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Who has the first iq. I.Q. IQ testing. IQ scores of different countries

Many have heard such concepts as the IQ level, the text on the definition of IQ, but few people fully understand what a person's IQ is. Everyone knows that it means the IQ, and most often the level of education of a person is associated with it. To be precise, IQ is intelligence quotient. This is an English term that means the amount of intelligence (KI) and implies intellectual art, the work of thought, mental alertness.

Human IQ test should take into account not only gender, but also the age of a person - only then can we talk about its objectivity. But he is unlikely to show the level of real intellectual abilities. Its task is to characterize a person's propensity to solve a certain type of problem. Therefore, if a person is engaged in a certain activity for a long time, and then passes a test for a person’s IQ in this area, the indicators can be impressive.

To be frank, then human IQ worried scientific minds since the 30s of the twentieth century. They tried to find patterns in the ratio of the weight and size of the brain and the mental abilities of a person, the nervous processes and reaction of a person, the ratio of IQ of parents and children, the IQ of a person and his social status, gender, age.

Today, scientists have come to the conclusion that heredity affects a person’s IQ, but it is quite possible to increase it by going through various exercises and tests for CI. That is, the level of intelligence is influenced not so much by abilities as by perseverance, patience and motivation of a person. In critical situations in life, it will be easier for a person with a high IQ to cope, but decisiveness, ambition, temperament and other individual qualities will still be decisive.

The first IQ tests contained only vocabulary exercises. Today you can find tests with a non-arithmetic score, logical series, including those using geometric shapes, as well as exercises for memorizing facts, technical drawings, and manipulating letters in words.

So what is a person's IQ?

According to these tests average person has a level of 100 conventional units - this is if he has solved half of the tasks. If a person solves all the problems, he gets a coefficient of 200 units. But among other things, such a test helps to determine the way a person thinks: verbal, mathematical, figurative or logical. And also to identify gaps in human strategies that need to be worked on.

So, in answering the question of what a person's IQ is, the main thing to understand is that IQ determines and quantifies, with the help of special tests, the level of intelligence of a particular person relative to the average statistical indicators of his age group. This is not an indicator of erudition, but an indicator of the mental abilities of a person.

As the practice of using such tests shows, half of the people show an indicator IQ 90-110, a quarter is below 90, another quarter is above 110. But a value less than 70 indicates mental retardation person. We hope that now the question of what is human IQ has become more understandable.

The modern world provides a person with great opportunities for self-realization, but in return puts forward high demands on him. We must be able to adequately assess the situation and make right choice. Scientists around the world have proven that a person's abilities are affected by his IQ level. Surely you have come across this concept more than once, and most likely even passed one or another IQ test. But let's figure out what the IQ gives us, and why we need it at all.

IQ test

So, the intelligence quotient or IQ level is a quantitative assessment of the level of a person’s intellectual abilities compared to IQ normal person the same age as the subject. This indicator is determined using various tests, the most famous of which are the Eysenck, Wexler, Raven, Amthauer and Cattell tests. The very concept of "intelligence quotient" was introduced by the German Wilhelm Stern in 1912. IN Lately interest in determining this indicator has increased many times, often employers ask applicants for a job to take an IQ test, and applicants pass it when entering a university.

In principle, IQ test questions are structured in such a way that their complexity increases, so that the test subject has to use his logical and spatial thinking. As a result of passing the test, you get a quantitative assessment of your IQ. The average IQ level of an adult according to the Eysenck test is from 91 to 110 points, 25% of the world's population has such indicators. If your IQ is between 111 and 130, you can safely consider yourself smart person. And if your score is above 131, then you are the lucky one, who is in the 3% of the world's population. People with high IQs become outstanding scientists, inventors, and researchers. There are geniuses with an IQ above 140, such as Bill Gates and Stephen Hawking, these people make up about 0.2% of humanity.

The level of intelligence is influenced by a large number of various factors, such as, for example, heredity, genes, gender and race of a person. According to recent research, average level The IQ of an African American is 85, Hispanic 89, White European 103, Asian (China, Japan, Korea) 106, and Jewish 113. It has also been found that most men have higher IQs than women. It affects the level of intelligence and the environment in which a person grew up, as well as the education of his parents and even the country of residence.

How to know your IQ

After all of the above, most likely, you will ask yourself the question: "How to find out your IQ." Today it is very easy to do, it is enough to find one of the many tests for the level of intelligence on the Internet. However, be careful, because not all of them are licensed and may contain errors in tasks and answers. Your IQ calculated in this way may not be correct. The time-tested Eysenck test can be taken at iqtest.com at English language. There is no exact answer to the question: “What should IQ be” today, so if something does not suit you, just work on increasing your level of intelligence. How? We will gladly tell you about it.

How to increase IQ

Your IQ level is a quantitative measure of mental development, revealed by tests that measure a person's ability to solve problems, perceive various mental images, as well as memory and general knowledge. We present you several ways to increase your IQ.

Method number 1 - get into the habit of playing Mind games(for example, Scrabble, Sudoku, Chess, and so on). These games are great brain trainers. When you learn how to play one game well, move on - master the next, because when you master the skill, your brain stops working as hard to solve the problem, the production of the hormone dopamine, which is responsible for intelligence, decreases. In addition to intellectual board games, try yourself in logical and strategic video games. Pay Special attention on games aimed at quick decision making. It is also useful to solve logic puzzles, puzzles, crosswords and sudoku. All of these activities stimulate thought processes, increasing IQ levels.

Method number 2 - constantly learn something new, whether it be foreign language, art, architecture or, for example, cryptology.

Method number 3 - lead an active lifestyle, constantly exposing yourself to physical activity, because it is a scientifically proven way to increase the level of intelligence. Expand your horizons, set yourself a goal for life - do not stop learning, constantly learn something new. Give yourself an occasional shake, skydive, or try bungee jumping. New experience promotes the release of the hormone dopamine, which increases the number of neurons and causes a feeling of satisfaction. And in general, the more you know and know how, the richer your life experience, the higher the level of your intellectual development!

And here are a few more simple tips that will help you enjoy life and improve your level of intellectual development.

Try to enjoy everything you do, enjoy classical music, good books and hanging out with people you like.
Use electronic devices less. If you need to write something down, use a notepad and pen, and instead of an email, it's better to send a handwritten letter. This stimulates visual and kinetic perception.
Learn to write with your non-dominant hand, which stimulates the opposite hemisphere of your brain.
Try to eat right and balanced, include in your diet fresh vegetables, fruits and fish, rich in omega 3, which has a positive effect on brain function.
Get enough sleep, because only during sleep the information received passes from short-term memory to long-term memory.
Work on yourself and keep learning all your life.

Knowing your IQ (IQ) is considered important for modern man. Dozens of tests and techniques enable us to lift the veil of our own abilities. Let's talk in our article what aikyu is, what are the ways to study this indicator human thinking who helped us learn more about our brain. We will also talk a little about well-known IQ tests and what data can really be gleaned from them.

What is aikyu (IQ): definition

The intelligence of a person, expressed in IQ, is the ability to know, as well as the totality of all his cognitive abilities.

Intelligence determines the success of a person's activity, his ability to solve problems quickly, relying only on his knowledge.

Studying IQ by Science

Since the thirties of the twentieth century, scientists have made attempts to scientifically determine the level of intelligence. Throughout the 20th century, scientists such as V. Stern, R. Stenberg, A. Binet, J. Piaget, C. Spearman, G. Eysenck, J. Gilford, D. Wexler and others have been solving the problem of studying and measuring the level of intelligence. . To determine what a person's aikyu is, what indicators need to be taken into account - all this was the object of study.

Psychologists-practitioners put forward various hypotheses and conducted experiments on the study of intelligence:

determination of the relationship between the processes occurring in the human brain and its responses to them;
dependence on the size and weight of the brain;
comparison of the level of intelligence of parents and their children;
interdependence of the level of intelligence and social status person;
dependence of the level of intelligence on the age of the individual.

Also, scientists developed test methods to determine the level of intelligence. Since that time, the question of what an aikyu number is is a quantitative indicator that gives an idea of \u200b\u200bmental abilities has become relevant.

Methods for measuring intelligence

Initially, the tests contained only vocabulary exercises. Today, such techniques include such exercises: non-arithmetic counting, logical series, addition of geometric shapes, recognition of parts of an object, memorization of facts and drawings, actions with letters and words.

IN scientific world the term "intelligencequotient" was adopted and adapted. For the first time this concept was introduced by V. Stern (1912), proposing to designate the number that is obtained by dividing the age of the subject's mind by his In the Stanford-Binet scale (1916), the term "IQ" was first mentioned.

The abbreviation "IQ" is widely used in Russian literature, but domestic scientists do not translate this concept literally (translated from English - "the amount of intelligence"), but as "intelligence quotient".

IQ is an indicator that is determined after an IQ test. Coefficient - a value that expresses the percentage of the mental age of the individual to the biological. To determine what the level of aikyu is means to find out to what extent a person can use certain capabilities of his brain.

Moreover, the indicators of the proper level of intelligence at a certain age are calculated according to the average statistical indicators of people of the same age as the subject.

Meaning of test results

The average IQ corresponds to 100 units. This is an average figure between 90 and 110 units, which is usually received by 50% of the people tested. 100 units corresponds to half of the tasks solved in the test, respectively, the maximum indicator is 200 units. Values below 70 often qualify as mental deficiency, and above 140 as genius.

IQ- relative indicator, which reflects the level of performance of a particular intelligence test. Such a test cannot serve as a comprehensive indicator of intellectual abilities.

Intelligence tests cannot show the level of erudition of a person, but only her ability to think, and mostly in a certain way. A more developed type of thinking is determined this person: logical, figurative, mathematical, verbal. According to what kind of thinking is less developed, it is possible to determine the desired abilities.

Certainly, high level IQ is by no means a guarantee of success in life. Great value in a person's life they have purposefulness, determination, diligence, the presence of clear goals and motivation to achieve success. Do not forget about heredity, genetic data, innate inclinations and talent, as well as the significant influence of the social environment and family.

Conclusion

In our article, we reviewed one of interesting questions psychology, which excites modern man - what is aikyu, what are the methods for measuring intelligence and what information can really be gleaned from them.

The conclusion that should be drawn from the existing knowledge about a person's aikyu is that the digital data that the tests give is not the last resort that evaluates you as a person. Thought processes are so complex that no test can give material to fully appreciate their capabilities. Let's be ourselves and never stop growing!

Everyone has heard of a test that shows the level of a person's intelligence or an IQ test. However, most people don't know anything about it. Before taking this test, you need to know what your IQ should be. ordinary person.

IQ (intelligence quotient) can be translated as "the amount of intelligence." In Russian, such an established expression as "intelligence quotient" is more often used. In order for the test results to be trusted, so that the results are as truthful as possible, it is necessary to take into account not only the results of the test itself, but also take into account the gender and age of the person being tested.

Some believe that test scores are a way of showing a person's aptitude for one type of task or another, and therefore one can prepare for the test by solving problems similar to those presented in the test items.

To study the IQ of a normal person began in the 30s of the last century. Researchers have attempted to determine the IQ of a person using various experiments. Scientists tried to find a pattern linking mental abilities and characteristics of reactions, processes of the central nervous system, even the weight and size of the brain were taken into account during the experiments. In addition, the relationship between the IQ of children and parents, its relationship with the age of a person, his social origin, etc. was studied.

It is now believed that mental intelligence is influenced by many factors. IN more IQ depends on heredity. At the same time, the IQ of an ordinary person can be increased by passing various tests and solving various problems. Besides, in modern world the source of success is not so much intelligence as perseverance and motivation. An important role is played by determination, ambition and individuality. However, it is a high level of intelligence that plays the main role in solving complex life problems and contributes to more advantageous conditions.

The first IQ tests were designed exclusively with vocabulary exercises. Modern IQ tests contain a wide variety of tasks, including logical series, counting exercises, the ability to recognize a fragment, the ability to find a missing object, determine the missing letter, remember facts, technical drawings.

A normal person has an average IQ of 100 - 120 units. This is about half of the correctly solved problems. If you complete all the tasks, you get 200 points. In addition to the level of intelligence, the test allows you to determine a number of other indicators, for example, to identify the way of thinking of the person being tested. Having determined with the help of the test the category of the smallest level of human abilities, you can help him fill in the gaps in knowledge, practice by doing different types tasks, and thus increase the coefficient of intelligence.

V. Stern spoke about the IQ for the first time. He considered the determination of the level of skills on the Binet scale to be incorrect, since he had a serious disadvantage regarding age. Scientists were asked to determine the ability of a person to divide mental age into chronological age. The IQ test of a normal person shows a quantitative assessment of the ability of an individual in relation to the average representative of the same age.

In fact, an IQ test does not allow you to determine the level of erudition of a person, but only gives an assessment of general indicators. These tests are specifically designed to produce a distribution of results with an average score. In a normal person, IQ can vary, but at the same time, there are usual indicators. Approximately half of the people who took the test get 90 - 100 points, 1/4 of them are below 90, the rest are above 110 points. Among graduates of American universities average is 115 points, excellent students show a result of 135 - 140 points. An IQ value of less than 70 is a sign of mental retardation.

An IQ test allows you to determine the level of development of a person’s abilities, but does not in any way show the level of a person’s erudition. With the help of this test, you can understand in which direction a person needs to develop.

For a normal person, the IQ level varies from 90 to 120 conventional units. Usually, the Eysenck test is used to determine IQ. At the same time, do not forget that the results obtained during the first test are considered the most accurate. All other attempts will only distort the initial results.

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History

The concept of the IQ was introduced by the German scientist Wilhelm Stern in 1912. He drew attention to the serious shortcomings of mental age as an indicator in the Binet scales. Stern suggested using the quotient of mental age divided by chronological age as an indicator of intelligence. IQ was first used in the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale in 1916 (originally by Binet in 1903).

IN present time interest in IQ tests has increased many times over, as a result of which a variety of unreasonable scales have appeared. Therefore, to compare the results different tests extremely difficult, and the IQ itself has lost its informative value.

Tests

Each test consists of many different tasks of increasing complexity. Among them test tasks on logical and spatial thinking, as well as tasks of other types - tests usually include logical and arithmetic tasks, orientation in practical situations - the ability to independently compare, generalize known facts (creative approach, including out of the box thinking- an ambiguous answer is allowed, the formulation of several hypotheses, different arguments), checking RAM, etc. According to the test results, IQ is calculated. It is noticed that the more variants of the test the subject passes, the better results he shows. The most famous test is the Eysenck test. More accurate are the tests of D. Wexler, J. Raven, R. Amthauer, R.B. Cattell. At the moment there is no single standard for IQ tests.

The tests are divided into age groups and show the development of a person corresponding to his age. That is, a child at 10 and a university graduate can have the same IQ, because the development of each of them corresponds to its age group. The Eysenck test was developed for the age group from 18 to 60 years and provides maximum level IQ 160 points.

What affects IQ

Heredity

The role of genetics and environment in IQ prediction is considered in Plomin et al.(2001, 2003). Until recently, heredity has been mainly studied in children. Various studies in the USA have shown the influence of heredity on IQ in the range between 0.4 and 0.8. This means that the difference in IQ among observed children depends on genes by a value of 40 to 80%. The rest depends on the conditions of the child's existence and measurement error. Heredity between 0.4 and 0.8 means that IQ is largely hereditary.

Individual genes

Responsible for the functioning of the human brain most of of over 17,000 available genes. Although some studies show the effect of individual genes on IQ levels, none of them has a noticeable effect. Most of the identified relationships between genes and IQ were false positives. Recent studies have shown a weak effect of individual genes on the IQ both among the adult population and among children.

Search for hereditary causes of IQ

Research has begun to find out the genetic differences between people with high and low IQs. So, the Beijing Genomics Institute (eng. Beijing Genomics Institute) is starting a project on a genome-wide search for associations in people with high mental abilities. The discovery of genetic causes may allow the invention of means to increase IQ. Countries that gain access to such technologies will be able to advance even further in economic and scientific and technological development.

Environment

The environment, in particular the family, has a significant impact on the development of the child's intelligence. Dependences on many factors characterizing the standard of living of a family were identified, for example, the size and cost of a house, annual income, relationships between family members, methods of education, and more. Such an influence brings to the IQ a share of 0.25 - 0.35. But the older the child becomes, the weaker this dependence manifests itself, almost completely disappearing by the time of adulthood. These studies were conducted among ordinary families with two parents.

Due to the genetic characteristics of each person, children from the same family may react differently to the same environmental factors.

An unhealthy, restricted diet can reduce the brain's ability to process information. Research 25,446 people Danish National Birth Cohort led to the conclusion that eating fish during pregnancy and breastfeeding an infant increases its IQ.

Another study of over 13,000 children showed that breastfeeding can increase a child's intelligence by 7 points. After the publication of these results, they were subjected to harsh criticism, three critical responses to the article were published in the same journal. An insufficiently complete analysis of previous studies and ignoring accepted theories was noted, a simpler alternative mechanism for the formation of changes in IQ was proposed, the adequacy of the test in this age category of subjects was questioned, imbalance (“bias”) of the subjects in terms of linguistic composition was noted, others were emphasized methodological problems, and the overall reliability of the results is questioned.

Group differences

Floor

Most researchers believe that, in general, the average intelligence of men is 5-10 points higher, and studies conducted for feminist organizations confirm a gap of 13 or more times in the presence of a higher IQ value among men than among women.

Race and nationality

Studies among US residents have shown [ ] the presence of a statistically significant gap between the average IQ of different racial groups. Thus, according to The Bell Curve (1994), the average IQ of African Americans is 85, Hispanics 89, Whites (European descent) 103, Asians (Chinese, Japanese and Korean descent) 106, Jews 113.

This gap can be used as a rationale for the so-called. "scientific racism", but according to some studies, the gap is gradually closing.

In addition, the average IQ, as measured by old tests, increases over time. As a result of the Flynn effect, the average IQ of Negroids in 1995 corresponds to the average IQ of Caucasians in 1945. Such significant changes that have occurred over several decades cannot be explained by genetic factors.

Influence social factors on IQ is confirmed by studies of orphans. In the US, children of African descent raised by white foster parents have ~10% higher IQs than non-whites. In one study, three out of four tests found no statistically significant racial differences in IQ among juveniles (2-5 years old) from orphanages in the UK, in one test white children scored lower

A difference of 10-15 points in assessing IQ was observed when comparing the average statistical indicators of the oppressed social groups(untouchables in India, burakumin in Japan, Maori in New Zealand) and the dominant social groups in these countries. At the same time, the difference disappeared when emigrating to another country, for example, a study among the children of Japanese immigrants in the United States did not show any differences in the indicators of burakumin from other Japanese. On this basis, a theory was formed about the key influence social structure society and social identification in learning and passing tests. Such identification may also lead to the fact that African American children consider good studies and the desire to get a high-status job as a betrayal of their identity.

The country

Differences in average IQ between countries were found. A number of studies have found a link between a country's average IQ and its economic development, GDP (see, for example,), democracy, crime, fertility and atheism. IN developing countries environmental factors such as poor nutrition and illness is likely to lower the average national IQ.

Health and IQ

Proper nutrition during childhood is critical for mental development; poor nutrition can reduce IQ.

Social Consequences

School performance

American psychological association in the report Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns (1995) notes that, according to all studies, children with high scores on IQ tests usually learn more school material than their peers with lower scores. The correlation between IQ scores and grades is about 0.5. IQ tests are one way to select gifted children and develop individual (accelerated) learning plans for them.

Success in scientific activity

Some studies have found that purposefulness and originality play a higher role in achieving success in science. However, Dr. Eysenck cites a review of the IQ measurements (Roe, 1953) of eminent scientists at a level below the Nobel laureates. Their average IQ was 166, although some of them scored 177, the highest score on the test. Their average spatial IQ was 137, although it could be higher in more young age. Their average math IQ was 154 (128 to 194).

Labor productivity

According to Frank Schmidt and John Hunter, when hiring job seekers without relevant experience, general intellectual ability is the most successful predictor of future performance. In predicting job performance, IQ has some performance for any activity studied to date, but this performance varies by job type. Although IQ is more closely related to thinking ability than motor skills, scores on IQ tests predict performance in all occupations. Given this, for the most skilled activities (research, management), low IQ is more likely to be a barrier to sufficient performance, while for the least skilled activities, athletic strength (arm strength, speed, endurance, and coordination) is more likely to predict performance. . Basically, the predictive power of IQ is related to faster acquisition necessary knowledge and skills in the workplace.

The American Psychological Association in the report "Intelligence: Known and Unknown" notes that since IQ explains only 29% of differences in labor productivity, others personal characteristics, such as interpersonal skills, personality traits, etc., are likely to be of equal or greater importance, but at the moment there are no such reliable tools for measuring them as IQ tests.

Income

Some studies have shown that intelligence and work productivity are linearly related, such that higher IQ leads to higher work productivity. Charles Murray, co-author of The Bell Curve, found that IQ has a significant impact on a person's income, regardless of the family and social class in which the person grew up.

The American Psychological Association report Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns (1995) notes that IQ scores explain about one-quarter of the differences between people in social status and one-sixth of the difference in income.

IQ and crime

The American Psychological Association in the report "Intelligence: Known and Unknown" notes that the correlation between IQ and crime is -0.2 ( Feedback). A correlation of 0.20 means that the explained differences in crime are less than 4%. It is important to understand that causal relationships between IQ test scores and social outcomes may be indirect. Children who do poorly in school may feel alienated and therefore more likely to commit delinquency than children who do well.

In The g Factor (Arthur Jensen, 1998), Arthur Jensen cites data showing that people with an IQ in the 70-90 range, regardless of race, are more likely to commit crimes than people with an IQ below or above this interval, and the peak of crime falls on 80-90.

Other

The average IQ of a country's population is related to the country's GDP (see Intelligence Ratio and Wealth of Nations) and government efficiency.

There is a study that found a correlation of 0.82 [ ] between the general intelligence factor and the SAT score ( Russian analogue- USE).

Criticism

IQ tests have been repeatedly criticized by scientists. Thus, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. A. Vasiliev found that in Eysenck's IQ tests, a significant part of the tasks was compiled incorrectly or the author's solutions were incorrect. Here are Vasiliev's statements on this matter:

I ... decided to study the tests without haste, especially since their answers did not systematically coincide with mine in problems from my professional fields: logic and geometry. Also found out that the majority of decisions of the author of tests is incorrect. And in some cases, the subject generally only has to guess the answer - it makes no sense to rely on logic.

To this, one can notice that tasks for IQ tests assess not only the ability to logical, deductive thinking, but also to inductive. The rules for performing some IQ tests warn in advance that in some tasks the answers do not follow unambiguously from the task, and it is required to choose the most reasonable or simple answer [ ] . This corresponds to many real life situations where there is no clear answer.

If a person answered in the same way as Eysenck, then he thereby only demonstrates the standard of his thinking, a quick and predictable reaction to a simple stimulus. A slightly less flat person will think a hundred times before answering ... There are a myriad of possible solutions each such task. The smarter you are, the more likely it is that your solution will not coincide with the author's.
The practical meaning here is only one: the one who gives the “correct” answer on the test will be easier to fit into the average education system and communicate with people who think the same way as he does. In general, Eysenck is testing the ideal average.

Not intending to criticize IQ tests, the Soviet psychologist Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky nevertheless showed in his works that the current IQ of a child says little about the prospects for his further education and mental development. In this regard, he introduced the concept of "zone proximal development".

Notes

At the same time, according to the results of some studies, Germans, on average, have a higher IQ coefficient than citizens of other countries [ ] (unavailable link since 26-04-2015 )
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