CSTO decoding of who is included for the year. What is the CSTO and why does Russia need it? Message to the media
The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis consists of two islands - Saint Kitts and Nevis. The area of the country is 261 square meters. km.
Both islands are covered with small mountains with tropical forests. The island of St. Kitts has the most high point country - the extinct volcano Liamiuga (1155 m) with a lake in the crater. The island of Nevis lies three kilometers south of the island of St. Kitts and is separated from it by the Narrows Strait. The country has a lot of beaches with different types sand The islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis are surrounded by coral reefs.
The climate of St. Kitts and Nevis is tropical and very even. Average temperature- from +18 ˚С to +24, air temperature in summer does not exceed +30. There is no rainy season here; precipitation is distributed evenly throughout the year.
Lianas, mangoes, bread and cinnamon trees, tamarind, avocados, bananas, papaya, etc. grow on the islands. Monkeys live in the forests, tropical birds and butterflies.
Government structure and population of the islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis
The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis has one of the most sustainable political systems in the Caribbean region. Since September 19, 1983, the state of Saint Kitts and Nevis has been independent, part of British Commonwealth. The head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, represented by the Governor General. Executive branch belongs to the government headed by the Prime Minister - the leader of the party that won the last elections. The legislative body is the parliament (the island of Nevis has its own parliament).
The capital of the state, Basseterre, is located on the island of St. Kitts. There are preserved stone Victorian buildings here, which are decorated with grilles and stucco. The center of the city is Independence Square. There is a fountain with a statue that was given to the city by Queen Elizabeth II. The city is home to the headquarters of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank and the Eastern Caribbean Stock Exchange.
The country's population is about 50 thousand people, of which 80% live on the island of St. Kitts. African Americans dominate the population. The main religion is Christianity. Official language- English. National currency countries - the Eastern Caribbean dollar, which is pegged to the American dollar (USD 1 = XCD 2.7).
Economic situation of the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis
The economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis is successfully recovering from the 2009 crisis. For three years of the anti-crisis program (2011–2014) financial stability the country has improved noticeably - public debt has decreased, the budget balance has increased, employment has increased and wages. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) noted the stable economic growth of St. Kitts and Nevis, which was primarily driven by the recovery in the tourism and construction sectors.
Every year, visitor numbers to the islands are increasing, due to improved infrastructure and the emergence of a wide selection of hotels and holiday apartments. According to the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, in 2000 the number of tourists amounted to 246,000 people, in 2013 this number increased to 691,000 people. Most holidaymakers come to the country from North America(65%), Caribbean (24%) and Europe (9%).
The country is well developed transport system- there is here railway, 300 km of highway, two airports, seaport. A new airport for private jets is currently under construction on the island of St. Kitts.
The main export products of St. Kitts and Nevis are sugar, molasses, cotton and cottonseed oil, tobacco products, and fruits. Imports are almost 4 times higher than exports; equipment, petroleum products, food, and industrial products are imported into the country. The main country for import and export is the USA.
The Citizenship by Investment program plays an important role in the growth of the economy of St. Kitts and Nevis, which replenished the country’s budget through foreign investment. The government expects to further develop the program.
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What is the CSTO (decoding)? Who is part of the organization that is often opposed to NATO today? You, dear readers, will find answers to all these questions in this article.
A brief history of the creation of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO transcript)
In 2002, a meeting of the Treaty Organization was held in Moscow collective security on the basis of a similar agreement signed ten years earlier (1992) in Tashkent, and in October 2002 the CSTO Charter was adopted. We discussed and accepted the main provisions of the association - the Charter and the Agreement, which determined the international These documents became valid the following year.
CSTO tasks, decoding. Who is included in this organization?
In December 2004, the CSTO officially received observer status, which once again confirmed the respect of the international community for this organization.
The CSTO transcript was given above. What are the main tasks of this organization? This:
military-political cooperation;
resolving important international and regional issues;
creation of mechanisms for multilateral cooperation, including in the military component;
ensuring national and collective security;
countering international terrorism, drug trafficking, illegal migration, transnational crime;
ensuring information security.
Main Collective Security Treaty ( CSTO transcript) is to continue and strengthen relationships in foreign policy, military, military-technical spheres, coordinate joint efforts in the fight against international terrorism and other security threats. Its position on the world stage is a large eastern influential military association.
Let's summarize the interpretation of the CSTO (decoding, composition):
The abbreviation stands for Collective Security Treaty Organization.
Today it includes six permanent members - Russia, Tajikistan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia and Kazakhstan, as well as two observer states under parliamentary assembly- Serbia and Afghanistan.
CSTO at present
The organization can provide comprehensive protection to member states, as well as quickly respond to a large volume of pressing problems and threats both within the bloc and outside its competence.
A tough confrontation between East and West, the USA and the Russian Federation, sanctions and the situation in Ukraine are on the agenda interesting question about whether the CSTO is capable of becoming an eastern alternative to NATO, or is it nothing more than a cordon sanitaire , intended to create a buffer zone around Russia that serves as an instrument to ensure Russian hegemony in the region?
Key problems of the organization
Currently CSTO time suffers from the same two problems as NATO. First, it is one dominant force bearing the entire financial and military burden, while many members contribute virtually nothing to the alliance. Second, the organization struggles to find a legitimate justification for its existence. Unlike NATO, the CSTO has another fundamental problem - the organization's members are never truly secure and they have different, often quite contradictory, visions of what the CSTO should look like.
While Russia is content to build up its military infrastructure and use the territories of CSTO member states to station troops, other countries often see the organization as a tool to support them authoritarian regimes or easing ethnic tensions still remaining after the collapse Soviet Union. This stark contrast in how participants view the organization creates an atmosphere of mistrust.
CSTO and Russian Federation
Russia is the successor state of the former superpower, its leadership experience alone guaranteed its significance on the world stage, which puts it several heads above all participating powers and makes strong leader in the organization.
By negotiating a number of strategic military deals with CSTO allies, such as the construction of new air bases in Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia in 2016, Russia has been able to strengthen its presence in these countries and their respective regions, as well as reduce NATO influence there. Despite economic difficulties, Russia is further increasing military spending and plans to complete an ambitious military modernization program by 2020, demonstrating its desire to play an ever more important role on a global scale.
In the short term, Russia will achieve its goals and consolidate its influence using the resources of the CSTO. Deciphering the leading country is not difficult: it wants to counteract NATO’s aspirations in Central Asia and the Caucasus. By creating the conditions for deeper integration, Russia opened the way for the creation of effective collective security with a structure similar to its Western neighbor.
We hope that now you can decipher the CSTO as a powerful regional organization became clear.
The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) is a military-political alliance created by the former Soviet republics based on the Collective Security Treaty (CST), signed on May 15, 1992. The contract is renewed automatically every five years.
CSTO members
On May 15, 1992, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan signed a collective security treaty (CST) in Tashkent. Azerbaijan signed the agreement on September 24, 1993, Georgia - on September 9, 1993, Belarus - on December 31, 1993.
The agreement entered into force on April 20, 1994. The contract was for 5 years and could be extended. On April 2, 1999, the presidents of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed a protocol to extend the treaty for the next five-year period, but Azerbaijan, Georgia and Uzbekistan refused to extend the treaty, and in the same year Uzbekistan joined GUUAM.
At the Moscow session of the CST on May 14, 2002, a decision was made to transform the CST into a full-fledged international organization - the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). On October 7, 2002, the Charter and Agreement on legal status CSTO, which were ratified by all CSTO member states and entered into force on September 18, 2003.
On August 16, 2006, a decision was signed in Sochi on the full accession (restoration of membership) of Uzbekistan to the CSTO.
Russia in lately connects high hopes with this organization, hoping with its help to strengthen its strategic positions in Central Asia. Russia considers this region a zone of its own strategic interests.
At the same time, the US Manas air base is located here on the territory of Kyrgyzstan, and Kyrgyzstan does not intend to do anything to close it. Tajikistan at the beginning of 2006 agreed to a significant build-up of the French military group located on its territory, operating as part of coalition forces in Afghanistan.
To strengthen positions CSTO Russia proposes to reform the collective rapid deployment forces of the Central Asian region. These forces consist of ten battalions: three each from Russia and Tajikistan, two each from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Total number personnel of the collective forces - about 4 thousand people. The aviation component (10 aircraft and 14 helicopters) is located at the Russian Kant airbase in Kyrgyzstan.
A proposal to expand the scope of activities of collective forces is being considered - in particular, it is planned to use them in Afghanistan.
In connection with Uzbekistan’s accession to the CSTO, it is noted that back in 2005, the Uzbek authorities came up with a project to create international “anti-revolutionary” punitive forces in the post-Soviet space within the CSTO. In preparation for joining this organization, Uzbekistan has prepared a package of proposals for its improvement, including the creation within its framework of intelligence and counterintelligence structures, as well as the development of mechanisms that would allow the CSTO to provide internal security guarantees to the Central Asian states.
The organization is headed by its Secretary General. Since 2003, this has been Nikolai Bordyuzha. As is usual now, he comes from the “authorities”, a colonel general of the border troops. For the last couple of years before the collapse of the USSR, he worked as head of the KGB personnel department. After 1991, he commanded the border troops, and for a short time was the head of the presidential administration under Boris Yeltsin, and secretary of the Security Council. In short, an experienced comrade.
All members of the G7, with the possible exception of Kazakhstan, are in strong political, economic and military dependence on Moscow and need its diplomatic cover.
- CSTO objectives are directly interconnected with integration processes in the post-Soviet space, and this relationship is growing stronger. The advancement of military-political integration in the CSTO format contributes to the deployment of integration processes, actually forms the “integration core” in the CIS, and contributes to the optimal “division of labor” in the Commonwealth. Regarding the place and role of the CSTO in Eurasian Union, if one is formed, they can be very significant, since the Organization’s area of responsibility covers vast spaces of Eurasia, and the Organization’s activities are aimed at creating a system of collective security in Europe and Asia, - said Nikolai Bordyuzha, commenting on the goals creation of the CSTO for the press.
On September 5, at a summit in Moscow, the leaders of the member countries of the Collective Security Treaty Organization adopted a declaration in which they condemned Georgia for aggression, supported Russia’s actions and advocated “for ensuring lasting security for South Ossetia and Abkhazia.” The CSTO countries warned NATO against expanding to the East and announced plans to strengthen the military component of the organization.
Like Shanghai organization cooperation, the CSTO spoke in favor of Russia’s active role in promoting peace and cooperation in the region. However, the main thing - joint recognition of the two Transcaucasian republics by members of the Organization - did not happen.
The Russian President once again stated the need to strengthen the military component of the CSTO. Actually, there is nothing unusual in this, because the CSTO is military organization, created to protect participating countries from external attacks. There are also mutual obligations in case of an attack on one of the organization's members. As Medvedev himself admitted, this was the main topic during his negotiations with his colleagues.
The main part of the document was devoted to the current situation in the world and the role of the CSTO itself in it. In the very first lines of the declaration, the leaders CSTO countries notify world community that from now on they are “determined to adhere to close coordination of foreign policy interaction, a line on progressive development military and military-technical cooperation, improvement of practice collaboration on all issues." At the same time, declaring their firm intention to ensure security in the area of their responsibility, the G7 warned against encroachments on this area, frankly making it clear how it would cooperate: “Serious conflict potential is accumulating in the immediate vicinity of the CSTO area of responsibility. CSTO members call on NATO countries to weigh everything possible consequences expanding the alliance to the East and placing new missile defense facilities near the borders of member states.”
20 years ago, the heads of Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and UzbekistanThe Collective Security Treaty was signed.
The Collective Security Treaty was signed on May 15, 1992 in Tashkent (Uzbekistan). Azerbaijan joined it in September 1993, and Georgia and Belarus joined in December of the same year. The treaty came into force for all nine countries in April 1994 for a period of five years.
In accordance with the Treaty, member states ensure their security on a collective basis: “in the event of a threat to security, territorial integrity and the sovereignty of one or more participating States, or threats international peace and security, the participating states will immediately activate the mechanism of joint consultations in order to coordinate their positions and take measures to eliminate the emerging threat."
At the same time, it is provided that “if one of the participating states is subjected to aggression from any state or group of states, this will be considered as aggression against all participating states” and “all other participating states will provide it necessary help, including military, and will also provide support with means at their disposal in the exercise of the right to collective defense in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter."
In April 1999, the Protocol on the extension of the Collective Security Treaty was signed by six countries (except Azerbaijan, Georgia and Uzbekistan). On May 14, 2002, the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) was established, currently uniting Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
On October 7, 2002, the CSTO Charter was adopted in Chisinau, according to which the main goals of the Organization are the strengthening of peace, international and regional security and stability, the protection on a collective basis of the independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty of the member states, the priority in achieving which the member states give political means.
Secretary General The Organization is the highest administrative official of the Organization and manages the Secretariat of the Organization. Appointed by decision of the SSC from among the citizens of the member states and accountable to the SSC.
Advisory and executive bodies The CSTO are: the Council of Foreign Ministers (CMFA), which coordinates the foreign policy activities of the CSTO member states; The Council of Defense Ministers (CMD), which ensures interaction between member states in the field military policy, military construction and military-technical cooperation; The Committee of Secretaries of Security Councils (CSSC), which oversees issues of ensuring national security.
In the period between sessions of the CSC, coordination in the implementation of decisions of the CSTO bodies is entrusted to the Permanent Council of the Organization, which consists of authorized representatives of the member states. The CSTO Secretary General also participates in its meetings.
The permanent working bodies of the CSTO are the Secretariat and the Joint Headquarters of the Organization.
The CSTO carries out its activities in cooperation with various international organizations. Since December 2, 2004, the Organization has observer status in the UN General Assembly. On March 18, 2010, a Joint Declaration on Cooperation between the UN Secretariats and the CSTO was signed in Moscow, which provides for the establishment of interaction between the two organizations, in particular in the field of peacekeeping. Productive contacts are maintained with international organizations and structures, including the UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee, the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, the OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe), the European Union, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, International organization on migration and others. The CSTO has established close cooperation with the EurAsEC (Eurasian Economic Community), SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) and the CIS.
In order to counter the entire range of challenges and threats to the security of member states, the CSTO Special Security Council decided to create Peacekeeping forces, coordination councils for emergency situations, combating illegal migration and drug trafficking. The CSTO Council of Foreign Ministers operates Working group for Afghanistan. The CSTO CSTO has working groups on issues of combating terrorism and combating illegal migration, information policy and security.
As part of military cooperation in the CSTO format, the Collective Rapid Deployment Forces of the Central Asian Collective Security Region (CRDF CAR) have been formed. Exercises by the CAR CRRF are conducted on a regular basis, including training in anti-terrorism tasks.
In February 2009, a decision was made to create the Collective Rapid Reaction Force (CRRF) of the CSTO. Uzbekistan refrained from signing the package of documents, reserving the possibility of joining the Agreement later. Joint comprehensive exercises are regularly held with the participation of contingents and operational groups of the CSTO member states.
Under the auspices of the CSTO, the international comprehensive anti-drug operation “Channel” and the operation to combat illegal migration “Illegal” are carried out annually. In 2009, joint activities were carried out for the first time to combat crimes in the information sphere under the code name Operation PROXY (Combating Crime in the Information Sphere).
The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources