Program "I love Psychology 

The population of the globe - description, features and interesting facts. Distribution of races on the surface of the earth

Humanity is a mosaic of races and peoples that inhabit our globe. The representative of each race and each nation has a number of differences in comparison with representatives of other population systems.

However, all people, despite their race and ethnicity, are an integral part of a single whole - earthly humanity.

The concept of "race", division into races

A race is a system of a population of people who have a similarity of biological characteristics that have been formed under the influence of the natural conditions of the territory of their origin. Race is the result of adaptation human body under the natural conditions in which he had to live.

The formation of races took place over many millennia. According to anthropologists, at the moment there are three main races on the planet, including more than ten anthropological types.

Representatives of each race are interconnected by common areas and genes that provoke the emergence of physiological differences from representatives of other races.

Caucasoid race: signs and resettlement

The Caucasoid or Eurasian race is the largest race in the world in terms of numbers. A characteristic feature of the appearance of a person belonging to the Caucasian race is an oval face, straight or wavy soft hair, a wide slit of the eyes, and an average thickness of the lips.

The color of eyes, hair and skin varies depending on the region of the population, but always has light shades. Representatives of the Caucasian race evenly inhabit the entire planet.

The final settlement on the continents occurred after the end of the century of geographical discoveries. Very often, people of the Caucasian race tried to prove their dominant position in front of representatives of other races.

Negroid race: signs, origin and resettlement

The Negroid race is one of the three major races. The characteristic features of people belonging to the Negroid race are elongated limbs, dark, melanin-rich skin, a wide flat nose, large eyes, curly hair.

Modern scientists believe that the first person of the Negroid race arose around the 40th century BC. in present-day Egypt. The main region of settlement of representatives of the Negroid race is South Africa. Over the past centuries, people of the Negroid race have settled down significantly in the West Indies, Brazil, France and the United States.

Unfortunately, representatives of the Negroid race have been oppressed by "white" people for many centuries. They faced such anti-democratic phenomena as slavery and discrimination.

Mongoloid race: signs and resettlement

The Mongoloid race is one of the largest world races. The characteristic features of this race are: swarthy skin color, narrow slit eyes, short stature, thin lips.

Representatives of the Mongoloid race mainly inhabit the territory of Asia, Indonesia, the islands of Oceania. AT recent times the number of people of this race begins to increase in all countries of the world, which is caused by the intensification of the wave of migration.

The peoples that inhabit the earth

People - a certain group of people who have a common series of historical features - culture, language, religion, territory. Traditionally, a stable common feature of a people is its language. However, in our time, there are cases when different peoples speak the same language.

For example, the Irish and Scots speak English language although they are not British. To date, there are several tens of thousands of peoples in the world, which are systematized into 22 families of peoples. Many peoples that existed before disappeared or assimilated with other peoples at that moment.

Human Origins. The most important stage in the development geographical envelope The earth was the emergence of man. Bee humanity belongs to the biological species Homo sapiens (reasonable man), which is part of the family of hominids, the order of primates, the class of mammals. Other members of the hominin family are the ancestors of modern humans and are known only in the fossil state. The closest relatives of man in the animal world are modern great apes.
The order of primates, according to the most common point of view, includes three suborders - lemur-like (lemurs), tarsier-like (tarsiers) and human-like, that is, all higher and lower, monkeys and humans. The most ancient representatives of primates - lemurs and tarsiers - appeared in the fauna of the globe already in the first half of the Paleogene and widely settled on its surface. At the end of the Paleogene, monkeys began to appear on the continents of the Old World, and already in the Oligocene deposits the remains of higher narrow-nosed monkeys were found, from which the ancestors of modern man, the hominids, as well as the ancestors of modern anthropoid apes, anthropomorphic monkeys, subsequently emerged.
On the continents of the New World, monkeys also appeared in the Paleogene, but there they were represented by a special branch of humanoids - the lower broad-nosed monkeys. The narrow-nosed apes as a whole, and hence the great apes, are absent from both the fossil and modern fauna of America.
The fauna of Australia lacked not only all primates, but almost all higher mammals in general.
Apes reached a particularly wide distribution and great diversity in the Miocene and Pliocene, and the area of ​​\u200b\u200btheir settlement covered Europe, a significant part of Africa and western Asia right up to North India. Obviously, most of them led an arboreal lifestyle, like all other primates, but it is possible that even then certain types of monkeys living on the earth appeared.
At the beginning of the Quaternary period, anthropoid apes were still very widespread, and in the structure of some of them there is a great similarity with humans and with modern anthropomorphic apes.
In the open, treeless expanses of South Africa, apparently, lived upright bipedal monkeys, which were distinguished by a particularly great resemblance to modern man. These fossils african monkeys, who lived in herds, are united in the subfamily of Australopithecus. Their essential features were upright posture, the presence of pelvic bones, hips and the arrangement of teeth, very much reminiscent of human ones. Australopithecus can be considered the ancestors of hominids, and therefore of modern humans.
The transition of certain groups of great apes from an arboreal lifestyle to a terrestrial existence and bipedal walking contributed to the liberation of the forelimbs and the expansion of their functions, i.e. the appearance of hands and the transition to upright walking, as well as the herd lifestyle of our ancestors, creating the possibility of collective protection and mutual support . In the process of the struggle for existence, Australopithecus developed the beginnings of labor activity, which in turn led to the development and improvement of the whole organism of our ancestors.
It was labor, as was proved by F. Engels in his famous work “The role of labor in the process of turning a monkey into a man”, that was the main driving force evolution from apes to humans. In the process of labor and close communication of our ancestors with each other, the most important means of communication appeared - speech, with the development of which the brain and consciousness improved.
The transition of human ancestors to the manufacture of tools, i.e., to conscious labor activity, contributes to the transformation of the primitive herd of anthropoid apes into human society, the development of which takes place in the future not only according to biological laws, but also according to new, social laws.
The appearance of the first hominids - the oldest people or ape-people (proto- or archanthropes) - should be attributed to the very beginning of the Pleistocene (or the very end of the Neogene, according to other classifications). Findings of bone remains on the island of Java (Pithecanthropus), in northern China (Synanthropus), near Heidelberg in Germany (Heidelberg Man), etc., belong to different stages development of archanthropes and testify to their very wide distribution across the continents of the Old World from the Yellow River basin to the islands of the Malay Archipelago and from Western Europe to South Africa.
In many structural features, the most ancient people were still very close to anthropomorphic monkeys, but at the same time they were much closer to modern man than their ancestors, the Australopithecus. There is evidence that the earliest people used fire, although they did not know how to produce it.
The next stage of human evolution were ancient people (paleoanthropes), or, as they were originally called, Neanderthals (after the Neandertal valley near Düsseldorf, where the bone remains of human ancestors of this stage of development were first found).
Neanderthals lived between 200-300 millennia and 40-50 millennia BC, i.e., in the first half of the Pleistocene (the Lower Paleolithic era). They were widely distributed throughout Eurasia and Africa. Their bone remains were found on the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in the Crimea, on the island of Java, in Palestine, in the area of ​​Lake. Victoria in Africa.
Neanderthals made tools not only from stone, but also from bone, knew how to make fire artificially, lived in caves, and obtained food by gathering and hunting. The time of the greatest prosperity of the Neanderthals coincides with the time of maximum glaciation, so the climate of most of the inhabited territory was harsh, the animal world included a mammoth, a woolly rhinoceros, a cave bear and other large animals, the fight against which was difficult and dangerous.
In the process of labor and mutual communication, articulate speech developed, which in turn contributed to the rapid improvement of the brain. “First labor, and then along with it articulate speech were the two most important stimuli under the influence of which the monkey brain gradually turned into a human brain ... ". brain development and brain activity entailed the improvement of methods of obtaining food and protection from enemies, as well as the change and improvement of the entire organism of ancient man. The Neanderthals were replaced by modern humans. By the name of the village of Cro-Magnon (Central Massif of France), where the main finds of fossil people of the modern type were discovered, they are often called Cro-Magnons. Currently, the term "neoanthrope" has become widespread.
The first finds of bone remains of modern humans date back to the beginning of the 19th century. in Western Europe. These remains, found in deposits from the end of the Ice Age (Pleistocene) on the border between the Lower and Upper Paleolithic, testify to high development Cro-Magnons, about significant differences in their structure from paleoanthropes and almost complete similarity with modern people. At the same time, it should be noted that people of the neoanthrope stage, who lived in different parts of the globe, had quite clearly defined racial differences.
Ancestral home of man. polycentrism and monocentrism. At present, most anthropologists recognize that humanity belongs to one biological species and its origin from one species of animal ancestors.
He also causes controversy and the fact that a person could appear only on the continents of the Old World.
Neither America nor Australia, which did not have the closest relatives and ancestors of man in their animal world, could be the ancestral home of mankind. Also excluded is the north of Eurasia, which was covered with continental ice just in the period during which the formation of a modern type of man took place. Consequently, the areas of human origin could be located only in the southern half of Eurasia or in Africa.
However, there is still no consensus on the question of whether this entire territory was the scene of the emergence of man through the gradual evolution of all groups settled over it, or whether man arose from any one group of paleoanthropes, within a limited area.
The first theory - the theory of polycentrism - is popular in the West and is also supported by some Soviet anthropologists. The majority of Soviet researchers, however, belong to the group of supporters of monocentrism, that is, the theory of the emergence of man within one limited area. The location of this area is still controversial. Many data give reason to believe that it was located in the southern half of Africa. However, there are suggestions in favor of Central and South Asia.
human races. Within a single biological species to which all mankind belongs, there are pronounced physical differences.
People inhabiting various regions of the globe differ from each other in the color of their skin, hair and eyes, in the structural features of the skull, soft parts of the face, and many other physical characteristics that are inherited and are called racial characteristics. Historically formed groups of people, united by a common origin, expressed in a common hereditary signs of body structure, are called human races.
The formation of racial differences took place at the early stages of the formation and development of man under the influence of various natural conditions and isolation large groups people from each other. The beginning of the formation of modern races dates back to the Upper Paleolithic. Findings of bone remains of people of a modern species in the deposits of that time in different parts of the globe indicate the existence of pronounced physical differences among them.
In the course of the development of human society, large groups of people spread throughout the globe and adapted to natural conditions. At present, racial traits have lost their adaptive significance and have survived only as hereditary traits. It is customary to distinguish three main, so-called large races: Mongoloid, Caucasoid and Equatorial, or Negro-Australoid.
The characteristic features of the Mongoloid race are the yellowish color of the skin (therefore they used to say the “yellow” race), black straight coarse hair, protruding cheekbones, and a somewhat oblique slit of the eyes. The upper eyelid of many Mongoloids extends beyond the lower, forming a special fold (epicanthus) that protects the eyes from strong wind and dust. This sign developed among the Mongoloids because this race was formed in the desert and steppe regions of Asia with a dry climate, strong winds and dusty air.
For most representatives of the Caucasoid ("white") race, whitish skin is characteristic. Ho people living in warmer countries, the skin is swarthy. The hair is light, dark and even black, straight or wavy, the nose is straight, the face is narrow.
A characteristic feature of people of the equatorial race is a dark (sometimes almost black) skin color. On this basis, earlier this race was called "black". The dark color of the skin depends on the content of a special coloring matter in it - melanin, which weakens the effect of sunlight (especially ultraviolet) rays on the human body. The equatorial race was formed in the hottest regions of the globe, located close to the equator. In addition to dark skin, representatives of the equatorial race are characterized by black wavy or curly hair, a wide nose, and thick lips.
Branches are distinguished within the large races, and within them so-called small races.
Part of the Mongoloids 25-30 thousand years ago moved through the northeast of Asia to America, forming the American branch, which, according to a number of physical signs close to Caucasian.
Within the Asian branch of the Mongoloid race, in turn, a number of small races stand out: Northern Mongoloids, Eastern Mongoloids, etc.
The large equatorial race, in the process of its formation, was divided into two branches - the Oceanian and the African. Races are distinguished in each branch: in the Oceanian - Australian, Vedoid, Melanesian, etc.; in African - Negro, Bushman-Hotentot and Negril.
The large Caucasoid race is also subdivided into two branches - northern and southern.
In the process of the development of human society and its settlement on the continents, the geographical isolation of individual groups of people gradually disappeared, and communication between races increased. As a result of this, a process of mixing of races took place, the result of which are transitional and mixed anthropological types.
In modern racial classifications, mixed forms of ancient origin are distinguished, then mixed forms formed in the Middle Ages and modern times.
The first category of transitional and mixed races formed in the early stages human history mainly as a result of contacts between large races. This category includes, for example, the Dravidian race, formed as a result of contacts between Caucasoids and Australoids, the Ethiopian race - in the area of ​​​​contacts between Negroids and Caucasoids, etc.
In the Middle Ages, some anthropological types of Asia were formed (for example, Central Asian, South Siberian), Africa (Sudanese), etc.
The mixed types of modern times include the mestizo population, which was formed as a result of the settlement of representatives of Caucasians on the continents of the Western Hemisphere. These mixed types include mestizos and mulattos of the North and South America, the "colored" population of South Africa and some others.
At the present time, not all peoples can be fully attributed by their physical type to any one large race. In the composition of one people, one can meet representatives of various races and anthropological types, and some physical types can only be attributed to one or another race with great difficulty.
Equivalence of races and criticism of racism. A detailed study of the features of the physical structure of a person in general and the features of the structure of representatives of various human races confirms the fact that all mankind belongs to one biological species and its emergence in one center. According to the main, most significant features of the body structure, all human races are very close to each other and to the same extent significantly differ from their original form - the anthropomorphic monkey. Similar features common to all representatives of the Homo sapiens species are, firstly, those that provide upright posture - the length of the foot in relation to the length of the thigh, the structure of the foot, the structure of the muscles of the legs, etc. Further, the structure belongs to the category of similar features hands, larynx and brain. All of the listed signs of body structure are associated with the social labor activity of people and are the most essential features of a person that distinguish him from his ape-like ancestor and monkeys.
In addition, all human races are similar to each other in many other, less significant ways. All this points to the same level of development of all races, to their biological equivalence and to the same adaptation to labor activity.
The differences that exist between races (color of the skin, hair and eyes, hair shape, height, structure of the skull and soft parts of the face, etc.) belong to minor, insignificant features of a person and do not enter into the category of signs that distinguish a person from monkeys. Therefore, belonging to a particular race cannot be considered as evidence of more or less high level development, greater or lesser proximity to the ape-like ancestor of man. It has also been established that all races also have features similar to monkeys, and that these features are more or less evenly distributed among all races. All these data serve as a refutation of pseudoscientific theories about the unequal value of races and about the superiority of some races over others, propagated by some representatives of bourgeois science. In an effort to justify the imperialist policy of oppression of some peoples by others, reactionary bourgeois scientists preach the biological superiority of the "higher" (Caucasoid) race over the "lower" (Mongoloid and Equatorial). Proclaiming the thesis about the "inferiority" of the equatorial and Mongoloid races, about the inability of the peoples belonging to these races to independent all-round development, they point to the supposedly greater biological proximity of these races to monkeys, and also argue that various races descended from different ancestors. It is characteristic that at present there are almost no supporters of racism among bourgeois anthropologists.
Soviet science stands on the point of view that all human races are equally capable of progress and that the inequality in the level of development of different peoples that exists to this day is due to the uneven development of human society and does not in the least depend on the racial affiliation of this or that people. . The backwardness of many peoples of Asia and Africa is explained by their difficult colonial past.
Language. Racial characteristics, although they are a consequence public history, in modern society are only of secondary importance.
The most important distinguishing feature of man in comparison with animals is language - the main means of communication between people. "Being brought to life by the needs of people's communication in the process of labor, language arises and develops along with thinking, penetrating into all aspects of the activity of human society."
The similarity of language is the most important condition for the formation of tribes, nationalities, nations, i.e., those ethnic communities into which the modern population of the Earth is divided.
By common origin from one language, the main modern languages are combined into groups, and related groups - into linguistic families. At the same time, the linguistic kinship of peoples does not reveal an organic connection with the division of mankind into races, although in some cases there is a coincidence of the distribution areas of some racial types and certain language families and groups.
Due to the fact that language is of great all-round importance in the formation of ethnic communities, the basis modern classification of the peoples of the world in Soviet enthography, a linguistic, i.e., linguistic, affiliation is assumed, and all peoples are united into families and groups corresponding to linguistic families and groups.
The most common are the 10 languages ​​of the world, which are spoken by almost 60% of all mankind: Chinese (690 million people), English (270 million people), Russian (150 million people), Spanish (150 million people). ), Hindi and Urdu (150-180 million people), Japanese (95 million people), German (90 million people), Arabic (85 million people), Portuguese (85 million people) , French (60 million people).
Number, distribution and population density. As of the beginning of 1965, approximately 3,200 million people live on the globe. Throughout human history, not only the population has changed, but also the rate of its growth.
According to available scientific data, at the beginning of the Neolithic (10-15 thousand years ago), only a few million people lived on the globe and the population increased very slowly. By the beginning of our era, the population of the Earth was approximately 200 million people, in 1000 - 300 million people.
With the growth of productive forces and the decrease in the dependence of human society on nature, the rate of population growth increased more and more. In 1500, the world's population was already about 500 million people, in 1800 - more than 900 million, and by the beginning of the 20th century. - more than 1600 million people. Over the past century and a half, the rate of population growth, despite devastating wars, has been particularly rapid. To date, compared with 1900, the world population has doubled. Recently, the world's population has been increasing by an average of 60 million a year.
The rapid increase in the rate of population growth is associated with the development of productive forces, economic and cultural progress, first of all in Europe, and then in other parts of the world. The development of health care and the fight against epidemics have led to a sharp reduction in mortality, first in Europe, and in recent decades in developing countries Asia and Africa. While maintaining a high birth rate, especially characteristic of the countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America, population growth rates are continuously increasing, and, according to the calculations of the UN Demographic Service, the world population by the year 2000 should exceed 6 billion people.
The English reactionary economist Malthus (early 19th century) argued that the population of the world tends to grow faster than the means of subsistence, and that this must inevitably lead to an absolute overpopulation of the world. Some modern bourgeois followers of Malthus are trying to prove that the rapid growth of the population, allegedly obeying only biological laws, is the main cause plight workers, especially in economically backward countries, and will inevitably lead to a shortage of means of consumption to provide for the population of the whole world. By this they, by the way, seek to justify imperialist wars that reduce population growth. However, the classics of Marxism-Leninism proved that population growth does not depend on the laws of nature, but on the laws of the development of society. Under the conditions of the advanced socialist system, the level of development of the productive forces is so high that the growth of the output of social production outstrips the growth of the population and must fully ensure a high standard of living for the people.
The distribution of population across the globe is extremely uneven. Over 85% live in the Eastern Hemisphere, with more than 2,400 million people in Eurasia, that is, 77% of the total population of the globe, more than 260 million people in Africa, and 17 million people in Australia and Oceania. About 420 million people live on both American continents.
With an average population density of inhabited continents of 24 people per 1 sq. km. km average density in foreign Europe per 1 sq. km - 86, in Asia (without Russia) - 67, in Russia - 10, in America - 10, Africa - 9, Australia and Oceania - about 2 people per 1 sq. km. km.
About 10% of the land is completely devoid of a permanent population. Such territories include Antarctica, the polar islands of America and Asia, some desert areas Central Asia and Africa.
Population distribution within habitable land also has big differences, depending on the interaction of a number of factors: natural conditions and related types economic activity people, the age of settlement of a particular territory and the level of social development of the people within a particular country.
On the fertile lowlands, in the most ancient centers of agricultural culture, on the coasts of the seas and oceans, where important trade routes pass, or in areas with the most highly developed industry, the population density is sometimes tens of times higher than the average population density of the inhabited land, reaching 500, 600 and even 1000 person per sq. km. On the other hand, areas that have only recently begun to be settled or economically backward, unfavorable in their natural features for development - tundra, dry steppes and deserts, taiga or tropical forests have a low population density, barely reaching 1 person per 1 sq. km or even less.

The population of our planet is so diverse that one can only be surprised. What kind of nationalities, nationalities you will not meet! Everyone has their own faith, customs, traditions, orders. Its beautiful and unusual culture. However, all these differences are formed only by the people themselves in the process of social historical development. And what underlies the differences that appear externally? After all, we are all very different:

  • blacks;
  • yellow-skinned;
  • white;
  • with different eye colors
  • various heights, etc.

It is obvious that the reasons are purely biological, not dependent on the people themselves and formed over thousands of years of evolution. This is how the modern races of man were formed, which theoretically explain the visual diversity of human morphology. Let us consider in more detail what this term is, what is its essence and meaning.

The concept of "race of people"

What is a race? It is not a nation, not a people, not a culture. These concepts should not be confused. After all, representatives of different nationalities and cultures can freely belong to the same race. Therefore, the definition can be given such as the science of biology gives.

Human races are a set of external morphological features, that is, those that are the phenotype of a representative. They were formed under the influence of external conditions, the impact of a complex of biotic and abiotic factors, and were fixed in the genotype during evolutionary processes. Thus, the signs that underlie the division of people into races should include:

  • growth;
  • skin and eye color;
  • structure and shape of hair;
  • hairiness of the skin;
  • features of the structure of the face and its parts.

All those signs of Homo sapiens as a biological species that lead to the formation of the external appearance of a person, but do not affect his personal, spiritual and social qualities and manifestations, as well as the level of self-development and self-education.

People of different races have a completely identical biological springboard for the development of certain abilities. Their general karyotype is the same:

  • women - 46 chromosomes, that is, 23 pairs of XX;
  • men - 46 chromosomes, 22 pairs XX, 23 pairs - XY.

This means that all representatives of a reasonable person are one and the same, among them there are no more or less developed, superior to others, higher. From a scientific point of view, everyone is equal.

Types of human races, formed over about 80 thousand years, have an adaptive value. It is proved that each of them was formed in order to provide a person with the possibility of a normal existence in a given habitat, to facilitate adaptability to climatic, relief and other conditions. There is a classification showing which races of Homo sapiens existed before, and which are at the present time.

Race classification

She is not alone. The thing is that until the 20th century it was customary to distinguish 4 races of people. These were the following varieties:

  • Caucasian;
  • australoid;
  • negroid;
  • Mongoloid.

For each, detailed characteristic features were described by which any individual of the human species could be identified. However, later the classification became widespread, which includes only 3 human races. This became possible due to the unification of the Australoid and Negroid groups into one.

Therefore, the modern types of human races are as follows.

  1. Large: Caucasoid (European), Mongoloid (Asian-American), Equatorial (Australian-Negroid).
  2. Small: many different branches that were formed from one of the large races.

Each of them has its own characteristics, characteristics, external manifestations in the form of people. All of them are considered by anthropologists, and the science itself that studies this issue is biology. Human races have interested people since ancient times. After all, completely contrasting external features often became the cause of racial strife and conflict.

genetic research recent years allow us to speak again about the division of the equatorial group into two. Consider all 4 races of people who stood out earlier and have become relevant again recently. We note the signs and features.

australoid race

Typical representatives of this group include the indigenous people of Australia, Melanesia, Southeast Asia, and India. Also the name of this race is Australo-Veddoid or Australo-Melanesian. All synonyms make it clear which minor races are included in this group. They are the following:

  • australoids;
  • veddoids;
  • Melanesians.

In general, the characteristics of each group represented do not vary too much among themselves. There are several main features that characterize all small races of people of the Australoid group.

  1. Dolichocephaly - an elongated shape of the skull in relation to the proportions of the rest of the body.
  2. Deep-set eyes, wide slit. The color of the iris is predominantly dark, sometimes almost black.
  3. The nose is wide, the bridge of the nose is pronounced flat.
  4. The body hair is very well developed.
  5. The hair on the head is dark in color (sometimes natural blonds are found among Australians, which was the result of a once-fixed natural genetic mutation of the species). Their structure is rigid, they can be curly or slightly curly.
  6. The growth of people is average, often above average.
  7. The physique is thin, elongated.

Within the Australoid group, people of different races differ from each other sometimes quite strongly. So, a native of Australia can be a tall blonde with a dense build, with straight hair, with light brown eyes. At the same time, the Melanesian will be a thin, short dark-skinned representative who has curly black hair and almost black eyes.

Therefore, the above common features for the whole race - this is only an average version of their cumulative analysis. Naturally, miscegenation also takes place - a mixture of different groups as a result of natural crossing of species. That is why it is sometimes very difficult to identify a particular representative and attribute him to one or another small and large race.

Negroid race

The people who make up this group are the settlers of the following territories:

  • Eastern, Central and Southern Africa;
  • part of Brazil;
  • some peoples of the USA;
  • representatives of the West Indies.

In general, such races of people as Australoids and Negroids used to be united in the equatorial group. However, research in the 21st century has proved the failure of this order. After all, the differences in the signs shown between the designated races are too great. And some similarities are explained very simply. After all, the habitats of these individuals are very similar in terms of the conditions of existence, therefore, the adaptations in appearance are also close.

So, the representatives of the Negroid race are characterized by the following signs.

  1. Very dark, sometimes blue-black, skin color, as it is especially rich in melanin content.
  2. Wide eye slit. They are large, dark brown, almost black.
  3. The hair is dark, curly, coarse.
  4. Growth varies, often low.
  5. The limbs are very long, especially the arms.
  6. The nose is wide and flat, the lips are very thick, fleshy.
  7. The jaw is devoid of a chin protrusion and protrudes forward.
  8. Ears are large.
  9. Facial hair is poorly developed, beard and mustache are absent.

Negroids are easy to distinguish from others by external data. Below are the different races of people. The photo reflects how clearly Negroids differ from Europeans and Mongoloids.

Mongoloid race

Representatives of this group are characterized special features, which allow them to adapt to fairly severe external conditions: desert sands and winds, blinding snow drifts and so on.

Mongoloids are the indigenous people of Asia and much of America. Their characteristic features are as follows.

  1. Narrow or slanting eyes.
  2. The presence of epicanthus - a specialized skin fold aimed at covering inner corner eyes.
  3. The color of the iris is light to dark brown.
  4. characterized by brachycephaly (short head).
  5. Superciliary ridges thickened, strongly protruding.
  6. Sharp high cheekbones are well defined.
  7. The hairline on the face is poorly developed.
  8. The hair on the head is coarse, dark in color, of a straight structure.
  9. The nose is not wide, the bridge of the nose is low.
  10. Lips of different thickness, usually narrow.
  11. Skin color varies in different representatives from yellow to swarthy, there are also light-skinned people.

It should be noted that another characteristic feature is short stature, both in men and women. It is the Mongoloid group that prevails in numbers, if we compare the main races of people. They populated almost all climatographic zones of the Earth. Close to them in terms of quantitative characteristics are Caucasians, which we will consider below.

Caucasian race

First of all, we will designate the predominant habitats of people from this group. This is:

  • Europe.
  • North Africa.
  • Western Asia.

Thus, representatives unite the two main parts of the world - Europe and Asia. Since the living conditions were also very different, then the general signs are again an average option after analyzing all the indicators. Thus, the following features of appearance can be distinguished.

  1. Mesocephaly - medium head in the structure of the skull.
  2. Horizontal section of the eyes, absence of strongly pronounced superciliary ridges.
  3. Narrow protruding nose.
  4. Lips of different thickness, usually of medium size.
  5. Soft curly or straight hair. There are blondes, brunettes, brown-haired.
  6. Eye color from light blue to brown.
  7. Skin color also varies from pale, white to swarthy.
  8. The hairline is very well developed, especially on the chest and face of men.
  9. The jaws are orthognathic, that is, slightly pushed forward.

In general, a European is easy to distinguish from others. Appearance allows you to do this almost unmistakably, even without using additional genetic data.

If you look at all the races of people, the photo of whose representatives is located below, the difference becomes obvious. However, sometimes the signs are mixed so deeply that the identification of the individual becomes almost impossible. He is able to belong to two races at once. This is further aggravated by intraspecific mutation, which leads to the appearance of new traits.

For example, albinos-Negroids are special case the appearance of blondes in the Negroid race. A genetic mutation that disrupts the integrity of racial traits in a given group.

Origin of human races

Where did such a variety of signs of the appearance of people come from? There are two main hypotheses that explain the origin of human races. This is:

  • monocentrism;
  • polycentrism.

However, none of them has yet become an officially accepted theory. According to the monocentric point of view, initially, about 80 thousand years ago, all people lived in the same territory, and therefore their appearance was approximately the same. However, over time, growing numbers have led to a wider settlement of people. As a result, some groups found themselves in difficult climatic conditions.

This led to the development and consolidation at the genetic level of some morphological adaptations that help in survival. For example, dark skin and curly hair provide thermoregulation and a cooling effect on the head and body in Negroids. And the narrow cut of the eyes protects them from sand and dust, as well as from blinding by white snow among the Mongoloids. The developed hairline of Europeans is a kind of thermal insulation in severe winters.

Another hypothesis is called polycentrism. She says that different types races of man descended from several ancestral groups that were unevenly settled around the globe. That is, there were initially several foci, from which the development and consolidation of racial characteristics began. Again, under the influence of climatic conditions.

That is, the process of evolution proceeded linearly, simultaneously affecting aspects of life on different continents. This is how the formation of modern types of people from several phylogenetic lines took place. However, it is not necessary to state for sure about the validity of this or that hypothesis, since there is no evidence of a biological and genetic nature, at the molecular level.

Modern classification

The races of people according to the estimates of current scientists have the following classification. Two trunks stand out, and each of them has three large races and many small ones. It looks like this.

1. Western trunk. Includes three races:

  • Caucasians;
  • capoids;
  • negroids.

The main groups of Caucasians: Nordic, Alpine, Dinaric, Mediterranean, Falian, East Baltic and others.

Minor races of capoids: Bushmen and Khoisans. They inhabit South Africa. In the fold above the eyelids, they are similar to the Mongoloids, but in other ways they differ sharply from them. The skin is not elastic, which is why the appearance of early wrinkles is characteristic of all representatives.

Groups of Negroids: Pygmies, Nilots, Negroes. They are all settlers. different parts Africa, therefore, the signs of appearance are similar. Very dark eyes, the same skin and hair. Thick lips and no chin protrusion.

2. Eastern trunk. Includes the following major races:

  • australoids;
  • americanoids;
  • Mongoloids.

Mongoloids - are divided into two groups - northern and southern. These are the indigenous inhabitants of the Gobi Desert, which left its mark on the appearance of these people.

Americanoids are the population of North and South America. They have a very high growth, the epicanthus is often developed, especially in children. However, the eyes are not as narrow as those of the Mongoloids. Combine the characteristics of several races.

Australoids consist of several groups:

  • Melanesians;
  • veddoids;
  • Ainu;
  • Polynesians;
  • Australians.

Their characteristic features have been discussed above.

Minor races

This concept is a rather highly specialized term that allows you to identify any person to any race. After all, each large one is subdivided into many small ones, and they are already compiled on the basis of not only small external hallmarks, but also includes data genetic research, clinical analyses, facts of molecular biology.

Therefore, small races - this is what allows you to more accurately reflect the position of each individual in the system of the organic world, and specifically, in the composition of the species Homo sapiens sapiens. What specific groups exist was discussed above.

Racism

As we found out, there are different races of people. Their signs can be strongly polar. This is what led to the emergence of the theory of racism. She says that one race is superior to another, since it is made up of more highly organized and perfect beings. At one time, this led to the appearance of slaves and their white masters.

However, from the point of view of science, this theory is completely absurd and untenable. The genetic predisposition to the development of certain skills and abilities is the same for all peoples. The proof that all races are biologically equal is the possibility of free interbreeding between them with the preservation of the health and viability of the offspring.

The population of our planet today exceeds 7 billion people. This figure is increasing every day.

Population of the Earth

Scientists have determined that in just a decade, the number of people on Earth will increase by 1 billion people. However, such dynamics of the demographic picture was not always so high.

A few centuries ago, the number of people increased slowly. People died from bad weather conditions and diseases at an early age, since the development of science and technology was at a low level.

To date, the largest countries in terms of population are Japan, China and India. The population of these three countries becomes half of the world's population.

The smallest number of people live in countries whose territory covers equatorial forests, tundra and taiga zones, as well as mountain ranges. The bulk of the world's population lives in the Northern Hemisphere (about 90%).

Races

All mankind is divided into races. Races are organized groups of people who are united by common external features - body structure, face shape, skin color, hair structure.

Such external signs were formed as a result of the adaptation of human physiology to environmental conditions. There are three major races: Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid.

The most numerous is the Caucasoid race, it includes about 45% of the world's population. Caucasoids inhabit the territory of Europe, part of Asia, South and North America and Australia.

The second largest is the Mongoloid race. The Mongoloid race includes people living in Asia, as well as natives North America- Indians.

The Negroid race ranks third in terms of numbers. Representatives of this race live in Africa. After the slaveholding period, representatives of the Negroid race remained to live in South and North America.

peoples

Large races are formed by representatives of many peoples. Most of the world's population belongs to the 20 major nations, their number exceeds 50 million people.

Peoples are communities of people who lived in the same territory for long periods of time. historical periods and united by cultural heritage.

AT modern world there are about 1500 peoples. The geography of their settlement is the most diverse. Some of them are settled all over the planet, some are around within the limits of the settlement.

I have questions, why are there only 4 races on Earth? Why are they so different from each other? How do different races have skin colors that match their area of ​​residence?

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First of all, we will examine the map of the settlement of the "Modern races of the world." In this analysis, we will not deliberately accept the position of either monogenism or polygenism. The purpose of our analysis and the entire study as a whole is precisely to understand exactly how the emergence of mankind and its development, including the development of writing, took place. Therefore, we cannot and will not rely in advance on any dogma, be it scientific or religious.

Why are there four different races on Earth? Naturally, four types of different races could not come from Adam and Eve....

So, under the letter "A" on the map are the races that, according to the data contemporary research, are ancient. These races include four:
Equatorial Negroid races (hereinafter "Negroid race" or "Negroids");
Equatorial Australoid races (hereinafter "Australoid race" or "Australoids");
Caucasoid races (hereinafter referred to as "Caucasoids");
Mongoloid races (hereinafter "Mongoloids").

2. Analysis of the modern mutual settlement of races.

Extremely interesting is the modern mutual settlement of the four main races.

Negroid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located from the center of Africa to its southern part. There is no negroid race anywhere outside of Africa. In addition, it is precisely the areas of settlement of the Negroid race that are currently the "suppliers" of the culture of the Stone Age - in South Africa there are still areas within which the population still exists in a primitive communal way of life.

We are talking about the archaeological culture of Wilton (Wilton, Wilton) of the late Stone Age, common in the South and East Africa. In some areas, it was replaced by the Neolithic with polished axes, but in most areas it existed until modern times: arrowheads made of stone and bone, earthenware, beads from the shell of ostrich eggs; people of the Wilton culture lived in grottoes and in the open air, hunted; agriculture and domestic animals were absent.

It is also interesting that on other continents there are no centers of settlement of the Negroid race. This, of course, indicates the fact that the origin of the Negroid race was originally in that part of Africa, which is located south of the center of the continent. It is worth noting that here we do not consider the later “migrations” of the Negroids to the American continent and their modern entry through the regions of France into the territory of Eurasia, since this is completely insignificant in time in the long run. historical process effect.

The Australoid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, which is located integrally in the north of Australia, as well as in extremely small fluctuations in the territory of India and on some isolated islands. The islands are so insignificantly populated by the Australoid race that they can be neglected when estimating the entire center of distribution of the Australoid race. This focus, quite reasonably, can be considered the northern part of Australia. It should be noted here that the Australoids, as well as the Negroids, for reasons unknown to today's science, are located exclusively within the same common range. Stone Age cultures are also found among the Australoid race. More precisely, those Australoid cultures that have not experienced the impact of Caucasoids are mainly in the Stone Age.

Caucasoid races are settled in the territory located in the European part of Eurasia, including the Kola Peninsula, as well as in Siberia, in the Urals, along the Yenisei, along the Amur, in the upper reaches of the Lena, in Asia, around the Caspian, Black, Red and Mediterranean Seas, in northern Africa , on the Arabian Peninsula, in India, on the two American continents, in southern Australia.

In this part of the analysis, we should dwell on the consideration of the area of ​​​​settlement of Caucasians in more detail.

First, for obvious reasons, we will exclude from historical estimates the territory of distribution of Caucasians in both Americas, since these territories were occupied by them in a not so distant historical time. The last “experience” of Caucasians does not affect the very history of the original settlement of peoples. The history of the settlement of mankind in general took place long before the American conquests of the Caucasians and without taking them into account.

Secondly, like the two previous races in terms of the description, the territory of distribution of Caucasoids (from this point onwards, under the “territory of distribution of Caucasoids” we will understand only its Eurasian part and northern Africa) is also clearly marked by the area of ​​their settlement. However, unlike the Negroid and Australoid races, the Caucasoid race has reached the highest flowering of culture, science, art, etc. among the existing races. Stone Age within the habitat of the Caucasoid race was in the vast majority of areas passed 30 - 40 thousand years BC. All modern scientific achievements of the most advanced nature are made precisely by the Caucasoid race. You can, of course, mention and argue with this statement, referring to the achievements of China, Japan and Korea, but let's be honest, all their achievements are purely secondary and they use, we must pay tribute - with success, but still use the primary achievements of Caucasians.

The Mongoloid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located integrally in the northeast and east of Eurasia and on both American continents. Among the Mongoloid race, as well as among the Negroid and Australoid races, to this day there are cultures of the Stone Age.
3. On the application of the laws of Organisms

The first thing that catches the eye of an inquisitive researcher looking at a map of the settlement of races is that the areas of settlement of races do not mutually intersect so that this concerns any noticeable territories. And, although on mutual borders the adjoining races give the product of their intersection, called "transitional races", the formation of such mixtures is classified according to time and is purely secondary and much later than the formation of the ancient races themselves.

To a large extent, this process of interpenetration of ancient races resembles diffusion in the physics of materials. We apply to the description of races and peoples the laws of Organisms, which are more unified and give us the right and opportunity to operate with equal ease and accuracy, both with materials and with peoples and races. Therefore, the mutual penetration of peoples - the diffusion of peoples and races - is completely subject to the law 3.8. (numbering of laws, as is customary in) Organisms, which says: "Everything moves."

Namely, not a single race (now we will not discuss the originality of one or the other) under any circumstances will remain without movement in any “frozen” state. We will not be able, following this law, to find at least one race or people that would arise in a certain territory at the moment of “minus infinity” and would remain within this territory until “plus infinity”.

And from this it follows that it is possible to work out the laws of motion of populations of organisms (nations).
4. Laws of motion of a population of organisms
Any people, any race, as, indeed, not only real, but also mythical (disappeared civilizations), always has a point of its origin, different from the one considered and as earlier;
Any nation, any race is represented not by the absolute values ​​of its population and its certain range, but by a system (matrix) of n-dimensional vectors that describe:
directions of settlement on the Earth's surface (two dimensions);
time intervals of such resettlement (one dimension);
…n. the values ​​of the mass transfer of information about the people (one complex dimension; this includes both the numerical composition and national, cultural, educational, religious, and other parameters).
5. Interesting observations

From the first law of population movement and taking into account a careful examination of the map of the current distribution of races, we can deduce the following observations.

First, even at the present historical time, all four ancient races are extremely isolated in terms of their distribution areas. Recall that we do not consider hereinafter the colonization by Negroids, Caucasians and Mongoloids of both Americas. These four races have the so-called cores of their ranges, which in no case coincide, that is, none of the races in the center of their range coincides with similar parameters of any other race.

Secondly, the central "points" (regions) of the ancient racial regions remain quite "pure" in composition at the present time. Moreover, the mixing of races occurs exclusively only on the borders of neighboring races. Never - by mixing races that were not historically located in the neighborhood. That is, we do not observe any mixing of the Mongoloid and Negroid races, since between them is the Caucasoid race, which, in turn, has mixtures with both Negroids and Mongoloids just at the points of contact with them.

Thirdly, if the central points of the settlement of races are determined by a simple geometric calculation, then it turns out that these points are located at the same distance from each other, equal to 6000 (plus or minus 500) kilometers:

Negroid point - 5 ° S, 20 ° E;

Caucasoid point - with. Batumi, the easternmost point of the Black Sea (41°N, 42°E);

Mongoloid point - ss. Aldan and Tomkot in the upper reaches of the Aldan River, a tributary of the Lena (58°N, 126°E);

Australoid point - 5° S, 122° E

Moreover, the points of the central regions of the settlement of the Mongoloid race on both American continents are also equidistant (and approximately at the same distance).

An interesting fact is that if all four central points of the settlement of races, as well as three points located in South, Central and North America, are connected, then a line will be obtained that resembles the bucket of the constellation Ursa Major, but inverted relative to its current position.
6. Conclusions

An assessment of the areas of settlement of races allows us to draw a number of conclusions and assumptions.
6.1. Conclusion 1:

It does not seem legitimate and substantiated a possible theory that suggests the birth and resettlement of modern races from one common point.

We are currently observing precisely the process that leads to the mutual averaging of the races. Like, for example, the experiment with water, when in cold water pour in some hot water. We understand that after some finite and quite estimated time, hot water will mix with cold water, and the temperature will be averaged. After that, the water will generally become somewhat warmer than cold before mixing, and somewhat colder than hot before mixing.

The situation is the same with the four old races - we are currently observing precisely the process of their mixing, when the races mutually penetrate each other, like cold and hot water, form mestizo races in the places of their contact.

If four races were formed from one center, then we would not observe mixing now. Since in order for four entities to form from one entity, a process of separation and mutual dispersal, isolation, and accumulation of differences must occur. And mutual cross-breeding, which is now taking place, is a clear proof of the reverse process - mutual diffusion four races. An inflection point that would separate the earlier process of separation of races from the later process of their mixing has not yet been found. Convincing evidence of the objective existence of some point in history from which the process of separation of races would be replaced by their unification has not been found. Therefore, it is precisely the process of historical mixing of races that should be considered as a completely objective and normal process.

And this means that initially the four ancient races had to be inevitably divided and isolated from each other. The question of the force that could be engaged in such a process, we will leave open for the time being.

This assumption of ours is convincingly confirmed by the very map of the distribution of races. As we have previously revealed, there are four conditional points of the initial settlement of the four ancient races. These points, by a strange chance, are located in a sequence that has a clearly defined series of patterns:

in the first place, each frontier of mutual contact of races serves only as a division between two races, and nowhere as a division between three or four;

secondly, the distances between such points, by a strange coincidence, are almost the same and equal to about 6000 kilometers.

The processes of development of territorial spaces by races can be compared with the formation of a pattern frosty glass- from one point the pattern spreads in different directions.

Obviously, the races, each in its own way, but the general view of the settlement of the races was quite the same - from the so-called distribution point of each race, it spread in different directions, gradually mastering new territories. After quite an estimated time, the races sown 6000 kilometers from each other met at the borders of their ranges. Thus began the process of their mixing and the emergence of various mestizo races.

The process of building and expanding the ranges of races fully falls under the definition of the concept of "organismic center of organization", when there are patterns that describe such a spread of races.

The natural and most objective conclusion suggests itself about the existence of four separate centers of origin of four different - ancient - races, located at an equal distance from each other. Moreover, the distances and points of "seeding" races are chosen in such a way that if we tried to repeat such a "seeding", we would come to the same variant. Therefore, the Earth was inhabited by someone or something from 4 different regions of our Galaxy or our Universe....
6.2. Conclusion 2:

Perhaps the original placement of the races was artificial.

A series of random coincidences in the distances and equidistance of the races leads us to believe that this was not accidental. Law 3.10. Organismics says: ordered chaos acquires intelligence. It is interesting to trace the work of this law in the reverse causal direction. The expression 1+1=2 and the expression 2=1+1 are equally true. And, therefore, the causal relationship in their members works in both directions equally.

By analogy with this, law 3.10. we can reformulate as follows: (3.10.-1) intelligence is an acquisition due to the ordering of chaos. The circumstance when out of three segments connecting four seemingly random points, all three segments are equal to the same value, can only be called a manifestation of intelligence. In order for the distances to match, it is necessary to measure them accordingly.

In addition, and this circumstance is no less interesting and mysterious, the “wonderful” distance between the points of origin of races, revealed by us, for some strange and inexplicable reason, is equal to the radius of the planet Earth. Why?

By connecting the four seeding points of the races and the center of the Earth (and they are all located at the same distance), we will get a quadrangular equilateral pyramid, with its apex directed towards the center of the Earth.

Why? Why in a seemingly chaotic world, clear geometric shapes?
6.3. Conclusion 3:

On the initial maximum isolation of races.

Let's start the consideration of mutually pairwise settlement of races with a pair of Negroids-Caucasoids. Firstly, Negroids do not come into contact with any other race. Secondly, between Negroids and Caucasians lies the area central Africa, which is characterized by the abundant distribution of lifeless deserts. That is, initially, the location of the Negroids relative to the Caucasians provided that these two races would have the least contact with each other. There is some intent here. And also an additional argument against the theory of monogenism - at least in part of the Negroid-Caucasian couple.

In a pair of Caucasians-Mongoloids, there are also similar features. The same distance between the conditional centers of the formation of races is 6000 kilometers. The same natural barrier to the mutual penetration of races is the extremely frosty northern regions and the Mongolian deserts.

The pair of Mongoloids-Australoids also provides for the maximum use of terrain conditions, preventing the mutual penetration of these races, which are approximately the same 6000 kilometers apart from each other.

Only in recent decades, with the development of means of transport and communications, did the interpenetration of races become not only possible, but also assumed a mass character.

Naturally, in the course of our research, these conclusions may be subject to revision.
Final conclusion:

Everything shows that there were four points of sowing races. They are equidistant both between themselves and from the center of the planet Earth. Races have only mutual-pair contacts. The process of mixing races is a process of the last two centuries, before that the races were isolated. If there was an intent in the initial settlement of the races, then it was this: to settle the races so that they are as much as possible long time did not come into contact with each other.

This was probably an experiment to solve the problem - which race will better adapt to earthly conditions. And also, which race will be more progressive in its development....

Source - razrusitelmifov.ucoz.ru