The coldest month in Algeria. Geography of Algeria: relief, climate, population, minerals. Geological structure of Algeria
/ Climate of Algeria
Climate of Algiers
The climate of Algeria in the northern part of the country is subtropical Mediterranean, in the central and southern parts countries - tropical desert. Algeria is the largest country in African continent, 80% of which is occupied by the most big desert on earth is the Sahara. The coastline of Algeria is also quite impressive - as much as 998 km.
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Having at its disposal a fairly large territory, natural world Algeria is very diverse, and includes: plains, deserts and semi-deserts, including sandy and rocky ones, the Ahaggar Highlands, as well as the Atlas Mountains.
The climate changes as you move from north to south of the country. On the mediterranean coast the climate is more comfortable for living, here is moderately warm, humid winters and hot summers.And the central and southern parts of Algeria are more severe - the Sahara desert is located here, where it is very dry and very hot for almost the whole year, in addition, huge sandstorms. Features of desert areas are very sharp fluctuations in air temperatures during the day and at night. The climate of the northern Sahara is determined by stable high pressure cells located above the Tropic of the North.
Winter in Algeria begins around the beginning of December. Algerian winters are mild and warm, with an average daily temperature in January of +12°C in the northern part of the country. It is warm and rainy here in winter, especially on the coast. On the tops of the mountains, winter time year, snow falls, negative air temperatures are observed here.
Winter in the south of Algeria, in the Sahara desert, as a phenomenon is absent in itself. It's always hot and sunny here. The average daily air temperature in the Sahara in winter is +25°C, dropping to 0°C at night, and often to slightly negative temperatures(!). Such large fluctuations in temperature during the day are rather poorly tolerated by the human body.
Spring in Algiers, in the northern part of the country, begins in early March. This is a very pleasant time, which lasts only a couple of months. Clouds dissipate in the sky, the air temperature warms up every day, the amount of precipitation decreases, and everything around begins to bloom. This is the most fertile time in most of the country. Only sandstorms can disturb this idyll of nature. In April, sometimes a hot wind blows from the desert and brings with it such an amount of sand that a sandstorm begins. The air temperature at this time rises sharply. Such sandstorms are usually unpredictable and bring a lot of inconvenience to the country's residents and tourists.
In the south of the country, in the Sahara Desert, spring seems to never happen - it sweeps through these parts like a whirlwind. Spring time here lasts no more than two weeks. Already in March, the average daytime temperature reaches +28°С and above, and at night it drops to +10°С and below. In the spring, here, most often, strong sandstorms form, completely paralyzing any communication between the rare cities of the desert.
Summer in Algiers, in the northern part of the country, begins in May. Already in May here summer warmth and well worth quite comfortable, not hot weather. In general, the Algerian summer is long and dry; there is practically no rain at this time of the year. On the coast of the country, the daily air temperature in July averages +30°C, often reaching +35 - +40°C. August is even hotter. On the coast of the country, such heat air is relatively easier to carry, due to wet currents from the Mediterranean. The situation is worse in the central part of the country. Here high pressure and very dry air in the summer. Due to the dryness of the air, it seems that the temperatures here are even higher than they really are. It is not worth even dreaming about rains, or at least clouds in the summer.
A little relief comes to the country only in September. Quite a fertile month, when the suffocating heat passes, but still stands Nice weather, you can swim and sunbathe on the coast of the country. Every day, slowly but surely, the air temperature goes down in the central part of the country, but here it is still hot, up to +30°С. Summer heat is hard to bear through dry winds. Dry winds often cause sandstorms. There are often severe droughts.
Separately, it is worth mentioning the summer time in the south of Algeria, in the Sahara Desert. Actually, it’s hard to say here when summer begins and when it ends, because summer in this desert, in essence, all year round, there is only a temperature difference. It can be said that after short spring, at the beginning of April comes here summer period. The air temperature is growing inexorably every day, and if April is still a rather comfortable month, with an average daily temperature of + 28 ° C, then in May things are much worse.
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But, the worst thing is to be in the Sahara in July or August. The extreme dryness of the air, which automatically raises the temperature of the air according to sensations, is very poorly tolerated, especially since the very temperature of the air in July and August, in daytime, reaches unthinkable + 45 ° C, and sometimes even higher (!). The surface of the desert heats up to unimaginable +65 - +70°C, it is unrealistic to stand barefoot, at such a temperature you can easily fry an egg! If there is wind in the Sahara, then it will not bring any relief, rather, on the contrary, moving hot air currents, this wind rather burns. Surprisingly, with such catastrophic air temperatures during the day, it is very cool here at night - the air temperature can drop to + 15 ° C and lower.
Autumn in Algiers, in the northern part of the country, begins in early October. The first half of the month, as a rule, is sunny and quite comfortable for rest; real autumn, the sky is covered with low clouds, it can rain, but this happens infrequently. In the central part of the country, there is practically no rain in October, and the air temperature here is higher, about + 20 ° C during the daytime. November continues the trend of October with a decrease in the average air temperature, on average, to + 15 ° C, the weather in November, as a rule, is not encouraging, it is rather cloudy and it rains.
Rains in the south of Algeria, in the Sahara Desert, are not to be dreamed of even in autumn. No rain, moreover, no clouds, and in general - what kind of autumn are you talking about? There is no autumn here, never was and never will be, as soon as the temperature goes down, reaching +30°C in November.
Precipitation in Algeria is distributed very unevenly. In the few mountains of Algeria, precipitation falls up to 1200 mm per year, in the form of rain and snow. In the flat areas of the country, only 200 - 400 mm of precipitation falls annually. In the northern Sahara, less than 50 mm falls annually. This is one of the driest places on earth. Precipitation throughout the country falls mainly from November to February. In the remaining months, the possibility of precipitation in Algiers is extremely small.
When to go to Algeria Best time for a trip to Algeria - warm, cool months - May, June, September and October. If you want to bask in the sun and relax on the sea coast of Algiers without getting tired of the heat, these months are the best. At this time, the weather is quite comfortable, there is no suffocating unbearable heat, and the sun rather gently warms than burns.
The hottest months - July and August, are also suitable for spending holidays near the Mediterranean Sea, provided that you love the heat and tolerate it well.
March, April, October are the months that are the best suited for sightseeing in the country, which, in fact, are quite a lot. Any movement around the country will be pleasant during these months - warm, sunny, and not hot.
The time from November to March is absolutely not suitable for a beach holiday, it is cold, gloomy and rainy. For the same reasons, you will not enjoy going on a sightseeing tour of Algiers at this time of the year.
But for visiting the Sahara, the months from November to early April are the best fit. During the day it is relatively "cool", but at night the temperature drops below zero. For multi-day trips across the Sahara, it is recommended to take sunscreen, as well as warm clothes - it is very cold here at night. Here's what you definitely don't need here - it's an umbrella. Keep in mind that from time to time there are sandstorms in the Sahara when visibility drops to zero around.
God forbid you go to the Sahara in the summer! This is beyond stupidity. Extremely high air temperatures cannot be endured by an organism that is not accustomed to such heat. Here you can easily get sunstroke, or even get burned on the sand. The high dryness of the air, in which the heat is less tolerated, will turn your trip into hell, here you can simply “burn alive”. those who does not tolerate heat well, and people with cardiovascular diseases are STRICTLY FORBIDDEN to visit the Sahara in the summer!
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Algiers is located in northern Africa. One of largest countries continent. The total area of the country is 2,381,740 km2. The length of the coastline is 998 km.
One of the largest and developed countries Africa, located in the north of the mainland. The territory of the country occupies the central part of the Atlas mountain system and the north of the Sahara desert. The relief of northern Algeria is represented by two main ranges - the Coast (or Tel Atlas) and the Saharan Atlas and intermountain plains. The highest point is Mount Tahat (3003 m) in the Ahaggar highlands. The territory of the Sahara is occupied by rocky deserts - hamads and sandy - ergs. The river network is poorly developed (the main river is the Shelif), most of the rivers dry up regularly. It borders with Morocco in the west, with Tunisia and Libya - in the east, with Niger, Mali, Mauritania - in the south. From the north it is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Algeria belongs to the countries of the Maghreb ("Arab West"). The total area of Algeria is 2381.7 thousand square meters. km.
Nature of Algeria
Passing north along the coast mountain range Tell Atlas is cut through by a few bays and plains. The lowlands around the cities of Algiers and Oran are densely populated. Small bays are used for fishing, export of iron ore and oil. Tell Atlas rises above sea level by more than 1830 m and includes the Tlemcen massifs, the Greater and Lesser Kabylia and Mejerda.
At medium altitudes, there are Mediterranean-type shrubs and cork oak forests. At higher elevations, cedar and pine forests, but as a result of logging, fires and grazing, many mountainous areas have turned into a wasteland covered with bushes. The climate is Mediterranean, with hot, dry summers and warm, rainy winters. In winter, snow covers only the highest peaks. The dispersion of average annual precipitation is from 760 mm on the coast to 1270 mm on the slopes of Tell Atlas facing the sea and less than 640 mm on its inner slopes.
The southern part of Tell Atlas is a high plateau average height 1070 m. This area is characterized by semi-arid climatic conditions with an annual rainfall of 250–510 mm. In more humid areas, cereals and alpha (esparto) grass are cultivated, the fibers of which are used to make ropes, fabrics and high-quality paper. Salt lakes (called schott) and salt marshes are found at lower elevations with dry climates. Farther south, the Sahara Atlas rises to a height of 150 m above the plateau and then drops to the Sahara by more than 300 m. The most elevated part of the Sahara Atlas is mountain systems Xur, Amur and Ouled Nail. The annual rainfall on the northern slopes is approx. 510 mm, in the south - 200 mm. Due to the abundant grass cover, the Saharan Atlas serves as a convenient grazing area.
Statistical indicators of Algeria
(as of 2012)
The rest of the country is occupied by the Sahara desert. The average height mark in the Sahara is approx. 460 m. In the region of the Ahaggar (Hoggar) massif, near the southern border of Algeria, there is highest peak countries Mount Tahat - 2908 m. Most of the Sahara is occupied by rubble and pebble deserts (hamads and sandy deserts(ergs). During the day it is hot, sometimes the temperature reaches 35 °, but the nights are cool. Precipitation is extremely rare. In oases, under conditions of constant irrigation, the date palm grows. In Algeria, only a few rivers have a constant flow, the rest are fed by precipitation. Wells dug in dry riverbeds (wadis) serve as sources of water supply, in many places groundwater is used, which comes to the surface through artesian wells and foggars - horizontal tunnels dug at a slight slope.
Geological structure of Algeria
In the territory of Algeria, regions different in geological structure and metallogeny are distinguished - Sahara (part of the ancient African platform) and Atlas (sector of the Mediterranean geosynclinal belt), separated by the South Atlas Fault. In the south of the Sahara region, the Ahaggar (Hoggar) shield stands out, in the southwest - El-Eglab (Regibat). They are composed of Archean crystalline rocks, metamorphosed volcanic clastic and carbonate deposits of the Lower Proterozoic and Riphean-Vendian; geosynclinal-orogenic volcanic-sedimentary deposits, Taurirt granites (650-500 Ma) are also widely developed in Ahaggar. The platform cover is formed by marine terrigenous-carbonate deposits of the Riphean-Vendian (especially in the Regibati massif), lagoonal-continental and marine deposits of the Paleozoic (thickness 1.2-3.8 km), sandstones and evaporites of the Triassic, clays and sandstones of the Jurassic - Neogene.
Syneclises (Tindouf, Western and Eastern Sahara), separated by uplifts, and the Ugarta zone, which is an aulacogen, the folding of which manifested itself at the end of the Carboniferous, stand out in the cover of the Sahara Plate. The deposits of ores of uranium, tin, tungsten, rare metals and gold in Ahaggar are associated with volcanic rocks and granites of the Riphean-Vendian. In the Tindouf syneclise among the Paleozoic clay-sand deposits of the platform cover, the largest deposits are localized iron ores, in the south of Ahaggar - promising deposits of uranium. The anticlines in the sediments of the cover on the northern dip of the Ahaggar host unique deposits of oil (Hassi-Mesaud) and gas (Hassi-Rmel).
In the folded Atlas region, evaporites, gypsum-saline clays, and red clastic rocks of the Triassic are developed, overlain by marine terrigenous-carbonate deposits and carbonate-terrigenous flysch (Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene). In the north, the Neogene is represented by marine volcanic-sedimentary, clay-carbonate, in the south - by continental deposits.
In Tel Atlas, folded rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic (up to and including the Middle Miocene) form a series of tectonic covers (shariages) displaced from north to south. In the coastal zone, andesites and granitoids of the Neogene are slightly developed, in the massifs of Greater and Lesser Kabylia - Precambrian metamorphic rocks and Paleozoic shales that protrude to the surface. To the south of Tel-Atlas, there is a platform block of the High Plateaus (Oran meseta), where the folded Hercynian basement is covered by a thin, weakly deformed Mesozoic-Cenozoic cover. In handfuls, Paleozoic terrigenous and volcanic-shale rocks are exposed, crumpled and intruded by Hercynian granitoids. To the south of the High Plateaus is the moderately folded zone of the Saharan Atlas, formed on the site of the Mesozoic trough. On the whole, near-latitudinal folds and faults of eastern and northeastern (or "Atlas") strike prevail in the Atlas region, as well as submeridional "Red Sea" faults superimposed in the northern part of Algeria on the Tel-Atlas shariags. Longitudinal and transverse faults determine the location of volcanic rocks, evaporite diapirs, and the most important ore-bearing zones with deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metals in the Atlas region. In northern Algeria, deposits of ores of iron, zinc, lead, copper, antimony, mercury and various kinds non-metallic raw materials.
The territory of Algeria is characterized by high seismicity, which is associated with movement along faults and various zones Northern Algeria. The most seismic is Tel Atlas (6-7 points), within its limits are coastal zones (Tenes-Shershel, Oran-Mostaganem and Shelf).
Minerals of Algeria
Oil fields discovered and explored in Algeria, natural gas, hard coal, ores of uranium, iron, manganese, copper, lead, zinc, mercury, antimony, gold, tin, tungsten, as well as phosphorites, barite, etc.
In terms of oil reserves, Algeria ranks third in Africa. On the territory of Algeria, 183 oil and gas fields are known, confined to the Algerian-Libyan oil and gas basin; for the most part deposits are located in the northeast of the Sahara region. The largest oil field - Hassi-Mesaud is localized in the sandstones of the Cambrian-Ordovician. The Zarzaitin, Hassi-Tuil, Hassi-el-Agreb, Tin-Fue, Gourd-el-Baghel and other fields have significant reserves. Algeria ranks first in Africa in terms of gas reserves. The largest gas field Hassi-Rmel occurs in the sandstones of the Triassic; Significant gas reserves have been explored at the Gurd-Hyc, Nezla, Oued-Numer and other fields.
The reserves of coal are insignificant, its deposits (Kenadza, Abadla, Mezarif) are concentrated in the deposits of the Upper Carboniferous in the Bechar basin. Coals are fat, caking, medium ash (8-20%), contain 20-35% volatile impurities and 2-3.5% sulfur.
In terms of uranium ore reserves, Algeria ranks 4th in Africa. The hydrothermal-vein deposits of uranium ores Timgauin, Tinef and Abankor have been explored in Ahaggar (proved reserves are 12 thousand tons, the content of U3O8 is 20%); in the south of the shield, uranium manifestations are known in Paleozoic sandstones (Tahaggart).
In terms of iron ore reserves, Algeria is in 2nd place in Africa. In northern Algeria, metasomatic deposits of iron ore have been explored in reef limestones of the Apt (Jebel-Uenza, Bou-Khadra), the total reserves of which are over 100 million tons, the Fe content is 40-56%. The Tindouf syneclise revealed the largest Devonian sedimentary deposits of oolitic iron ores in Algeria - Gara-Jebilet (total reserves 2 billion tons, Fe content 50-57%) and Mesheri-Abdelaziz (2 billion tons, 50-55%). The reserves of manganese ores are insignificant, they are confined to the volcanogenic-hydrothermal deposit of Oued-Gettara (total reserves 1.5 million tons, Fe content 40-50%) in the Bechar region.
In terms of lead and zinc ores, Algeria ranks second in Africa. In northern Algeria, stratiform, vein (telethermal) and lenticular vein (hydrothermal) deposits of polymetallic ores are developed. Stratiform deposits of lead and zinc ores are located in carbonate deposits of the Jurassic (El-Abed, Deglen), Cretaceous (Kerzet-Yusef, Meslulla, Jebel-Ishmul), veins in sandy-argillaceous rocks of the Cretaceous (Gerruma, Sakamody) are associated with diapirs of Triassic evaporites. Volcanogenic and plutonogenic-hydrothermal copper-polymetallic deposits in Cretaceous-Neogene rocks are associated with Miocene volcanic rocks (Bu-Sufa, Oued-el-Kebir) and granitoids (Bu-Duka, Ashaish, Ain-Barbar, Kef-um-Tebul). Ore occurrences of cuprous sandstones are known in the Cretaceous and Triassic deposits (Ain Sefra, in the west of the Saharan Atlas), Cambrian (Ben-Tajik in Ugart) and Vendian (Khank south of Regibat).
Algeria ranks first in Africa in terms of mercury reserves (about 4% of global reserves). Deposits of mercury ores were found in the Azzaba area among terrigenous-clastic rocks of the Cretaceous - Paleogene and in Precambrian shales (Genish deposits - total reserves in terms of metal 4.5 thousand tons, Hg content 1.16%; Mpa-Cma, respectively, 7.7 thousand tons, 3.9%; Ismail - worked out). In terms of antimony ore reserves, Algeria ranks second in Africa; they are concentrated in northern Algeria at the Hammam-Nbails telethermal deposit. In terms of reserves of tungsten ores, Algeria ranks first in Africa. In Ahaggar, quartz-cassiterite-wolframite greisen-vein bodies of Nahda (Launi), Tin-Amzi, El-Kapycca, Bashir, Tiftazunin, etc., associated with Taurirt granites, have been explored. In northern Algeria, the Belelietta skarn-scheelite deposit is known.
The most significant hydrothermal vein gold deposits - Tiririn, Tirek, Amesmessa, Tin-Felki, etc. - have been explored in the Precambrian crystalline rocks of Ahaggar; exploration and prospecting for gold continues.
The Bou-Duau deposit has been discovered in northern Algeria.
In terms of phosphorite reserves, Algeria is in 5th place in Africa. In northern Algeria, deposits of granular phosphorites are associated with clay-carbonate deposits of the Upper Cretaceous - Paleogene. The largest deposits are Dzhebelyonk, El-Kuif, Mzaita (see Arabian-African phosphorite-bearing province).
In terms of barite reserves, Algeria ranks second in Africa. In northern Algeria, the vein fields of Mizab (total reserves of 2.15 million tons, BaSO4 content of 90%), Affensu, Bu-Mani, Varsenis and Sidi-Kamber have been identified, in the Bechar region - vein fields of Bu-Kais, Abadla, etc. From other minerals explored in Algeria large deposit celestine Beni-Mansour (Northern Algeria), the total reserves of which are 6.1 million tons; known deposits of pyrites (reserves are small), common salt, etc.
History of development mineral resources. The oldest evidence of the use of stone for the manufacture of tools was found in Ternifin and dates back to the Lower Paleolithic (about 700 thousand years ago). From the Neolithic era, the extraction of clays for the manufacture of ceramic dishes began (5-4th millennium BC), from the 2nd millennium BC. - stone for the construction of large burial structures - dolmens. Information about the developed mining and metallurgical production in the Middle Ages is given in the works of Arab scientists and travelers al-Yakubi (9th century), al-Bakri (11th century), al-Qazvini (13th century), etc. The main mining centers were concentrated in the north - iron ore mines "Nemours" and "Beni-Saf" near the city of Arzev (Western Algeria), as well as near the cities. Setif, Annaba, Bejaia; copper mines in the Jebel Ketama mountains. In the department of Constantine (near Majana, Eastern Algeria), there are also mentions of the development of deposits of silver, lead ores, building stone (not later than the 16th century). Mercury ore was mined near the city of Arzev. In the 10th century, salt mines were located on the hill of Jebel el-Melh ("Mountain of Salt").
After the colonization of Algeria (1830), an intensive search for minerals began in the country. Industrial exploitation of iron ore deposits (Ain Mokra, Beni Saf, Jebel Wenza, Mokti el Hadid) has been carried out since the 50-60s. 19th century, at the same time, intensive development of deposits of lead, zinc and copper ores(Muzaya, Oued-Merja, Tizi-Ntaga), phosphorites (since 1893). In 1907, the main coal deposit of Algeria, Kenadza, was discovered, the maximum production from which was carried out during the years of World War II (1939-45).
Mining. general characteristics. The leading branch of the mining industry is oil and gas (more than 90% of the value of all products of the mining industry); provides most of the foreign exchange earnings. In 1981, oil and gas accounted for 96% of the value of the country's exports, which amounted to 62 billion Algerian dinars. In the mining industry, the public sector plays a leading role. In the oil and gas industry, the state company "Société Nationale pour la Recherche, la Production, le Transport, la Transformation et la Commercialization des Hydrocarbures" ("SONATRACH") holds a monopoly position. Oil and gas reserves and production, all main oil and gas pipelines, gas liquefaction and oil refining plants have been taken under the control of the company.
The total number of personnel employed in the oil and gas industry is about 36 thousand people (1980). The Algerian government promotes the development of the oil and gas industry by merging with foreign capital (up to 49%) while maintaining 51% of the shares in SONATRACH. The company conducts production and exploration for oil and gas in the Sahara jointly with the French firms "Total", "Compagnie Française de Pétrole", "Compagnie de Recherches et d`Activités Pétrolières", US companies ("Getty Oil Co."), Spain ("Hispanoil"), Germany ("Deminex"), Poland ("Copex") and Brazil ("Petrobras"). After the nationalization of mines and quarries (1966) in the mining industry of Algeria, the state company "SONAREM" completely controls the exploration, extraction, consumption and export of all solid minerals ( total amount employed about 14 thousand people, 1980). The company includes 30 mines and quarries, conducts exploration in northern Algeria and the Sahara. Algeria is one of the leading producers of mercury. The extraction of iron ores and non-ferrous metals is insignificant.
Climate of Algiers
The climate of Algeria is subtropical Mediterranean in the north and tropical desert in the Sahara. Winter on the coast is warm and rainy (12 ° C in January), in the mountains - cool (2-3 weeks of snow), in the Sahara it depends on the time of day (below 0 ° C at night, 20 ° C in the daytime). Summers in Algeria are hot and dry. Annual rainfall ranges from 0-50 mm in the Sahara to 400-1200 mm in the Atlas Mountains.
Water resources of Algeria
All the rivers of Algeria are temporary streams (oueds) filled during the rainy season. The rivers of the far north of the country flow into the Mediterranean Sea, the rest are lost in the sands of the Sahara. They are used for irrigation and water supply, for which reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations are built on them. The largest river is Sheliff (700 km). The basins of lakes (sebkhas) are also filled during the rainy season, and in summer they dry up and are covered with a salt crust up to 60 cm thick. In the Sahara, in areas of large reserves groundwater the largest oases are located.
Flora and fauna of Algeria
In Algeria, the poor vegetable world. In some places in the mountains there are forests of cork oak, semi-desert and desert vegetation. Oak, olive, pine and thuja grow in the north of the country. The Sahara desert contains practically no vegetation, there are very few oases. The most characteristic species of animals for the country are jackals, hyenas, antelopes, gazelles, hares are also found.
Population of Algeria
During the era of the French conquest, the population of Algeria was approx. 3 million people. In 1966 it already reached 11.823 million people, and in 1997 - 29.476 million people. In 1996, the birth rate was 28.5 per 1,000 people and the death rate was 5.9 per 1,000 people. Infant mortality (children under one year old) is 48.7 per 1000 newborns. In the mid-1990s, ca. 68% of the population was under the age of 29.
Algiers was originally inhabited by peoples who spoke Berber languages. These peoples as early as 2000 BC. moved here from the Middle East. Most modern population uses colloquial variant in everyday life Arabic. The Arabs settled in the territory of Algeria during the Islamic conquests of the 7th-8th centuries. and nomadic migrations of the 11th–12th centuries. The mixing of two waves of immigrants with the autochthonous population led to the emergence of the so-called Arab-Berber ethnic group, in cultural development which the Arabic element plays a dominant role.
As the main ethnic subgroup of Algerian society, the Berbers play important role in the life of the country. During the Roman and Arab conquests In North Africa, many Berbers moved from the coast to the highlands. Berbers make up approximately 1/5 of the country's population. The largest concentration of the Berber population is found in the highlands of Djurdjura to the east of the capital, known as Kabylia. locals, Kabyles, settled in many cities of the country, but carefully preserve ancient traditions. Other significant groups of the Berber population are represented by the Shawiya tribal unions, originating from mountainous area around Batna, the Mzabita, who settled in the oases of the Northern Sahara, and the nomadic Tuareg living in the far south in the Ahaggar region.
After the conquest of Algeria by France in the 19th century. the number of the European part of the population increased, and by 1960 approx. 1 million Europeans. Most had French roots, the ancestors of the rest moved to Algeria from Spain, Italy and Malta. After Algeria's independence was proclaimed in 1962, most Europeans left the country.
Most of the population of Algeria are Sunni Muslims (Malikites and Hanafis). A number of followers of the Ibadi sect live in the Mzab valley, Ouargla and Algiers. state religion country is Islam. The country has approx. 150 thousand Christians, mostly Catholics, and approximately 1 thousand adherents of Judaism. The official language is Arabic, but is still widely spoken French. Some Berber tribes, speaking Tamahaq and Tamazirt, acquired their own written language. Several books have already been published in the Tamazirt dialect in Algeria.
About 3/4 of the population is concentrated in the foothills of the Tell Atlas, approximately 1.5 million people live in the highlands and less than one million live in the Sahara Desert. The highest density is observed near the capital and in the Kabylia region.
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The northern part of Algeria, adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea, is characterized by a subtropical type of climate. Average annual temperature located at +16 С°. Winter temperatures are in the range from +5 С° to +12 С°, summer - in the range from + 23 С° to +25 С°. The level of precipitation is from 300 mm in the mountains to 1200 mm on the coast.
In the central and southern parts of the country, located on the lands of the Sahara desert, the climate is hot and arid. The difference between day and night temperatures often exceeds 30 ° C, and the level of precipitation rarely reaches 50 mm. Also, these areas are characterized by frequent dust storms and winds.
Weather in Algiers cities now
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3. Features of the relief (the general nature of the surface, the main forms of relief and the distribution of heights.) Mineral resources of the country.
4. Climatic conditions in different parts of the country (climatic zones, average temperatures in July and January, annual precipitation). Differences by territory and by seasons.
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6. Natural zones and their main features.
7. The peoples inhabiting the country. Their main occupations.
CLIMATE, WEATHER
The Republic of Algiers is located in northern Africa. The area of the state is 2.4 million km2, it ranks first among the countries of the continent. The capital of Algiers bears the same name - Algiers, located on the sea coast. Washed country mediterranean sea in the north. The Tell Atlas and the Saharan Atlas stretch along the shore.
On the south side, 80% of the area of the state is occupied by the Sahara, in the southeast of which the Ahaggar mountain folding stretches with highest point republics. And the north of the desert is in a depression (26 m below sea level). Here formed salt Lake. The rivers of the country are filled with water only during the rainy season. Their channels go either to the Mediterranean Sea, or are lost among the sands of the Sahara.
The vegetation of the country is represented by two zones: the Mediterranean with evergreen trees and a desert zone with saltworts and ephemera. Olives and pistachios are grown in the mountains. Animal world Algeria is poor. In the mountain forests there are wild boars and hares, and in the desert: hyenas, gazelles, cheetahs, snakes, turtles and small insects.
The climate of Algeria is also divided into two zones: subtropical on the sea coast, and desert tropical in the Sahara. Rains are recorded mainly in mountainous regions (up to 1500 mm per year), and up to 50 mm falls in the desert.
The best time to visit Algiers is in spring and autumn period. The most popular resorts in the north. To plan your travel date, we recommend that you pay attention to weather in Algiers for months.
Weather in Algiers in January
Daytime air temperature in January in the capital of Algeria fluctuates within +16.5°C. In the dark, it drops to + 9.8 ° С. The water temperature in the sea is +16°С. Precipitation in Algeria (the capital) is recorded 5 days a month, but they are short-lived. The sun comes into the sky more than 17 days a month. To the east, a cooler air temperature is observed, during the day it is + 9 ° С, and at night up to + 3 ° С.
Weather in Algiers in February
In the north-east of the country in February, the average air temperature during daylight hours is +9.2°C, at night it drops to +1.5°C. There are no fallouts. Algiers (the capital) is warmer. Here, during the day, the thermometer shows + 14.7 ° С, at night it does not fall below + 8 ° С. February in the capital is the rainiest, with up to 66 mm of precipitation. At the same time, wind gusts up to 4.5 m/s are recorded, which is also the maximum for the country.
Weather in Algiers in March
In Algeria (the capital), the air warms up to +18°C. The water temperature in the Mediterranean Sea is +15.1°C. The amount of precipitation drops to 56.8 mm, and the wind blows at a speed of 3.8 m/s. Batna (northeast) is cooler in March than the capital. However, sometimes +20°C is recorded during the day. At night the air cools down to +6°С. In this region, the amount of precipitation is growing, and in comparison with February (26 mm), in March, up to 34 mm of precipitation falls.
Weather in Algiers in April
In April, in Algiers (the capital), the air temperature during the day ranges from + 22 ° С to + 27 ° С. The water in the sea is already warming up to + 17 ° C, but it is still cool to swim. Wind gusts up to 3.7 m/s are recorded. The highest air temperature in Batna in April was +26°С. Here, this month, the amount of precipitation increases sharply, falls to 46.1 mm, but the maximum is observed in the autumn period.
Weather in Algiers in May
The amount of precipitation in May in the north-east of the country drops to 37.4 mm. But this month is the windiest here. Gusts up to 4 m/s are recorded. The air temperature fluctuates from +24.1°C to +35°C during the daytime, and at night the thermometer drops to +13°C. On the sea coast, the daily air temperature is kept at around + 29 ° C, it rarely rises higher. At night it gets cold up to +16°С.
Weather in Algiers in June
On the sea coast of Algeria, the air temperature in June during the day is at around + 29 ° С, sometimes it rises to + 35 ° С. The water in the sea warms up to + 22 ° C, the beaches are gradually filled with tourists. Precipitation is not much, up to 12 mm per month. In June, up to 95% of sunny days are observed.
Weather in Algiers in July
July is the leader in terms of quantity sundial. In the capital, the sun shines 13.5 hours a day, and in the northeast - 13.1. This month also sees the least rainfall across the country. In Algiers (the capital), up to 3.4 mm of rain falls, and in Batna - up to 4.7 mm. average temperature air in the state during the day is + 32 ° C, at night the column drops by 8-10 marks. The water in the sea reaches +23°C.
Weather in Algiers in August
In August, the maximum temperature is recorded in Algeria. During daylight hours in the capital, the air warms up to +36°С…+37°С. And in the northeast, daytime air temperatures range from + 30 ° С to + 34 ° С. The amount of precipitation in Batna increases sharply in comparison with the previous month, and amounts to 23 mm of precipitation. Wind gusts reach 3.4 m/s.
Weather in Algiers in September
September is the rainiest in Batna. Up to 50.1 mm of precipitation falls here. Although the wind speed is decreasing. Gusts barely reach 3 m/s. The air temperature in the northeast during the daytime ranges from +27°C to +31°C. In the capital of the country, the thermometer indicators are higher, here the air temperature is in the range of + 30 ° С ... + 37 ° С. The average water temperature in the sea is +25°C.
Weather in Algiers in October
In Batna, the air temperature in October is within +24°С…+29°С. It gets noticeably colder at night, the thermometer drops to +6°С…+14°С. It's still hot in Algiers (the capital). Daytime air temperature ranges from +28°C to +35°C, and at night it drops by 10 degrees. October is the quietest on the coast, the wind force does not exceed 2.9 m/s. The water in the sea cools down to +23°С.
Weather in Algiers in November
In November, the number of sunny hours per day drops sharply in Algiers, in the capital - 7.1, and in Batna - 7.9. The amount of precipitation on the sea coast noticeably increases, compared with October (24 mm), in November up to 45.5 mm of precipitation falls. The opposite is true in the northeast. There are fewer rainy days here, falling to 21.7 mm per month. Daytime air temperature in the capital reaches +30°С, and in Batna it does not exceed +21°С.
Weather in Algiers in December
December in Algeria is the most calm. Strength air masses in the north of the country it reaches 3 m/s, and in the northeast it does not exceed 2.7 m/s. During the day, the air temperature in December on the sea coast ranges from +18°С to +21°С, at night it drops to +9°С. The water temperature in the sea is +17°С. In Batna, the maximum temperature rises to + 14 ° С.