711, Catherine I, with a valuable gift, persuaded the Turkish pasha to peace, thereby saving the Russians. army and the king from captivity (Order of St. Catherine). The role of Catherine I was greatly exaggerated by Peter I in order to justify their official marriage with his first wife Evdokia Lopukhina imprisoned in a monastery. From 1704 to 1723, Catherine I and Peter I had 11 children, of whom two daughters survived: Anna, who married the Duke of Holstein, and Elizaveta Petrovna. In 1724, a manifesto was published announcing the coronation of Catherine I. Not distinguished by aristocratic elegance, she was stately, fresh, and pretty. She knew how to be courteous and kind to others. After the death of Peter I, Catherine I, with the support of the guard, was enthroned by A.D. Menshikov, who became the de facto ruler of Russia. Catherine I did not study state affairs Even after becoming empress, she did not want to learn to read and write. During her reign, the Supreme Privy Council was created. She handed over the throne to Peter's grandson - Peter II.
Order of St. Catherine
The Order of St. Catherine was established by Peter I in 1714 in gratitude to his wife for her noble deed during the unsuccessful Prut campaign of 1711 (in which Catherine accompanied Peter) - the Russians were surrounded and found themselves in a difficult situation. Catherine advised collecting money to bribe the Turkish command and was the first to take off her jewelry, calling on the officers' wives to do the same. The valuables allowed the Russian troops to leave their positions with honor and return home.
1727 – 1730 Grandson of Peter I Son of Tsarevich Alexei
Refused all the undertakings of Peter I, first of all, the fleet
Real power was in the hands of the Dolgorukovs and Golitsyns (the fate of Menshikov -
Soslan) Moved to Moscow
Peter II (1715, St. Petersburg - 1730, Moscow), emperor (from 1727). Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. In fact, he did not take part in government; The development of government policy was carried out by the Supreme Privy Council. Initially (until September 1727) greatest influence under Peter II possessed A.D. Menshikov, then princes A.G. and I.A. Dolgoruky. In connection with the coronation celebrations in Moscow, Governor General F.Yu. Romodanovsky was ordered to build and decorate three gates along Tverskaya Street: in Zemlyanoy Gorod - at the expense of the treasury, in the White City - at the expense of the merchants, in Kitay-Gorod - from the Synod. On February 25, 1728, Peter II was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. The coronation celebrations continued until February 28 and took place in the Faceted Chamber and the Kremlin Palace. Since the spring of 1728, the Lefortovo Palace became the residence of Peter II; the courtyard, the most important government agencies. Peter II often left the city, going hunting to estates near Moscow. On November 30, 1729, the betrothal of Peter II to Princess E.A. took place in the Lefortovo Palace. Dolgoruky. During Peter's illness on January 18, 1730 in the Golovinsky Palace, where A.G. lived. Dolgoruky with his daughter, the question of the possibility (in the event of the death of Peter II) of enthroning E.A. was discussed. Dolgoruky. Peter II is buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin. With his death, the male line of the Romanov dynasty was cut short.
1730 - 1740
niece of Peter I (daughter of Ivan V)
Duchess of Courland
ascended the throne by signing the conditions (conditions);
the period of her reign was called the Bironovschina
Anna Ioannovna (1693-1740) - Russian Empress (1730-1740), daughter of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich and P. F. Saltykova. She was brought up at the court of Peter I in St. Petersburg. In 1710-1711 was married to the Duke of Courland, after his death she lived mainly in Mitau. After the death of Peter II, members of the Supreme Privy Council decided to invite Anna to the Russian throne, subject to the limitation of her power by the Supreme Privy Council. Having agreed to these conditions, Anna soon “at the request” of the noble guards broke the rules, dispersed, and later abolished the Supreme Privy Council. She was crowned in Moscow in April 1730. She restored the Senate. Ruled the country with the help and support of a number of foreigners (E.I. Biron, R. and K. Levenwolde, B.K. Minich, G. Biron, K. Mengden, P. Lacy, etc.). In 1731 she established the Cabinet of Ministers and renewed a number of orders. Since 1731, the Secret Investigation Office began to operate, using cruel torture. Anna Ioannovna expanded the privileges of the nobility, to whom she owed autocratic power: she abolished the law on single inheritance; established the Noble Cadet Corps; allowed the management of the estates to one of the sons of the owners; limited the indefinite public service nobles for 25 years. She brutally suppressed any attempt by the opposition (she imprisoned and executed many representatives of the Dolgorukov, Golitsyn, A.P. Volynsky family, etc.). She ordered an inventory of government property to be drawn up protected forests for the purpose of their protection and conservation. Ordered the Synod to maintain cleanliness Orthodox faith and intensify the fight against heresies. For this purpose, in particular, on her orders, theological seminaries were opened in 16 cities of Russia. In 1738, she established the death penalty for blasphemy. Carried out the military reform initiated by Minikh. She contributed to the election of Biron as Duke of Courland and Semigalsky (1737). Not being able to defend the Caspian territories annexed under Peter I, she returned them to the Persian Nadir Shah. The war with Turkey of 1735-1739 was successful for Russia. due to the passivity of Russian diplomacy, it did not lead to consolidation of success in the peace treaty concluded in Belgrade on conditions unfavorable for Russia. She sought to consolidate power with the descendants of Ivan V. To do this, before her death, she appointed Ivan Antonovich’s grandnephew as successor, and E. I. Biron as regent for him until he came of age.
Biron Ernst Johann (1690-1772) - ruler-regent under the young Ivan VI Antonovich (October 17 - November 9, 1740). Duke of Courland and Semigalsky (from 1737). Favorite of Empress Anna Ioannovna. IN last period During her reign, she undertook a renewal of the guard at the expense of people from the tax-paying classes. During the regency, he lowered the poll tax and granted amnesty to those convicted in a number of cases. He forbade the wearing of court dresses made of expensive fabrics. Strengthened police control in St. Petersburg. During the coup carried out by Minikh in favor of Anna Leopoldovna on November 9, 1740, he was arrested and accused of lack of religiosity, forcible seizure of regency powers, and the intention to remove the imperial family from the country in order to usurp power in Russia for his family. The commission sentenced Biron to quartering, which was replaced by Anna Leopoldovna with exile to Pelym and confiscation of all property. In 1742 returned from Pelym by Elizaveta Petrovna and exiled to Yaroslavl. After the accession of Peter III, he was returned from exile and restored to his ranks (1762). In August of the same year, Catherine II returned the Duchy of Courland to Biron, where he went. Died in Mitau at the end of 1772.
Conditions
... We most firmly promise ... upon acceptance of the Russian crown for the entire marriage of my life, not to enter into an heir ... not to determine anyone. We also promise that... we will always maintain the now established Supreme Privy Council of eight persons and without it... council of consent: We will not start a war with anyone. No peace can be made. Do not burden our faithful subjects with any new taxes. Noble ranks... above the rank of colonel should not be granted, and the guards and other regiments should be under the authority of the Supreme Privy Council. The nobility's life and property and honor cannot be taken away without trial. Do not favor estates and villages and villages. In the court ranks... do not spend State revenues - and maintain all loyal subjects in... mercy. And if I don’t fulfill or keep anything according to this promise, then I will be deprived of the Russian crown.
From the dictionary of V.I. Dahl: conditions - agreement, conditions, deal.
Questions: Who signed the document and was it executed? Who had the real power under this document? What can you call the system of government that would be established in Russia if the project were implemented?
1740 - 1741
the fate of himself and his family was very tragic
After the arrest of E. Biron, Anna Ioannovna’s niece, Anna Leopoldovna, became regent under Ivan VI
The case of Mirovich Ivan V Alekseevich Ekaterina
Anna Leopoldovna
Ivan VI Antonovich
Ivan VI Antonovich (1740-1764) - All-Russian Emperor (1740-1741). The son of the niece of the Russian Empress Anna Ioannovna - Princess Anna Leopoldovna of Mecklenburg and Duke Anton Ulrich of Brunswick. The great-grandson of Ivan V. On October 17, 1740, he was proclaimed Emperor of All Russia, and Duke E.I. Biron was his regent. After Minich's coup on November 9 of the same year, the regency passed into the hands of the emperor's mother, Anna Leopoldovna. And as a result of the coup on November 25, 1741, Ivan Antonovich was overthrown from the throne by Elizabeth Petrovna. Initially, she signed a decree deporting Ivan Antonovich and his family abroad to relatives. However, this soon had to be abandoned due to possible subsequent complications (including foreign policy and military) associated with the restoration of Ivan Antonovich’s rights to the throne. For this reason, the entire family was arrested and exiled first to Dynamunde, then to Ranenburg, and later to Kholmogory, where Ivan Antonovich (he was four years old at the time) was isolated from his relatives. At the age of 16, Ivan Antonovich was imprisoned in the Shlisselburg fortress, where his name was unknown even to the commandant. Any contacts with the outside world were strictly prohibited. Despite this, the prisoner knew about his origin. The decrees of Peter III, and later Catherine II, who visited him in 1762, ordered that the regime of his detention be tightened, and in the event of an attempt to release him, he should not be extradited alive. On the night of July 5, 1764, when Lieutenant V. Ya. Mirovich attempted to free the prisoner, Ivan VI was killed. He was buried in the Shlisselburg Fortress.
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1722 – Decree on succession to the throne:
According to Peter's decree of February 5, 1722 on succession to the throne (confirmed in 1731 and 1761), the emperor appointed himself a successor from among the members of the imperial family.
Peter I did not have time to appoint a successor and after his death his wife Catherine I Alekseevna (1725-27) ascended the throne. The son of Peter I, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, was executed on June 26, 1718 for actively opposing the reforms.
January 28, 1725 the emperor died Peter I. The Russian throne became the object of struggle among various factions. Russia has entered the so-called era of palace coups. Guard regiments became an instrument of the struggle for the throne; with the end of the Northern War, the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments were constantly in St. Petersburg or Moscow, accompanying the imperial court. The political importance of the guard increased already during the illness of Peter I, when two groups clashed in the struggle for power: the new Peter the Great nobility ( Menshikov, Apraksin, Tolstoy etc.) and the old boyar aristocracy ( Golitsyn, Dolgoruky, Repnin and etc.). The struggle revolved around the issue of the heir to the throne. In 1722, in connection with the case of Tsarevich Alexei and the early death of the sons of Peter I from his marriage to Catherine, Peter issued a decree according to which the throne passed according to the will of the monarch. Peter himself did not leave such a will. The matter was complicated by the fact that Peter had no direct male offspring left, except for the grandson of Peter Alekseevich, the son of Tsarevich Alexei. There were also descendants of Peter I's brother - Tsar Ivan (two daughters - Anna, Duchess of Courland, and Catherine, Duchess of Mecklenburg).
Catherine I(1684, Dorpat - 1727, St. Petersburg) - first Russian empress in 1725-1727.
The daughter of the Lithuanian man in the street Samuil Skavronsky was called Martha Skavronsky before accepting Orthodoxy. After the early death of her parents, she was raised in the home of a Protestant pastor. She was not taught to read and write. Married to dragoon Johann Ribot, who served in a Swedish detachment. In Marienbad, Catherine I was captured by Russians and ended up with B.P. Sheremetev, who lost her to A.D. Menshikov. In 1703, she became the de facto wife of Peter I. Contemporaries noted that Catherine I had a sound, active mind and had a strong moral influence on Peter I; was indispensable for him and even accompanied him on campaigns. According to legend, during the Prut campaign in 1711, Catherine I, with a valuable gift, persuaded the Turkish pasha to peace, thereby saving the Russians. army and the king from captivity (Order of St. Catherine). The role of Catherine I was greatly exaggerated by Peter I in order to justify their official marriage with his first wife Evdokia Lopukhina imprisoned in a monastery. From 1704 to 1723, Catherine I and Peter I had 11 children, of whom two daughters survived: Anna, who married the Duke of Holstein, and Elizaveta Petrovna. In 1724, a manifesto was published announcing the coronation of Catherine I. Not distinguished by aristocratic elegance, she was stately, fresh, and pretty. She knew how to be courteous and kind to others. After the death of Peter I, Catherine I, with the support of the guard, was enthroned by A.D. Menshikov, who became the de facto ruler of Russia. Catherine I did not engage in state affairs, even after becoming empress, she did not want to learn to read and write. During her reign, the Supreme Privy Council was created. She handed over the throne to Peter's grandson - Peter II.
Order of St. Catherine established by Peter I in 1714 in gratitude to his wife for her noble deed during the unsuccessful Prut campaign of 1711 (in which Catherine accompanied Peter) - the Russians found themselves surrounded and in a difficult situation. Catherine advised collecting money to bribe the Turkish command and was the first to take off her jewelry, calling on the officers' wives to do the same. The valuables allowed the Russian troops to leave their positions with honor and return home.
Peter II(1715, St. Petersburg - 1730, Moscow), emperor (from 1727).
Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. In fact, he did not take part in government; The development of government policy was carried out by the Supreme Privy Council. Initially (until September 1727), A.D. had the greatest influence under Peter II. Menshikov, then princes A.G. and I.A. Dolgoruky. In connection with the coronation celebrations in Moscow, Governor General F.Yu. Romodanovsky was ordered to build and decorate three gates along Tverskaya Street: in Zemlyanoy Gorod - at the expense of the treasury, in the White City - at the expense of the merchants, in Kitay-Gorod - from the Synod. On February 25, 1728, Peter II was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. The coronation celebrations continued until February 28 and took place in the Faceted Chamber and the Kremlin Palace. Since the spring of 1728, the Lefortovo Palace became the residence of Peter II; The courtyard and the most important government institutions moved to Moscow. Peter II often left the city, going hunting to estates near Moscow. On November 30, 1729, the betrothal of Peter II to Princess E.A. took place in the Lefortovo Palace. Dolgoruky. During Peter's illness on January 18, 1730 in the Golovinsky Palace, where A.G. lived. Dolgoruky with his daughter, the question of the possibility (in the event of the death of Peter II) of enthroning E.A. was discussed. Dolgoruky. Peter II is buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin. With his death, the male line of the Romanov dynasty was cut short.
Anna Ioannovna(1693-1740) - Russian empress (1730-1740), daughter of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich and P. F. Saltykova. She was brought up at the court of Peter I in St. Petersburg. In 1710-1711 was married to the Duke of Courland, after his death she lived mainly in Mitau. After the death of Peter II, members of the Supreme Privy Council decided to invite Anna to the Russian throne, subject to the limitation of her power by the Supreme Privy Council. Having agreed to these conditions, Anna soon “at the request” of the noble guards broke the rules, dispersed, and later abolished the Supreme Privy Council. She was crowned in Moscow in April 1730. She restored the Senate. Ruled the country with the help and support of a number of foreigners (E.I. Biron, R. and K. Levenwolde, B.K. Minich, G. Biron, K. Mengden, P. Lacy, etc.). In 1731 she established the Cabinet of Ministers and renewed a number of orders. Since 1731, the Secret Investigation Office began to operate, using cruel torture. Anna Ioannovna expanded the privileges of the nobility, to whom she owed autocratic power: she abolished the law on single inheritance; established the Noble Cadet Corps; allowed the management of the estates to one of the sons of the owners; limited the indefinite government service of nobles to 25 years. She brutally suppressed any attempt by the opposition (she imprisoned and executed many representatives of the Dolgorukov, Golitsyn, A.P. Volynsky family, etc.). She ordered the compilation of an inventory of state-owned protected forests for the purpose of their protection and conservation. She ordered the Synod to maintain the purity of the Orthodox faith and intensify the fight against heresies. For this purpose, in particular, on her orders, theological seminaries were opened in 16 cities of Russia. In 1738, she established the death penalty for blasphemy. Carried out the military reform initiated by Minikh. She contributed to the election of Biron as Duke of Courland and Semigalsky (1737). Not being able to defend the Caspian territories annexed under Peter I, she returned them to the Persian Nadir Shah. The war with Turkey of 1735-1739 was successful for Russia. due to the passivity of Russian diplomacy, it did not lead to consolidation of success in the peace treaty concluded in Belgrade on conditions unfavorable for Russia. She sought to consolidate power with the descendants of Ivan V. To do this, before her death, she appointed Ivan Antonovich’s grandnephew as successor, and E. I. Biron as regent for him until he came of age.
Biron Ernst Johann(1690-1772) - ruler-regent under the young Ivan VI Antonovich (October 17 - November 9, 1740). Duke of Courland and Semigalsky (from 1737). Favorite of Empress Anna Ioannovna. In the last period of her reign, she undertook a renewal of the guard at the expense of people from the tax-paying classes. During the regency, he lowered the poll tax and granted amnesty to those convicted in a number of cases. He forbade the wearing of court dresses made of expensive fabrics. Strengthened police control in St. Petersburg. During the coup carried out by Minikh in favor of Anna Leopoldovna on November 9, 1740, he was arrested and accused of lack of religiosity, forcible seizure of regency powers, and the intention to remove the imperial family from the country in order to usurp power in Russia for his family. The commission sentenced Biron to quartering, which was replaced by Anna Leopoldovna with exile to Pelym and confiscation of all property. In 1742 returned from Pelym by Elizaveta Petrovna and exiled to Yaroslavl. After the accession of Peter III, he was returned from exile and restored to his ranks (1762). In August of the same year, Catherine II returned the Duchy of Courland to Biron, where he went. Died in Mitau at the end of 1772.
Ivan VI Antonovich(1740-1764) - All-Russian Emperor (1740-1741). The son of the niece of the Russian Empress Anna Ioannovna - Princess Anna Leopoldovna of Mecklenburg and Duke Anton Ulrich of Brunswick. The great-grandson of Ivan V. On October 17, 1740, he was proclaimed Emperor of All Russia, and Duke E.I. Biron was his regent. After Minich's coup on November 9 of the same year, the regency passed into the hands of the emperor's mother, Anna Leopoldovna. And as a result of the coup on November 25, 1741, Ivan Antonovich was overthrown from the throne by Elizabeth Petrovna. Initially, she signed a decree deporting Ivan Antonovich and his family abroad to relatives. However, this soon had to be abandoned due to possible subsequent complications (including foreign policy and military) associated with the restoration of Ivan Antonovich’s rights to the throne. For this reason, the entire family was arrested and exiled first to Dynamunde, then to Ranenburg, and later to Kholmogory, where Ivan Antonovich (he was four years old at the time) was isolated from his relatives. At the age of 16, Ivan Antonovich was imprisoned in the Shlisselburg fortress, where his name was unknown even to the commandant. Any contacts with the outside world were strictly prohibited. Despite this, the prisoner knew about his origin. The decrees of Peter III, and later Catherine II, who visited him in 1762, ordered that the regime of his detention be tightened, and in the event of an attempt to release him, he should not be extradited alive. On the night of July 5, 1764, when Lieutenant V. Ya. Mirovich attempted to free the prisoner, Ivan VI was killed. He was buried in the Shlisselburg Fortress.
Elizaveta Petrovna(1709-1761) - Russian empress (1741-1761). Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I, born out of wedlock. It was this circumstance that explained the fact that during the official consideration of the issue of succession to the throne in 1725-1730. was never considered as one of the contenders for the throne. Taking advantage of the decline in authority and influence of power during the reign of Anna Leopoldovna, Elizaveta Petrovna, with the support of the guard, carried out a coup on November 25, 1741, during which she overthrew Ivan VI and the regent Anna Leopoldovna. She proclaimed a return to Peter’s reforms as the basic principles of domestic and foreign policy. Abolished those that arose after the death of the father state institutions(Cabinet of Ministers, etc.), restored the role of the Senate, collegiums, and the Chief Magistrate. Abolished the death penalty (1756). Eliminated domestic customs. In 1754 created a Legislative Commission to develop a new set of laws. The commission developed draft reforms aimed at the secularization of church lands, legislative registration of noble privileges, etc. In general domestic politics Elizaveta Petrovna was distinguished by stability and focus on growing authority and power state power. Based on a number of signs, it can be said that Elizaveta Petrovna’s course was the first step towards the policy of enlightened absolutism, which was then carried out under Catherine II. Elizabeth's foreign policy was also active. During the Russian-Swedish war of 1741-1743. Russia received a significant part of Finland. Trying to counter the increased power of Prussia, Elizabeth abandoned traditional relations with France and entered into an anti-Prussian alliance with Austria. Russia under Elizabeth successfully participated in the Seven Years' War. After the capture of Koenigsberg, Elizabeth issued a decree on the annexation of East Prussia to Russia as its province. The culmination of Russia's military glory under Elizabeth was the capture of Berlin (1760). The Empress gave great importance development of Russian culture, education, science. In 1755, by her order, the country's first Moscow University was opened. The Academy of Arts was founded, outstanding cultural monuments were created (Tsarskoye Selo Catherine Palace, etc.). She provided support to M.V. Lomonosov and other representatives of Russian science and culture. In the last period of her reign, she was less involved in issues of public administration, entrusting it to P.I. and I.I. Shuvalov, M.I. and R.I. Vorontsov, etc. In 1744, she entered into a secret morganatic marriage with A.G. Razumovsky , from whom, according to contemporaries, she gave birth to several children (after the death of Elizaveta Petrovna, many impostors appeared, calling themselves her children from this marriage. Among them, the most famous figure became the so-called Princess Tarakanova). Elizabeth appointed her nephew (the son of her sister Anna) - Pyotr Fedorovich - as the official heir to the throne. Elizaveta Petrovna died on December 25, 1761.
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Catherine I (1725-1727) Peter II (1727-1730) Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740) Ivan Antonovich (1740-1741) - Anna Leopoldovna Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761) Peter III (1761-1762) .) Catherine II (1762 - 1796) Work plan
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Palace coup is a takeover political power V Russia XVIII century, caused by the absence of clear rules for succession to the throne, accompanied by the struggle of court factions and carried out, as a rule, with the assistance of guard regiments.
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Peter the Great died on January 28, 1725. He died hard, he was tormented by severe pain. The “Father of the Fatherland” died and did not name an heir. However, back in 1722, Peter I issued a decree on succession to the throne, according to which the emperor could bequeath the throne to any member ruling house Romanovs. Peter I is the first emperor of Russia.
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The reasons for the palace coups: 1) the effect of the royal decree of Peter 1 of 1722 on succession to the throne, according to which power could be transferred by the reigning emperor to virtually any person;
2) a large number of direct and indirect heirs of the Romanov dynasty;
3) contradictions between autocratic power, the ruling elite and the ruling class; 4) strengthening the role of the guard, which consisted of nobles, in solving state affairs; 5) passivity of the people.
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Catherine I (1725-1727) The accession of Catherine I (1725-1727) ushered in the palace coups of the mid-18th century. She was not stupid, but she was never involved in state affairs. A. Menshikov ruled the state himself through the Supreme Privy Council he created. 1725 – 1727 Slide 7 A. D. Menshikov. In February 1726, Menshikov created the highest government institution, the Supreme Privy Council, staffed
new nobility
, Peter's closest associates. He quickly took over the council and, taking advantage of the boundless trust of the sick Catherine, became the de facto ruler of the country. The first coup was led by Peter the Great's closest associate, His Serene Highness Prince A.D. Menshikov.
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Peter II (1727-1730) 1727 – 1730 In 1727, the crown passed to the grandson of Peter I - Tsarevich Peter Alekseevich (Peter II). The Dolgoruky princes gained great influence at court. At their request, A. Menshikov and his family were exiled to Siberia. Princes Dolgoruky and princes Golitsyn came to power. The capital was moved to Moscow, where Peter II died before he was 15 years old. The Romanov dynasty ended with him in the male line. Historians believe that this is how a new revolution took place.
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Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740) 1730 – 1740 After the death of Peter II, the question of succession to the throne arose again. The Golitsyn family nominated Anna of Courland, the niece of Peter I, as heir. Anna Ioannovna received the crown at the cost of signing the Conditions limiting her power in favor of the Supreme Privy Council. In Russia, instead of an absolute monarchy, a limited monarchy was established.
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The leaders, in particular D.M. Golitsin and V.L. Dolgoruky, set out to limit the autocratic royal power and, along with an invitation to the throne, sent Anna Ivanovna secret “conditions” (conditions), drawn up in the spirit of a constitutional monarchy. They provided: no new laws should be issued; Do not start a war with anyone and do not make peace with anyone; Do not burden loyal subjects with any taxes; Does not manage treasury revenues; Noble ranks above the rank of colonel are not welcome; Do not take away property and honor from the nobility; Estates and villages are not to be liked; The Guard and other troops were to be under the influence of the Supreme Privy Council.
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Anna Ioannovna surrounded herself with Germans, main role played by her favorite Biron (Ernst Johann) - an arrogant, rude, cruel temporary worker. In the fall of 1740, Anna Ioannovna fell ill and proclaimed the son of Anna Leopoldovna’s niece, Ivan Antonovich, as heir; Biron was appointed regent for the baby. Ernst-Johann Biron
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Ivan Antonovich (1740-1741) - Anna Leopoldovna Shortly before her death, Anna Ivanovna declared Ivan Antonovich, the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, heir to the throne, and Biron as regent with full power. However, Biron did not remain in power for long. Less than a month has passed since Anna Ioannovna's death. The Guard overthrew the hated ruler. Anna Leopoldovna was declared regent, but she was destined to remain in power for no more than a year.
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Ivan Antonovich's father was Anton Ulrich of Brunswick. One of the five generalissimos in Russian history, Anton Ulrich of Brunswick.
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Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761) On November 25, 1741, another (and not the last in the 18th century) palace coup took place, and it was initiated by Elizaveta Petrovna, youngest daughter Peter I. She came to the barracks of the Preobrazhensky Regiment and called on the soldiers to serve her the same way they served her father. The guards carried her into the palace on their shoulders. The 20-year reign of the daughter of Peter the Great began. Elizabeth I loved everything Russian. She removed foreigners from the court and, while ruling the state, tried to follow in her father’s footsteps. According to S. M. Solovyov, under Elizabeth, “Russia came to its senses.” 1741 – 1761
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Young princess Anhalt-Zerbst Having established herself on the throne, Elizabeth declared as her heir the Holstein-Gottorp Prince Karl-Peter-Ulrich, the son of Anna Petrovna, whose wife some time later became Sophia-Augusta-Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst (Fike). The young princess has learned well the lessons that the Russian history of revolutions taught her - she will successfully implement them.
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Peter III (1761-1762) 1761 - 1762 Elizaveta Petrovna appointed Peter III, the son of Anna Petrovna, as heir. The young heir was a supporter of the Prussian king Frederick II and his policies. He failed to establish relations with the guard and was going to withdraw the guard units from the capital. All this deprived Peter of the support of the nobility. As Catherine II later wrote. that her husband “had no more fierce enemy. than himself." The guards killed Peter III and placed his wife on the throne, German princess
Sophia Augusta Frederick of Anhalt - Zerbst - Catherine II. Thus a palace coup took place again.
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Peter and Catherine: joint portrait
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Empress Catherine II Catherine II reigned for more than 3 decades. Talented, educated, literary gifted, she knew how to do a lot - manage a huge empire, get along with people, bring talented, gifted people closer to her.
The reign of Catherine II is characterized as a period of “enlightened absolutism.” In her policy, Catherine II tried to rely on the Russian nobility, and especially its “cream” - the guard. No wonder Russian nobles called her reign the “golden age.” 1762 – 1796 Slide 20 society and boiled down to a struggle for power among various noble groups pursuing their own, most often selfish, interests. At the same time, the specific policies of each of the six monarchs had their own characteristics, sometimes important for the country. In general, the socio-economic stabilization and foreign policy successes achieved during the reign of Elizabeth created the conditions for more accelerated development and new breakthroughs in foreign policy that will happen under Catherine II.
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Therefore, we can conclude that it would be most correct to evaluate the time of palace coups as the period of development of the noble empire from Peter’s formations to a new major modernization of the country under Catherine 2. In the second quarter - mid-18th century there were no major reforms (moreover, according to some scientists, the period before the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna is assessed as a period of counter-reforms). Elizaveta Petrovna Anna Leopoldovna Peter I Peter II
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Resources: http://renatar.livejournal.com http://images.google.ru Anisimov E. V., Kamensky A. B. Russia in the XVIII - first half of the XIX century: History. Historian. Document. M.: Miros, 1994.
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