Household services to the population. Types of household services

In the context of the transformation of the Russian economy, it is of particular importance to determine the prospects for the development of those industries that are involved in the creation of consumable goods of life, including household services. Consumer services for the population importance to maintain and improve the standard of living, which modern conditions is determined not only by the growth rate and the scale of development of the branches of material production, but also by the indicators of consumption of services. At present, the role of consumer services is increasing even more due to the need to solve a number of socio-economic problems. First, household services restore the consumer properties of various products that are in use by citizens. This allows you to save cash in conditions when the purchase of new goods is not available for 2/3 of the population of Russia. In this regard, the need of the population for services for the repair of clothing, footwear, complex household appliances. Secondly, an important function of consumer services is to increase the free time of citizens, which is increasingly necessary for self-education, the acquisition of new specialties, and advanced training. Thirdly, there is a growing need for the repair of complex household appliances and television and radio equipment due to the saturation of the market with these goods, which are not always of sufficient quality. Fourthly, a circle of high-income consumers who actively use personal services has formed, which predetermined the emergence of hairdressing salons, high-class ateliers, and car dealerships.

A household service is either predominantly productive living labor, the result of which is tangible objects or the value of items that have already been used in domestic use is restored, or an activity that does not accept tangible results.

In accordance with GOST, public service is defined as the result of direct interaction between the contractor and the consumer of the service, as well as the contractor's own activities to meet the needs of the population.

Consumer services to the population is a special form of economic activity, allocated to a separate industry and included in the scope of paid services to the population, the purpose of which is to improve the material side of the life of citizens, reduce the time for maintenance household, reducing the cost of purchasing household items.

Consumer services for the population have all the main features (features) of an independent branch of the national economy. In particular, like other industries, consumer services for the population have fixed and circulating assets, a permanent cadre of workers, specialists and employees. The formation of consumer services for the population into an independent branch of the economy was largely facilitated by those specific features that are inherent only to consumer service enterprises. Among them it should be noted:

- a mandatory individual order, and, as a rule, a personal contact of the consumer with the contractor or representative of the manufacturer of household services (receiver, master, agent);

- pronounced local character activities of most divisions of the industry;

– fluctuations in demand for household services by seasons of the year, months, and even by hours of working time of enterprises.

- a simultaneous combination of functions characteristic of production (production of services) and trade (sales of services).

Household services market is a sphere of exchange organized according to the laws commodity production and appeals. There are several types of consumer services market.

Manufacturer Market- this is a situation where demand significantly exceeds the supply of domestic services. In this case, the main thing is the offer of services, which are almost all implemented, even if they do not meet the needs of consumers. Quantity is given full priority over quality. There is no competition. The population is compelled to use the services offered by the household service. The culture of their provision is often low.

Consumer market- a market in which there is no monopoly on the production of services, there is their choice, there is a correspondence or a slight excess of supply over demand. The consumer can choose services that suit him in terms of price, service culture, time costs and give them preference over others.

Due to the fact that the scope of activities of consumer service enterprises is territorial (local) in nature, the consumer services market also differs in terms of territorial boundaries and scales. Prices, income policy, taxes, financial and credit levers, and marketing have a significant impact on the supply of services and their demand.

Household services are classified according to the following criteria:

According to the organizational and legal form of the executing entity distinguish:

large specialized enterprises;

small businesses with up to 30 people;

"non-core" enterprises;

individuals engaged in miscellaneous services as private entrepreneurs.

By nature of work distinguish:

- production services - services provided in the form of goods or included in its composition (manufacturing, repair and restoration of household appliances, television and radio equipment, clothing, furniture and other items of cultural and household purposes and household purposes);

- non-production services - these are services that are non-commercial in nature (these are the services of baths, hairdressing, reference services, etc.).

By form of ownership enterprises serving the population, services are:

services of state enterprises;

services of municipal enterprises;

services of private enterprises.

By the degree of participation in the creation of consumer value services are divided into the following:

creating new consumer values (new products);

restoring consumer properties of goods (repair work);

serving a person (of a personal nature).

Many types of household services have the properties of a pure public good and an external effect, and this implies the need to regulate this area of activity and form, along with the commercial, a non-profit sector of household services.

There are household services serving the process of distribution, exchange and consumption of various goods, which are related to the net costs of circulation. These are, for example, the services of a housing exchange bureau, the services of pawnshops. The peculiarity of consumer services is that the process of circulation here is not always spatially separated from production, in contrast, for example, from light industry and trade.

Household services are provided through specific forms of service. A form of service is a type of labor determined by a certain content of the service, which is its integral part. Forms of service, the most common in practice:

– at the place of residence or at the customer's home(provision of services of a tutor, a piano tuner, specialists in the repair of large-sized radio-electronic equipment and household appliances);

– at a public service enterprise(manufacturing of clothes, footwear, knitwear, jewelry, furniture manufacturing, dry-cleaning of clothes);

– at the place of work(rental of means of production, repair of shoes, watches, provision of hairdresser services, acceptance of orders for all types of household services);

– at the place of rest(rental of sports equipment and cultural and household items, the work of recreation towns, a teacher with children in recreation rooms);

– self-service- receiving services mainly without outside help of employees (washing linen in a self-service laundry, making things in salons);

– subscription- on the basis of a document granting the right to receive a service in accordance with the terms of the agreement of the parties (maintenance and repair of televisions, refrigerators);

– urgent- carried out in a short period of time (dry cleaning, laundry, repair of household appliances, clothes, shoes, furniture delivery).

Consumer services for the population as an independent integral industry, functioning on the basis of the common end result of the production activities of its enterprises and institutions, plays an important role in the economy. If we consider the role of the public services industry in the economic aspect, which is expressed in increasing the efficiency of production, it is obvious that a variety of household services provided to the population by public service enterprises are becoming an important factor in the development of production and the growth of its efficiency.

However, despite the importance of consumer services, its level and quality has been constantly decreasing in recent years. Entrepreneurial activity in this area is very insignificant, since the need to have equipment, tools, raw materials and materials, the premises require significant capital investments. The effective demand of the population is low, which leads to a low rate of return on invested capital. Significant funds are needed to start a business. At the same time, according to calculations, the payback period for one job in hairdressing and photo services is 2-3 years, dry cleaning of clothes - 10-15 years, sewing and repairing clothes - 1-2 years, tailoring and repairing shoes - 5-7 years , laundry services - 8-10 years.

The formation of the consumer services sector began in our country in the 60s. However, the socio-economic efficiency of the development of the industry was low: the range and quality of services provided to the population, their availability, and the timing of order fulfillment left much to be desired. This necessitated radical changes in the industry, which began in 1991-1992. In the context of the subsequent spontaneous formation of market relations in this area many problems arose: uncontrolled price growth, a sharp “compression” of demand for personal services and, as a result, a reduction in the number of consumer service enterprises. Operating enterprises of the industry, as a rule, operate unprofitably. The exception is a small group of elite enterprises oriented towards the highly profitable part of the population. Serious stabilization in this area requires a set of legislative, financial, organizational and economic measures, the development of state programs for the survival and development of the consumer services industry in modern market conditions.

Household services to the population, part of the service sector, where non-production and production services are provided to the population. Consumer services are characterized by socially organized ways and forms of meeting the immediate material and spiritual needs of people outside of their professional and socio-political activities. In modern conditions, consumer services, which had handicraft workshops in the recent past, are becoming an industry National economy with the corresponding industrial material and technical base - industrial enterprises, production associations and combines Consumer services with high-performance machines and mechanisms. It becomes more and more universal with the specialization of certain types and types of services.

Household service enterprises produce items of personal consumption according to individual orders, restore the lost use value of items for household use and personal use, and provide personal services. Household services include the activities of enterprises and organizations engaged in home repair, manufacturing and repair of furniture for individual orders, laundry, dry cleaning and dyeing of things, individual tailoring and repair of shoes, clothing, fur and knitwear, security, prevention and repair of cars, repair of technical household machines and devices, television and radio equipment, as well as musical instruments, the provision of services for the storage of things in pawnshops, photo services and hairdressing services, rental of cultural and sports items and household items, cleaning services for apartments, performing various assignments, etc. social development, technological progress, as well as improving the material well-being of the population, the importance of socially organized forms of meeting the material and spiritual needs of people is increasing.
Social content Consumer services, the availability of domestic services to the population, the degree and proportions of the development of their individual types, the nature and depth of their impact on the life and work of the population are determined not only by the level of development productive forces but above all by means of social production. Under socialism, the expansion of the sphere of services in general, and public services in particular, is one of the indicators of the growth and development of the national economy and an increase in the well-being of the entire population. During the period of building communist society, conditions are created for the accelerated development of socially organized forms of consumer services for the population.

It aims to gradually replace the household public forms Public services and the elimination on this basis of the remnants of the actual inequality of women in everyday life, the elimination of socio-economic and cultural differences between the city and the countryside, the equalization of living conditions for the population of the central regions and remote regions of the country, the education of collectivism in everyday life. Together with other branches of the service sector (for example, trade, public catering, children's institutions, housing and communal services, etc.), household service enterprises are gradually replacing individual elements of the household with large-scale social production and organized services for many aspects of everyday life. (See also Utilities).

It has great value to raise the village in economic and cultural terms, as well as to slow down the process of migration rural population to the cities. The expansion of consumer services helps to improve the use of the working people's free time, raise their cultural level, the best organization recreation. In the USSR, to organize the management and improvement of public services for the population in the Union republics (since 1965), special ministries of public services were formed. Independent administrations of public services for the population of territories and regions were created.

Their activities are controlled by the Soviets of Working People's Deputies. In 1970 state, cooperative and public enterprises and consumer services organizations provided the population with more than 450 types of consumer services worth more than 4 billion rubles. (in 1960 - 1.1 billion rubles). In consumer services in 1968 there were 225,800 (in 1960, 135,000) enterprises and collection points, employing 1.65 million people. Of the types of production (industrial) services, consumer services accounted for 41% in 1967 for the individual tailoring and repair of clothing, 14.5% for the repair of complex household appliances, and 14.3% for the tailoring and repair of shoes. Among non-production (non-industrial) types of services, hairdressing services (54%) were in first place, then repairs and housing construction(21.1%), photo services (19.5%).

Created a dedicated network educational institutions for the preparation for domestic service of skilled workers, technicians, engineers and economists of the highest qualification and different specialties. There are universities that train engineers and economists for the Public Service system (Moscow, Vladivostok, Khmelnitsky). There is a network of research and design-technological institutes that are working on questions of improving consumer services for the population of the USSR.

Under capitalism, the development of consumer services pursues commercial goals and proceeds unevenly. Expanding especially rapidly in a number of foreign countries enterprises for maintenance and repair of automobiles, dry cleaning of clothes, as well as enterprises for urgent repair of household appliances and shoes. In the US in the 70s. out of about 770,000 consumer service enterprises, with almost 1.9 million employees, the largest place is occupied by the repair and maintenance of automobiles. The proceeds of all enterprises Consumer services amounted to almost 17.5 billion dollars. Some types of services can only be used by the privileged strata of society.

Household service - part non-production sphere, the purpose of which is to help organize everyday life (reassignment homework or part of labor costs for self-service) to third-party people (employees) or firms.

Bonus services include: laundries, hairdressers, all kinds of repairs, certain types of recreation and leisure activities, photography, funeral services, tailoring of shoes and clothes to order, etc.

BON enterprises are characterized by a number of features: -

their activities are focused on helping customers in self-service, -

they are busy with service, that is, they find out the wishes of the client, coordinate them with the possibilities of production, show him the final product, communication with the client is considered as a way of relaxing him.

The individual nature of the consumption of services. BON is one of the most ancient spheres of production, because servants (home helpers) appeared immediately with the appearance of surplus products, i.e. during the period of savagery. Workers engaged in servicing the owner had a low social status. They were practically disenfranchised (slaves and servants), owe everything accessible ways please the owner. And although their labor was easier than the direct producers - peasants and workers, as carriers of low qualifications, easily replaceable workers who lose the ability to "please the eye" as they age - they were not protected either by law or by the logic (reason) of the owner.

Proceeding from the distribution of the sphere of social security, the nature of consumption, 3 stages of its formation can be distinguished: initial, market and democratic. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

The initial stage was characterized by extremely uneven consumption of services among the population: some consumed a lot, others - nothing. Household service centered around wealthy people. Naturally, the "gratification" of the owners prevailed over the quality (the content of labor) of the services themselves, the accumulation and consolidation of advanced experience.

The market stage was characterized by the expansion of demand for OBM. As the well-being of the population grows, the level of education and social self-esteem of individuals rise, as well as the cost of services becomes cheaper due to their mechanization, automation, the growth of the division of labor, securing for manufacturing firms. In general, the consumption of services leads to savings in social labor costs, since heavy, unproductive housework is replaced by mechanized labor.

The modern (democratic) stage is characterized by two trends.

The first is excessive consumption of services. Sociologists believe that developed countries there is an overconsumption of services. To a large extent, this is due to the action of funds mass media, advertising, causing the population to have a propensity for service that it did not have before. In part, this excessive propensity to serve is justified by the increased tension of life, the need for new forms of relaxation, which is facilitated by BON. The specifics of a person experiencing nervous strain depending on the owner, buyer, external conditions, implies the desire of a person to exercise the right to service himself. The second trend is new nature home maintenance work. In place of servants (maids) working in the family long time, workers hired for certain tasks around the house came: cleaning furniture, bathrooms, washing windows, cleaning rooms, etc. This approach is depersonalized. The customer does not know the contractor, he pays money for the work done, for the selection of people who can be entrusted with an apartment. Modern researchers note the growth in demand for depersonalized services. The workers who carry out these works do not experience employment problems. Their work is specialized and maximally mechanized, they are well paid, and they give them a certain freedom of time. So, social role consumer service is that it is a way: *

liberation of a person from monotonous and manual labor around the house, *

thus increasing the efficiency social labor and production: *

saves time for creativity, relaxation, communication with friends and family, self-development.

With the transition to the mass consumption of household services, a process of social leveling of people takes place, since these services have become available to everyone. The choice of a profession related to domestic service is the result of their good will, and not a manifestation of the desire of the owner (as under feudalism) or the inability to get another job due to low education (capitalism).

Consumer services for the population is one of the oldest areas of production, because. services (domestic helpers) appeared immediately with the appearance of surplus products, i.e. during the period of savagery. Workers engaged in servicing the owner had a low social status. They were practically disenfranchised (slaves and servants), obliged by all available means to please the owner. And although their labor was easier than the direct producers - peasants and workers, as carriers of low qualifications, easily replaceable workers who lose the ability to "please the eye" as they age - they were not protected either by law or by the logic (reason) of the owner. With the transition to the mass consumption of household services, a process of social leveling of people takes place, since these services have become available to everyone. The choice of a profession related to consumer services is the result of their good will, and not a manifestation of the desire of the owner (as under feudalism) or the inability to get another job due to low education (capitalism).

Consumer service concept

The formation of the system of consumer services for the population in our country as an independent branch of the national economy "refers to the beginning of the 60s, when the industry's governing bodies were created in the country in the form of main departments of consumer services for the population under the councils of ministers of the union republics. Somewhat later, these departments in the union republics were transformed into republican ministries of public services for the population"

Domestic services - paid services provided individuals, classified in accordance with the All-Russian classifier of services to the population. Consumer services ensure the restoration (change, preservation) of consumer properties of products or the manufacture of new products on the orders of citizens, as well as the movement of goods and people, the creation of conditions for consumption. In particular, they may include services related to the repair and manufacture of products, housing and communal services, services Catering, transport services, etc.

Consumer services for the population - part of the service sector, where the population is provided with non-productive and industrial services. Consumer services are characterized by socially organized ways and forms of meeting the immediate material and spiritual needs of people outside of their professional and socio-political activities.

Services in the field of consumer services have their own specifics, which lies in the fact that during their production a tangible impact is directed not only to goods (i.e. to physical objects, but also directly to a person - medical services, passenger transport, hairdressers, etc.). Consumer services for the population (BON) is a part of the non-productive sphere, the purpose of which is to help organize everyday life (assigning homework or part of the labor costs for self-service) to outside people (maids) or firms.

BON enterprises are characterized by a number of features:

Their activities are focused on helping customers in self-service,

They are busy serving, i.e. find out the wishes of the client, coordinate them with the possibilities of production, show him the final product, communication with the client is considered as a way of his relaxation;

The individual nature of the consumption of services.

Consumer services for the population are aimed at improving the comfort of the living conditions of citizens and, as the main types of services provided, include: repair and tailoring of shoes and clothes; repair and Maintenance household radio-electronic equipment, machines and devices; maintenance and repair vehicles; furniture manufacturing; dry cleaning; services of laundries, photo studios, hairdressers, baths and showers; repair and construction of housing; funeral services.

The provision of household services is one of the types entrepreneurial activity taxed on imputed income. In 2017, the composition of household services was changed by the Government of the Russian Federation, their new codes were introduced.

The article will consider in detail what is meant by the term personal services and what features characterize the industry.

General principles

Household services are paid assistance to individuals and legal entities for cash or non-cash payment. The list of services is regulated by a special Classifier. It determines whether household services offered by a particular company fall under UTII. The Classifier lists all existing service types of assistance to the population with codes.

Household services are activities that help restore the functional properties of products or make new items. These include the transportation of passengers and goods, as well as ensuring the conditions of demand. It also includes housing and communal services, transport assistance and catering.

Consumer services for people are included in the sphere of production and non-production services, are carried out using socially supported methods and have forms for the implementation of the material and moral needs of consumers.

Previously, domestic services existed in the form of handicraft workshops. Then they merged into a separate branch of the national economy and now have their own industrial and technical base with industrial enterprises and various household combines. The nature of consumer services is becoming more and more universal, the types and types of services are becoming specialized.

The role of the industry and its features

Nowadays, household services are a market that people often cannot do without. An increasing number of people and organizations do not want to independently solve certain problems that arise in everyday life, and turn to trained specialists for help. The time has passed when unskilled employees worked, they are replaced by professionals in their fields.

The total value of the Russian service market is 400-500 million dollars.

Russian household services are a kind of market compared to the European one. If in the West small business and the family form of organization are popular, in Russia cooperative methods of organization are gaining momentum.

Another feature of the Russian consumer services market is that enterprises are actively developing non-core activities in order to survive in market conditions leading to reorganizations.

The top positions in the service assistance market belong to Moscow and the Moscow region.

Development directions

The increasing demand for social services contributes to the improvement of the activities of service enterprises. Moreover, the service assistance is used by both organizations and individuals. The increase in demand is due to the desire of people to improve the quality of life and save their time. Service is requested by the most prosperous citizens.

The demand for service assistance is uneven. To maintain a level in the market, organizations develop new business solutions and implement other ways of doing business. This type of business is considered one of the most difficult, because it has a low profitability. In order to increase it, companies diversify their business and expand into the regions.

Diversification is to expand the range of services provided. For example, cleaning companies offer customers additional assistance:

delivery clean water;
organized at remote locations.

Experts believe that the most successful forms of management this business are companion and network. In the accompanying form, the service is additional form company activities. With network forms, organizations create a network of their firms for the provision of personal services. In this case, branches are opened or franchising is applied.

Industry issues

The main difficulty of the Russian consumer services market is the low profitability of this type of business. It is no more than 10%.

Low profitability due to long terms payback of projects. For example, when organizing a laundry, the costs of its technical equipment are at least 3 million dollars, and the payback period is up to 70 years.

Accompanying and network forms of business organization allow to solve the problem. They are the most effective management models household business these days.

In addition to profitability, the problems of the industry are:

poor quality of the social services provided due to outdated equipment, insufficient qualifications of workers, low wages;
checks from government agencies interfering with the activities of enterprises;
Tough competition.

Ways to solve problems

To solve problems, experts advise:

To improve the system of lending to enterprises providing social services.
Provide tax and rental incentives to organizations.
Improve industry regulation.

For the full development of the industry, it is important governmental support social sphere.

Multiservice enterprises

For effective work in the service sector and solving many problems in this direction enterprises organize their activities according to the type of multiservice. This form of organization provides the possibility of requesting a service in one place and popularizes it among the population.

For the operation of such enterprises, it is important to find suitable premises in the places where a large number of of people. Some organizations continue to work in small basements, which, of course, does not increase the demand for their help. Government structures and the authorities, it is important to provide multiservice companies with access to the main pedestrian streets, as well as to provide a simplified procedure for advertising their activities.

Classification

Household services to the population are qualified according to the following criteria:

By type of work performed (laundry, hairdressing, ritual).
By the presence of business entities ( on their own or with the involvement of employees).
By the degree of importance of the technologies involved (direct services of enterprises or additionally offered).
By socio-economic content (services that save time and labor, as well as consumer funds).
By material content (tangible and intangible).
By labor costs (a service that requires or does not require the involvement of highly qualified workers).
According to the place provided (assistance is provided in the centers of personal services or outside them).
By execution time (urgent, non-urgent).
By regularity (systematic, periodic, episodic).

The nuances of organizing the activities of enterprises

To ensure the efficient operation of consumer service centers, competent personnel policy. The main issues to be resolved in this direction:

selection and preparation qualified employees different levels;
employee appraisals;
improving the qualification level of specialists;
orientation of employees to the responsible performance of their work;
providing technical assistance to enterprises.

Thus, modern stage The development of the consumer services market requires the development of methods for regulating this industry.