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Did Khrushchev fight? Khrushchev thaw

In 1908, Khrushchev became an apprentice fitter at a machine-building and iron foundry. From 1912 he worked as a mechanic at the mine, and as a miner he was not taken to the front in 1914.

In 1918, Khrushchev joined the Communist Party. He was an active participant in the civil war on the Southern Front. After the end of the civil war, he worked at a mine in the Donbass, and then studied at the working faculty of the Donetsk Industrial Institute. After graduating from the workers' faculty, N. S. Khrushchev took on leading party work in the Donbass, and then in Kyiv.

In 1929 he entered the Industrial Academy named after I.V. Stalin in Moscow, where he was elected secretary of the party committee.

As the 1st secretary of the Moscow city committee and the regional committee of the CPSU (b), he was one of the main organizers of the terror of the NKVD in Moscow and the Moscow region. Together with S. F. Redens and K. I. Maslov, he was a member of the Troika of the NKVD, which issued death sentences to hundreds of people a day. At the same time, during the voting during the February-March plenum of the Central Committee of 1937, although he supported the decision to expel N. I. Bukharin and A. I. Rykov from the party and the Central Committee, he was among eight people who spoke out against applying to them capital punishment

Since 1931, N. S. Khrushchev was the secretary of the Bauman, and then the Krasnopresnensky district party committee of the city of Moscow.

In 1932-1934, N. S. Khrushchev worked first as the second, and then as the first secretary of the Moscow Regional Committee of the Party.

In 1935, he was elected first secretary of the Moscow city and regional party committees, where he worked until 1938. During these years, N. S. Khrushchev carried out a great deal of organizational work to carry out the plans outlined by the Party and the government for the socialist reconstruction of Moscow, for the improvement of the capital, and for improving the living conditions of workers and employees.

In January 1938 he was elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, where he worked until December 1949.

During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, N. S. Khrushchev was in active army and led great job on the fronts, was a member of the Military Council of the Kyiv Special Military District, the South-Western direction, the Stalingrad, Southern and 1st Ukrainian fronts. N. S. Khrushchev actively participated in the defense of Stalingrad and in the preparations for the defeat of the Nazi troops near Stalingrad.

Simultaneously with his work on the fronts, N. S. Khrushchev, as secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, did a lot of work in organizing a nationwide partisan in Ukraine against the Nazi invaders.

From December 1949 to March 1953, N. S. Khrushchev was Secretary of the Central Committee and First Secretary of the Moscow Regional Committee of the Party.

N. S. Khrushchev has been a member of the Central Committee of the Party since 1934. In 1938 he was elected a candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee, and in 1939, after the 18th Party Congress, a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Party. At the 19th Congress of the CPSU (1952), N. S. Khrushchev made a report "On Changes in the Rules of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks." At the congress he was elected a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU, and at the plenary session he was a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU and secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

March 5 - JV Stalin, First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, died.

March 14 - The Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU was held. The report of the Presidium of the Central Committee on the criminal anti-party and anti-state actions of L.P. Beria was discussed.

July 2-7 - Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, which discussed the report of the Presidium of the Central Committee on the criminal and anti-party actions of L.P. Beria.

In the presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR decided:

1. Remove L.P. Beria from the post of First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and from the post of Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

2. The case of the criminal actions of L.P. Beria to be submitted for consideration Supreme Court THE USSR.

In September 1953, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU elected N. S. Khrushchev First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

At the 20th Congress of the CPSU (1956) on February 14, he delivered a report to the Central Committee of the CPSU, and on February 25, at a closed meeting of the congress, with a report "On the cult of personality and its consequences." At the 20th Congress of the Central Committee of the CPSU, he was elected a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU, and at the Plenum of the Central Committee, a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU and First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

In June 1957, during a four-day meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, it was decided to release N. S. Khrushchev from the duties of First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. However, a group of Khrushchev's supporters from among the members of the Central Committee of the CPSU, headed by Marshal Zhukov, managed to intervene in the work of the Presidium and achieve the transfer of this issue to the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU convened for this purpose. At the June plenum of the Central Committee in 1957, Khrushchev's supporters defeated his opponents from among the members of the Presidium. The latter were branded as " anti-party group V. Molotov, G. Malenkov, L. Kaganovich and D. Shepilov, who joined them" and removed from the Central Committee (later, in 1962, they were expelled from the party).

Four months later, in October 1957, at the initiative of Khrushchev, Marshal Zhukov, who supported him, was removed from the Presidium of the Central Committee and relieved of his duties as Minister of Defense of the USSR.

The trips of N. S. Khrushchev, together with other leading figures of the USSR, to the Polish people's republic, Yugoslavia, India, Burma, Afghanistan, Great Britain and other countries, participation in the Geneva Conference of the heads of government of the four powers, were important milestones on the path to strengthening peace and friendship between peoples.

Since 1958 Khrushchev - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

From July 31 to August 3, 1958, Khrushchev made a short visit to China. Later it became known that it was during this visit that Mao insisted on increasing assistance from the USSR in the development of Chinese nuclear missile weapons. Soviet Union, however, was not inclined to accelerate and increase its assistance to China in this regard. Khrushchev only publicly stated that in the event serious conflict with the United States, the Soviet Union will support China with all the might of its Armed Forces.

From September 15-27, 1959, the visit of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N. S. Khrushchev to the United States took place, the first visit of a Soviet leader to the United States. Khrushchev visited Washington and Camp David (on an official visit), as well as New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Des Moines and Ames (English). He met with the President and Vice President of the United States - D. D. Eisenhower and R. M. Nixon, with a group of senators, with general secretary UN D. Hammarskjold, with the governors of New York (N. Rockefeller), Pennsylvania (D. Lawrence), Iowa (G. Loveless), with many journalists and trade unionists. Speaking at the UN General Assembly, Khrushchev called for disarmament.

At the XX Congress of the CPSU, Khrushchev made a report on the personality cult of I.V. Stalin and mass repressions.

The October Plenum of the Central Committee of 1964, organized in the absence of Khrushchev, who was on vacation, relieved him of party and government posts "for health reasons"

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, who replaced Nikita Khrushchev as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, according to the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (1963-1972) Petr Yefimovich Shelest, suggested that V. Semichastny, Chairman of the KGB of the USSR, physically get rid of Khrushchev.

The October Plenum of the Central Committee of 1964, organized in the absence of Khrushchev, who was on vacation, released him from party and government posts "for health reasons."

This very time, N. S. Khrushchev lived in country house in the Moscow region, under the constant supervision of the KGB.

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev (04/15/1894 - 09/11/1971) - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (1953 - 1964), Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1958 - 1964), Hero of the Soviet Union, and also three times Hero of Socialist. Labor.

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born on April 15, 1894. in the village of Kalinovka, located in the Kursk province, in the family of a miner. In the summer, Nikita worked as a shepherd as a child, and in the winter he studied literacy at school. In 1908, the Khrushchev family moved to the Uspensky mine located near Yuzovka, where Nikita Khrushchev was initially an apprentice fitter at an iron foundry and machine-building plant, and from 1912 worked as a fitter at the mine.

During the Civil War, Nikita Khrushchev fought on the side of the Bolsheviks, and in 1918. he joined the communist party.

In the twenties, Khrushchev worked in the mines and studied at the Donetsk Industrial Institute. Subsequently, he was engaged in party, as well as economic work in Kyiv and the Donbass, and then was sent to study at the Industrial Academy. From 1931 he was in Moscow at party work, in 1935-1938 he was the first secretary of the Moscow Committee, as well as the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Since 1938 he became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian Communist Party. Then he became a candidate, and a year later - a member of the Politburo.

During the war, Khrushchev served as political commissar of the highest rank. In 1943 he was promoted to lieutenant general. Managed partisan movement behind the front line. After the war, he was at the head of the government in Ukraine. In 1947, he headed the Communist Party of Ukraine and held this post until 1949, when he was appointed First Secretary of the Moscow Party Committee, as well as Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

He acted as the initiator of consolidation of collective farms. After Stalin's death, he was among the initiators of the dismissal of Lavrenty Beria from his posts, as well as his arrest. In 1953 he became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

At the 20th Congress of the Communist Party, Khrushchev delivered a report on the mass repressions of Stalin, as well as on the cult of his personality.

In 1957, at a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, it was decided to release Khrushchev from his duties as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. But Khrushchev's supporters, led by Marshal Zhukov, were able to get the issue referred to the plenum of the Central Committee, convened for this purpose, and subsequently were able to stay at the plenum.

In 1958 Khrushchev became Chairman of the Council of Ministers. Then he began to pursue a policy that was directed against personal subsidiary plots. In 1959, residents of workers' settlements and cities were forbidden to keep livestock, and the state began to buy personal livestock from collective farmers. After that, the collective farmers began to carry out mass slaughter of livestock, which worsened the situation of the peasantry due to the reduction in the number of poultry and livestock. In the sixties, each regional committee was divided into rural and industrial, which ultimately led to a decrease in productivity and aggravated the situation in agriculture. This reform was canceled only in 1965, after Nikita Khrushchev's retirement.

In 1964, while Khrushchev was on vacation, the plenum of the Central Committee, organized in his absence, relieved him of state and party posts. Leonid Brezhnev became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party.

From that moment on, Nikita Khrushchev was retired. During this period of his life, he recorded his multi-volume memoirs on a tape recorder. Nikita Khrushchev died on September 11, 1971.

After the resignation of Nikita Khrushchev, his name was "unmentioned" for more than twenty years. Discussion of the activities of Nikita Khrushchev became possible only during perestroika. At the same time, Soviet magazines published for the first time "Memoirs" of Khrushchev, which he wrote in retirement.

Khrushchev's main achievements

  • The period of Nikita Khrushchev's reign was called the "thaw". At this time, many political prisoners were released, and the activity of political repressions significantly decreased in comparison with Stalin's rule. The Soviet Union also managed to achieve great success in the conquest of space. There was also an active housing construction. At the same time, certain failures in agriculture, as well as in the foreign policy of the USSR, are associated with the name of Nikita Khrushchev. Khrushchev's reign saw the maximum tension of the Cold War with the United States, and relations with Albania and China were also spoiled for many years.

Important dates in Khrushchev's biography

  • 04/15/1894 - was born in the family of a miner in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk province.
  • 1908 - the Khrushchev family moved to the Uspensky mine near Yuzovka. Work at the iron foundry and machine-building plant apprentice fitter.
  • 1912 - Khrushchev began working as a mechanic at the mine.
  • 1918 - Joining the Communist Party.
  • Since 1931 - was in Moscow for party work.
  • 1938 - appointment as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian Communist Party. Becomes a candidate member of the Politburo.
  • 1939 - Khrushchev became a member of the Politburo.
  • 1943 - receiving the rank of lieutenant general.
  • 1947 - Khrushchev becomes the head of the Communist Party of Ukraine.
  • 1949 - appointed First Secretary of the Moscow Party Committee, as well as Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
  • 1953 - became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
  • 1957 - the decision to remove Khrushchev, adopted at a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, was not implemented.
  • 1958 - Khrushchev becomes Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
  • 1959 - adoption of a decree prohibiting residents of towns and cities from keeping livestock.
  • 1964 - the removal of Khrushchev from his post as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party.
  • 09/11/1971 - Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev died.
  • Nikita Khrushchev, who by the end of the 1920s was already in charge of the apparatus of the Central Committee communist party Ukraine department, became a student of the Industrial Academy of Moscow. Students after the first year of study expected mandatory certification in various subjects. Then it turned out that Khrushchev did not even know English alphabet. Khrushchev, in response to the claims of the teacher Ada Fedorol, only laughed it off, saying that for him there were now things more important than English. When the strict teacher turned to the rector, he found a very original way out - the English language was deleted from the annual certificate ...
  • Khrushchev, who was not distinguished by refined manners and correct speech, often baffled translators with their expressions, which were a nightmare for those. The phrase "We'll show you Kuz'kin's mother!" sounded for the first time at the American exhibition held in Sokolniki in 1959. Nixon, then Vice President of the United States, showed Khrushchev a house with a dishwasher and washing machine, which was the main exhibit at the exhibition. The translator, confused, translated "Kuzkin's mother" as "Kuzma's mother".
  • At one of the dinners with the leaders of the American trade unions, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev remembered that he had seen in Hollywood a scene from the movie "Can Can" - about the appearance of this dance in Paris. Talking about this, Nikita Khrushchev turned his back to the table, pulled up the hem of his jacket, and began to imitate the movements of girls dancing the cancan. After this incident, two American companies broadcasting in live this performance, took first place in the ratings ...
  • There is a well-known case when Khrushchev banged his shoe on the table at a UN meeting, protesting against criticism of the USSR.

Nikita Sergeevich

With the name of N.S. Khrushchev is quite often associated with the "thaw" that came in political life USSR after Stalin's death. At this time, many political prisoners were released, and the influence of ideological censorship decreased. Under Khrushchev, the Soviet Union achieved great success in space exploration. Active housing construction was launched. At the same time, the execution of workers in Novocherkassk and failures in agriculture and foreign policy are associated with the name of Khrushchev. His reign is higher voltage cold war with the USA.

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born on April 3, 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk province, in the family of a miner. Labor activity Nikita Sergeevich started quite early: already in 1908 he worked as a boiler cleaner and mechanic. In his youth, he actively participated in the strike movement, and in 1918 he joined the Bolshevik Party.

N.S. Khrushchev participated in civil war. In 1918, he commanded a detachment of the Red Guard in Rutchenkovo, then, he was appointed battalion political commissar on the Tsaritsyn front. Later he served as an instructor in the political department of the army. After the end of the war, he was in economic and party work.

In 1922, Khrushchev studied at the workers' faculty of the Dontechnical College, where he was the party secretary of the technical school. In 1925, he was appointed party leader of the Petrov-Maryinsky district of the Stalin district.

In 1929, Nikita Sergeevich studied at the Industrial Academy in Moscow, where he was elected secretary of the party committee. In 1931, he became the first secretary of the Bauman, then Krasnopresnensky district committees of the party. Since 1934, Khrushchev has been approved as the first secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, since 1935 he has been the first secretary of the Moscow Regional Committee (MK) of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In this position, he replaced L.M. Kaganovich.

Further, Khrushchev occupies the highest party positions. In 1938 he became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, and in 1939 he became a member of the Politburo. In the 30s. Khrushchev was directly involved in the organization of Stalin's purges, as well as the implementation of plans for forced industrialization.

During the Great Patriotic War Khrushchev was a member of the military councils of a number of fronts, in 1943 he received the rank of lieutenant general. Between 1944 and 1947 worked as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR, then re-elected first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine. In 1949 he became the first secretary of the Moscow regional and city party committees and secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.

After his death in 1953, Khrushchev gambled on an alliance with Malenkov in order to leave Beria behind. However, already in 1955, due to disagreements over the development of industry, Khrushchev sought the resignation of Malenkov, thus becoming the absolute leader. last try resistance to the rise of Khrushchev was undertaken by the so-called anti-party group of Molotov, Kaganovich, Malenkov and Shepilov who joined them in 1957, but Khrushchev managed to win the Plenum of the Central Committee, after which he introduced his supporters to the Presidium of the Central Committee and took the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

During the years of ruling the country, Khrushchev introduced a system of vocational schools, carried out the development of virgin lands, and also actively supported the Soviet space program.

In foreign policy, Khrushchev consistently sought control over West Berlin, which was mandated by the UN. In the early 60s. a course was outlined for improving relations with the United States, however, after an American reconnaissance aircraft was shot down in the Sverdlovsk region, Khrushchev returned to a tough policy towards the United States. Operation Anadyr, to which the United States responded with a blockade of Cuba, can be considered its direct consequence. This confrontation went down in history as the Caribbean Crisis of 1962.

In 1964, the Plenum of the Central Committee dismissed Khrushchev from all posts. After that, until his death on September 11, 1971, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was retired.

Monuments N.S. There is practically no Khrushchev in Russia, but many of the citizens of Russia remember, for example, the long-awaited separate apartments, in common parlance - “Khrushchevs”, which are now going down in history, and the precarious balancing act on the brink of a third world war, and the first manned flight into space.


The grave monument to Khrushchev became a challenge to the party elite / Photo: D. Debabov


Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev died September 11, 1971.
Before him, two top party leaders and Soviet government- Lenin and Stalin. Both of them were embalmed and placed in the Mausoleum on Red Square. Khrushchev then took out the "father of peoples" from there and reburied Stalin separately - behind the Mausoleum. The top Kremlin leadership faced an unexpected problem: where to bury the deceased?

The "retired dictator" (by definition of Roy Medvedev) was given a state funeral in compliance with the ritual protocol. This protocol included: an official announcement on radio, television and in the press, an obituary, the formation of a commission for organizing a funeral, farewell (according to previous precedents - in the Hall of Columns), the choice of a churchyard, speeches at a mourning ceremony, a platoon of an honor guard, volleys, then perpetuating the memory , material support relatives...

Compliance with all these stages of the sad ritual is evidence political culture the leadership of the country. The international significance of such events is also difficult to overestimate - the leaders of other countries in such cases send mourning telegrams. And what to do with the death of a disgraced leader? Ignore? But that would mean questioning the greatness Soviet power, which Khrushchev personified for 11 years. Since there were no blanks, the responsible comrades solved the problem with clean slate.


Medical report on the death of N.S. Khrushchev


We decided innovatively. To begin with, the cause of the death of the former Soviet leader was hidden not only from citizens, but also from the highest nomenklatura. Only today, 45 years later, is the official conclusion about the death of N.S. Khrushchev (see illustration). It was signed by a council headed by Academician Yevgeny Chazov, who long years headed the Kremlin, that is, the 4th Main Directorate under the USSR Ministry of Health, and was personal doctor leaders of the country. There is not a word in the document about "heavy and prolonged illness", which the deceased allegedly suffered. Meanwhile, references to malaise appeared in the memorable 64th, when Khrushchev "asked" his comrades to release him from leadership of the country "in connection with old age and deteriorating health." As Chazov's note makes clear, Khrushchev needed health care, but much later - in 1970 and 1971, when he was finishing his memoirs and he was called in for "interrogations". It turned out that the death of the pensioner was accelerated by colleagues.

Brezhnev read Chazov's note. And he decided not to send it to his comrades - the document went to the archive.

Split in the group of comrades

Funeral proposals were instructed to prepare the secretary of the Central Committee, Peter Demichev. Colleagues remembered: Khrushchev made him his assistant in memorable days Stalin's funeral, and in October 1961 instructed him to speak at a party congress with a proposal to remove Stalin's body from the Mausoleum. The instruction was unequivocal: now Pyotr Nilovich must prove his loyalty to the "Leninist leadership" with a well-organized farewell to his "benefactor".

Here are the suggestions Demichev:

“In connection with the death of N.S. Khrushchev, we are submitting a proposal to entrust the funeral to the party committee under the Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee and the Administration of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

To say goodbye to the relatives of the deceased, on the same day at 10 o'clock in the morning, install the coffin with the body of Khrushchev in the funeral hall of the Central Clinical Hospital of the IV Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Health.

"The Party Committee of the Party Organization under the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPSU informs with deep regret that on September 11, 1971, after a serious long illness, a member of the CPSU since 1918, personal pensioner Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, died and expresses deep condolences to the family of the deceased."

Funeral expenses to be taken into account of the party budget.


Let's decipher: it was proposed to organize the farewell in the ritual hall at the hospital; an obituary not only with a photograph, but even without one was not supposed. The uninitiated would not have understood at all who was being buried. A family allowance in the amount of a two-month pension for organizing a wake is not provided.

Then the apparatus work began with Demichev's note. According to the laws of the genre of democratic centralism, it had to be approved. The deputy head of the General Department (Chancery) of the Central Committee, Claudius Bogolyubov, begins calling his comrades in the Politburo. Andrei Kirilenko, Arvid Pelshe and Petr Shelest are unconditionally in favor. But then strange and unusual events begin to occur for the smooth movement of the Kremlin's workflow.

Gennady Voronov, chairman of the People's Control Committee, proposes that "the notice be given on behalf of the Central Committee and the Council of Ministers" (and not on behalf of the party committee under the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPSU). Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Alexei Kosygin goes further - crosses out Novodevichy cemetery and writes instead: "in the Kremlin wall without an established ritual." That is, without a commission for organizing a funeral, without a detailed obituary with a photograph and signatures of members of the Politburo, without speeches on the podium of the Mausoleum. But - in the Kremlin wall. In addition, Kosygin suggested adding to the death notice "the former First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR."

Nikolai Podgorny, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, also joins the "dissenting opinions". He writes down on paper: "I consider it expedient to bury in the Kremlin wall without an established ritual with an addition in the notice and the coffin with the body can be exhibited in the Central Committee 10 / IX-71 club." That is, not in a regime morgue at a closed hospital, but in the holy of holies - on Old Square. This means that traffic will need to be blocked and a cortege with flashing lights provided.

What happened? But it turned out that in the triumvirate of the collective leadership created after the overthrow of Khrushchev (Brezhnev, Kosygin, Podgorny), there was no unity on the question of Khrushchev. Silence and expanse of unanimous opinions and behind-the-scenes unanimous decisions collapsed before our eyes. It turned out that on the fundamental issue of Soviet political culture - how and where to bury the deposed leader, a split was planned in the Kremlin.

This, in fact, formed "opposition group" is also supported by First Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Polyansky. He sets out his proposal in the form of a formal draft for voting:

"1. It would be advisable to make a cremation and bury the urn with the ashes of N.S. Khrushchev in the Kremlin wall.

2. In the death notice, it must be indicated that he was the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU and chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

The rebellion takes the form of legislation.

After all, how did it happen in tsekovsky practice? If one comrade suggested adding a comma, this was scrupulously recorded. If another friend advised to remove Exclamation point, then listened to this opinion. The third considered it necessary to rewrite the slogan-call for May 1 and instead of "the fraternal people of Bulgaria" say "the people of fraternal Bulgaria", the comrades agreed with this. And now, almost half of the Politburo staged a demarche on the main issue of the Byzantine nature of power, which was not even subject to discussion: the overthrown ruler is deleted from history. Forever and ever. This is the law. Dot.

With the deceased Khrushchev, however, the point could not be reached: comrades Brezhnev, Kirilenko, Pelshe and Shelest considered it possible to vote by telephone, and their faithful comrades-in-arms, knowing this, did not agree. And they fixed it on paper, made a formal counterproposal.

What could be done in such a situation? Rich hardware experience suggested the answer: do not allow voting, immediately declare the first paper invalid and start over again. No paper - no problem.

And so they did. Comrade Demichev is removed from compiling a new road map for the funeral (in three years he will be sent to lead culture as a minister). Waiting one day. And on September 12 appears new paper- the actual memorandum of the secretaries of the Central Committee and the Moscow city party head Viktor Grishin. It was decided: to give the text of the notice on behalf of the Central Committee and the Council of Ministers, to indicate the highest party and government positions of the deceased personal pensioner, but no Wall.

A copy of Mikhail Suslov with traces of his thoughtful work has been preserved in Khrushchev's personal file. It is he who solves this puzzle. For solidity, he invites candidates for members of the Politburo and secretaries of the Central Committee to vote. Suslov eventually extinguished the opposition.

Nikolai Podgorny admits his defeat:

"I agree with the second part, that the notice will be published from the Central Committee and the Council of Ministers. On the first part - regarding the place of burial - I gave comments yesterday. But since everyone voted in favor, then, as they say, one man is not a warrior."

Did this story affect political biography"dissidents" from the Politburo? Judge for yourself: Voronov will be removed in two years, Polyansky in five will be sent as ambassador to Japan, Podgorny will be removed from the post of chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR a year later. And retired Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin will be remembered at his own funeral - he will be refused farewell in the Hall of Columns ...

Uncomfortable dead man

However, the "inconvenience" associated with the death of Nikita Sergeevich did not end there for the top nomenklatura - condolences flowed to the Kremlin. Of course, from abroad. And not on the party line. The communists of all countries have always been all right with discipline and an instinct for political expediency. In addition, it was conveyed to the attention of the "leaders of friends" through diplomatic channels in a confidential manner that there was no need to mourn for Khrushchev. But Khrushchev was the prime minister, and for the heads of foreign governments this was essential. In appeals to the Kremlin, he was called "His Excellency."

The clerks in the General Department, in accordance with the instructions, suggested that foreign telegrams be sent round the circle for the members of the Politburo and Minister Gromyko to familiarize themselves. But again Suslov intervenes and instructs "not to send." Given the well-known split in the top leadership on the Khrushchev issue, telegrams from foreign leaders could provide additional arguments in favor of a civilized attitude towards the leader of the superpower, who was associated throughout the world with de-Stalinization and the flight of the first man into space.

A month and a half after the death of Nikita Sergeevich, the Council of Ministers takes another formal step in the implementation of the funeral ritual: Decree N 773 of October 22, 1971 ordered "to establish a personal pension in the amount of 200 rubles a month for life to Kukharchuk Nina Petrovna."

This surname was unfamiliar to young nominees. The bureaucrats of the older generation remembered that Kukharchuk was Nina Petrovna Khrushcheva. She is attached to the First Polyclinic of the Fourth Main Directorate under the USSR Ministry of Health. That is, to the Kremlin hospital. "Give her the right to use the canteen of medical nutrition." It is a distributor of scarce products. Still decided to give " small cottage and the right to use a car on call (within a certain number of hours). "The fourth paragraph of the resolution was also important:

"4. Allow the Administration of the Council of Ministers of the USSR to spend up to 2 thousand rubles on the construction of a tombstone on the grave of Khrushchev N.S.".

And then a new surprise happened: the family decided that Nikita Sergeevich was worthy not of a typical marble slab worth 2 thousand rubles, but of a real monument. And she found the sculptor herself - this is how Ernst Neizvestny appears in the saga of perpetuation.

Since the Economic Department of the Council of Ministers is supervised by the "dissident" Kosygin, his department meets Khrushchev's family halfway: the USSR Art Fund approves the design of the monument, then the issue is transferred to the Department of Household and Communal Services of the Moscow City Executive Committee, 2 thousand rubles turn into five. However, all this did not cancel the highest control (the Politburo examined the drawings and made amendments) and the vigilant eye of authorities, primarily art critics from the Lubyanka.

REFERENCE

According to the operational data available to the KGB, a few months ago S.N. Khrushchev with a request on behalf of the family to create a monument to N.S. KHRUSHCHEV... E. UNKNOWN proposes to make an inscription on the monument: "KHRUSHCHEV" without initials. This kind of inscription, as it were, turns the tombstone from a monument to a specific person into a monument symbolizing a certain era, and echoes the existing inscription on the Mausoleum.


After reviewing the KGB report, Konstantin Chernenko, head of the General Department of the Central Committee, writes to his boss:

"Leonid Ilyich! Maybe Comrade Pavlov G.S. should be instructed to take a closer look at what kind of monument project is being prepared, especially since at one time the Administration was instructed to take part in resolving these issues" (Pavlov - the manager of the Central Committee. In the days GKChP he will jump out of the window of his apartment. - "Oh").

The certificate is submitted for discussion by the Politburo and becomes the basis for the decision, which was formalized as top-secret - adopted without entering into the protocol. The fateful directive on the introduction of troops into Afghanistan, drawn up in the same way, was adopted in the same way and was designated "To the situation in Afghanistan." Also, without entering into the protocol, a "Monument to X." appeared: "Instruct to show interest in the preparation of the monument to X."

Interest in the "preparation of the monument to X." was shown to be really serious. In "accordance with the exchange of views that took place at a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU", the inscription "Khrushchev" was rejected - so that there were no associations with Lenin. The authority decided to write on the stone: "Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev", as well as dates of birth and death.


Andropov's report on the opening of the Khrushchev monument with elements of a denunciation of the poet Yevgeny Yevtushenko


The opening of the monument will be delayed for a year and a half after the deadline approved by the Politburo and will also be held under the strict guidance and control of the authorities. On Suslov's instructions, Yuri Andropov's brief report on the event will be sent out as mandatory reading material to senior management. Including because of the statements of Yevgeny Yevtushenko:

"After some time, the rest of the group headed for the exit, along with E. Yevtushenko, who, turning to foreigners on English language, said something like the following: "The most significant and important thing in the monument are two plates, black and white, which personify the struggle of "light" and "dark" forces in man. The struggle of "good and evil" in each of us, and especially in N. S. Khrushchev, as he was taller than all of us and therefore especially visible to the rest. This monument was created by the Russian sculptor E. Neizvestny, whom N. S. Khrushchev repeatedly criticized for "abstractionism." And now, after death, redemption has come, reconciliation between them..." The report attached a lot of black-and-white photographs recorded by operational equipment.

Soon, the Kremlin realizes its mistake by refusing to bury Khrushchev in a special order in the Kremlin wall: the Novodevichy cemetery became a place of mass pilgrimage - people came to look at the monument that had become famous, many carried flowers. As a result, the authorities (formally by the decision of the Moscow City Committee and the Moscow City Council) closed access here for "outsiders" for many years to come ...


Leonid Maksimenkov, historian
Ogonyok magazine, No. 35, p. 40, September 5, 2016

Soviet political figure Nikita Khrushchev was born on April 15, 1894 in peasant family who lived in the village of Kalinovka. From 1909 he worked as a mechanic in the mines of Donbass and in factories. Since 1928 he was appointed head of the organizational department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine. In 1922, Khrushchev met Nina Kukharchuk, his future wife. But Nina will become Khrushchev's wife only after Nikita Sergeevich retires, in 1965.

In 1929, Khrushchev entered the Industrial Academy, and already in 1931 he found himself in party work in Moscow. In the period from 1935 to 1947, Khrushchev held high party posts: he was the 1st secretary of the Moscow Committee, as well as the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU (b) (1935), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Council of Ministers) of Ukraine and secretary of the Central Committee of the CP (b) of Ukraine (1944-1947).

During this period, Khrushchev's activities played a significant role in organizing mass repression both in Moscow and Ukraine. At the time, Khrushchev was a member of the military councils of the fronts and by 1943 received the rank of lieutenant general. In addition, Khrushchev led the partisan movement behind the front line.

One of the most famous post-war initiatives was the strengthening of the collective farms, which contributed to the reduction of bureaucracy. Peak in the biography of Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was 1953 - the year of death. An attempt to seize power was prevented by Khrushchev, who united for a while. Having received power, Malenkov soon resigned from the post of secretary of the Central Committee. Thus, already in the autumn of 1953, Khrushchev occupied the highest party post. The reign of Khrushchev began with the announcement of a large-scale project for the development of virgin lands. The purpose of the development of virgin lands was to increase the volume of grain harvested in the country.

Khrushchev's domestic policy was marked by the rehabilitation of the victims of political repression and by the improvement in the standard of living of the population of the USSR. In addition, he made an attempt to modernize the party system. Khrushchev's reforms would later be briefly called the thaw. So, Khrushchev voiced the thesis that the war between socialism and capitalism is not at all inevitable. Khrushchev's speech at the 20th Congress contained rather harsh criticism of Stalin's activities, the personality cult, and political repressions. It was perceived ambiguously by the leaders of other countries. Soon published in the USA English translation this speech. Citizens of the USSR were able to get acquainted with it only in the 2nd half of the 80s.

Due to some economic miscalculations after the 20th Congress, Khrushchev's positions were noticeably shaken. In 1957, a conspiracy against Khrushchev was created, which was not crowned with success. As a result, the conspirators, which included Molotov, Kaganovich and Malenkov, were dismissed by the decision of the Plenum of the Central Committee.

Khrushchev's thaw in the late 1950s touched foreign policy. After negotiations with Eisenhower, relations between the USSR and the USA improved markedly. But this caused some complications in cooperation with socialist countries. camps. The actual resignation of Khrushchev took place in 1964 by decision of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU. After that, he remained a member of the Central Committee, but no longer held responsible posts. Died N.S. Khrushchev September 11, 1971