Tests

The active part of fixed assets is not included. The concept of active and passive parts of fixed assets

Tests on the economics of an organization, for testing knowledge in the section “Fixed assets (funds) of an organization.” 22 test questions- the correct options are highlighted in red.

1. Depreciation of fixed assets is...

depreciation of fixed assets
the process of transferring the value of fixed assets to cost manufactured products
restoration of fixed assets
expenses for maintaining fixed assets

2. Obsolescence of the second kind characterizes...

gradual loss of fixed assets of their initial cost as a result of their wear during operation
reduction in the cost of machinery and equipment occurs as a result of the production of assets of the same productivity, but at lower costs
reduction in the cost of machinery and equipment occurs as a result of the creation of more productive assets at the same price

3. Methods of revaluation of fixed assets include (are)…

index method, direct estimation method
analytical method
expert method, method of analogies
extrapolation method

4. The share of the value of fixed assets per each ruble of output shows...

reproduction
capital intensity
performance
profitability

5. Fixed assets are used in the production process...

continuously
once
many times
twice

6. The active part of fixed production assets includes...

buildings and equipment
vehicles and perennial plantings
working machines and structures
working machines and equipment

7. The residual value of equipment may increase as a result...

revaluation
long-term financial investments
operation
inventory

8. The amount of annual depreciation charges is calculated based on...

residual value fixed assets and depreciation rates
cost of fixed assets and depreciation rates
cost of basic and working capital enterprises and depreciation rates
cost of fixed assets taking into account their obsolescence

9. The degree of physical wear and tear of equipment is affected by...

the emergence of new, more economical types of equipment
consequences of scientific and technological progress
depreciation method

10. The amount of depreciation is affected by the costs of ____ equipment.

content
current repairs
exploitation
modernization

11. Loss of the original qualities of the means of labor, i.e. the deterioration of technical, economic and social characteristics under the influence of the labor process, natural forces, and also due to non-use of fixed assets is called...

depreciation
physical wear and tear
obsolescence
suitability

12. For an item of fixed assets, the amount of annual depreciation charges, other things being equal, does not change if the depreciation calculation method is used...

reducing balance
write-off of cost based on the sum of the numbers of years of the term beneficial use
nonlinear
linear

13. Intensive improvement of the use of fixed production assets involves...

increasing the share of existing equipment in the total equipment
increase in equipment load per unit time
reduction of all-day equipment downtime
increasing the operating time of installed and operating equipment

14. The ratio of the actual productivity of the main technological equipment to its standard productivity characterizes ...

production capacity
integral performance indicator technological equipment
extensiveness of equipment operation
equipment load intensity

15. The use of fixed assets over time evaluates...

shift ratio
capital-labor ratio
labor productivity
return on assets

16. Depreciation of fixed assets includes...

the amount of depreciation charges for the complete restoration of fixed production assets
taxes, fees, contributions to special funds, loan payments within established rates, payment for services

17. The initial cost of fixed assets includes the costs of...

dismantling
installation and commissioning
exploitation
major renovation
minor repairs and maintenance

18. When selling fixed assets, the financial result is determined as the difference between the selling price of fixed assets sold externally and ...

their residual value
their residual value, taking into account the costs of their sale
proceeds from sales
expenses incurred for their implementation

19. The useful life of fixed assets is the period...

from commissioning to overhaul
until more advanced models appeared
during which the use of an object of fixed assets is intended to generate income for the organization
during which the complete physical deterioration of the object occurs

20. Valuation of fixed assets at historical cost is necessary for...

establishing useful life
determining the cost of products for the period in which they were purchased
balance sheet at the time of purchase
calculating the amount of property tax

21. The indicator calculated by the ratio of the cost of fixed production assets to the number of workers is called...

capital intensity
technical equipment of labor
capital-labor ratio
return on assets

22. The composition of fixed production assets includes

passive and active part
factual and normative
no options

Fixed assets (non-current assets, fixed capital)- part of the enterprise’s property used as means of labor in the production of products. Fixed assets are those created by labor material assets functioning for a long time.

A number of similar concepts are often used in the literature - non-current assets, fixed capital, means of production, fixed assets, fixed assets. The concept of “non-current assets” is used mainly in financial statements and are presented in section 1 of the asset balance sheet. This is the broadest concept, because they include all the assets of the private enterprise used to generate profit for a long time (usually more than 1 year).

The portion of the private equity capital invested in non-current assets constitutes fixed capital.

Fixed assets include: buildings, structures, workers and power machines and equipment, computer technology, vehicles, tools, production and household equipment and accessories, working, productive and breeding livestock, perennial plantings, on-farm roads and other relevant objects. Tools, industrial and household equipment and miscellaneous accessories if their cost exceeds 100 minimum wages at the time of their acquisition.

For the purpose of a more reliable analysis, fixed assets are classified into several groups according to their purpose.

Group name	Group composition	Brief description
Buildings	Production buildings, service premises, laboratories, warehouses, shops	Create comfortable conditions for the normal course of the production process, protect machines and equipment from the effects of the external atmospheric environment
Facilities	Mines, gas and oil wells, overpasses, bridges, tunnels, hydraulic engineering, water supply and sewerage structures, overpasses	Perform functions according to maintenance production not related to changes in the subject of labor
Transfer devices	Power transmission and communication devices: electrical and heating networks, pipelines, cable lines, overhead communication lines, sewer networks, water pipes.	They transmit electrical, thermal and mechanical energy to working machines.
Machinery and equipment	Metal-cutting and woodworking machines, presses, thermal furnaces, galvanic equipment, forging and pressing machines, electrical equipment, energy, working and information machines and equipment	Directly participate in production process, during which, when exposed to an object of labor, a finished product is formed
Vehicles	Railway rolling stock, facilities water transport, cars, air transport, subway cars, trams, floor-mounted industrial transport.	Designed to perform production, household and household functions, transport goods and people, as intra-production intra-shop transport.
Tool	All types of tools for processing metal and wood: mechanical, pneumatic, electrified tools	Participates in the implementation of the production process and performs maintenance functions
Measuring and regulating instruments and devices, laboratory equipment	Control, measuring and testing equipment, control panels, alarms and interlocks	Designed to automate production management, testing and laboratory research of finished products, semi-finished products, raw materials and components
Industrial and household equipment	Industrial equipment - items for technical purposes: liquid storage containers, containers, furniture. Household equipment - office and household items, sports equipment	Participate in the implementation of the production process (except for household equipment)

Fixed assets participate in a number of production cycles, transferring their value to manufactured products as they wear out, maintaining their physical form throughout the entire useful life of fixed assets.

Under useful life understand the period of time during which an object of fixed assets is intended to generate income for the enterprise and serve the main goals of its activities.

The main defining features of fixed production assets:

Natural and value measurement

Gradual transfer of value to the manufactured product - in parts as it wears out

Preservation of natural material form during service life

There are different ways of receiving fixed assets to an enterprise:

Purchasing, manufacturing

Contribution to the authorized capital

Receipt under a gift agreement or free of charge as assistance

Receipt under an agreement for payment in kind or by offset

OS can be divided into tangible and intangible. Intangible assets include:

1. Rights of use land plots, natural resources, software products, monopoly rights and privileges, completed research and development carried out at one’s own expense - depreciable assets.

2. Patents, licenses, know-how, trademarks, trademarks are non-depreciable assets.

NMA have a number of characteristic properties that distinguish them from MA: duration of operation; absence useful waste; high degree risk

Fixed assets include active and passive parts, which play different roles in the production process. Their ratio depends on the type of activity of the enterprise.

Structure of fixed assets- the ratio of individual groups in value terms.

Active part (production assets)- means of labor directly involved in the production process and in the creation of the product of labor: machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments, computing and organizational. equipment, vehicles, tools, production and household equipment.

Passive part (non-productive assets)- means of labor that contribute to the creation of a product: buildings, structures.

The passive part predominates in the clothing industry, food, meat and dairy industries, and the building materials industry.

The structure of fixed assets is influenced by the following factors:

1. Design and technological features of manufactured products - for the production of large-sized products large mass The passive part of the OS increases; in the manufacture of products of a simple configuration, the active part of the OS increases.

2. Type of production - with mass production of a certain type of product, the share of their active part increases. A single production is characterized by a decrease in the share of the active part.

3. Character technological processes and the technical level of production - new technologies and a high technical level cause a decrease in the passive part in the OS structure.

4. The level of concentration, specialization, cooperation and combination of production of large specialized substation with developed cooperative connections, with an increase in production volumes, the share of the active part of the operating system has increased.

5. Geographical location of the substation industry - the location of the substation close to sources of raw materials, consumers has an impact on reducing the share of the passive part of the operating system in the form of warehouses, fuel tanks, etc.

The functioning of fixed assets and intangible assets is limited by their service life, after which they are removed from circulation, which necessitates their renewal, replacement or modernization.

Fixed assets are reflected in the financial statements depending on the purpose at initial, replacement, residual and liquidation value.

Initial The cost of fixed assets acquired or built for a fee, as well as created at the point of sale, is recognized as the amount of the actual costs of the point of sale for the acquisition, construction or production, excluding VAT. The initial cost of fixed assets is not subject to change, except in cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization, partial liquidation and revaluation.

Restorative the cost of an operating system is the cost of similar operating systems under current reproduction conditions. Replacement cost is important in determining the cost of replacement.

Liquidation cost is the possible cost of selling an asset or its remnants at the end of its service life.

The use of fixed assets can be assessed using the trace. coefficients.

Reproduction of fixed assets is carried out in the form of capital investments.

The result of equipment replacement is assessed according to the following indicators:

1. Renewal coefficient Cob = OS in / OS k.g., where

OS in - cost of introduced fixed assets, OS k.g. - total cost of fixed assets at the end of the year.

2. Retirement coefficient Kvyb = OS vyb / OS n.g., where

OS select - cost of retired fixed assets, fixed assets n.g. - total cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year.

3. Growth coefficient Kpr = OS in / OS in ng, where

OS in - cost of introduced fixed assets, OS n.g. - the total cost of basic assets at the beginning of the year.

The excess of input over disposal ensures an increase in fixed assets.

The problem of increasing fixed assets is relevant today.....

The process of growth of fixed assets is influenced by two fundamental factors: the investment activity of the enterprise and disposal.

Reasons for leaving may be:

Complete wear and tear or inability to continue use

Sale;

Lease;

Transfer as a founding contribution to the mouth. capital of other organizations;

Free transfer under an agreement of exchange or gift;

Liquidation in case of accidents, natural disasters;

In the process of managing non-current funds great value have the following indicators:

1. Capital productivity = B / OS avg., where B is sales revenue, OS avg - = avg. cost of basic funds in the analyzed period

2. Capital intensity = OS avg / B

3. Profitability = P / OS avg, where P is profit, OS avg - = avg. cost of basic funds in the analyzed period

4. Capital-labor ratio = OS avg / H avg, where OS avg - = avg. cost of basic funds in the analyzed period, H av - average number of employees.

Information on the availability and movement of fixed assets and other non-financial assets is contained in the special. reporting form developed by the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation No. 127. It includes the following sections: availability, movement, composition of fixed assets of the main type of activity, availability of fixed assets of other types of activities, depreciation and costs of major repairs of fixed assets, average annual cost of fixed assets.

Fixed assets are indicated at balance sheet, replacement (including revaluation) and residual values, which allows one to assess the degree of their deterioration. Due to wear and tear of the OS, they require periodic re-evaluation

Wear- this is a partial or complete loss of the OS of its consumer properties and value.

There are:

1. Physical wear and tear:

1.1 Wear during use

1.2 Wear and tear due to inactivity

2. Obsolescence:

2.1 Due to increased productivity of social labor

2.2 Due to the use of economical and productive machines.

Revaluation of fixed assets is carried out using the following methods:

Expert method - revaluation is carried out by a special commission from among highly qualified specialists.

Index method - revaluation is carried out by multiplying the book value of the object by the price index, which is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

In order to compensate for wear and tear, enterprises create a fund, the source of which is depreciation charges.

Depreciation of fixed assets is the process of gradually transferring their value to the manufactured product.

Sinking fund- a special monetary reserve intended for the reproduction of fixed assets in their full volume.

Depreciation rate (Na)- annual percentage of contributions to the fund, which represents the percentage of reimbursement of the cost of the operating system.

Fixed assets are means of production used in production over many cycles and while maintaining their initial form gradually wearing out, they transfer their value in parts to newly created products. Fixed assets include land, industrial buildings, structures, machinery, equipment, instruments, tools, that is, the entire physical production capital of the enterprise.

As a rule, fixed assets include funds with a service life of more than one year and a value of more than 100. The volume of fixed assets is calculated in monetary terms, i.e. in the form of their monetary value. Thus, fixed assets are sometimes characterized as cash invested in fixed assets of production.

Types of fixed assets

Fixed assets are divided into production and non-production assets. Production assets are involved in the process of manufacturing products or providing services (machines, machines, instruments, transmission devices, etc.). Non-productive fixed assets are not involved in the process of creating products (residential buildings, kindergartens, clubs, stadiums, clinics, sanatoriums, etc.).

There are the following groups and subgroups of fixed production assets:

Buildings (architectural and construction facilities for industrial purposes: workshop buildings, warehouses, production laboratories, etc.).

Structures (engineering and construction facilities that create conditions for the production process: tunnels, overpasses, highways, chimneys on a separate foundation, etc.).

Transmission devices (devices for transmitting electricity, liquid and gaseous substances: electrical networks, heating networks, gas networks, transmissions, etc.).

Machinery and equipment (power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computer technology, automatic machines, other machines and equipment, etc.).

Vehicles (diesel locomotives, wagons, cars, motorcycles, cars, trolleys, etc., except for conveyors and transporters included in production equipment).

Tools (cutting, impact, pressing, compacting, as well as various devices for fastening, mounting, etc.), except for special tools and special equipment.

Production equipment and accessories (items to facilitate the execution of production operations: work tables, workbenches, fences, fans, containers, racks, etc.).

Household equipment (office and household supplies: tables, cabinets, hangers, typewriters, safes, duplicating machines, etc.).

Other fixed assets. This group includes library collections, museum values, etc.

The share (in percentage) of various groups of fixed assets in their total value at the enterprise represents the structure of fixed assets. At mechanical engineering enterprises, the largest share in the structure of fixed assets is occupied by: machinery and equipment - on average about 50%; buildings about 37%.

Depending on the degree of direct impact on the objects of labor and the production capacity of the enterprise, fixed production assets are divided into active and passive. The active part of fixed assets includes machinery and equipment, vehicles, and tools. The passive part of fixed assets includes all other groups of fixed assets. They create conditions for normal operation enterprises.

Accounting and valuation of fixed assets

Fixed assets are accounted for in physical and monetary terms. Accounting for fixed assets in kind necessary to determine technical staff and equipment balance; for calculation production capacity enterprise and its production divisions; to determine the degree of wear, use and renewal timing.
The source documents for accounting for fixed assets in kind are passports of equipment, workplaces, and enterprises. Passports provide detailed technical specifications all fixed assets: year of commissioning, capacity, degree of wear, etc. The enterprise passport contains information about the enterprise (production profile, material and technical characteristics, technical and economic indicators, equipment composition, etc.) necessary for calculating production capacity.

Cost (monetary) valuation of fixed assets is necessary to determine their total size, composition and structure, dynamics, the amount of depreciation charges, as well as assessment economic efficiency their use.

Monetary valuation of fixed assets:

Valuation at original cost, i.e. at actual costs incurred at the time of creation or acquisition (including delivery and installation), at prices of the year in which they were manufactured or purchased.

Valuation at replacement cost, i.e. at the cost of reproduction of fixed assets at the time of revaluation. This cost shows how much it would cost to create or acquire in given time previously created or acquired fixed assets.

Valuation based on initial or restoration taking into account wear and tear (residual value), i.e. at a cost that has not yet been transferred to finished products.

The residual value of fixed assets Fost is determined by the formula:

Fost = Fnach*(1-Na*Tn)

where Fnach is the initial or replacement cost of fixed assets, rub.; Na - depreciation rate, %; Tn - the period of use of fixed assets.

When assessing fixed assets, a distinction is made between the value at the beginning of the year and the average annual value. The average annual cost of fixed assets FSRG is determined by the formula:

Fsrg = Fng + Fvv*n1/12 - Fvyb*n2/12

where Fng is the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, rub.; Fvv - cost of introduced fixed assets, rub.; Fvyb - cost of retired fixed assets, rub.; n1 and n2 are the number of months of operation of introduced and retired fixed assets, respectively.

To assess the condition of fixed assets, indicators such as the depreciation rate of fixed assets are used, which is defined as the ratio of the cost of depreciation of fixed assets to their total cost; fixed assets renewal coefficient, calculated as the cost of introduced fixed assets during the year attributable to the value of fixed assets at the end of the year; fixed assets retirement ratio, which is equal to the value of retired fixed assets divided by the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the year.

In the process of operation, fixed assets are subject to physical and moral wear and tear. Physical depreciation means the loss of fixed assets of their technical parameters. Physical wear can be operational or natural. Operational wear and tear is a consequence of production consumption. Natural wear occurs under the influence natural factors(temperature, humidity, etc.).

Obsolescence of fixed assets is a consequence of scientific and technological progress. There are two forms of obsolescence:

A form of obsolescence associated with a reduction in the cost of reproduction of fixed assets as a result of improving equipment and technology, the introduction of advanced materials, and increasing labor productivity.

A form of obsolescence associated with the creation of more advanced and economical fixed assets (machinery, equipment, buildings, structures, etc.).

The assessment of obsolescence of the first form can be defined as the difference between the original and replacement cost of fixed assets. The assessment of obsolescence of the second form is carried out by comparing the reduced costs when using obsolete and new fixed assets.

Depreciation of fixed assets

Depreciation refers to the process of transferring the cost of fixed assets to manufactured products. This process is carried out by including part of the cost of fixed assets in the cost of manufactured products (work). After selling products, the enterprise receives this amount of funds, which it uses in the future for the acquisition or construction of new fixed assets. The procedure for calculating and using depreciation charges in national economy set by the government.
There is a distinction between depreciation amount and depreciation rate. The amount of depreciation charges for a certain period of time (year, quarter, month) represents the monetary value of depreciation of fixed assets. The amount of depreciation charges accumulated by the end of the service life of fixed assets must be sufficient for their complete restoration (purchase or construction).

The amount of depreciation charges is determined based on depreciation rates. The depreciation rate is the established amount of depreciation charges for full restoration over a certain period of time for a specific type of fixed assets, expressed as a percentage of their book value.

The depreciation rate is differentiated by individual types and groups of fixed assets. For metal-cutting equipment weighing over 10 tons. a coefficient of 0.8 is applied, and weighing over 100 tons. - coefficient 0.6. For manually operated metal-cutting machines the following coefficients are applied: for machines of classes accuracy N, P- 1.3; for precision machines of accuracy class A, B, C - 2.0; for metal-cutting machines with CNC, including machining centers, automatic and semi-automatic machines without CNC - 1.5. The main indicator that determines the depreciation rate is the service life of fixed assets. It depends on the physical durability of fixed assets, on the obsolescence of existing fixed assets, on the availability in the national economy of the ability to replace obsolete equipment.

The depreciation rate is determined by the formula:

Na = (Fp - Fl)/ (Tsl * Fp)

where Na - annual rate depreciation,%; Фп - initial (book) value of fixed assets, rub.; Fl - salvage value fixed assets, rub.; Tsl - standard service life of fixed assets, years.

Not only means of labor (fixed assets), but also intangible assets are depreciated. These include: rights to use land plots, natural resources, patents, licenses, know-how, software products, monopoly rights and privileges, trademarks, trademarks, etc. Depreciation on intangible assets is calculated monthly according to the standards established by the enterprise itself. The property of enterprises subject to depreciation is combined into four categories:

Buildings, structures and their structural components.

Passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles, office equipment and furniture, computer equipment, information systems and data processing systems.

Technological, energy, transport and other equipment and material assets not included in the first and second categories.

Intangible assets.

Annual depreciation rates are: for the first category - 5%, for the second category - 25%, for the third category - 15%, and for the fourth category depreciation charges are made in equal shares during the life of the corresponding intangible assets. If it is impossible to determine the useful life of an intangible asset, then the amortization period is set at 10 years.

In order to create economic conditions for the active renewal of fixed assets and acceleration of scientific and technological progress, it has been recognized that it is advisable to use accelerated depreciation of the active part (machinery, equipment and vehicles), i.e. complete transfer of the book value of these funds to created products in more short terms than is provided for in the depreciation rates. Accelerated depreciation may be applied to fixed assets used to increase output computer technology, new progressive types of materials, instruments and equipment, expansion of product exports.

In the case of write-off of fixed assets before their book value is fully transferred to the cost of output, underaccrued depreciation charges are reimbursed from the profits remaining at the disposal of the enterprise. These funds are used in the same manner as depreciation charges.

Use of fixed assets

The main indicators reflecting the final result of the use of fixed assets are: capital productivity, capital intensity and production capacity utilization rate.

Determined by the ratio of the volume of output to the cost of fixed production assets:

Kf.o. = N/Fs.p.f.

where Kf.o. - capital productivity; N - volume of produced (sold) products, rub.; Fs.p.f. - average annual cost of fixed production assets, rub.

Capital intensity is the inverse value of capital productivity. The production capacity utilization rate is defined as the ratio of the volume of output to the maximum possible output for the year. The main directions for improving the use of fixed assets are:

Technical improvement and modernization of equipment;

Improving the structure of fixed assets by increasing the share of machinery and equipment;

Increasing the intensity of equipment operation;

Optimization of operational planning;

Improving the qualifications of enterprise employees.

Fixed assets are means of labor that are repeatedly involved in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, gradually wearing out, and transfer their value in parts to newly created products. These include funds with a service life of more than one year and a cost of more than 100 minimum monthly wages. Fixed assets are divided into production and non-production assets.
Production assets are involved in the process of manufacturing products or providing services (machines, machines, instruments, transmission devices, etc.).
Non-productive fixed assets are not involved in the process of creating products (residential buildings, kindergartens, clubs, stadiums, clinics, sanatoriums, etc.)

The active part of fixed assets is directly related to the processing of raw materials and manufacturing of products. Thus, the viability of fixed assets depends on the active part.

The passive part of fixed assets creates conditions for production, but does not directly affect either the amount of production capacity or the actual output of products.

As a rule, the active part of fixed assets includes such elements as power, working machines and equipment, transmission devices, control instruments and devices, and computer technology.

The passive part includes buildings, structures, vehicles, equipment.

However, the division of elements of fixed assets into active and passive parts is somewhat arbitrary in the context of individual industries. Thus, for the fishing industry, vehicles are very active elements. A tool, for example, for mechanical engineering is a very active element, while for light and food industry he is clearly passive.

Since output depends on the active part of fixed assets, their share should be increased in every possible way. Increasing their share thereby increases capacity, and hence the efficiency of using fixed assets.

Structure of fixed assets Russian industry not progressive enough compared to industry developed countries. The share of the active part in it is still low, which largely predetermines the relatively low return on capital. The construction of massive buildings and structures and insufficient renewal of the active part of fixed assets have led to an inefficient structure of the currently operating fixed assets. Instead of directing investments towards more frequent replacement of the active part of fixed assets and, above all, technological equipment, as the most active element that determines the amount of production capacity, they mediocrely went into ambitious passive funds.

Lecture No. 5. Fixed assets and production capacities of the enterprise.

In the production process, enterprise workers, using means of labor, influence objects of labor and transform them into various types of products.

Means of labor (machines, equipment, buildings, etc.) and objects of labor form the means of production, expressed in value form, which are the production assets of enterprises. Depending on their functioning in the production process, the method of transferring value to the finished product and the nature of reproduction, fixed and working capital are distinguished.

Fixed assets of the enterprise- these are means of labor that are repeatedly involved in the production process, gradually wear out and transfer their value to finished products in parts over a number of years in the form of depreciation charges.

Fixed assets are the material and technical base of social production. The level of technical equipment of labor, the production capacity of the enterprise, and the productive power of labor depend on their volume. In a market economy, policy in the field of reproduction of fixed assets plays an extremely important role, since it determines the quantitative and qualitative state of fixed assets.

Reproduction of fixed assets is a continuous process of their renewal, acquisition of new ones, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, modernization and overhaul of existing ones.

In the process of reproduction of fixed assets, the following tasks are solved: compensation of retiring assets; improving the species, technological and age structures, increasing the technical level of production.

The main sources of reproduction of fixed assets:

With simple reproduction - a depreciation fund;

With extended – enterprise profit, founders’ contributions, bank loans, etc.

Fixed assets are divided into:

Production (functioning in the sphere of material production);

Non-production - not directly involved in the production process: residential buildings, children's and sports facilities, and other cultural and community facilities that are on the balance sheet of the enterprise. They do not transfer their value to the finished product; it is lost and disappears in consumption. Their maintenance and reproduction are carried out mainly from the profit of the enterprise. And although these funds do not directly affect production volume, they ultimately have an impact on worker productivity.

For the management of fixed production assets at all levels of management, their functional and specific grouping is of great importance. The dynamics of the species structure reflects changes in the technical equipment of production, the pace of innovation, the development of specialization, concentration, etc.

Currently, in accordance with the standard classification, main production assets are divided into the following groups:

1. Buildings - workshops, warehouses, garages, laboratories, etc. (architectural and construction projects);

2. Structures – engineering and construction projects designed to perform functions not related to changes in objects of labor (pumping stations, tunnels, bridges, roads, etc.);

3. Transmission devices - objects intended for transformation, transmission and movement of energy various types, as well as liquid and gaseous substances (electricity and heating networks, gas pipelines, oil pipelines, etc.);

4. Machinery and equipment, including:

Power machines and equipment designed for generating and converting energy (generators, electric motors, etc.);

Working machines and equipment directly used in the technological process to influence the object of labor (machines, presses, hammers, lifting and transport mechanisms, etc.);

Measuring and control instruments and devices, laboratory equipment, etc.;

Computer technology, tools designed to automate calculations and decision making;

Other machinery and equipment.

5. Vehicles designed to transport goods and people within and outside the enterprise;

6. Tools of all types, production and household equipment;

7. Working and productive livestock;

8. Perennial plantings (fruit-bearing orchards, berry gardens, forest shelterbelts);

9. Other types of funds not listed above.

Structure of fixed assets- this is the ratio of various groups of fixed assets in total value, expressed as a percentage.

The structure of fixed assets of various industries and enterprises is determined by a number of factors: the nature and volume of products, the level of specialization and cooperation, climatic and geographical conditions of the enterprise's location, the technical level of production.

Not all groups of fixed production assets play the same role in the production process. Therefore, fixed assets are divided into active and passive parts.

Active part of fixed assets is leading and serves as a basis for assessing the technical level and production capacity. These are: transmission devices, power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control devices and instruments.

The passive part of fixed assets is auxiliary and ensures the operation of active elements. The higher the share of the active part, the greater opportunities the enterprise has to increase production output, the higher the capital productivity ratio. Consequently, improving the structure of fixed production assets is considered as a condition for production growth.

These are: correct development of construction projects, better use of buildings and structures, installation of additional equipment in free space, updating and modernization of equipment, improving the structure of equipment by increasing the share of progressive types of machines, machines, etc.

In addition, the main production assets are analyzed by age groups: from 5 to 10 years, from 10 to 20 years and above 20 years. Production efficiency also depends on this.

Valuation of fixed assets.

Accounting for the presence and movement of fixed production assets is carried out in kind and in cash.

Valuation of fixed assets in in kind carried out in indicators corresponding to the characteristics of each group of funds and their essential characteristics (sq.m., number of units, capacity, type, age, etc.).

Monetary or cost valuation of fixed assets is necessary for calculating depreciation and calculating taxes, for sale and rental, collateral transactions, etc. There are several types of valuation of fixed assets: at original, replacement and residual value.

Full original cost represents the sum of actual costs in current prices for the acquisition or creation of fixed assets: construction of buildings and structures, purchase, transportation, installation and installation of machinery, equipment, etc. At the full initial cost, fixed assets are accepted onto the balance sheet of the enterprise.

Full replacement cost characterizes the costs of creating (acquiring) an object in modern conditions; it is determined in the process of revaluation of fixed assets, which are carried out by decision of the government of the Russian Federation. The need for revaluation is explained by inflationary processes in the economy, the incomparability of the values of fixed assets due to their acquisition and commissioning at different times. The replacement cost coincides with the original cost during the period of commissioning of the objects. But as we move away from the moment of commissioning, the replacement cost differs more and more from the original one, as the conditions for the reproduction of fixed assets change.

Residual value represents the difference between the original or replacement cost and accrued depreciation. Residual value allows you to judge the degree of wear and tear of fixed assets and plan their renewal and repair.

Salvage value– cost of selling dismantled equipment, buildings, structures.

Basic production assets wear out during operation. There are two types of wear and tear - physical and moral.

Physical wear and tear– gradual loss of fixed assets of their original consumer value, which occurs not only during their operation, but also during their inactivity (external influences, atmospheric influences, corrosion). Wear depends on the quality of fixed assets, features of the technological process (the magnitude of the speed and cutting force and etc.); the time of their operation (number of days of work per year, shifts, hours of work per shift); degree of protection from harmful conditions; the quality of care for fixed assets, and the qualifications of workers. There are physical wear and tear - partial and complete.

Partial wear is eliminated as a result of repairs, and full wear is compensated by replacing physically worn-out fixed assets: for the active part this is the acquisition of new equipment, for buildings and structures - capital construction.

Obsolescence fixed assets - a decrease in the value of existing fixed assets as a result of the emergence of new types, cheaper and more productive. The first form of obsolescence is manifested in the loss of value of fixed assets as a result of increased productivity in the industries that produce them. Obsolescence of the second form is expressed in the loss of value of the means of labor as a result of the emergence of new, more productive means.

The main source of covering the costs associated with the renewal of fixed assets are own funds, which accumulate in the form of depreciation charges.

Depreciation- the process of gradually transferring the value of fixed assets as they wear out to manufactured products, converting them into monetary form and accumulating financial resources for the purpose of subsequent reproduction of fixed assets.

Too high a share of deductions, on the one hand, increases production costs, reduces the competitiveness of products, and reduces the amount of profit received. On the other hand, an underestimated share of deductions lengthens the turnover period of funds invested in fixed assets, and this leads to their aging, a decrease in the competitiveness of products and a loss of position in the market.

Depreciation is calculated using depreciation rates, which are set as a percentage of the cost of fixed assets:

H = ---------- * 100%, where

F – initial cost of fixed assets, rub.;

L – liquidation value of fixed assets, rub.;

T – standard service life (depreciation period) of fixed assets, years.

At the enterprise during the year there is a movement of fixed assets associated with their receipt and disposal. In this regard, the following indicators are calculated:

- input coefficient(receipts) of fixed assets is determined by the ratio of the value of newly received fixed assets to the value of cash assets at the end of the reporting period;

- retirement rate fixed assets is determined by the ratio of the value of retired fixed assets to the value of cash assets at the beginning of the reporting period;

- fitness factor fixed assets characterizes their condition on a certain date as the ratio of the difference between the original cost of fixed assets and the amount of depreciation of fixed assets over the entire period of operation to the original cost of fixed assets;

- wear rate fixed assets is determined by the ratio of the amount of depreciation over the entire period of operation to the original cost of fixed assets.

It is advisable to calculate indicators of the movement and condition of fixed assets not only for fixed assets as a whole, but also for their individual types. This will allow better management of the process of reproduction of fixed assets.

The result of better use of funds is an increase in production volume, therefore, a general indicator of the efficiency of use of fixed assets should be based on the principle of measuring produced products and applied fixed assets. This indicator is return on assets– the ratio of the volume of gross or marketable output (rubles) to the average annual cost of the enterprise’s fixed production assets (rubles).

Capital intensity production – the reciprocal of capital productivity. It shows the share of the cost of fixed assets attributable to each ruble of output.

If capital productivity should tend to increase, then capital intensity should tend to decrease.

Capital-labor ratio is the ratio of the value of fixed assets to the number of workers. This value must continuously increase, since technical equipment and, consequently, labor productivity depend on it.

The efficient use of fixed assets is of great importance for the country's economy.

The volume of fixed production assets and the degree of their use determine the amount of production capacity of the enterprise.

Production capacity- this is the maximum possible output of products per unit of time in physical terms in a given nomenclature and assortment with full use of equipment and production space.

The main elements that determine the production capacity of an enterprise:

Composition of equipment and its quantity by type;

Technical and economic indicators of the use of machinery and equipment;

Equipment operating time fund;

Production area;

Nomenclature and range of products.

Production capacity is calculated as the ratio of the product of the number of units of leading equipment in the workshop by the maximum possible operating time of the leading equipment (year) to the progressive norm of labor intensity of processing the product on the leading equipment (year).

Actual power utilization factor is determined by the ratio of actually produced products to the average annual production capacity.

There are several concepts that characterize production capacity:

Input – power at the beginning of the year;

Output – capacity at the end of the year, determined by summing the input and introduced capacities minus the retired;

Design - provided for by the construction or reconstruction project.

In order to link the planned production volumes with the required production capacities, the enterprise develops production capacity balances.

To improve the use of production capacity it is necessary:

Restore capacities capable of ensuring the production of in-demand products that are not working due to a lack of working capital;

Conduct centralized inventories and censuses of fixed assets in order to identify excess and idle capacities that have no prospects for functioning;

Create the necessary infrastructure for the sale of used equipment and its acquisition by small and medium-sized enterprises;

Develop a simplified procedure for its conservation with exemption from taxation and depreciation.

Main ways to improve the use of fixed assets at the enterprise:

Releasing the enterprise from excess equipment, machinery and other fixed assets or leasing them;

Timely and high-quality implementation of scheduled maintenance and major repairs;

Acquisition of high-quality fixed assets;

Increasing the level of qualifications of service personnel;

Timely renewal (especially the active part) of fixed assets in order to prevent excessive moral and physical wear and tear;

Increasing the shift ratio of the enterprise, if this is economically feasible;

Improving the quality of preparation of raw materials and materials for the production process;

Increasing the level of mechanization and automation of production;

Ensuring, where appropriate, centralization of repair services;

Increasing the level of concentration, specialization and combination of production;

Introduction of new equipment and progressive technology - low-waste, non-waste, energy- and fuel-saving;

Improving the organization of production and labor in order to reduce losses of working time and downtime in the operation of machinery and equipment.