Parenting 

State legal union of sovereign states. Treaty establishing a union of sovereign states. All-Union referendum on the preservation of the USSR

On the morning of August 18, 1991, the regular issue of the Moskovskie Novosti weekly went on sale in kiosks in many cities of the USSR, in which a draft Treaty on the Union of Sovereign States was published, the signing of which was scheduled for August 20.

In the same issue, an editorial note "Did Sakharov dream about this?" and the address of the chairman of the State Bank of the USSR V. Gerashchenko to the Federation Council and the Supreme Soviets of the republics "The State Bank warns: the Ruble is in danger."

And anticipating the text of the Treaty itself, the editors of MN reported:

"The published document is still kept secret.

Nevertheless, it was announced that the initial agreement between the participants in the Novo-Ogarevo negotiations had been reached and in a few days - on August 20 - the first republics would sign it. When publishing the treaty, Moskovskiye Novosti proceeds from the main point: public discussion of the document that determines the fate of millions of people should begin as soon as possible. We offer readers the Union Treaty, agreed on July 23, 1991.

AGREEMENT ON THE UNION OF SOVEREIGN STATES

The States that have signed this Treaty, proceeding from the Declarations of State Sovereignty proclaimed by them and recognizing the right of nations to self-determination; considering the closeness of the historical destinies of their peoples and fulfilling their will to preserve and renew the Union, expressed at the referendum on March 17, 1991; striving to live in friendship and harmony, ensuring equal cooperation; desiring to create conditions for the all-round development of each individual and reliable guarantees of his rights and freedoms; taking care of the material well-being and spiritual development of peoples, mutual enrichment of national cultures, ensuring common security; drawing lessons from the past and taking into account the changes in the life of the country and throughout the world, we decided to build our relations in the Union on new principles and agreed on the following.

I
BASIC PRINCIPLES


First. Each republic - a party to the Treaty - is a sovereign state. Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics(USSR) - a sovereign federal democratic state, formed as a result of the unification of equal republics and exercising state power within the powers that the parties to the Treaty voluntarily vest in it.

Second. The states that form the Union reserve the right to independently resolve all issues of their development, guaranteeing equal political rights and opportunities for socio-economic and cultural development to all peoples living on their territory. The parties to the Treaty will proceed from a combination of universal and national values, resolutely oppose racism, chauvinism, nationalism, and any attempts to limit the rights of peoples.

Third. The states forming the Union consider essential principle priority of human rights in accordance with the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other universally recognized norms of international law. All citizens are guaranteed the opportunity to study and use their native language, unhindered access to information, freedom of religion, and other political, socio-economic, personal rights and freedoms.

Fourth. The states that form the Union see the most important condition for the freedom and well-being of the people and every person in the formation civil society. They will strive to meet the needs of people on the basis of the free choice of forms of ownership and methods of management, the development of the all-Union market, the implementation of the principles social justice and security.

Fifth. The states forming the Union shall have full political power, independently determine their national-state and administrative-territorial structure, the system of authorities and administration. They may delegate part of their powers to other States Parties to the Treaty, of which they are members.

The parties to the Treaty recognize democracy based on popular representation and the direct expression of the will of peoples as a common fundamental principle, and strive to create a rule of law state that would serve as a guarantor against any tendencies towards totalitarianism and arbitrariness.

Sixth. The states forming the Union consider one of the most important tasks the preservation and development national traditions, state support education, health care, science and culture. They will promote an intensive exchange and mutual enrichment of humanistic spiritual values ​​and achievements of the peoples of the Union and the whole world.

Seventh. Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics acts in international relations as a sovereign state, a subject of international law - the successor to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. His main goals in the international arena are lasting peace, disarmament, elimination of nuclear and other weapons mass destruction, cooperation of states and solidarity of peoples in solving global problems of mankind.

The states forming the Union are full members international community. They have the right to establish direct diplomatic, consular and trade relations with foreign countries, exchange plenipotentiary representations with them, conclude international treaties and participate in the activities of international organizations, without infringing on the interests of each of the allied states and their common interests, without violating the international obligations of the Union.

II
UNION DEVICE

Article 1. Membership in the Union

Membership of states in the Union is voluntary. The states that form the Union are included in it directly or as part of other states. This does not infringe on their rights and does not relieve them of their obligations under the Agreement. All of them have equal rights and bear equal duties. Relations between states, one of which is part of the other, are regulated by treaties between them, the Constitution of the state in which it is a part, and the Constitution of the USSR. In the RSFSR - by a federal or other agreement, the Constitution of the USSR. The Union is open to other democratic states recognizing the Treaty to join it. The states forming the Union retain the right to freely withdraw from it in the manner established by the parties to the Treaty and enshrined in the Constitution and laws of the Union.

Article 2 Citizenship of the Union

A citizen of a state that is a member of the Union is at the same time a citizen of the Union. Citizens of the USSR have equal rights, freedoms and obligations enshrined in the Constitution, laws and international treaties of the Union.

Article 3. Territory of the Union The territory of the Union consists of the territory of all states forming it. The Parties to the Treaty recognize the boundaries existing between them at the time of signing the Treaty. The boundaries between the states forming the Union may be changed only by agreement between them, which does not violate the interests of other parties to the Treaty.

Article 4. Relations between the states forming the Union

Relations between the states forming the Union are governed by this Treaty, the Constitution of the USSR, and treaties and agreements that do not contradict them. The parties to the Treaty build their relations within the Union on the basis of equality, respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, non-interference in internal affairs, settlement of disputes by peaceful means, cooperation, mutual assistance, conscientious performance obligations under the Union Treaty and inter-republican agreements. The states forming the Union undertake: not to resort in their relations to force and threat of force; not encroach on the territorial integrity of each other; not to conclude agreements that are contrary to the goals of the Union or directed against the states forming it. It is not allowed to use the troops of the USSR Ministry of Defense inside the country, except for their participation in solving urgent national economic problems in exceptional cases, in eliminating the consequences of natural disasters and environmental disasters, as well as cases provided for by the legislation on the state of emergency.

Article 5

The parties to the Treaty endow the USSR with the following powers:

Protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Union and its subjects; declaration of war and conclusion of peace; ensuring defense and leadership of the Armed Forces, border, special (government communications, engineering and other), internal, railway troops Union; organization of the development and production of weapons and military equipment.

Ensuring the state security of the Union; establishment of the regime and protection of the state border, economic zone, maritime and air space of the Union; leadership* and coordination of the activities of the security agencies of the republics.

* Comrade V. A. Kryuchkov's proposal was agreed with the leadership of the republics.

Implementation foreign policy Union and coordination of foreign policy activities of the republics; representation of the Union in relations with foreign states and international organizations; conclusion of international treaties of the Union.

Implementation foreign economic activity Union and coordination of foreign economic activity of the republics; representation of the Union in international economic and financial organizations, conclusion of foreign economic agreements of the Union.

Approval and execution of the Union budget, the implementation of money emission; storage of gold reserves, diamond and foreign exchange funds of the Union; management of space research; air traffic control, all-Union communication and information systems, geodesy and cartography, metrology, standardization, meteorology; nuclear power management.

Adoption of the Constitution of the Union, introduction of amendments and additions to it; the adoption of laws within the powers of the Union and the establishment of the foundations of legislation on issues agreed with the -republics; supreme constitutional control.

Management of federal law enforcement and coordination of the activities of the law enforcement agencies of the Union and the republics in the fight against crime.

Article 6

The bodies of state power and administration of the Union and the republics jointly exercise the following powers:

Defense of the constitutional order of the Union, based on the present Treaty and the Constitution of the USSR; ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens of the USSR.

Definition military policy Union, the implementation of measures to organize and ensure defense; establishment of a unified procedure for conscription and passage military service; establishment of a border zone regime; resolving issues related to the activities of troops and the deployment of military facilities on the territory of the republics; organization of mobilization training National economy; management of enterprises of the defense complex.

Determination of the strategy of the state security of the Union and ensuring the state security of the republics; changing the State Border of the Union with the consent of the relevant party to the Treaty; protection of state secrets; determination of the list of strategic resources and products not subject to export outside the Union" establishment of general principles and standards in the field environmental safety; establishing the procedure for obtaining, storing and using fissile and radioactive materials.

Determining the foreign policy of the USSR and monitoring its implementation; protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the USSR, the rights and interests of the republics in international relations; establishing the foundations of foreign economic activity; conclusion of agreements on international loans and loans, regulation of the external public debt of the Union; unified customs business; security and rational use natural resources of the economic zone and the continental shelf of the Union.

Defining a strategy for the socio-economic development of the Union and creating conditions for the formation of an all-Union market; conducting a unified financial, credit, monetary, tax, insurance and pricing policy, based on a common currency; creation and use of gold reserves, diamond and foreign exchange funds of the Union; development and implementation of all-Union programs; control over the execution of the Union budget and the agreed emission of money; creation of all-union funds for regional development and elimination of the consequences of natural disasters and catastrophes; creation of strategic reserves; maintaining unified all-Union statistics.

Development of a unified policy and balance in the field of fuel and energy resources, management of the country's energy system, main gas and oil pipelines, all-Union rail, air and sea transport; establishing the foundations for nature management and protection environment, veterinary medicine, epizootics and plant quarantine; coordination of actions in the field of water management and resources of inter-republican significance.

Determining the basics social policy on issues of employment, migration, working conditions, its payment and protection, social security and insurance, public education, health care, physical education and sports; establishing the foundations for pension provision and maintaining other social guarantees - including when citizens move from one republic to another; establishing a unified procedure for indexing income and a guaranteed subsistence minimum.

Organization of fundamental scientific research and stimulation of scientific and technological progress, establishment of general principles and criteria for the training and certification of scientific and pedagogical personnel; determination of the general procedure for the use of therapeutic agents and methods; promoting the development and mutual enrichment of national cultures; preservation of the original habitat small peoples, creating conditions for their economic and cultural development.

Control over observance of the Constitution and laws of the Union, decrees of the President, decisions made within the framework of Union competence; creation of an all-Union forensic accounting and information system; organizing the fight against crimes committed on the territory of several republics; definition unified regime correctional institutions.

Article 7. Procedure for exercising powers government agencies Union and joint powers of state bodies of the Union and the republics

Issues related to joint competence are resolved by the authorities and administrations of the Union and its constituent states through coordination, special agreements, adoption of the fundamentals of the legislation of the Union and the republics and the republican laws corresponding to them. Questions referred to the competence of the Union bodies are resolved by them directly.

Powers not expressly assigned by Articles 5 and 6 to the exclusive jurisdiction of the bodies of power and administration of the Union or to the sphere of joint competence of the bodies of the Union and the republics remain under the jurisdiction of the republics and are exercised by them independently or on the basis of bilateral and multilateral agreements between them. After the signing of the Treaty, a corresponding change in the powers of the governing bodies of the Union and the republics is carried out.

The parties to the Treaty proceed from the premise that as the all-Union market develops, the sphere of direct state management of the economy will shrink. The necessary redistribution or change in the scope of powers of the governing bodies will be carried out with the consent of the states that make up the Union.

Disputes concerning the exercise of the powers of Union bodies or the exercise of rights and performance of duties in the field of joint powers of bodies of the Union and the republics shall be resolved through conciliation procedures. If no agreement is reached, disputes are submitted to the Constitutional Court of the Union.

The states that form the Union participate in the exercise of the powers of the Union bodies through the joint formation of the latter, as well as special procedures for coordinating decisions and their implementation,

Each republic may, by concluding an agreement with the Union, additionally delegate to it the exercise of its individual powers, and the Union, with the consent of all the republics, may transfer to one or more of them the exercise of its individual powers on their territory.

Article 8 animal world are the property of the republics and the inalienable property of their peoples. The order of possession, use and disposal of them (property right) is established by the legislation of the republics. The right of ownership in relation to resources located on the territory of several republics is established by the legislation of the Union. The states that form the Union assign to it the objects of state property necessary for the exercise of the powers vested in the Union bodies of power and administration. The property owned by the Union is used in the common interests of its constituent states, including in the interests of the accelerated development of lagging regions. The states forming the Union are entitled to their share in the gold reserves, diamond and currency funds Union, available at the time of the conclusion of this Agreement. Their participation in the further accumulation and use of treasures is determined by special agreements.

Article 9 Union taxes and dues

To finance the expenditures of the Union budget related to the implementation of the powers transferred to the Union, uniform Union taxes and fees are established at fixed interest rates, determined in agreement with the republics, on the basis of the items of expenditure submitted by the Union. Control over the expenditures of the Union budget is carried out by the parties to the Treaty. All-Union programs are financed by share contributions from the interested republics and the Union budget. The scope and purpose of all-Union programs are regulated by agreements between the Union and the republics, taking into account the indicators of their socio-economic development.

Article 10. Constitution of the Union

The Constitution of the Union is based on this Treaty and must not contradict it.

Article 11. Laws

The laws of the Union, the Constitutions and the laws of the states forming it must not contradict the provisions of this Treaty. The laws of the Union on matters within its jurisdiction shall have supremacy and are binding on the territory of the republics. The laws of the republic shall have supremacy in its territory in all matters except those which are within the jurisdiction of the Union. The Republic has the right to suspend the operation of the law of the Union on its territory and challenge it if it violates this Treaty, contradicts the Constitution or the laws of the Republic adopted within the limits of its authority. The Union has the right to protest and suspend the operation of the law of the Republic if it violates this Treaty, contradicts the Constitution or laws of the Union adopted within its powers. Disputes are submitted to the Constitutional Court of the Union, which makes a final decision within one month.

III
BODIES OF THE UNION

Article 12. Formation of the bodies of the Union

Union bodies of power and administration are formed on the basis of the free will of the peoples and governments of the states that form the Union. They act in strict accordance with the provisions of this Treaty and the Constitution of the Union.

Article 13

The legislative power of the Union is exercised by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which consists of two chambers: the Council of Republics and the Council of the Union.

The Council of the Republics consists of representatives of the republics, delegated by their highest authorities. The republics and national-territorial formations retain no less number of seats in the Council of Republics than they had in the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR at the time the Treaty was signed.

All deputies of this chamber from the republic, which is directly a part of the Union, have one common vote when resolving issues. The procedure for electing representatives and their quotas are determined by a special agreement between the republics and by the electoral law of the USSR.

The Council of the Union is elected by the population of the entire country in constituencies with an equal number of voters. At the same time, representation in the Council of the Union of all the republics participating in the Treaty is guaranteed.

The chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the Union jointly amend the Constitution of the USSR; accept new states into the USSR; determine the foundations of the domestic and foreign policy of the Union; approve the union budget and report on its execution; declare war and make peace; approve changes to the borders of the Union. ,.

The Council of the Republics adopts laws on the organization and procedure for the activities of the Union bodies; considers questions of relations between the republics; ratifies international treaties of the USSR; gives consent to the appointment of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR.

The Council of the Union considers issues of ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens of the USSR and adopts laws on all issues except those that fall within the competence of the Council of Republics.

Laws adopted by the Council of the Union come into force after approval by the Council of the Republics.

Article 14. President of the Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics

The President of the Union is the head of the union state, who has the highest executive and administrative power. The President of the Union acts as a guarantor of compliance with the Union Treaty, the Constitution and laws of the Union; is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Union; represents the Union in relations with foreign countries; exercises control over the fulfillment of the international obligations of the Union. The President is elected by the citizens of the Union on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot for a term of 5 years and no more than two consecutive terms. A candidate who receives more than half of the votes of the voters who took part in the voting in the Union as a whole and in the majority of its constituent states is considered elected.

Article 15

The Vice-President of the USSR is elected together with the President of the USSR. The Vice-President of the Union performs certain functions of the President of the Union under the authorization of the President of the Union and replaces the President of the USSR in the event of his absence and the impossibility of fulfilling his duties.

Article 16

Cabinet of Ministers of the Union - body executive power Union, subordinate to the President of the Union and responsible to the Supreme Council. The Cabinet of Ministers is formed by the President of the Union in agreement with the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Council of the Union. Heads of governments of the republics participate in the work of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Union with the right of a decisive vote.

Article 17

The Constitutional Court of the USSR is formed on an equal footing by the President of the USSR and each of the chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The Constitutional Court of the Union considers questions on the compliance of legislative acts of the Union and the republics, decrees of the President of the Union and the presidents of the republics, normative acts of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Union with the Union Treaty and the Constitution of the Union, and also resolves disputes between the Union and the republics, between the republics.

Article 18. Standing (federal) courts

Union (federal) courts - the Supreme Court of the Union of Soviet Sovereigns, the Republics, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Union, the courts in the Armed Forces of the Union, the Supreme Court of the Union and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Union exercise judicial power within the powers of the Union. The chairmen of the highest judicial and arbitration bodies of the republics shall be ex officio members of the Supreme Court Union and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Union.

Article 19

Supervision over the implementation of the legislative acts of the Union is carried out by the Prosecutor General of the Union, the Prosecutors General (Prosecutors) of the republics and prosecutors subordinate to them. The Prosecutor General of the Union is appointed by the Supreme Council of the Union and is accountable to it. The prosecutors general (prosecutors) of the republics are appointed by their supreme legislative bodies and are ex officio members of the collegium of the Union Prosecutor's Office. In their activities of supervising the implementation of federal laws, they are accountable as the highest legislatures their States, and the Attorney General of the Union.

IV
FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 20

The republics independently determine their state language (languages). The parties to the Treaty recognize Russian as the language of interethnic communication in the USSR.

Article 21. Capital of the Union

The capital of the USSR is the city of Moscow.

Article 22. State symbols of the Union

The Union of the SSR has the State Emblem, Flag and Anthem.

Article 23. Entry into force of the Treaty

This Treaty is approved by the highest state authorities of the states forming the Union, and comes into force from the moment of their signing by their authorized delegations. For the states that signed it, from the same date, the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR of 1922 is considered invalid. With the entry into force of the Treaty, the most favored nation treatment is in effect for the states that have signed it. Relations between the Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics and the republics that are part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics but have not signed this Treaty shall be settled on the basis of the legislation of the USSR, mutual obligations and agreements.

Article 24. Liability under the Agreement

The Union and the states forming it are mutually responsible for the fulfillment of the obligations assumed and compensate for the damage caused by violations of this Treaty.

Article 25. Procedure for amending and supplementing the Agreement

This Treaty or its individual provisions may be canceled, amended or supplemented only with the consent of all the states forming the Union. If necessary, by agreement between the states that have signed the Treaty, annexes to it may be adopted.

Article 26. Succession supreme bodies Union

In order to ensure the continuity of the exercise of state power and administration, the highest legislative, executive and judiciary The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics shall retain their powers until the formation of the highest state bodies of the Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics in accordance with these Treaties and the new Constitution of the USSR.

Only a limited number of issues are managed by the union sovereign states while all its members retain state sovereignty. Such alliances are created, as a rule, to solve certain problems and achieve specific goals and are rarely stable in historical perspective, but there are exceptions.

What is a confederation?

A union of sovereign states is a form of government in which all decisions of the central government are not directly valid, but are mediated by the authorities of the member states of the union. The criteria for defining any union as confederate are so vague that many political scientists even tend not to consider a confederation a full-fledged state.

All decisions taken by the confederate government must be approved by the authorities of the states in the union. However, the most important feature of a confederation is the right of any of its members to withdraw own will without coordinating such a decision with the other members and the central government.

However, it should be taken into account that a significant variety of forms of state-legal unions of states does not make it possible to set permanent and unchanging criteria for defining a confederation. In this case, it makes sense to refer to historical examples and practice state government.

Historical forms of confederation

The history of statehood knows examples of both confederations with fairly strong centralization and clear powers of the central government, and rather amorphous public entities in which the center performed only nominal functions.

A striking example of the instability of a confederation as a union of sovereign states is the United States, on the example of which one can trace the evolution of a confederation from an entity with an extremely weak center to a typical federation with a strong head of state.

The first Declaration indicated that the states conclude separate agreements between themselves for joint defense and improvement of infrastructure, however, the "Articles of Confederation", which indicated the action plan for unification, were rather advisory in nature. Later, the "Articles" were fiercely criticized by the founding fathers and state structure The United States of America has undergone a significant transformation.

History of Switzerland

Switzerland is considered to be the most striking example of the ability of a confederation to a long-term sustainable existence. In its current form, such a state-legal union of sovereign states took shape on August 1, 1291, when three Swiss cantons signed the so-called union letter.

Later, in 1798, Napoleonic France abolished the confederal structure of Switzerland, establishing the unitary Helvetic Republic. However, five years later, this decision had to be canceled, returning the Alpine state to its natural state.

A confederation is a permanent union of sovereign states, however, even in the case of a confederation, there are a number of issues that are dealt with by the central government. For example, in modern Switzerland, such issues are the issuance of money and defense policy.

However, the main way to ensure state security in the case of Switzerland is political neutrality, which guarantees the country's non-interference in any international conflicts. Such a position of the state in the world political arena provides it with a stable economic position and security on the part of the world's leading players, since each of them is interested in the existence of a neutral arbiter or mediator.

Prospects for a Confederate Device

Despite the fact that historically the confederation appeared simultaneously with the federation, this form of union of sovereign states has become much less common.

Throughout the late Middle Ages and the entire Modern Age, there was a trend in state building towards centralization and strong state control in all areas.

Today, however, lawyers and state experts consider the confederal form of the device the most promising and agree that it will become increasingly popular.

Modern confederations

These expectations stem from the fact that international practice there has been an obvious trend towards a partial renunciation of sovereignty in favor of supranational structures, which some political scientists tend to consider the prototypes of future large confederations.

A striking example of a permanent union of states is which they have a common currency, a common border and are subject to many decisions of the central authorities, although they are advisory.

The signatory states to this treaty, on the basis of their declared declarations of sovereignty and recognizing the right of nations to self-determination; taking into account the closeness of the historical destinies of their peoples and expressing their will to live in friendship and harmony, developing equal and mutually beneficial cooperation; taking care of their material well-being and spiritual development, mutual enrichment of national cultures, ensuring common security; Desiring to create reliable guarantees of the rights and freedoms of citizens, they decided on a new basis to create a Union of Sovereign States and agreed on the following. I. Basic principles. First. Each republic - party to the treaty is a sovereign state. The Union of Sovereign States (USS) is a confederal democratic state exercising power within the limits of the powers that the parties to the treaty voluntarily assign to it. Second. The states that form the Union reserve the right to independently decide all issues of their development, guaranteeing equal political rights and opportunities for socio-economic and cultural progress to all peoples living on their territory.

Fifth. The states forming the Union independently determine their national-state and administrative-territorial structure, the system of authorities and administration.

Seventh. The Union of Sovereign States acts in international relations as a sovereign state, a subject of international law - the successor to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

II. Organization of the UnionArticle 1. Membership in the UnionMembership of states in the Union is voluntary.

Article 2 Citizenship of the Union A citizen of a state that is a member of the Union is at the same time a citizen of the Union of Sovereign States.

Article 3. Territory of the Union The territory of the Union consists of the territories of all states - parties to the treaty.

Article 5. The Armed Forces of the Union The Union of Sovereign States has a unified armed force with centralized control.

Article 8 The States Parties to the Treaty shall place at the disposal of the bodies of the Union the property necessary for the exercise of the powers vested in them. This property is joint property of the states that form the Union, and is used exclusively in their common interests, including the accelerated development of lagging regions.

III. Bodies of the Union Article 12. The Supreme Council of the Union The legislative power of the Union is exercised by the Supreme Council of the Union, which consists of two chambers: the Council of the Republics and the Council of the Union.

The Council of the Republics decides on the organization and procedure for the activities of the bodies of the Union of Sovereign States, considers issues of relations between the republics, ratifies and denounces the international treaties of the Union, and gives consent to the appointment of the Government of the Union. The Council of the Union considers issues of ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens and makes decisions on all issues within the competence of the Supreme Council, with the exception of those that fall within the competence of the Council of the Republics.

Article 13. President of the UnionThe President of the Union is the head of the confederal state. The President of the Union acts as a guarantor of compliance with the Treaty on the Union of Sovereign States and the laws of the Union, is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Union, represents the Union in relations with foreign states, and exercises control over the fulfillment of the international obligations of the Union.

IV. Final provisions Article 19. Language of interethnic communication in the Union The parties to the agreement independently determine their state language (languages). The states parties to the treaty recognize the Russian language as the language of interethnic communication in the Union. Article 20. Capital of the UnionThe capital of the Union is the city of Moscow. Article 21

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In 1991, Gorbachev launched the Novo-Ogarevsky process, as a result of which it was supposed to develop and sign a new union treaty with the republics of the USSR. The treaty was to go down in history under the name "SSG" - Union of Sovereign States. In the course of this process, the struggle between Gorbachev and Yeltsin acquired such a character that it became necessary to knock the chair out from under Yeltsin with the help of introduction of the status of union republics for Tatarstan, Bashkiria - all the republics of the RSFSR. Then the RSFSR will weaken, Yeltsin will be "frightened", and Gorbachev will have the opportunity to build a new balance of relations with him.

The Novo-Ogarevsky process was even more dangerous than that proposed by Yeltsin - EVERYTHING could be put into spray! It wouldn't even be Russian Federation. And Yeltsin, it was then clear, having freed himself from the republics of the USSR, he would seize power in the Russian Federation with his hands and feet and would not give it to anyone. Somehow, the springboard for a possible future recovery will remain. And if Gorbachev is allowed to finish things to the end, the country will be put into dispersal completely, irreversibly, once and for all.

But it was not Gorbachev who came up with the SSG configuration, which he wanted to implement by signing the corresponding agreement on August 20, 1991. A similar model of the transformation of the USSR existed for a long time.

After Stalin, none of the political, military, party-economic, elite, special service groups, members of the Politburo, etc., the Stalinist model Soviet Union and the world communist system was not needed at all. And there was a struggle for the implementation of other models, alternative to the current one. It began during his lifetime and unfolded after Stalin's death.

The Leningraders (or the "Russian Group"), who demanded the creation of a separate party, like all republics, for the RSFSR, demanded greater economic isolation. Naturally, they could not demand anything out of the ordinary then, but all this was the first steps towards the design of the model "Russia without chocks" - so as not to share power with non-Russians, not to adjust ideology for them. To the design of Yeltsin's CIS model.

During his lifetime, Stalin kept a good balance between Russian, Caucasian, Central Asian groups, who had a variety of claims to each other.

There was another model for satisfying claims. L.P. Beria offered native, National language, national 1st secretary, confederal entry of the republics into common state- must exist on an equal footing in Moscow. I.e the national cadres were to receive full support bases in their republics and parity in Moscow - to receive enormous power.

Beria wanted a confederation, while his opponents wanted to separate the Caucasian "chocks", Asian ones, and at the same time some others, and, remaining on a smaller territory, gain all power. Stalin balanced between these two groups. The groups survived Stalin, their struggle continued until Perestroika. The Beria group was greatly weakened in the 50s and slowly recovered under Brezhnev, who allowed the KGB to be strengthened after Khrushchev's trampling. Andropov belonged to the Beria group.

The existence of two groups can also be traced in the military-industrial complex. There were two military-industrial complexes in the USSR:

1. Branches of the military-industrial complex for the production of tanks, ships, missiles. This military-industrial complex has never yielded to the West in the quality of its products. That's why he lived badly. Dacha, "Volga", order - that's all.

2. Branches of the military-industrial complex responsible for thin, complex electronics. Its workers rolled like cheese in butter. They were in active contact with foreign countries - with the help of their agents, they obtained the necessary technologies in the West and brought them to the USSR. This means that it was necessary to pay agents, the money for this was provided. Few knew exactly how much the agents were paid, which demanded a lot. Naturally, a variety of frauds took place, as a result of which part of the Money allocated for the theft of technology, settled in the hands of these groups of the military-industrial complex.

The struggle was between the conditional Sverdlovsk ("Tankograd") and Moscow, the center. The Russian group, that is, the Sverdlovites, realized that market reforms and privatization were coming, but they had not accumulated any capital. Then they, using the opportunities of Perestroika, began to produce sports equipment. All the raw materials contained in the warehouses turned into titanium dumbbells, barbells and weights made from rare valuable alloys. In this form, everything was sold abroad to those who then melted it down. A gigantic amount of metal thus left the USSR, being converted into the capital of the Russian group. There were other schemes as well.

Both groups, having obtained money, have already put forward their own models of privatization, and economists, and political groups. The Russian group staked first on Ryzhkov (who became prime minister of the USSR under President Gorbachev), then on Yeltsin. That is, in Sverdlovsk. Yeltsin was less pro-Soviet, and everyone already wanted a market, closer cooperation with the West, entry into Europe ... The entire USSR will not be taken into Europe, and if all non-Russian republics are separated from the RSFSR, it’s another matter. Another option is the "SSG" of Beria-Andropov-Gorbachev, which was called "we enter Europe in parts", by independent countries.

Yeltsin's fight with Gorbachev was a fight between the Russian group and the Beria group. It was not only the struggle of two powerful politicians for power in the country, two much more powerful subjects clashed, their struggle can be traced both in Perestroika and in the post-perestroika processes.

GKChP - general battle.

Three groups within the "GKChP" process, three models, each of which implied its own result, absolutely incompatible with the possible results of the others - up to a ferocious reprisal against the losers:

1. Softly or rudely remove Yeltsin from power, protecting Gorbachev.
Gorbachev welcomed such a scenario, and by "eccentrics with the letter M" (as he called the GKChP-ists), he meant that instead of this scenario, something else happened, harmful to him, dooming the "SSG" plan to failure. Vice-President of the USSR Yanaev is one of the representatives.

Gennady Yanaev


2. Remove Gorbachev from power, saving the USSR from the "SSG" scenario. Put on Yeltsin in two ways, either-or:

2_A. Make Yeltsin president of the USSR.
The plan was developed by Premier Pavlov's team and was optimal. Yeltsin would have seized power, he would have had enough energy to bring everything to a common denominator in the republics, between groups of elites. The post-Soviet history could have been different: there would have been no such shocking reforms (and it is impossible on a larger territory than the Russian Federation, and many economic ties would have survived ... conflicts in hot spots would not have flowed like that ...).

Valentin Pavlov


2_B. If it is impossible to save the USSR, to make Yeltsin the president of an independent Russian Federation, to carry out monstrous shock reforms in it, to instill in the population a fierce hatred for capitalism-liberalism (and the people in 1991 really wanted capitalism, it was impossible to simply and rudely "break it off" - strikes and speeches were guaranteed ).
According to the plan disillusioned with liberalism, the people will calmly react to a more or less authoritarian non-communist authorities, bringing order to the country after the liberal revelry. Gradually, everything will get better, Russia will "pull up" part of the republics to itself - and reunite with Europe in any EU. Kryuchkov, chairman of the KGB, also worked on this scenario.

Vladimir Kryuchkov


By the way, all processes, with more or less acceptable deviations, went according to plan 2B. Another thing is that the plan did not work out in the end. Yeltsin turned out to be stronger than they thought. Having dismissed Gaidar from his post back in the early 1990s, he did not allow the outrageous level of people's indignation at the shock changes. Somehow maneuvering between representatives of the Beria and Russkaya groups, he handed over power to Putin in 2000 ...

3. Remove both Yeltsin and Gorbachev. To bring to power people who can stabilize the situation, carry out moderate market reforms, and preserve the socialist system and the USSR as an integral state. The weakest group, Politburo member Oleg Shenin is one of its representatives.

Oleg Shenin



This explains the inconsistency of the actions of the State Emergency Committee, there were three large groups who wanted at all different results. There were also smaller groups, they made parallel bets, played on contradictions, etc.

None of the main groups was ready for the decisive action that the security forces could offer them to implement each of the scenarios. The members of the GKChP decided to act only "to the first blood" - there was no determination to go to the end, there was no confidence in their own rightness. They did not formulate for themselves a PURPOSE that could justify the applied brute force MEANS. They were looking for simple and quick solutions (which were not), they were not ready for bloody adventures.

Yeltsin had this GOAL, infinitely repugnant to the majority of Russians, in 1993 was formulated, there was determination - therefore, MEANS were used. Unlike the State Emergency Committee, he did not turn on TV " Swan Lake", he had people who knew what to say, what to call for, how to convince ... The GKChP was not preparing for a dialogue with the people AT ALL.

The main merit of the GKChP is the disruption of the signing of the "SSG" treaty by the republics of the USSR, which is being prepared for August 20, 1991, by Gorbachev, the most terrible of all possible scenarios.

The members of the GKChP acted morally, but the consequences of this turned out to be devastating. Watching them for years, they may have regretted their indecision... This is the brilliance and poverty of the GKChP.

From the State Emergency Committee to the Belovezhskaya Accords. Why wasn't Yeltsin attacked?

The GKChP lost. This monstrously changed the political balance of power. Until August 19, 1991, it was like this:

1. Conservative groups seeking to preserve the USSR.
Their representatives were members of the Congress People's Deputies The USSR, the Army and the KGB (their separate groups), the CPSU with millions of people, the Soyuz group, the Unions of Officers ... There are also collectives of intellectuals from the ETC and the newspaper Zavtra (then - Den). There were also more than 70% of those who voted in the referendum "FOR preserving the USSR as a renewed federation." Federations, not confederations, etc. - it's just that liberals always cling to the word "updated", interpreting the results of the referendum in a different way. Formally, the federal structure implies even closer interaction than it was between the republics in the USSR).

2. Sovereignizers seeking more radical transformations of the USSR.
Including Yeltsin and the project of the Russian group drawn up by him in the Belovezhskaya Accords. Rutskoi (Vice-President of the RSFSR) and Khasbulatov (Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR) were shocked by Belovezhye, their contradictions with Yeltsin grew and resulted in the political crisis of September-October 1993.

Alexander Rutskoi, Boris Yeltsin and Ruslan Khasbulatov.


3. Gorbachev and his team.
He keeps a balance between Democrats and Conservatives, plays on their contradictions in his favor. He does not want to unite either with the Yeltsin group, or, ALL THE MORE, with those who are for a united USSR. Implements the project of the Beria group in the execution of a new version of the SSG agreement.

After the defeat of the GKChP, a crushing blow was dealt to the conservatives. Many scenarios for upholding the integrity of the USSR could be worked out. The ETC group, which supported Prime Minister V. Pavlov, for example, prepared a plan to remove Gorbachev from the post of Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (he would remain president, but the CPSU would go into opposition to him completely. Gorbachev's group would weaken and in the arrangement "CPSU against Yeltsin" there would be great results.) The GKChP was the most ineffective scenario for the conservatives, bringing minimum result- disruption of the signing of the JIT.

Gorbachev was now left alone with Yeltsin. Yeltsin finished off the conservatives and attacked Gorbachev, finished off and attacked ...

The undefeated conservatives and Gorbachev, seeking to defeat Yeltsin, could unite. Gorbachev was the legitimate president, the Supreme Commander (at least he had action loyal units, power units) - he could still give a worthy battle to Yeltsin with his Belovezhye ... Gorbachev could, and indeed was obliged, in order to preserve his own power, to paralyze Yeltsin's absolutely illegal actions in December 1991. He should and was obliged to call on the people for help, declaring his desire to preserve the integrity of the USSR, about the Yeltsin rebellion.
All responsibility for the historical fate of the USSR closed on it.

Gorbachev did not.