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Geographic signs. There lived a glorious hero Alyosha Popovich in Russia. See what "conventional signs" are in other dictionaries

Definition 1

Cartographic symbols- symbolic graphic designations that are used to depict various objects and their characteristics on cartographic images (maps and topographical plans).

Sometimes symbols are called map legend.

Types of conventional signs by scale

Depending on the scale, $3$ groups of conventional signs are distinguished:

  • scale (areal and linear);
  • off-scale (point);
  • explanatory.

With the help of areal scale signs, extended objects are displayed on a map scale. Scale signs on the map allow you to determine not only the location of the object, but also its size and shape.

Example 1

Scale marks are the territory of the state on a $1:10,000,000 scale map or a reservoir on a $1:10,000 scale map.

Linear conventional signs are used to display objects that are significantly extended in one dimension, for example, roads. Consistent with the scale on such signs, only one dimension (in which the object is the most extended), while the other is off-scale. The position of an object is determined by a conditional or explicit center line.

Out-of-scale point symbols are used on maps to represent objects whose dimensions are not expressed on the map. The largest cities on the world map are displayed as off-scale signs - dots. The actual placement of the object is determined by the main point of the point symbol.

The main point is placed at off-scale signs as follows:

  • in the center of the figure near symmetrical signs;
  • in the middle of the base for signs with a wide base;
  • at the top right angle, which is the base, if the sign has such an angle;
  • in the center of the lower figure, if the sign is a combination of several figures.

Explanatory signs are intended to characterize local objects and their varieties. Explanatory signs may indicate the number of railroad tracks, the direction of the river.

Remark 1

On large-scale maps, the signs of individual objects are indicated separately, on smaller-scale maps, objects of the same type are grouped and applied with one sign.

Conventional signs by content

  1. signs and signatures of settlements;
  2. signs of individual local objects;
  3. signs of individual relief elements;
  4. signs transport infrastructure;
  5. signs of hydrographic network objects;
  6. signs of soil and vegetation cover;

Signs and signatures of settlements

On maps at a scale of $1:100,000 and larger, all settlements along with the signature of their names. Moreover, the names of cities are applied directly capital letters, rural settlements - in lowercase letters, urban and suburban settlements - in lowercase oblique letters.

Large-scale maps display the exterior outline and layout, highlighting major highways, businesses, prominent knowledge and landmarks.

Example 2

On the $1:25 \ 000$ and $1:50 \ 000$ scale maps, the type (fireproof or non-fireproof) of the development is displayed in color.

The figure below shows signs of settlements used on maps of various eras.

Signs of individual local objects

Separate local objects, which are landmarks, are drawn on the map mainly with off-scale signs. It can be towers, mines, adits, churches, radio masts, remnant rocks.

Signs of individual relief elements

Relief elements are marked on the map with appropriate signs.

Remark 2

An object natural origin represented by lines and symbols Brown.

Transport infrastructure signs

To transport infrastructure objects displayed on topographic maps ah, include the road and railway network, structures and bridges.

When plotted on a map, paved roads (motorways, improved highways, improved dirt roads) and unpaved roads are distinguished. All paved roads are plotted on the map, indicating the width and material of the pavement.

The color of the road on the map indicates its type. orange color motorways and highways are applied, yellow (occasionally orange) - improved dirt roads, without color - unpaved country roads, field, forest and seasonal roads.

Signs of objects of the hydrographic network

The following elements of the hydrographic network are depicted on the map - the coastal part of the seas, rivers, lakes, canals, streams, wells, ponds and other bodies of water.

Reservoirs are plotted on the map if their area on the image is more than $1 mm^2$. In another case, a body of water is applied only because of high importance, for example in dry areas. Objects are labeled with their name.

The characteristics of the objects of the hydrographic network are indicated next to the signature of the name of the object. In particular, they indicate in the form of a fraction the width (numerator), depth and nature of the soil (denominator), as well as the speed (in m / s) and direction of the current. Also indicated along with the characteristics of hydraulic structures - ferries, dams, locks. Rivers and canals are mapped in full. In this case, the type of display is determined by the width of the object and the scale of the map.

Remark 4

In particular, at a map scale of more than $1:50,000$, objects less than $5$ m wide, at a map scale of less than $1:100,000$ - less than $10$ m, are depicted by a $1$ line, and wider objects by two lines. Also, $2$ lines designate channels and ditches with a width of $3$ m or more, and with a smaller width - one line.

On large-scale maps, blue circles indicate wells, the letter “k” or “art.k” is placed next to it in the case of an artesian well. In dry areas, wells and water supply facilities are shown with enlarged signs. Water pipelines on maps are shown by lines with dots of blue color: solid lines - ground, broken - underground.

Land cover signs

Often, when displaying land cover on a map, a combination of scale and off-scale symbols is used. Signs denoting forests, shrubs, gardens, swamps, meadows, nature are large-scale, and individual objects, for example, separately standing trees- off-scale.

Example 3

The swampy meadow is displayed on the map as a combination of conventional symbols of a meadow, bushes and a swamp in a closed contour.

The contours of areas of terrain occupied by a forest, shrub or swamp are applied with a dotted line, except when the boundary is a fence, roads or other linear local object.

Forested areas indicate in green with the application of a symbol indicating the type of forest (coniferous, deciduous or mixed). Areas with forest growth or nurseries are plotted in pale green on the map.

Example 4

The figure below shows a coniferous tree on the left. Pine forest co average height trees $25$ meters and a width of $0.3$ m, as well as a typical distance between tree trunks of $6$ m. $3$ meters.

Swamps are shown on the map with blue horizontal shading. At the same time, the type of hatching shows the degree of passability: intermittent hatching - passable, solid - difficult and impassable.

Remark 5

Swamps with a depth of less than $0.6$ m are considered passable.

Vertical shading in blue on the map indicates salt marshes. As well as for swamps, solid shading indicates impenetrable solonchaks, broken shading indicates passable ones.

Colors of symbols on topographic maps

The colors that depict objects on maps are universal for all scales. Black dashed marks - buildings, structures, local objects, strong points and boundaries, brown dashed marks - relief elements, blue - hydrographic network. Areal signs of light blue color - a mirror of waters of objects of the hydrographic network, green color - areas of tree and shrub vegetation, Orange color- fireproof neighborhoods and highways, yellow - non-fireproof neighborhoods and improved dirt roads.

Remark 6

On military and special cards, special conventions.


Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Under the editorship of prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .


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Books

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3.1. Cartographic symbols

Cartographic symbols name the designations on the maps of various objects and their characteristics. We can say that conventional signs form the language of the map, without knowing which it is impossible to read the map. With the help of conventional signs on the map, the real picture of the area is visually conveyed. They convey the content of the cards, designate objects, phenomena, processes. Signs can be used to display real and abstract objects. For example, for displaying settlements, cartographic signs have a substantive meaning, and when displaying population density, they have a semantic meaning.

Earlier, in the distant past, objects on the cards were transmitted in a picture way (Fig. 3.1). Each item was marked with a picture, understandable without any explanation. These drawings conveyed the features of each object, for example, appearance temples in cities, tree species, etc.

Rice. 3.1. Image of buildings and settlements on old maps

The advantages of this method are visibility, simplicity and accessibility in understanding the object. But it is impossible to make any calculations and measurements on such a map. Currently, this method is used on tourist maps, panorama maps and various children's maps. With the development of the military this way images of objects did not meet the requirements for the map. Gradually, such drawings began to be replaced by conventional signs (Fig. 3.2).

Rice. 3.2. Improvement of conventional signs of settlements

Many conventional signs in their pattern resemble the objects themselves, so they can be easily remembered. Besides, qualitative characteristic objects conveys the color of conventional signs. The colors adopted for some conventional signs also correspond to the color of objects on the ground. For example, forests, young growth, shrubs, gardens are depicted in green; water bodies- blue; relief elements are brown.

Conventional signs are regularly updated, but there are no major changes in their form and style. On topographic plans and maps, standardized symbols are used, which are mandatory for use by all organizations involved in topographic and geodetic work.

On the thematic maps ah, conventional signs and image methods are developed by the map editor. The development of conventional signs is one of the most important and responsible tasks in the work of a cartographer. The correct and successful choice of symbols ensures good readability and visibility of the map.

The main requirements for conventional signs are:

conventional signs should be legible and simple in style;

should not overload the map (the size of conventional symbols is hundreds of times more sizes object on the ground);

quickly recognizable and clearly distinguishable from each other;

be economical in terms of the area they occupy;

transmit the exact location of the object.

There are three main groups of symbols used on topographic maps:

1. Off-scale, or point, applied to objects that are not expressed

in map scale (point objects). They indicate the exact location of the object, but do not give the dimensions of the planned outline (Fig. 3.3). The size of the symbol is chosen so that it is well read on the map. Each off-scale symbol has a main point, which is strictly localized on the map scale.

Rice. 3.3. The position of local objects depicted by off-scale conventional signs

The following points of the off-scale symbol should correspond to the position of the object on the ground on the plan:

− for signs correct form(circle, square, triangle, etc.) - the center of the sign;

− for signs in the form of a perspective image of an object (water gauges, lighthouses, remnant rocks, etc.) - the middle of the base of the sign;

− for signs with a right angle at the base (tree species, kilometer posts, standpipes, etc.) - the top of the corner of the sign;

− for signs in the form of combinations of several figures (oil and gas rigs, chapels, tower-type structures, etc.) - the center of the lower figure of the sign.

2. Linear - are used to depict objects of a linear nature, the length of which is expressed in the map scale, but the width is not. For example, rivers, oil and gas pipelines, roads, power lines, etc. The axis of a linear symbol is always built on a map scale (Fig. 3.4).

Rice. 3.4. Some conventions for topographic maps

3. Areal or scale - used to fill in the areas of objects that are expressed on the scale of the map (forests, solonchaks, swamps, etc.). Such signs usually consist of a contour and its filling, retain their outlines and allow you to determine the area of ​​objects.

To convey the content of thematic maps, a variety of methods are used: the method of a qualitative background, point, movement lines, linear signs, isolines, areas, cartograms, cartograms, localized diagrams, icons.

Without the correct use of conventional signs, an image cannot be obtained. good quality. The choice of conventional signs, color, size, shape must be taken seriously, since the size of signs is 60–80 or more times the size of an object on the ground. Thanks to conventional signs, the map becomes informative, visual and easy to read. The great traveler P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky said: The map is more important than the current

a hundred, since he often speaks much brighter, more clearly and concisely than the best flow

hundred." Knowing the language of the map, the features of its compilation, you can extract a huge amount of useful information from it.

3.2. Inscriptions on geographical maps

Signatures occupy a special place on the map, which carry a very large semantic load, significantly enrich the content of the map. Thanks to the signs, we can easily navigate the terrain. But sometimes they can also worsen its readability. A large number of Inscriptions create variegation, they can cover the main content of the map, and can also cross important objects (roads, rivers, etc.). For example, on small-scale maps, more than half of the useful area of ​​the map is occupied by labels. Therefore, when compiling any cartographic work, it is necessary to establish the optimal number of inscriptions to be applied and carefully consider their location. Allocate the following types inscriptions:

1. Own object names- the names of rivers, lakes, mountains, cities, etc.

for example, Yenisei, Tom, Yarovoye, Alatau, Tomsk, Asino, etc.;

2. Explanatory inscriptionsthat send:

quality characteristics(oak, pine, salty, sandy, etc.);

quantitative characteristics(indication of the width of the road, the width of the river, the height of the trees, etc.);

chronological characteristics(dates of events, periods of development of any phenomena, for example, the period of accessibility of the pass, etc.);

explanations for the lines of motion(“Way of H. Columbus”, “Way of Magellan”);

explanatory characteristics of the cartographic grid (“The Arctic Circle”, “East of Greenwich”, digitization of parallels and meridians, kilometer grid).

3. Terms - concepts related to mapping objects, for example, "lake", "bay", "ridge", "mountain", "stream", etc.).

The inscriptions on the cards are different. font pattern, height and color . The font pattern, as a rule, conveys the qualitative characteristics of the object. For example, it is customary to sign navigable rivers in capital letters on topographic maps; in capital letters of a direct outline - cities, and in lowercase direct letters - villages of a rural type.

In order to enhance the meaning of inscriptions in the characteristics of objects and improve their readability, the inscriptions are made different colors. So, the inscriptions of hydrographic objects are conveyed in blue, the relief - in brown. The drawing and color of signatures give a qualitative characteristic, and the size - a quantitative one.

Basic requirements to the placement of inscriptions are:

1. The inscription should be located so that it is clearly visible to which object it refers, its placement should not raise any doubts;

2. Labels should not overload the map, cross each other and obscure important objects (roads, rivers, borders, etc.);

3. Placement of inscriptions should ensure their legibility. When placing inscriptions on maps, the nature of the localization of objects is taken into account: point, line or areal;

4. For off-scale conventional signs, the signature is located next to the object on the right side along the parallels or parallel to the northern and southern frames of the map (plan). If the map is very busy, labels can be placed to the left or above the object in any free space (Fig. 3.5).

Rice. 3.5. Placement of inscriptions for off-scale symbols

5. The inscription of linear extended objects is given either parallel to the sign of the object, or along its axis (Fig. 3.6);

Rice. 3.6. Placement of labels for line features

6. Labels for areal objects are placed along a smooth curve along the major axis of the contour. If the object has curved outlines, then the inscription also bends accordingly. If the signature does not fit inside an object, such as a lake, then this object is signed next to it (Fig. 3.7).

The inscriptions are very closely related to the main content of the map. Not all objects placed on the map may be labeled, for example, some rivers may be shown without inscriptions, on topographic maps settlements with less than 50 inhabitants in densely populated areas may not be labeled. On the maps, the selection of inscriptions is made depending on the purpose, subject, scale of the map, as well as on the nature of the mapped territory.

When compiling topographic maps, the names of objects are given after the image of each element of the map content; on small-scale maps - after displaying the entire contents of the map.

I got acquainted with military topography in the second year of my institute. The conventional signs used there are slightly different from the general topographic ones due to the need to designate completely different objects. Moreover, it is widely used color palette, which I think makes these maps more readable.

Conditional tactical signs

Such signs on military maps indicate friendly and enemy troops, types of units (infantry, tanks) in the operational theater, the location of defensive structures, the direction of probable strikes, etc. The difference from ordinary cards is the need for an image special facilities, which cannot be on civilian maps. For example, military helicopters alone may have several different options images, depending on their purpose: reconnaissance, combat, anti-submarine, etc. Colors play an important role for dynamic map information. In the Russian army, it is customary to use the following colors:

  • Red - our troops. The same color is used to represent fires.
  • Blue - enemy troops. It is also for flood zones.
  • Black - position when moving our troops.
  • Brown - roads and routes.
  • Green - borders of radioactive contamination.

In the army of each military bloc, their colors and designations are adopted.

Symbols for divisions

As the teacher explained to me, military map should be as difficult as possible for the opponent to read. Therefore, the images used on it should not be read intuitively. Roughly speaking, the tank should not be designated as a square with a line.


However General requirements for their commanders must exist. At a time when plans were drawn by hand, officer line. Yes, it is still used when creating large-scale plans, when it is necessary to accurately and quickly, in a relatively calm conditions, sketch out a plan. But still, in all countries of the world, not even on purpose, but there are objects that are designated the same way. For example, a radio station in both the Russian Federation and NATO countries is symbolized by the lightning icon.

LIST OF CONDITIONAL ABBREVIATIONS USED ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

BUT
Asphalt, asphalt concrete (road surface material)
ed. car factory
alb. alabaster plant
eng. hangar
anil. aniline paint factory
JSC Autonomous Region
apat. apatite mining
are. ditches (canal or ditch in Central Asia)
art. k. artesian well
arch. archipelago
asb. asbestos plant, quarry, mine
ASSR Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
aster. astronomical point
asph. asphalt plant
aird. aerodrome
airp. the airport

B
B cobblestone (road surface material)
b., ball. beam
B., Bol. Big, th. -th, -th (part of own name)
bar. barrack
bass. swimming pool
ber. birch (forest species)
Bet. concrete (dam material)
biol. Art. biological station
bl.-p. checkpoint (railway)
Bol. swamp
BR paving stones (road surface material)
br. ford
br. could. mass grave
b. tr. transformer booth
bulg. bulgunnyakh (a separate mound of natural formation)
boom. paper industry (factory, plant)
Boer. drilling rig, well
boo. bay


AT
In viscous (river bottom soil) (hydrography)
vag. car repair, car building plant
vdkch. water tower
vdp. waterfall
vdpr. Art. waterworks
vdkhr. reservoir
Vel. Great, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
vet. veterinary station
wines winery, distillery
wkz. railway station
Volk. volcano
water. water tower
High Vyselki (part of own name)

G
Gravel (road surface material)
woof harbor
gas. gas plant, gas rig, well
gasg. gas holder (large gas tank)
gal. haberdashery industry (plant, factory)
pebble gravel (mining product)
Gar. garage
hydrol. Art. hydrological station
Ch. Chief (part of own name)
clay clay (mining product)
clay. alumina refinery
beagle pottery factory
mountains hot spring
gost. hotel
proh. mountain pass
dirty mud volcano
Fuels and lubricants fuels and lubricants (warehouse)
sol. bitterly- salty water(in lakes, springs, wells)
Mrs. hospital
hydroelectric power plant

D
D wooden (material of the bridge, dam)
dv. yard
det. e. orphanage
jute. jute plant
D. O. holiday home
home building house-building plant, plant of ancient. woodworking industry (plant, factory)
ancient corner charcoal (burning product)
firewood. wood storage
trembling yeast plant

E
ep. erik (narrow deep channel connecting the riverbed with a small lake)

F
Reinforced concrete reinforced concrete (material of a bridge, dam)
wish. ferruginous source, iron ore mining site,
iron processing plant,
yellow-sour ferric source

Zap. Western, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
app. zapan (backwater, river bay)
orders reserve
backfill covered well
zat. backwater (a bay on a river used for wintering and repairing ships)
animal Fur farm, nursery
Land earth (dam material)
ground dugout
mirror mirror factory
grains. grain farm
winter wintering, wintering
angry gold (mine, deposit)
golden-plat. gold-platinum developments

And
games. toy factory
Izv. lime quarry, lime (calcined product)
emerald emerald mines
inst. institute
claim. portage artificial fiber (factory)
ist. source

To
K rocky (river bottom soil), chipped stone (road surface material), stone (material of a bridge, dam)
K., k. well
kaz. barracks
kam. quarry, stone
stone-shot stone crushing plant
kam. stb. stone pillar
kam. corner coal(mining product)
can. channel
rope. rope factory.
kaol. kaolin (mining product), kaolin processing plant
karakul. karakul state farm
quarantine. quarantine
rubber rubber plant, rubber plantation
ceramics. ceramic factory
kin. cinematographic industry (factory, plant)
brick brickworks
Cl clinker (road pavement material)
clh. collective farm
leather tannery
coke. coking plant
amp. compound feed plant
compress. Art. compressor station
con. horse-breeding state farm, stud farm
cond. confectionery factory
cannabis cannabis state farm
cons. canning factory
boiler basin
Koch. nomad camp
kosh. koshara
Cr., Red. Red, -th, -th, -th (part of own name
crepe. fortress
croup. cereal plant, cereal mill
godfather joss-house
chickens. resort

L
lag. lagoon
lacquer paint and varnish factory
A lion. Left, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
forestry forester's house
forester forestry
lesp. sawmill
years. flyer, flyer
to lay down. clinic
LZS forest protection station
lim. firth
foliage. larch (forest species)
flax flax processing plant

M
M metal (bridge material)
m. Cape
poppy. pasta factory
M., Mal. Small, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
margar. margarine factory
maslob. oil mill
maslod. butter factory
mash. machine building plant
furniture furniture factory
medep. copper smelter, plant
copper copper developments
met. metallurgical plant, metal products factory
met.-arr. metalworking plant
met. Art. meteorological station
fur. fur factory
MZHS machine and livestock station
min. mineral spring
MMS machine-reclamation station
could. grave, graves
they say dairy plant
mol.-meat. dairy and meat farm
mon. monastery
mram. marble (mining product)
MTM machine and tractor workshop
MTF dairy farm
music instr. musical instruments(factory)
torment. flour mill
soap. soap factory

H
obs. observation tower
fill well filling
nat. env. national district
invalid inactive
oil oil production, oil refinery, oil storage, oil rig
Lower Lower, -ya, -her, -ie (part of own name)
nism. lowland
Nick. nickel (mining product)
New New, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)

O
o., islands island, islands
oaz. oasis
observ. observatory
ovr. ravine
sheep sheep farm
refractory refractory products (factory)
lake lake
Oct. October, -th, -th, -e (part of own name)
op. greenhouse
rest. n. stopping point (railway)
otd. svh. state farm branch
OTF sheep farm
willingly hunting hut

P
P sandy (river bottom soil), arable land
p., pos. village
mem. monument
steam. ferry
parf. perfume and cosmetics factory
pass. apiary
per. pass (mountain), transportation
dog. sand (mining product)
caves cave
beer brewery
Pete. nursery
food conc. food concentrates (factory)
sq. platform (railway)
plastic plastics (factory)
boards. platinum (mining product)
tribal breeding livestock farm
fruits. fruit-growing state farm
fruit horticultural state farm
fruit.-yag. fruit and berry farm
peninsula
burial stop frontier outpost
burial kmd. border commandant's office
loading loading and unloading area
pl. fire tower (depot, barn)
polygraph printing industry (plant, factory)
floor. Art. field camp
since. threshold, thresholds
settlement sq. landing site
fast. dv. inn
pr. pond, strait, passage (under the overpass)
Right. Right, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
adj. jetty
prov. provinces
wire wire mill
arch. duct
strand spinning mill
PS Settlement Council
PTF poultry farm
put. n. way post

R
glad. radio factory
radiost. radio station
once. siding
development ruins
res. destroyed
res. rubber products (plant, factory)
rice. rice farm
R. n. worker's settlement
PC District Council (RC - district center)
ores mine
hands sleeve
fish. fishery (plant, factory)
fish. settlement fishing village

With
dignity. sanatoriums
cap. barn
sugar sugar factory
sugar cane. sugar cane (plantation)
NE North-Eastern
Holy Saint, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
St. over
beetroot sugar beet farm
pig pig farm
lead lead mine
svh. state farm
Sev. Northern, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
sat down Art. breeding station
seed. seed farm
chamois. sulfur spring, sulfur mine
NW North-West
forces. silo tower
silica. silicate industry (plant, factory)
sk. rock, rocks
skip. turpentine plant
skl. stock
slate shale development
pitches. tar plant
Owls. Soviet, -th, -th, -e (part of own name)
soybean soybean state farm
Sol. salt water, salt pans, salt mines, mines
sop. hill
grade. Art. Sort Facility
saved. Art. rescue station
speech. match factory
Wed, Wed. Medium, -ya, -her, -ye (part of own name)
SS Selsovet (center of a rural settlement)
St., Star. Old, -an, -oe, -s (part of own name)
herd. stadium
became. Steel Plant
mill. camp, camp
stb. pillar
glass glass manufacture
Art. pumping transfer station
building under construction
p.m. building materials plant
STF pig farm
court. shipyard, shipyard
bitches cloth factory
dry dry well
dry dryer
s.-x. agricultural
s.-x. mash. agricultural engineering (factory)

T
T solid (river bottom soil)
tab. tobacco-growing state farm, tobacco factory
there. customs
text. textile industry(combine, factory)
ter. waste heap (dump of waste rock near mines)
tech. technical College
comrade Art. freight station
tol. tolevy plant
peat. peat developments
tract. tractor plant
trick. knitting factory
tun. tunnel
CHP combined heat and power plant

At
corner brown coal, stone (mining product)
coal - sour carbonic source
Ukrainian strengthening
ur. tract
ug. gorge

F
f. fort
fact. trading post (trading settlement)
fan. plywood factory
farf. porcelain and faience factory
fer. farm
fz. fanza
firn. firn field (snow field of granular snow in high mountain areas)
phosph. phosphate mine
ft. fountain

X
x., hut. farm
hut. hut
chem. Chemical plant
chem.-farm. chemical pharmaceutical plant
bread bakery
clap. cotton-growing state farm, cotton gin
cold. fridge
ridge ridge
chromium. chrome mine
crunch. crystal plant

C
C cement concrete (road surface material)
C., Center. Central, th, th, th (part of own name)
Colour. non-ferrous metallurgy (factory)
cement. cement factory
teas. tea-growing state farm
chayn. tea factory
h met. ferrous metallurgy (factory)
chug iron foundry

W
check mine
shiv. Shivera (rapids on the rivers of Siberia)
cipher. slate plant
school school
Slag slag (road surface material)
line Gateway
sword twine factory
PCS. gallery

SCH
Shch crushed stone (road surface material)
gap alkaline spring

E
elev. elevator
email subst. electrical substation
el.-st. power station
email -techn. electrical plant
ef.-oil. essential oil crops state farm, plant for the processing of essential oils

YU
SE Southeast
South Southern, -th, -th, -th (part of own name)
SW Southwestern
legal yurt

I
Yag. berry garden