Scandinavian mountains show on the map. scandinavian mountains
(Sweden) Scandinavian mountains Scandinavian mountains
Sweden Sweden
Finland Finland
scandinavian mountains- a system of mountains on the Scandinavian Peninsula. The length is about 1700 km, the width is up to 1320 km. The western slopes approach directly to the North Sea, forming steep shores, the famous Norwegian fjords. The eastern slopes gradually decrease and turn into flat spaces in the territory of Sweden. The northeastern part of the Scandinavian Mountains, stretching from the Trondheimsfjord to the Finnmarksvidda Plateau, has the name Hjölen, or Kjölen (Norwegian Kjölen - literally "keel").
The height of the mountains is relatively small. The highest point is Mount Galdhøpiggen (Norwegian Galdhøpiggen), 2469 m, located in the southern part of Norway. The highest point in Sweden is Mount Kebnekaise. Kebnekaise), 2111 m. The relief is smoothed by the activity of ancient glaciers. The modern glaciers of the Scandinavian Mountains are the largest in mainland Europe.
Wet maritime climate and the dissection of the surface determine the presence of a large number of rivers, most of which are short, with a strong current, not covered with ice even in winter time. A large number of lakes.
The slopes of the mountains are covered with taiga forests, shrubs, peat bogs, as well as mountain tundra and meadows. There are deposits of ores of iron, copper, titanium, pyrites. The Scandinavian mountains were laid down about 480 million years ago. Caledonian folding. The formation of the Scandinavian Mountains took place around the end of the Ordovician-Middle Silurian. The Iapetus Ocean, which formed in the early Cambrian and separates North America (Laurentia) and Europe (Baltic), began to expand, and pushing Laurentia and Baltica aside, at the beginning of Ordovician it reached a width of 2000 km, but then it began to narrow again as Lawrence, Greenland and the Baltic began to converge. In the end, about 440 million years ago, the Baltic moved towards Greenland, and that towards Laurentia. At this time, huge masses of sand, pebbles, remnants of volcanic island arcs begin to compress with colossal forces, raising the first peaks of the Scandinavian mountains.
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Notes
Literature
- Eramov R. A. Scandinavian mountains // Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978.
- Scandinavian mountains // Dictionary of modern geographical names. - Yekaterinburg: U-Factoria. Under the general editorship of Acad. V. M. Kotlyakova. 2006.
- Scandinavian mountains // Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M .: Rosman. Under the editorship of prof. A.P. Gorkina. 2006.
- Scandinavian mountains // USE: Universal vocabulary-encyclopedia (Ukrainian)
Links
- Askheim, Svein.(Nor.) . Store norske leksikon (January 29, 2014). Retrieved April 15, 2014.
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An excerpt characterizing the Scandinavian mountains
“He loves, I know,” Pierre shouted angrily.“No, listen,” said Prince Andrei, stopping him by the hand. Do you know what position I'm in? I need to tell everything to someone.
“Well, well, say, I’m very glad,” Pierre said, and indeed his face changed, the wrinkle smoothed out, and he joyfully listened to Prince Andrei. Prince Andrei seemed and was a completely different, new person. Where was his anguish, his contempt for life, his disappointment? Pierre was the only person before whom he dared to speak out; but on the other hand, he told him everything that was in his soul. Either he easily and boldly made plans for a long future, talked about how he could not sacrifice his happiness for the whim of his father, how he would force his father to agree to this marriage and love her or do without his consent, then he was surprised how on something strange, alien, independent of him, against the feeling that possessed him.
“I would not believe someone who would tell me that I can love like that,” said Prince Andrei. “It's not the same feeling I had before. The whole world is divided for me into two halves: one is she and there is all the happiness of hope, light; the other half - everything where it is not there, there is all despondency and darkness ...
“Darkness and gloom,” Pierre repeated, “yes, yes, I understand that.
“I can't help but love the light, it's not my fault. And I am very happy. You understand me? I know that you are happy for me.
“Yes, yes,” Pierre confirmed, touched and sad eyes looking at your friend. The brighter the fate of Prince Andrei seemed to him, the darker his own seemed.
For marriage, the consent of the father was needed, and for this, the next day, Prince Andrei went to his father.
The father, with outward calm, but inward malice, received his son's message. He could not understand that someone wanted to change life, to bring something new into it, when life was already ending for him. “They would only let me live the way I want, and then they would do what they wanted,” the old man said to himself. With his son, however, he used the diplomacy he used on important occasions. Assuming a calm tone, he discussed the whole matter.
Firstly, the marriage was not brilliant in relation to kinship, wealth and nobility. Secondly, Prince Andrei was not the first youth and was in poor health (the old man especially leaned on this), and she was very young. Thirdly, there was a son whom it was a pity to give to a girl. Fourthly, finally, - said the father, looking mockingly at his son, - I ask you, put the matter aside for a year, go abroad, take medical treatment, find, as you like, a German, for Prince Nikolai, and then, if it’s love, passion, stubbornness, whatever you want, so great, then get married.
“And this is my last word, you know, the last ...” the prince finished in such a tone that he showed that nothing would make him change his mind.
Prince Andrei clearly saw that the old man hoped that the feeling of his or his future bride would not stand the test of the year, or that he himself, the old prince, would die by this time, and decided to fulfill his father's will: to propose and postpone the wedding for a year.
Three weeks after his last evening at the Rostovs, Prince Andrei returned to Petersburg.
The next day after her explanation with her mother, Natasha waited all day for Bolkonsky, but he did not arrive. The next day, the third day, it was the same. Pierre also did not come, and Natasha, not knowing that Prince Andrei had gone to her father, could not explain his absence to herself.
So three weeks passed. Natasha did not want to go anywhere, and like a shadow, idle and despondent, she walked around the rooms, in the evening she secretly cried from everyone and did not appear in the evenings to her mother. She was constantly blushing and irritated. It seemed to her that everyone knew about her disappointment, laughed and regretted her. With all the strength of inner grief, this vainglorious grief increased her misfortune.
Nature and its development by man
The Scandinavian mountains stretch for 1800 km across the entire Scandinavian Peninsula ( Northern Europe) from northeast to southwest along the western and northwestern sides of the peninsula, bordering the coast of Scandinavia. Their southern border runs along 58 s. sh. In the north, the mountains pass into the Finnmarken plateau, which lies at 69 ° N. sh. The eastern part of the Scandinavian mountains is adjacent to the Norland Plateau. In the distant past, the outlines of this mountain range partly resembled the outlines of the Alps with their steep, sharp ridges, but over time they acquired a different look, in more characteristic of typical ancient mountains.
Today's Scandinavian mountains no longer form a continuous chain of ranges. The former ridge broke up into a myriad of plateaus (fjelds), rising a little over 1000 m above sea level.
These are elongated plateaus, gently sloping in the east and steep in the west, where they break off sharply off the coast of the Norwegian Sea. They are very wide and, the farther to the east, the more destroyed by rivers and weathering.
The highest point in the Scandinavian mountains is called Galdhöppigen (2469 m). This mountain belongs to the Jotunheimen massif, which lies in the southern part of the system.
Thanks to powerful block movements earth's crust on the territory of Scandinavia, significant relief depressions were formed, which appear as tectonic valleys.
They cut through the mountainous country, thereby breaking the fields into separate groups - mountain ranges. Within the limits of some valleys, along which the rivers have laid their channels, sea waters invade, forming the famous fjords. It's far reaching into the land sea bays surrounded by very steep rocky cliffs, sometimes as high as 100 m. In the Scandinavian mountains within Sweden is located national park Sarek (Lapland), founded in 1909. The area of \u200b\u200bthis park is 1940 km², on its territory there are more than 90 mountains above 1800 m, the highest of them is called Sarektyakka (2089 m). 100 mountain glaciers and rivers with many waterfalls are considered decoration of the picturesque area.
Origin and age
The Scandinavian mountains arose in the Caledonian era of mountain building (the so-called time of active geological processes on everything the globe from 420 to 390 million years ago). The earth's crust then rose like never before and formed incredible mountain ranges. For the first time, elevations arose on the planet, significantly exceeding 2000 m above sea level.
Extensive ancient glaciation of the Scandinavian mountains, associated in the past with continental ice, led to the fact that local soils froze to a considerable depth, reaching in places a mark of several tens of meters.
Such were the Scandinavian mountains, united in a mighty mountain system with the ridges of Great Britain, Svalbard and North America, since all this land was at that time enclosed in a single array.
Over the last ice age The Scandinavian mountains served as the center of European glaciation, from here gigantic ice tongues descended onto the plains of France, Germany and Russia. Scandinavia was covered by an ice sheet with a thickness of over 3000 m. The glacier continuously destroyed the Scandinavian mountains: it significantly lowered them, cut them into U-shaped valleys. Granite fragments of mountains in the form of boulders were carried by ice tongues over great distances. These boulders can be found even in the suburbs.
The Scandinavian mountains are classified as low and are located on the territory of Sweden and Norway. With an area of 1700 by 1300 kilometers they are the largest mountain range in Northern Europe.
The western part of the mountain range consists of hundreds of sheer cliffs that break into calm waters. North Sea. This part of the Scandinavian Mountains is known mainly due to the most beautiful fjords, millions of aesthetes and lovers come to admire the beauties of which every year. active rest. In this part of the highlands is Mount Galhepiggen, which, with a height of 2469 meters, is the highest point in Scandinavia. The exact coordinates of Gal'khepiggen are 61°38?00? northern latitude, 8°18?00? east longitude. The eastern branch of the Scandinavian Mountains, localized on the territory of Sweden, includes low mountain peaks, smoothly turning into the Norland plateau. Here, the Swedish pride of Kebnekaise (2111 m.)
It is believed that the Scandinavian mountains formed 520-480 million years ago. This happened as a result of the collision of the two most ancient continents Gondwana and Laurasia. Modern look Mountain chain acquired as a result of the movement of Europe's largest glacier, which formed hundreds of fjords and vast horseshoe-shaped valleys.
To preserve the untouched landscapes in Swedish Lapland, the Sarek nature reserve was established in 1909. The protected area includes about 100 peaks, the height of which ranges from 1800 to 2000 meters, several glaciers, as well as countless waterfalls, fast mountain rivers and picturesque gorges.
Up to a mark of 1000 meters, the slopes of the Scandinavian mountains are covered with taiga pine and spruce forests, and in the south - mixed and deciduous forests. Temperate climate in the southern part of the chain is replaced by subarctic in the north. Roe deer live in the mountains reindeer, foxes, hares, elks, hazel grouses, capercaillie, black grouse, as well as mountain slopes are actively used by local residents for grazing domestic animals. Fishing is established in coastal areas, oil production and mining are developed. The valleys of the Scandinavian mountains included dozens of ski modern ski resorts. In 1994, the resort of Lillehammer hosted the Winter Olympic Games.
Video: In the mountains of Norway - the highest peak in Scandinavia - Mount Galdhopiggen - 2469 m.
Northern Europe, with a total length of 1700 km and a width of 1300 km, is called the Scandinavian Mountains. The western part of the mountain slopes approaches forming sheer and steep coasts, peninsulas, capes, islands. The steepness and inaccessibility of the mountains are proved by 178 tunnels laid on the section of the Oslo-Bergen railway (Norway).
The eastern part gradually declines and passes into the Norland Plateau. The Scandinavian mountains are highlands, which consist of separate elongated ridges, plateaus, and intramountain depressions. In many places there are leveled surfaces, cut by deep fjords and valleys. The modern relief was formed due to water erosion, the activity of ice, wind and snow.
The mountain range forms numerous fjords, which were formed under the influence of the movement of glaciers. These are sea bays, deeply cutting into the territory of the land, with high rocky shores. As a rule, the depth of the Scandinavian fjords reaches one kilometer.
It is believed that the Scandinavian mountains are low. The maximum peak - Mount Galhepiggen with a height of 2469 m - is located on the southern slope of the mountain system, on the highest point in Sweden - Mount Kebnekaise (2111 m) - is located in the northern part of the peninsula. mountain system Scandinavia is covered with glaciers, which are considered the largest in the European part. The climate in these parts is temperate, only in the strip extreme north- subarctic.
On the territory of Sweden, in the Scandinavian mountains (in Lapland), there is a large national reserve"Sarek". It was founded in 1909 and covers an area of 194,000 hectares. On this area there are over 90 mountain peaks with a height of 1800 meters. Among them mountain rivers, waterfalls, gorges and 100 glaciers.
The Scandinavian mountains are penetrated by a dense river network, which is formed by the predominance of a wet and intense dissection of the mountain range. Rivers, as a rule, are short and full-flowing, full of waterfalls and countless rapids. Their maximum filling begins at spring period, mainly from melting snow and heavy rains, less often from glaciers. Because of high speed currents, ice does not form on the rivers in winter. These mountains in Europe have a large number of lakes of tectonic-glacial origin.
Where the height of the mountains reaches 1000 meters in the southern part and up to 500 meters in the northern part, the slopes are covered with coniferous taiga forests. The forest massif of the western slopes alternates with shrub vegetation and peat bogs. In these parts, pines and spruces predominate. Beyond these heights, a belt of birch sparse forests extends to a height of 200 m, which is replaced by a zone of mountain tundra. locals in the summer they use this area for grazing livestock.
In the eastern part of the mountains, broad-leaved trees predominate, and the fauna of the Scandinavian mountains is represented by hares, foxes, elk, squirrels, roe deer, and seals. Among the birds in the forests there are hazel grouse, black grouse, capercaillie, on the sea coast and lakes - waterfowl. There are many commercial fish in sea and river waters.
The Scandinavian mountains are rich in deposits of ores of pyrites, copper, iron, lead and titanium. In the North Sea, in the shelf part, there are oil reserves.
Which are considered the most ancient on the entire globe. Occupying an area of up to 804 thousand square meters. km, these mountains represent the largest mountain range in northern Europe. These mountains are about 300 million years old and presumably in their place was originally the Cambrian-Silurian Sea. Also in old times these mountains were more similar to the current Alps. The tops of the mountains were sharper, and the border was more distinct. It could happen that over the next million years the mountain range gradually leveled off and disappeared altogether. But in the first years of the Tertiary period, about 50 million years ago, the relief of the Scandinavian mountains, as they are called, began to change due to the lowering of the North Atlantic region and the rise of the leveled earth's surface hundreds of meters in height. And during the first ice age, modern geological period- Quaternary, which began about 1.5 million years ago, the topography of the area was created, which we can observe today. As then, so now high peaks mountain range were subjected to constant destruction due to iodine erosion. In addition, the destructive effect on the mountains had climatic conditions and windy air currents. The Scandinavian mountains are classified as low, rocky and harsh. Today, the Scandinavian Mountains are not a continuous mountain range, but an uncountable number of plateaus that are raised relative to sea level by no more than 1000 meters. They are located on the territory of such states as Norway and Sweden.
Glacier Jostedalsbreen
In our time, extensive large glaciers still exist on the Scandinavian Peninsula. And these are the largest glaciers on the European mainland. An example is the Jostedalsbreen glacier, which is located on the Norwegian western side of the Scandinavian mountains. Its area is about 480 square meters. km., and the thickness of the ice reaches 580 m. high point is Mount Lodarskap. It stretches up to 2082 meters. The narrow tongues of the Jostedalsbreen ice cap cover the territory of a number of neighboring regions. In 1991, this largest land glacier received the status - "". Now a lot of tourists and thrill-seekers come here. Many of them not only admire the picturesque landscapes of mountains, valleys, rivers and waterfalls, but also personally ascend to the tops of the mountains.
AT summer months the ice cover is covered from above with a thin layer of water, as the glacier melts, which makes it difficult to walk on it without special accessories. The melting ice forms of the glacier surface look delightful and bizarre. And with careful listening, you can hear the menacing sounds of ice fragments falling into deep cracks, the convergence of avalanches and the movement of ice. And yet, despite the menacing sounds of nature, huge icefalls look great, which slide into the valleys formed by them. These icefalls are constantly melting and, flowing down, form lakes that turn into turbulent streams of mountain rivers.
Fjords of Scandinavia
The mountain ranges of the Scandinavian Mountains on the western side are sheer cliffs that are washed by the waters of the North and Norwegian Seas. In addition, due to tectonic faults and ancient glaciation, this part of the mountains is heavily dissected by river valleys. And between the sea and the steep western slopes is a thin strip of strandflat. The landscape of these mountains has been created and modified since ice age. A shell of ice, up to about 2 km thick, which about ten thousand years ago covered the entire area of Scandinavia, began to move and its actions resembled the actions of a bulldozer knife that rakes countless layers of sand, loam, rubble and boulders. Thus, there was a release from gravel, which led to a softening of the contours of the relief in some places, and in others they were outlined more clearly. The ground sagged under the weight of thick ice, especially in coastal areas. Thus, narrow and deep bays with steep banks and salty water were formed. sea water called fjords. Many fjords have stratified water, because in addition to sea water they get drunk and fresh water from a melting glacier. Norwegian fjords are characterized by steep, rising 700-900 meters of coast, streams of glaciers descending through gorges, which have greenish caps of spruce forests, which are located on the flat tops of the mountains.
Sognefjord
Unlike rivers that originate on land, flow through canyons and rush to the sea, fjords are filled with water in reverse order- from the sea to the land of the peninsula along winding, rocky gorges. Let's get acquainted with the deepest and longest fjord in the world - the Norwegian Sognefjord. It stretched deep into the peninsula and cut through almost half of the country for about 210 km. Its width is from 3 to 6 km. and a maximum depth of up to 1300 m. Many fjords can still be listed and described, but we will focus on only two: Hardanger Fjord and Nerøy Fjord.
The Hardangerfjord is the third longest fjord in the world and the second longest fjord in Norway. It stretches inland for 171 km. and has maximum depth- 890 meters. It is surrounded by many amazing waterfalls and rocky mountains, the height of which reaches 1.5 km. It is also one of the most beautiful fjords in the world. To all this beauty, it remains to add the presence of orchards on the banks.
Nærøyfjord is considered the narrowest fjord in the country. Its length is only 17 km, but the rocky walls come so close to each other that it seems as if the gorge turns into a tunnel. The width of the narrowest point of the fjord is 300 m. Like all the others, this fjord is also surrounded by sheer cliffs, reaching a height of up to 1700 meters, and compact village towns and farmers' lands are located on the banks.
Fjelds of Scandinavian mountains
The mountains on the east side gradually become lower and pass into the Norland Plateau, which has the appearance of a plateau. Its height reaches 500 m. This plateau, thanks to ledges, approaches the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia.
In the southern part of the Scandinavian mountains there are a large number of impressive sheet-like summit surfaces (fjelds), on which you can see jutting out above the snow cover. mountain glacier and striving for the sky, sharp peaks (nunataks). The boundaries of the snow of the southern fjelds pass at altitudes up to 1200 meters. These fjelds include: Dovrefjell, Telemark and many others. And in the northern fjelds, the snow lines drop to 400 meters. On the lower parts of the relief, one can find gentle hills and ravines bordering them, forming swamps and lakes.
Due to the powerful movements of sections of the earth's crust in the mountains of the peninsula, the relief significantly decreased and tectonic valleys formed, which broke the fields into independent arrays. Fjords wedged into these massifs from the western side, and from the eastern side - river valleys and lakes formed by fjords. characteristic feature The Scandinavian mountains have the fact that it is in the south that the largest and highest fields are concentrated. This is explained by the fact that in the region of the Trondheims fjord there is the Jämtland zone of a large transverse trough, due to which the mountains drop sharply. But, moving north from this zone of subsidence, the height of the mountains again increases. The region of the northern part of the mountains is called Hjølen.
Waterfalls and waterfalls
Mountain rivers flow from the mountains to the west, which do not freeze in winter due to rapid flow. Most of them fall from the towering peaks into the fjords and form into waterfalls, their heights reach up to 600 meters. For example: in Norway, the cascading Vinnufossen waterfall has a height of about 860 meters, Kile - about 560 meters, and the Seven Sisters Waterfall is one of the most beautiful. On the territory of Finland, mountain rivers flow through wide canyons covered with ledges of hard rocks and, thus, unsafe rapids and waterfalls are formed. For example, let's call the Imatra waterfall.
Vinnufossen waterfall
Not far from the Norwegian Sundalsør is Vinnufossen, which is fed by the waters of the Vinna River and is one of the highest in Europe. He is the sixth in the world. Before falling, the mass of water is divided into four jets, which, when falling, are transformed into a white foamy mass. This waterfall looks especially beautiful in spring and summer, when it is saturated with the waters of melted glaciers. Further, its waters fall into the Driva River.
Seven Sisters Waterfall
This waterfall belongs to the category of the most beautiful. Its streams flow along the stepped cliffs into the Geirangerfjord. Seven streams fall into the fjord from a height of up to 250 m. On the opposite side of the fjord there is a waterfall called the Bridegroom, and a little further there is another waterfall - Veil of the Bride.
There is a beautiful legend about how once a daredevil Viking decided to woo one of the beautiful sisters and brought a veil to dress her chosen one. But the sisters were so beautiful and charming that the Viking thought for a long time and turned into a waterfall Bridegroom in front of the brides of the Seven Sisters. The veil, flying off his hand, caught on a nearby rock, and a waterfall appeared - the Bridal Veil.
Imatrankoski waterfall
The Imatra waterfall is located on the Vuoksa River, seven kilometers from Lake Saimaa. It is this lake, located on the territory of Finland, that is the source of the Vuoksa River. This waterfall until 1920 was a natural waterfall. After it was blocked by a dam and a hydroelectric power station was built nearby, water began to be released in the summer months. Tourists thus have the opportunity to see how a mass of water falls noisily down from the dam, fills its channel in a few minutes and rushes in a stormy foamy stream to the main channel of the river, which is 1.5 km below.