What year was the international created? United Nations: history of creation and tasks. What organizations did the Comintern consist of?
2. The set of natural morpho-functional properties at every moment of a person’s life determines him...
a) physicality
b) physical education
c) physical condition
d)physical development
3. It is advisable to perform “coordination” exercises in...
a) the preparatory part of the lesson
b) the beginning of the main part of the lesson
c) in the middle of the main part
d) the end of the main part of the lesson
5. Body weight reduction is facilitated by sets of exercises characterized by...
a) large volume and moderate intensity
b) local effect on muscle groups in areas of fat deposits
c) light weights and a lot of repetitions
d) a large number of approaches and a limited number of repetitions
Check all items.
6.The importance of correct posture is that it...
a) creates optimal conditions for the functioning of all vegetative organs: cardiovascular and respiratory systems, digestive organs, excretion, etc.
b) performs a spring function
c) to a certain extent helps prevent obesity
d) performs, among other things, an important aesthetic function
Check all items
Complete the definition by writing the appropriate word
23. On September 10, 2013 in Buenos Aires, he was elected the new President of the International Olympic Committee...
Transfer-related tasks
24. List the sections curriculum, recommended as means of physical education...
25. List the characteristics of the level physical development, which you use to control your own condition...
The Russian Olympic Committee was created in...
3. Summer Olympic Games 2012 Will be held in…
B) London
4. Evgeny Dementyev, Larisa Lazutina, Yulia Chepalova - champions
Olympic Games in...
B) Swimming
B) biathlon
D) cross-country skiing
5. Winter Olympic Games 2014 Will be held in…
A) Munich
B) London
6. Human health primarily depends on...
A) condition environment
B) heredity
B) lifestyle
D) activities of health care institutions
7. First aid for bruises is that the bruised area should...
A) cool
B) heat
C) cover with iodine mesh
D) rub, massage
8. The Olympic symbol consists of...
A) the Olympic flag
B) the Olympic motto
B) the Olympic emblem
D) Olympic rings
9. A person called upon to ensure that competitions are held in accordance with the rules of the sport and having all the authority for this is ...
10. The line along the short sides of a football field is called...
11.Combat unit of the lowest value in a chess game...
12. A metal apparatus for developing the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle is called....
13. Countries where sailing arose earlier than others
A) Norway, Sweden
B) England, Holland
B) Germany, Poland
D) Romania, Bulgaria
14. Since what year has sailing been an Olympic sport?
B) England
B) France
D) Russia
16. In basketball, for hitting the ball in the hoop from a free throw, you get...
17. In basketball, segments of the game are usually called...
B) period
B) quarter
18. In volleyball, when organizing an attack, players of one team are allowed no more than... touches of the ball in a row
Urgently! Please help me with the quiz!! Thanks in advance!!!:) I reciprocate:) 1.Name the date when it was formedNorthern Flotilla, who was appointed commander? 2.How many seas and oceans have submarines traveled through? Pacific Fleet transferred to the Northern Fleet, in the Arctic and when? 3.What orders and medals in honor of naval commanders were established during the Second World War? Which of our fellow countrymen have been awarded orders? 4.When was the first issue of the newspaper “Red Northern Fleet” published? (5/Name the North Sea residents twice Heroes of the Soviet Union? 6. When did the transformation of the Northern Flotilla into the Northern Fleet take place? (Indicate the place of death of B.F. Safonov? Coordinates of death. 8. In the Central Naval Museum of St. Petersburg, a combat aircraft is exhibited . Who flew on it? 9. How many combat missions did B.F. Safonov shoot down? 10.3 and what feat was awarded to G.D. Northern Fleet during the Great Patriotic War carried out a convoy to ensure the safe stay of allied ships and ships in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk. Famous Soviet writer, a student of the cabin school, who served in the Northern Fleet, dedicated his novel to these events? 12.Which ship and why is it called the “northern Varyag”? 13.How many fleets are included in the navy Russian Federation?
Plan.
Introduction pp.2-3
Chapter 1. History of creation international organizations. Types. Page 3-5
Chapter 2. Types and classification of international organizations. Page 5-9
Chapter 3. Modern international organizations. Pages 9-17
Conclusion. pp.17-19
References. p.20
Introduction .
This topic of the essay was chosen with the aim of studying the interaction of various states at the international level, i.e. in what specific issues and directions does this interaction occur, at what level are issues related to mutual assistance and resolution of disputes between states resolved.
At present, during the period of rapid development of scientific and technological progress, the existence of states without their interaction is impossible. Their interaction can be carried out both through economic and political relations. In the modern world, it is with the help of international organizations that cooperation between states is carried out. International organizations not only regulate interstate relations, but also make decisions on global issues of our time.
This abstract shows the structure of modern international organizations and their classification. Today there are many pressing issues: ecology, issues of war and peace, the fight against AIDS and drug addiction. Thus, every international organization is called upon to resolve these issues.
In addition, this essay reflects the history of the emergence of international organizations, for the creation of which it was necessary for certain historical events to occur in the world that would lead humanity to the idea of interaction. Historical knowledge of the creation of international organizations allows us to trace the entire complex path of interaction between states. Considering the issue from the historical side, one can understand on what principles they were based and how international relations were improved, and what humanity is striving for.
Chapter 1
International organizations arose in ancient times and improved as society developed.
IN ANCIENT GREECE In the 6th century BC, the first permanent international associations in the form of unions of cities and communities (for example, Lacedimian and Delian Symmacia), or religious and political unions of tribes and cities (for example, Delphic-Thermopylae amphictyony). Such associations were prototypes of future international organizations. Many scholars rightly emphasized that at that stage these alliances brought the Greek states closer together and softened their isolation.
The next stage in the development of international organizations was the creation of international economic and customs associations. One of the first such unions was the Hanseatic Trade League, which brought all of Northern Germany out of a state of medieval barbarism. This union was finally formalized in the 16th century. Lübeck was at the head of this association.
At the beginning of the 19th century the German customs union. All states that entered this union were subject to the same laws regarding the import, export and transit of goods. All customs duties were recognized as general and distributed among the members of the union according to the number of people in the population.
Experts who study the history of international organizations believe that the first intergovernmental organization in its classical sense was the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine, formed in 1831.
Already in the second half of the 19th century, international unions for measuring land were created (1864), the Universal Telegraph Union (1865), the Universal Postal Union (1874), the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (1875), the International Union for the Protection of International and artistic property and others. During this period, cooperation between states becomes more extensive, affecting ever larger areas of life. All organizations of this period had permanent bodies of fixed members and headquarters. Their competence was limited to discussing specialized problems.
The next important stage in the development of international organizations is the period after the First World War, when states began to create an international organization for maintaining peace and international security. So in 1919 The League of Nations was formed. The main bodies of the League of Nations were the meeting of all representatives of the League members, the council and the permanent secretariat.
Its main task was to maintain peace and prevent new wars. The League of Nations had to take all measures to maintain peace. If any member of the League resorted to war contrary to its obligations, the main members of the League were obliged to immediately break off all trade and financial relations with him, and the Council had to invite the various interested governments to send one or another contingent of troops.
The Charter of the League of Nations provided for various effective measures for peacekeeping. It recognized the need to limit national armaments to the minimum necessary to ensure national security. The League Council had the task of selecting arms limitation plans for each state and submitting them to the interested governments.
But according to experts, the League of Nations was unable to cope with its main task: maintaining peace and peacefully resolving international conflicts. Those disagreements that arose between the members of the League resulted in failure to fulfill their obligations. She could not prevent the Second World War, as well as the attack of Japan on China, Italy on Ethiopia, Germany on Austria and Czechoslovakia, Italy on Spain, etc. And on April 18, 1946. The League of Nations was liquidated because the League of Nations did not fulfill its functions and at this historical stage ceased to exist.
Thus, the creation of international organizations and their development occurred in stages. Gradually, states realized the need for international cooperation in various spheres of life, which led to the exchange of inventions in the field of science, military technology, and art.
International organizations of the past have become the prototypes of modern international organizations, of which there are now a large number, and which play a large role in modern international relations.
April 25 marks 65 years since delegates from 50 countries gathered in San Francisco for the United Nations conference on the creation of an international organization - the UN. During the conference, delegates prepared a charter of 111 articles, which was adopted on June 25.
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization of states created to maintain and strengthen international peace, security, development of cooperation between countries.
The name United Nations, proposed by United States President Franklin Roosevelt, was first used in the Declaration of the United Nations on January 1, 1942, when, during World War II, representatives of 26 states pledged on behalf of their governments to continue the joint struggle against the countries of the Nazi bloc.
The first contours of the UN were outlined at a conference in Washington at the Dumbarton Oaks mansion. In two series of meetings held from September 21 to October 7, 1944, the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China agreed on the goals, structure, and functions of the world organization.
On February 11, 1945, after meetings in Yalta, the leaders of the United States, Great Britain and the USSR, Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin, declared their determination to establish “a universal international organization for the maintenance of peace and security.”
On April 25, 1945, representatives from 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on the Establishment of an International Organization to develop the UN Charter.
Delegates from countries representing over 80% of the population gathered in San Francisco globe. The Conference was attended by 850 delegates, along with their advisors, delegation staff and the Conference secretariat total number persons taking part in the work of the Conference reached 3,500. In addition, there were more than 2,500 representatives of the press, radio and newsreels, as well as observers from various societies and organizations. The San Francisco Conference was not only one of the most important in history, but in all likelihood also the largest international gathering ever held.
The agenda of the Conference included proposals developed by representatives of China, the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, on the basis of which the delegates were to develop a Charter acceptable to all states.
The Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 countries. Poland, not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became the 51st founding state.
The UN has officially existed since October 24, 1945. - to this day the Charter was ratified by China, France, Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States and most of the other signatory states. October 24 is celebrated annually as United Nations Day.
The preamble to the Charter speaks of the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to “save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.”
The purposes of the UN, as enshrined in its Charter, are the maintenance of international peace and security, the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, and the suppression of acts of aggression, the settlement or resolution by peaceful means of international disputes, the development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples; implementation of international cooperation in economic, social, cultural and humanitarian fields, promotion and development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of race, gender, language and religion.
Members of the UN have pledged to act in accordance with the following principles: sovereign equality states; resolution of international disputes by peaceful means; refusal international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.
192 states of the world are members of the UN.
Main organs of the UN:
- The UN General Assembly (UNGA) is the main deliberative body, consisting of representatives of all UN member states (each of them has 1 vote).
- The UN Security Council operates constantly. According to the Charter, the Security Council is entrusted with primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. If all ways of peaceful resolution of the conflict have been used, the Security Council is competent to send observers or troops to maintain peace in conflict areas in order to ease tension and separate the troops of the warring parties.
Over the entire existence of the UN, UN peacekeeping forces have carried out about 40 peacekeeping operations.
- The UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is mandated to conduct research and report on international issues in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health, human rights, ecology, etc., give recommendations to the GA on any of them.
- International Court UN, chief judicial body, formed in 1945, resolves legal disputes between states with their consent and provides advisory opinions on legal issues.
- The UN Secretariat was created to ensure proper conditions for the organization’s activities. The Secretariat is headed by the chief administrative officer of the UN - the UN Secretary General (since January 1, 2007 - Ban Ki-moon (Korea).
The UN has a number of its own specialized institutions- international intergovernmental organizations on economic, social and humanitarian issues (UNESCO, WHO, FAO, IMF, ILO, UNIDO and others) associated with the UN, through ECOSOC, international agreements. Most UN members are members of UN specialized agencies.
IN common system The UN also includes autonomous organizations, such as World trade organization(WTO) and International agency By atomic energy(IAEA).
The official languages of the UN and its organizations are English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French.
The UN headquarters is located in New York.
The UN is a Nobel Peace Prize winner. In 2001, the award "For contribution to the creation of a more organized world and the strengthening of world peace" was awarded jointly to the organization and its Secretary General Kofi Annan. In 1988 Nobel Prize received peace Peacekeeping forces UN.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
In what year was the International Olympic Committee created? and got the best answer
Answer from Natasha Shekhovtseva[guru]
The International Olympic Committee (abbr. IOC) is an international organization created on June 23, 1894 in Paris by Baron Pierre de Coubertin to revive Olympic Games. The committee's headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland. Nowadays the IOC is the largest and most respected organization in the world of sports. International Olympic Day is celebrated on June 23
Reply from DINAmovets In spirit[guru]
The International Olympic Committee was founded on July 23, 1894 by the French educator Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who wanted to revive the Olympic Games of Greek antiquity.
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is the supreme body of the entire Olympic movement and is guided in its activities by the Olympic Charter. The role of the IOC is to promote both professional and amateur sport in accordance with the Olympic Charter. It ensures the regular holding of the Olympic Games and encourages, through appropriate measures, the promotion of women in sports, sports ethics and the protection of athletes.
The IOC consists of 202 members - National Olympic Committees, which meet in Session at least once a year. In addition, NOCs are united into the Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC) according to the principle of continental affiliation:
- Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa (ANOCA)
- Olympic Council of Asia (OCA)
- European Olympic Committee(EOC)
- Pan American Sports Organization (ODEPA)
- Central American and Caribbean Sports Organization (ODECABE)
- South American Sports Organization (ODESUR)
- Oceania National Olympic Committee (ONOC)
Reply from Yita Mikhailova[expert]
a) 1894
Reply from Armen Rushanyan[newbie]
of course a)1894
Reply from 2 answers[guru]
Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: In what year was the International Olympic Committee created?
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a special agency of the United Nations established by 184 countries. The IMF was created on December 27, 1945 after the signing of an agreement by 28 countries developed at the UN Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods on July 22, 1944. In 1947 the foundation began its activities. The headquarters of the IMF is located in Washington, USA.
The IMF is an international organization that unites 184 countries. The fund was created to ensure international cooperation in the monetary sector and maintain stability exchange rates; support economic development and employment levels in countries around the world; and providing additional in cash economy of a particular state in the short term. Since the IMF was created, its objectives have not changed, but its functions - which include monitoring the state of the economy, financial and technical assistance to countries - have evolved significantly to meet the changing goals of its member countries as actors in the global economy.
Growth of IMF membership, 1945 - 2003
(number of countries)
Objectives of the International currency board the following:
- Ensure international cooperation in the monetary field through a network of permanent institutions that advise and take part in solving many financial problems.
- Promote development and balanced growth international trade, and contribute to the promotion and conservation high level employment and real incomes and develop productive forces in all member countries of the fund, as the primary objects of economic policy.
- Ensure the stability of exchange rates, maintain correct exchange agreements between participants and avoid various discrimination in this area.
- Help build a multilateral payments system for ongoing transactions between member countries and to remove restrictions on currency exchanges that impede the growth of international trade.
- Provide support to fund member states by providing funds from the fund to solve temporary problems in the economy.
- In accordance with the above, shorten the duration and reduce the degree of imbalance in the international balances of the accounts of its members.
The role of the International Monetary Fund
The IMF helps countries develop their economies and implement individual economic projects through three main functions - lending, technical assistance and surveillance.
Providing loans. IMF provides financial assistance low-income countries experiencing balance of payments problems under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) programs and, for temporary needs resulting from external shocks, the Exogenous Shocks Facility (ESF) program. The interest rate on PRGF and ESF is concessional (only 0.5 percent), and loans are repaid over a period of 10 years.
Other functions of the IMF:
- assistance international cooperation in monetary policy
- expansion of world trade
- stabilization of monetary exchange rates
- consulting debtor countries
- development of international financial statistics standards
- collection and publication of international financial statistics
Basic lending mechanisms
1. Reserve share. The first portion of foreign currency that a member country can purchase from the IMF within 25% of the quota was called “golden” before the Jamaica Agreement, and since 1978 - the reserve share (Reserve Tranche). The reserve share is defined as the excess of the quota of a member country over the amount in the account of the National Currency Fund of that country. If the IMF uses part of a member country's national currency to provide credit to other countries, that country's reserve share increases accordingly. The outstanding amount of loans provided by a member country to the Fund under the loan agreements of the NHS and NHS constitutes its credit position. The reserve share and the lending position together constitute the “reserve position” of an IMF member country.
2. Credit shares. Funds in foreign currency that can be acquired by a member country in excess of the reserve share (if fully used, the IMF's holdings in the country's currency reach 100% of the quota) are divided into four credit shares, or tranches (Credit Tranches), each constituting 25% of the quota . Member countries' access to IMF credit resources within the framework of credit shares is limited: the amount of a country's currency in the IMF's assets cannot exceed 200% of its quota (including 75% of the quota contributed by subscription). Thus, the maximum amount of credit that a country can receive from the Fund as a result of using reserve and credit shares is 125% of its quota. However, the charter gives the IMF the right to suspend this restriction. On this basis, the Fund's resources are in many cases used in amounts exceeding the limit fixed in the charter. Therefore, the concept of “Upper Credit Tranches” began to mean not only 75% of the quota, as in the early period of the IMF, but amounts exceeding the first credit share.
3. Stand-by Arrangements (since 1952) provide the member country with a guarantee that, within a certain amount and during the term of the agreement, subject to the specified conditions, the country can freely receive foreign currency from the IMF in exchange for national currency. This practice of providing loans is the opening of a line of credit. While the use of the first credit share can be carried out in the form of an outright purchase of foreign currency after the Fund approves its request, the allocation of funds for the account of the upper credit shares is usually carried out through arrangements with member countries for reserve credits. From the 50s to the mid-70s, stand-by loan agreements had a term of up to a year, since 1977 - up to 18 months and even up to 3 years due to increasing balance of payments deficits.
4. The Extended Fund Facility (since 1974) supplemented the reserve and credit shares. It is designed to provide loans for longer periods and in large sizes in relation to quotas than within the framework of regular credit shares. The basis for a country's request to the IMF for a loan under expanded lending is a serious imbalance in the balance of payments caused by adverse structural changes in production, trade or prices. Extended loans are usually provided for three years, if necessary - up to four years, in certain portions (tranches) at specified intervals - once every six months, quarterly or (in some cases) monthly. The main purpose of stand-by loans and extended loans is to assist IMF member countries in implementing macroeconomic stabilization programs or structural reforms. The Fund requires the borrowing country to fulfill certain conditions, and the degree of their severity increases as they move from one loan share to another. Certain conditions must be met before receiving a loan. The obligations of the borrowing country, providing for its implementation of relevant financial and economic activities, are recorded in the “Letter of Intent” or Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies sent to the IMF. The progress in fulfilling obligations by the country receiving the loan is monitored by periodically assessing the special performance criteria provided for in the agreement. These criteria can be either quantitative, relating to certain macroeconomic indicators, or structural, reflecting institutional changes. If the IMF considers that a country is using a loan in conflict with the goals of the Fund and is not fulfilling its obligations, it may limit its lending and refuse to provide the next tranche. Thus, this mechanism allows the IMF to exert economic pressure on borrowing countries.
Unlike the World Bank, the IMF's activities focus on relatively short-term macroeconomic crises. The World Bank provides loans only to poor countries, the IMF can provide loans to any of its member countries that lack foreign exchange to cover short-term financial obligations.
Structure of governing bodies
The highest governing body of the IMF is the Board of Governors, in which each member country is represented by a governor and his deputy. These are usually finance ministers or central bankers. The Council is responsible for deciding key issues activities of the Fund: amendments to the Articles of Agreement, admission and exclusion of member countries, determination and revision of their shares in the capital, election of executive directors. Governors usually meet in session once a year, but may hold meetings and vote by mail at any time.
The authorized capital is about 217 billion SDR (as of January 2008, 1 SDR was equal to approximately 1.5 US dollars). Formed by contributions from member states, each of which usually pays approximately 25% of its quota in SDRs or in the currencies of other members, and the remaining 75% in its own national currency. Based on the size of quotas, votes are distributed among member countries in governing bodies IMF.
The Executive Board, which sets policy and is responsible for most decisions, consists of 24 executive directors. Directors are appointed by the eight countries with the largest quotas in the Fund - the United States, Japan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, China, Russia and Saudi Arabia. The remaining 176 countries are organized into 16 groups, each of which elects an executive director. An example of such a group of countries is the unification of the countries of the former Central Asian republics of the USSR under the leadership of Switzerland, which was called Helvetistan. Often groups are formed by countries with similar interests and usually from the same region, such as French-speaking countries in Africa.
The largest number of votes in the IMF (as of June 16, 2006) are: USA - 17.08% (16.407% - 2011); Germany - 5.99%; Japan - 6.13% (6.46% - 2011); Great Britain - 4.95%; France - 4.95%; Saudi Arabia - 3.22%; China - 2.94% (6.394% - 2011); Russia - 2.74%. The share of 15 EU member countries is 30.3%, 29 member countries of the Organization economic cooperation and Development have a combined 60.35% of votes in the IMF. The share of other countries, making up over 84% of the Fund's membership, accounts for only 39.65%.
The IMF operates on the principle of a “weighted” number of votes: the ability of member countries to influence the Fund’s activities through voting is determined by their share in its capital. Each state has 250 “basic” votes, regardless of the size of its contribution to the capital, and an additional one vote for every 100 thousand SDR of the amount of this contribution. If a country bought (sold) SDRs received during the initial issue of SDRs, the number of its votes increases (decreases) by 1 for every 400 thousand purchased (sold) SDRs. This adjustment is made by no more than 1/4 of the number of votes received for the country's contribution to the capital of the Fund. This arrangement ensures a decisive majority of votes for the leading states.
Decisions in the Board of Governors are usually made by a simple majority (at least half) of votes, and important issues, having an operational or strategic nature - by a “special majority” (70 or 85% of the votes of the member countries, respectively). Despite a slight reduction in the share of voting power of the US and EU, they can still veto key decisions of the Fund, the adoption of which requires a maximum majority (85%). This means that the United States, together with leading Western countries, has the opportunity to exercise control over the decision-making process in the IMF and direct its activities based on their interests. With coordinated action, developing countries are also able to prevent decisions that do not suit them. However, achieving consistency a large number heterogeneous countries is difficult. At a meeting of the Fund's leaders in April 2004, the intention was expressed to “expand the opportunities developing countries and countries with transition economies to participate more effectively in the decision-making mechanism of the IMF."
Significant role in organizational structure The IMF plays the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC). From 1974 until September 1999, its predecessor was the Interim Committee on the International Monetary System. It consists of 24 IMF governors, including from Russia, and meets twice a year. This committee is an advisory body of the Board of Governors and has no power to make policy decisions. However, he does important functions: directs the activities of the Executive Council; develops strategic decisions related to the functioning of the global monetary system and the activities of the IMF; submits to the Board of Governors proposals for amendments to the IMF's Articles of Agreement. A similar role is also played by the Development Committee - the Joint Ministerial Committee of the Boards of Governors of the World Bank and the Fund (Joint IMF - World Bank Development Committee).
Board of Governors (1999) The Board of Governors delegates many of its powers to the Executive Board, a directorate that is responsible for the conduct of the affairs of the IMF, which includes a wide range of political, operational and administrative issues, in particular the provision of loans to member countries and overseeing their exchange rate policies.
The IMF Executive Board elects a Managing Director for a five-year term, who heads the Fund's staff (as of March 2009 - about 2,478 people from 143 countries). Typically it represents one of European countries. Managing Director (since July 5, 2011) - Christine Lagarde (France), her first deputy is John Lipsky (USA). The head of the IMF permanent mission in Russia is Odd Per Brekk.