Self-esteem and self-love 

Experiments in physics (7th grade) on the topic: Scientific work “Entertaining physical experiments from scrap materials. Entertaining physics: experiments for children. Pneumatics

BOU "Koskovskaya Secondary School"

Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky municipal district

Vologda region

Educational project

"Physical experiment at home"

Completed:

7th grade students

Koptyaev Artem

Alekseevskaya Ksenia

Alekseevskaya Tanya

Supervisor:

Korovkin I.N.

March-April-2016.

Content

Introduction

There is nothing better in life than your own experience.

Scott W.

At school and at home we met a lot of physical phenomena and we wanted to make homemade instruments, equipment and conduct experiments. All the experiments we conduct allow us to gain deeper knowledge the world around us and in particular physics. We describe the process of manufacturing equipment for the experiment, the principle of operation and the physical law or phenomenon demonstrated by this device. The experiments carried out interested students from other classes.

Target: make a device from available means to demonstrate a physical phenomenon and use it to talk about the physical phenomenon.

Hypothesis: manufactured devices and demonstrations will help to understand physics more deeply.

Tasks:

Study the literature on conducting experiments yourself.

Watch a video demonstrating the experiments

Make equipment for experiments

Give a demonstration

Describe the physical phenomenon being demonstrated

Improve the material resources of the physicist's office.

EXPERIMENT 1. Fountain model

Target : show the simplest model fountain.

Equipment : plastic bottle, dropper tubes, clamp, balloon, cuvette.

Finished product

Progress of the experiment:

    We will make 2 holes in the cork. Insert the tubes and attach a ball to the end of one.

    Fill the balloon with air and close it with a clamp.

    Pour water into a bottle and place it in a cuvette.

    Let's watch the flow of water.

Result: We observe the formation of a water fountain.

Analysis: The water in the bottle is acted upon by the compressed air in the ball. The more air in the ball, the higher the fountain will be.

EXPERIENCE 2. Carthusian diver

(Pascal's law and Archimedes' force.)

Target: demonstrate Pascal's law and Archimedes' force.

Equipment: plastic bottle,

pipette (vessel closed at one end)

Finished product

Progress of the experiment:

    Take a plastic bottle with a capacity of 1.5-2 liters.

    Take a small vessel (pipette) and load it with copper wire.

    Fill the bottle with water.

    Press with your hands on top part bottles.

    Observe the phenomenon.

Result : we observe the pipette sinking and rising when pressing on the plastic bottle..

Analysis : The force compresses the air above the water, the pressure is transferred to the water.

According to Pascal's law, pressure compresses the air in the pipette. As a result, Archimedes' power decreases. The body is drowning. We stop the compression. The body floats up.

EXPERIMENT 3. Pascal's law and communicating vessels.

Target: demonstrate the operation of Pascal's law in hydraulic machines.

Equipment: two syringes of different volumes and a plastic tube from a dropper.

Finished product.

Progress of the experiment:

1.Take two syringes different sizes and connect with a tube from an IV.

2.Fill with incompressible liquid (water or oil)

3. Press down on the plunger of the smaller syringe. Observe the movement of the plunger of the larger syringe.

4. Press down on the plunger of the larger syringe. Observe the movement of the plunger of the smaller syringe.

Result : We fix the difference in the applied forces.

Analysis : According to Pascal’s law, the pressure created by the pistons is the same. Consequently: how many times larger is the piston, the greater is the force it creates.

EXPERIMENT 4. Dry from the water.

Target : show the expansion of heated air and compression of cold air..

Equipment : glass, plate with water, candle, cork.

Finished product.

Progress of the experiment:

1. pour water into a plate and place a coin on the bottom and a float on the water.

2. We invite the audience to take out the coin without getting their hand wet.

3.light the candle and place it in the water.

4. Cover with a heated glass.

Result: We observe the movement of water into the glass..

Analysis: When the air is heated, it expands. When the candle goes out. The air cools and its pressure decreases. Atmospheric pressure will push the water under the glass.

EXPERIENCE 5. Inertia.

Target : show the manifestation of inertia.

Equipment : Wide-neck bottle, cardboard ring, coins.

Finished product.

Progress of the experiment:

1. Place a paper ring on the neck of the bottle.

2. Place coins on the ring.

3. knock out the ring with a sharp blow of a ruler

Result: We watch the coins fall into the bottle.

Analysis: inertia is the ability of a body to maintain its speed. When you hit the ring, the coins do not have time to change speed and fall into the bottle.

EXPERIENCE 6. Upside down.

Target : Show the behavior of a liquid in a rotating bottle.

Equipment : Wide-neck bottle and rope.

Finished product.

Progress of the experiment:

1. We tie a rope to the neck of the bottle.

2. pour water.

3.rotate the bottle over your head.

Result: water does not pour out.

Analysis: At the top point, the water is acted upon by gravity and centrifugal force. If the centrifugal force is greater than the force of gravity, then the water will not flow out.

EXPERIMENT 7. Non-Newtonian liquid.

Target : Show the behavior of a non-Newtonian fluid.

Equipment : bowl.starch. water.

Finished product.

Progress of the experiment:

1. In a bowl, dilute starch and water in equal proportions.

2. demonstrate the unusual properties of the liquid

Result: substance has properties solid and liquids.

Analysis: with a sharp impact, the properties of a solid appear, and with a slow impact, the properties of a liquid appear.

Conclusion

As a result of our work, we:

    conducted experiments proving the existence of atmospheric pressure;

    created home-made devices demonstrating the dependence of liquid pressure on the height of the liquid column, Pascal’s law.

We enjoyed studying pressure, making homemade devices, and conducting experiments. But there is a lot of interesting things in the world that you can still learn, so in the future:

We will continue to study this interesting science

We hope that our classmates will be interested in this problem, and we will try to help them.

In the future we will conduct new experiments.

Conclusion

It is interesting to observe the experiment conducted by the teacher. Carrying it out yourself is doubly interesting.

And conducting an experiment with a device made and designed by yourself arouses great interest among the whole class. In such experiments it is easy to establish a relationship and draw a conclusion about how this installation works.

Carrying out these experiments is not difficult and interesting. They are safe, simple and useful. New research is ahead!

Literature

    Physics evenings at high school/ Comp. EM. Braverman. M.: Education, 1969.

    Extracurricular work in physics / Ed. O.F. Kabardina. M.: Education, 1983.

    Galperstein L. Entertaining physics. M.: ROSMEN, 2000.

    GorevL.A. Entertaining experiments in physics. M.: Education, 1985.

    Goryachkin E.N. Methodology and technique of physical experiment. M.: Enlightenment. 1984

    Mayorov A.N. Physics for the curious, or what you won't learn about in class. Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, Academy and K, 1999.

    Makeeva G.P., Tsedrik M.S. Physical paradoxes and entertaining questions. Minsk: Narodnaya Asveta, 1981.

    Nikitin Yu.Z. Time for fun. M.: Young Guard, 1980.

    Experiments in a home laboratory // Quantum. 1980. No. 4.

    Perelman Ya.I. Interesting mechanics. Do you know physics? M.: VAP, 1994.

    Peryshkin A.V., Rodina N.A. Physics textbook for 7th grade. M.: Enlightenment. 2012

    Peryshkin A.V. Physics. – M.: Bustard, 2012

Ministry of Education and Science Chelyabinsk region

Plastovsky technological branch

GBPOU SPO "Kopeysk Polytechnic College named after. S.V. Khokhryakova"

MASTER - CLASS

"EXPERIMENTS AND EXPERIMENTS

FOR CHILDREN"

Educational and research work

"Entertaining physical experiments

from scrap materials"

Head: Yu.V. Timofeeva, physics teacher

Performers: OPI group students - 15

Annotation

Physical experiments increase interest in the study of physics, develop thinking, and teach students to apply theoretical knowledge to explain various physical phenomena occurring in the world around them.

Unfortunately, due to overload educational material In physics lessons, insufficient attention is paid to entertaining experiments

With the help of experiments, observations and measurements, dependencies between various physical quantities can be studied.

All phenomena observed during entertaining experiments have scientific explanation, for this we used the fundamental laws of physics and the properties of the matter around us.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Main content

Organization research work

Methodology for conducting various experiments

Research results

Conclusion

List of used literature

Applications

INTRODUCTION

Without a doubt, all our knowledge begins with experiments.

(Kant Emmanuel - German philosopher 1724-1804)

Physics is not only about scientific books and complex laws, not just huge laboratories. Physics is also about interesting experiments and entertaining experiences. Physics is about magic tricks performed among friends, funny stories and funny homemade toys.

Most importantly, you can use any available material for physical experiments.

Physical experiments can be done with balls, glasses, syringes, pencils, straws, coins, needles, etc.

Experiments increase interest in the study of physics, develop thinking, and teach students to apply theoretical knowledge to explain various physical phenomena occurring in the world around them.

When conducting experiments, you not only have to draw up a plan for its implementation, but also determine ways to obtain certain data, assemble installations yourself, and even construct the necessary instruments to reproduce a particular phenomenon.

But, unfortunately, due to the overload of educational material in physics lessons, insufficient attention is paid to entertaining experiments, great attention focuses on theory and problem solving.

Therefore, it was decided to conduct research work on the topic “Entertaining experiments in physics using scrap materials.”

The objectives of the research work are as follows:

  1. Master the methods of physical research, master the skills of correct observation and the technique of physical experiment.

    Organization of independent work with various literature and other sources of information, collection, analysis and synthesis of material on the topic of research work.

    Teach students to apply scientific knowledge to explain physical phenomena.

    To instill in students a love for physics, to increase their concentration on understanding the laws of nature, and not on their mechanical memorization.

When choosing a research topic, we proceeded from the following principles:

Subjectivity - the chosen topic corresponds to our interests.

Objectivity - the topic we have chosen is relevant and important in scientific and practical terms.

Feasibility - the tasks and goals we set in our work are real and feasible.

1. MAIN CONTENTS.

The research work was carried out according to the following scheme:

Statement of the problem.

Studying information from different sources on this issue.

Selection of research methods and practical mastery of them.

Collecting your own material - collecting available materials, conducting experiments.

Analysis and synthesis.

Formulation of conclusions.

During the research work the following were used physical techniques research:

1. Physical experience

The experiment consisted of the following stages:

Clarification of the experimental conditions.

This stage involves familiarization with the conditions of the experiment, determination of the list of necessary available instruments and materials and safe conditions during the experiment.

Drawing up a sequence of actions.

At this stage, the procedure for conducting the experiment was outlined, and new materials were added if necessary.

Conducting the experiment.

2. Observation

When observing phenomena occurring in experience, we drew special attention for change physical characteristics, at the same time we were able to detect regular connections between various physical quantities.

3. Modeling.

Modeling is the basis of any physical research. When conducting experiments, we simulated various situational experiments.

In total, we have modeled, conducted and scientifically explained several interesting physical experiments.

2.Organization of research work:

2.1 Methodology for conducting various experiments:

Experience No. 1 Candle by bottle

Devices and materials: candle, bottle, matches

Stages of the experiment

Place a lit candle behind the bottle, and stand so that your face is 20-30 cm away from the bottle.

Now you just need to blow and the candle will go out, as if there were no barrier between you and the candle.

Experiment No. 2 Spinning snake

Equipment and materials: thick paper, candle, scissors.

Stages of the experiment

Cut a spiral out of thick paper, stretch it a little and place it on the end of a curved wire.

Hold this spiral over the candle in the upward air flow, the snake will rotate.

Devices and materials: 15 matches.

Stages of the experiment

Place one match on the table, and 14 matches across it so that their heads stick up and their ends touch the table.

How to lift the first match, holding it by one end, and all the other matches along with it?

Experience No. 4 Paraffin motor

Devices and materials:candle, knitting needle, 2 glasses, 2 plates, matches.

Stages of the experiment

To make this motor, we don't need either electricity or gasoline. For this we only need... a candle.

Heat the knitting needle and stick it with their heads into the candle. This will be the axis of our engine.

Place a candle with a knitting needle on the edges of two glasses and balance.

Light the candle at both ends.

Experiment No. 5 Thick air

We live thanks to the air we breathe. If you don't think that's magical enough, try this experiment to find out what other magic air can do.

Props

Safety glasses

Pine board 0.3x2.5x60 cm (can be purchased at any lumber store)

Newspaper sheet

Ruler

Preparation

Let's begin the scientific magic!

Wear safety glasses. Announce to the audience: “There are two types of air in the world. One of them is skinny and the other is fat. Now, with the help of fatty air, I will perform magic.”

Place the board on the table so that about 6 inches (15 cm) extends over the edge of the table.

Say: “Thick air, sit on the plank.” Hit the end of the board that protrudes beyond the edge of the table. The plank will jump into the air.

Tell the audience that it must have been thin air that sat on the plank. Place the board on the table again as in step 2.

Place a sheet of newspaper on the board, as shown in the picture, so that the board is in the middle of the sheet. Flatten the newspaper so that there is no air between it and the table.

Say again: “Thick air, sit on the plank.”

Hit the protruding end with the edge of your palm.

Experiment No. 6 Waterproof paper

Props

Paper towel

Cup

A plastic bowl or bucket into which you can pour enough water to completely cover the glass

Preparation

Lay out everything you need on the table

Let's begin the scientific magic!

Announce to the audience: “Using my magical skill, I can make a piece of paper remain dry.”

Wrinkle up a paper towel and place it in the bottom of the glass.

Turn the glass over and make sure the wad of paper remains in place.

Say some magic words over the glass, for example: “ magical powers, protect the paper from water." Then slowly lower the upside down glass into the bowl of water. Try to hold the glass as level as possible until it completely disappears under the water.

Take the glass out of the water and shake off the water. Turn the glass upside down and take out the paper. Let the audience touch it and make sure it remains dry.

Experiment No. 7 Flying ball

Have you ever seen a man rise into the air during a magician's performance? Try a similar experiment.

Please note: This experiment requires a hairdryer and adult assistance.

Props

Hairdryer (to be used only by an adult assistant)

2 thick books or other heavy objects

Ping pong ball

Ruler

Adult assistant

Preparation

Place the hairdryer on the table with the hole facing up where the hot air is blowing.

To install it in this position, use books. Make sure that they do not block the hole on the side where air is sucked into the hair dryer.

Plug in the hair dryer.

Let's begin the scientific magic!

Ask one of the adult spectators to become your assistant.

Announce to the audience: “Now I will make an ordinary ping-pong ball fly through the air.”

Take the ball in your hand and release it so that it falls on the table. Tell the audience: “Oh! I forgot to say the magic words!”

Say magic words over the ball. Have your assistant turn on the hair dryer at full power.

Carefully place the ball over the hair dryer in the air stream, approximately 45 cm from the blowing hole.

Tips for a learned wizard

Depending on the blowing force, you may have to place the balloon a little higher or lower than indicated.

What else can you do

Try to do the same with a ball of different sizes and weights. Will the experience be equally good?

2. 2 RESEARCH RESULTS:

1) Experience No. 1 Candle by bottle

Explanation:

The candle will float up little by little, and the water-cooled paraffin at the edge of the candle will melt more slowly than the paraffin surrounding the wick. Therefore, a rather deep funnel is formed around the wick. This emptiness, in turn, makes the candle lighter, which is why our candle will burn out to the end.

2) Experiment No. 2 Spinning snake

Explanation:

The snake rotates because air expands under the influence of heat and warm energy is converted into movement.

3) Experiment No. 3 Fifteen matches on one

Explanation:

In order to lift all the matches, you only need to put another fifteenth match on top of all the matches, in the hollow between them.


4) Experiment No. 4 Paraffin motor

Explanation:

A drop of paraffin will fall into one of the plates placed under the ends of the candle. The balance will be disrupted, the other end of the candle will tighten and fall; at the same time, a few drops of paraffin will drain from it, and it will become lighter than the first end; it rises to the top, the first end will go down, drop a drop, it will become lighter, and our motor will start working with all its might; gradually the candle's vibrations will increase more and more.

5) Experience No. 5 thick air

When you hit the board for the first time, it bounces. But if you hit the board on which the newspaper is lying, the board breaks.

Explanation:

When you smooth out the newspaper, you remove almost all the air from underneath it. At the same time, a large amount of air from above the newspaper presses on it with great force. When you hit the board, it breaks because the air pressure on the newspaper prevents the board from rising up in response to the force you apply.

6) Experience No. 6 Waterproof paper

Explanation:

Air occupies a certain volume. There is air in the glass, no matter what position it is in. When you turn the glass upside down and slowly lower it into the water, air remains in the glass. Water cannot get into the glass due to air. The air pressure turns out to be greater than the pressure of the water trying to penetrate inside the glass. The towel at the bottom of the glass remains dry. If a glass is turned on its side under water, air will come out in the form of bubbles. Then he can get into the glass.


8) Experiment No. 7 Flying ball

Explanation:

This trick doesn't actually defy gravity. It demonstrates an important ability of air called Bernoulli's principle. Bernoulli's principle is a law of nature, according to which any pressure of any fluid substance, including air, decreases with increasing speed of its movement. In other words, when the air flow rate is low, it has high pressure.

The air coming out of the hair dryer moves very quickly and therefore its pressure is low. The ball is surrounded on all sides by an area low pressure, which forms a cone at the hair dryer opening. The air around this cone has more high pressure, and prevents the ball from falling out of the low pressure zone. The force of gravity pulls it down, and the force of air pulls it up. Thanks to the combined action of these forces, the ball hangs in the air above the hair dryer.

CONCLUSION

Analyzing the results of entertaining experiments, we were convinced that the knowledge acquired in physics classes is quite applicable to solving practical issues.

Using experiments, observations and measurements, the relationships between various physical quantities were studied.

All phenomena observed during entertaining experiments have a scientific explanation; for this we used the fundamental laws of physics and the properties of the matter around us.

The laws of physics are based on facts established experimentally. Moreover, the interpretation of the same facts often changes during historical development physics. Facts accumulate through observation. But you can’t limit yourself to them only. This is only the first step towards knowledge. Next comes the experiment, the development of concepts that allow quality characteristics. To draw from observations general conclusions, to find out the causes of the phenomena, it is necessary to establish quantitative relationships between quantities. If such a dependence is obtained, then a physical law has been found. If a physical law is found, then there is no need to experiment in each individual case; it is enough to perform the appropriate calculations. By experimentally studying quantitative relationships between quantities, patterns can be identified. Based on these patterns, it develops general theory phenomena.

Therefore, without experiment there can be no rational teaching of physics. The study of physics and other technical disciplines involves the widespread use of experiments, discussion of the features of its setting and the observed results.

In accordance with the task, all experiments were carried out using only cheap, small-sized available materials.

Based on the results of educational and research work, the following conclusions can be drawn:

  1. IN various sources You can find information and come up with many interesting physical experiments yourself, performed using available equipment.

    Entertaining experiments and homemade physics devices increase the range of demonstrations of physical phenomena.

    Entertaining experiments allow you to test the laws of physics and theoretical hypotheses.

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

M. Di Spezio “Entertaining experiences”, Astrel LLC, 2004.

F.V. Rabiz “Funny Physics”, Moscow, 2000.

L. Galpershtein “Hello, physics”, Moscow, 1967.

A. Tomilin “I want to know everything”, Moscow, 1981.

M.I. Bludov “Conversations on Physics”, Moscow, 1974.

Ya.I. Perelman “Entertaining tasks and experiments”, Moscow, 1972.

APPLICATIONS

Disk:

1. Presentation “Entertaining physical experiments using scrap materials”

2. Video “Entertaining physical experiments using scrap materials”

Where do real scientists come from? After all, someone makes extraordinary discoveries, invents ingenious devices that we use. Some even receive worldwide recognition in the form of prestigious awards. According to teachers, childhood is the beginning of the path to future discoveries and achievements.

Do primary schoolchildren need physics?

Majority school programs involves studying physics from the fifth grade. However, parents are well aware of the many questions that arise in inquisitive younger children. school age and even in preschool children. Open the way to wonderful world Physics experiments will help you gain knowledge. For schoolchildren aged 7-10 years old, they will, of course, be simple. Despite the simplicity of the experiments, but having understood the basic physical principles and laws, children feel like omnipotent wizards. This is wonderful, because a keen interest in science is the key to successful studies.

Children's abilities do not always reveal themselves. It is often necessary to offer the child a certain scientific activity, only then do inclinations towards certain knowledge appear. Home experiments - easy way find out if the child is interested natural sciences. Little discoverers of the world rarely remain indifferent to “wonderful” actions. Even if the desire to study physics does not clearly manifest itself, it is still worth laying down the basics of physical knowledge.

The simplest experiments carried out at home are good because even shy, self-doubting children are happy to do home experiments. Achieving the expected result gives rise to self-confidence. Peers enthusiastically accept demonstrations of such “tricks,” which improves relationships between children.

Requirements for conducting experiments at home

To make studying the laws of physics at home safe, you must take the following precautions:

  1. Absolutely all experiments are carried out with the participation of adults. Of course, many studies are safe. The trouble is that guys don’t always draw a clear line between harmless and dangerous manipulations.
  2. You must be especially careful if sharp, piercing or cutting objects or open fire are used. The presence of elders is mandatory here.
  3. The use of toxic substances is prohibited.
  4. The child needs to describe in detail the order of actions that should be performed. It is necessary to clearly formulate the purpose of the work.
  5. Adults must explain the essence of the experiments, the principles of operation of the laws of physics.

Simple research

You can begin to get acquainted with physics by demonstrating the properties of substances. These should be the simplest experiments for children.

Important! It is advisable to anticipate possible children’s questions in order to answer them in as much detail as possible. It’s unpleasant when mom or dad suggest conducting an experiment, vaguely understanding what it confirms. Therefore, it is better to prepare by studying the necessary literature.

Different density

Every substance has a density that affects its weight. Various indicators This parameter has interesting manifestations in the form of a multilayer liquid.

Even preschoolers can conduct such simple experiments with liquids and observe their properties.
For the experiment you will need:

  • sugar syrup;
  • vegetable oil;
  • water;
  • glass jar;
  • several small objects (for example, a coin, a plastic bead, a piece of foam, a pin).

The jar needs to be filled approximately 1/3 with syrup, add the same amount of water and oil. The liquids will not mix, but will form layers. The reason is density; a substance with a lower density is lighter. Then, one by one, you need to lower the items into the jar. They will get stuck on different levels. It all depends on how the densities of liquids and objects relate to each other. If the density of the material is less than the liquid, the thing will not sink.

floating egg

You will need:

  • 2 glasses;
  • tablespoon;
  • salt;
  • water;
  • 2 eggs.

Both glasses need to be filled with water. Dissolve 2 full tablespoons of salt in one of them. Then you should lower the eggs into the glasses. In normal water it will sink, but in salt water it will float on the surface. Salt increases the density of water. This explains the fact that in sea ​​water swimming is easier than in fresh water.

Surface tension of water

Children should be explained that molecules on the surface of a liquid attract each other, forming a thin elastic film. This property of water is called surface tension. This explains, for example, the water strider’s ability to glide across the water surface of a pond.

Non-Spillable Water

Necessary:

  • glass beaker;
  • water;
  • paper clips.

The glass is filled to the brim with water. It seems that one paperclip is enough to cause the liquid to spill. Carefully insert the paper clips into the glass one by one. By lowering about a dozen paper clips, you can see that the water does not pour out, but forms a small dome on the surface.

Floating matches

Necessary:

  • bowl;
  • water;
  • 4 matches;
  • liquid soap.

Pour water into a bowl and put in matches. They will be practically motionless on the surface. If you drop it in the center detergent, the matches will instantly spread to the edges of the bowl. Soap reduces the surface tension of water.

Entertaining experiments

Working with light and sound can be very spectacular for children. Teachers claim that entertaining experiments are interesting for children different ages. For example, the physical experiments proposed here are also suitable for preschoolers.

Glowing "lava"

This experiment does not create a real lamp, but nicely simulates the operation of a lamp with moving particles.
Necessary:

  • glass jar;
  • water;
  • vegetable oil;
  • salt or any effervescent tablet;
  • food coloring;
  • flashlight.

The jar needs to be filled about 2/3 with colored water, then add oil almost to the brim. Sprinkle a little salt on top. Then go into a darkened room and illuminate the jar from below with a flashlight. The grains of salt will sink to the bottom, taking droplets of fat with them. Later, when the salt dissolves, the oil will rise to the surface again.

Home Rainbow

Sunlight can be broken down into multi-colored rays that make up the spectrum.

Necessary:

  • bright natural light;
  • cup;
  • water;
  • tall box or chair;
  • large sheet of white paper.

On a sunny day, you should place paper on the floor in front of a window that lets in bright light. Place a box (chair) nearby and place a glass filled with water on top. A rainbow will appear on the floor. To see the colors in full, just move the paper and catch it. A transparent container with water acts as a prism that splits the beam into parts of the spectrum.

Doctor's stethoscope

Sound travels through waves. Sound waves in space can be redirected and amplified.
You will need:

  • a piece of rubber tube (hose);
  • 2 funnels;
  • plasticine.

You need to insert a funnel into both ends of the rubber tube, securing it with plasticine. Now it is enough to put one to your heart, and the other to your ear. The heartbeat can be clearly heard. The funnel “collects” the waves; the inner surface of the tube does not allow them to dissipate in space.

A doctor's stethoscope works on this principle. In the old days, hearing aids for hearing-impaired people had approximately the same device.

Important! Do not use loud sound sources as this may damage your hearing.

Experiments

What is the difference between experiment and experience? These are research methods. Usually the experiment is carried out with a pre-known result, demonstrating an already understood axiom. The experiment is designed to confirm or refute the hypothesis.

For children, the difference between these concepts is almost imperceptible; any action is performed for the first time, without a scientific basis.

However, often awakened interest pushes children to new experiments arising from the already known properties of materials. This kind of independence should be encouraged.

Freezing liquids

Matter changes properties with changes in temperature. Children are interested in the change in the properties of all kinds of liquids when they turn into ice. Different substances have different freezing points. Also, at low temperatures their density changes.

Pay attention! When freezing liquids, use only plastic containers. It is not advisable to use glass containers, as they may burst. The reason is that liquids change their structure when they freeze. Molecules form crystals, the distance between them increases, and the volume of the substance increases.

  • If you fill different molds with water and orange juice, leave them in freezer, what will happen? The water will already freeze, but the juice will partially remain liquid. The reason is the freezing point of the liquid. Similar experiments can be carried out with different substances.
  • By pouring water and oil into a transparent container, you can see the familiar separation. Oil floats to the surface of the water because it is less dense. What can be observed when a container with contents is frozen? Water and oil change places. The ice will be on top, the oil will now be at the bottom. As the water froze, it became lighter.

Working with a magnet

Great interest junior schoolchildren causes manifestation magnetic properties various substances. Interesting physics suggests checking these properties.

Experiment options (magnets will be needed):

Testing the ability to attract various objects

You can keep records indicating the properties of materials (plastic, wood, iron, copper). Interesting stuff- iron filings, the movement of which looks fascinating.

Study of the ability of a magnet to act through other materials.

For example, a metal object is exposed to a magnet through glass, cardboard, or a wooden surface.

Consider the ability of magnets to attract and repel.

Studying magnetic poles(like ones repel, unlike ones attract). A spectacular option is to attach magnets to floating toy boats.

Magnetized needle - analogue of a compass

In water, it indicates the direction "north - south". The magnetized needle attracts other small objects.

  1. It is advisable not to overload the little researcher with information. The purpose of the experiments is to show how the laws of physics work. It is better to examine one phenomenon in detail than to endlessly change directions for the sake of entertainment.
  2. Before each experiment, it is easy to explain the properties and characteristics of the objects involved in them. Then sum it up with your child.
  3. Safety rules deserve special attention. The beginning of each lesson is accompanied by instructions.

Scientific experiments are exciting! Perhaps it will be the same for parents. Together, discovering new sides of ordinary phenomena is doubly interesting. It is worth throwing away everyday worries and sharing the childish joy of discovery.

Many people think that science is boring and dreary. This is the opinion of those who have not seen the science shows from Eureka. What happens in our “lessons”? No cramming, tedious formulas and sour expression on the face of your desk neighbor. Our science, all experiments and experiences are liked by children, our science is loved, our science gives joy and stimulates further knowledge of complex subjects.

Try it yourself and conduct entertaining physics experiments for children at home. It will be fun, and most importantly, very educational. Your child is in game form get acquainted with the laws of physics, but it has been proven that when playing, children learn the material faster and easier and remember it for a long time.

Entertaining physics experiments worth showing your children at home

Simple, entertaining physics experiments that children will remember for a lifetime. Everything you need to conduct these experiments is at your fingertips. So, forward to scientific discoveries!

A ball that doesn't burn!

Props: 2 balloons, candle, matches, water.

Interesting experience: We inflate the first balloon and hold it over a candle to demonstrate to the children that the fire will burst the balloon.

Pour plain tap water into the second ball, tie it and bring the candles to the fire again. And lo and behold! What do we see? The ball doesn't burst!

The water in the ball absorbs the heat generated by the candle, and therefore the ball does not burn, and therefore does not burst.

Miracle pencils

Details: plastic bag, ordinary sharpened pencils, water.

Interesting experience: Pour water into a plastic bag - not full, half.

In the place where the bag is filled with water, we pierce the bag through with pencils. What do we see? In places of puncture, the bag does not leak. Why? But if you do the opposite: first pierce the bag and then pour water into it, the water will flow through the holes.

How a “miracle” happens: explanation: When polyethylene breaks, its molecules are attracted closer to each other. In our experiment, the polyethylene tightens around the pencils and prevents water from leaking.

Unbreakable balloon

Details: balloon, wooden skewer and dishwashing liquid.

Interesting experience: Lubricate the top and bottom of the ball with dishwashing liquid and pierce it with a skewer, starting from the bottom.

How a “miracle” happens: explanation: And the secret of this “trick” is simple. To preserve the whole ball, you need to know where to pierce - at the points of least tension, which are located at the bottom and top of the ball.

"Cauliflower

Details: 4 ordinary glasses of water, bright food coloring, cabbage leaves or white flowers.

Interesting experience: Add food coloring of any color to each glass and place one cabbage leaf or flower in the colored water. We leave the “bouquet” overnight. And in the morning... we will see that the cabbage leaves or flowers have become different colors.

How a “miracle” happens: explanation: Plants absorb water to nourish their flowers and leaves. This occurs due to the capillary effect, in which water itself fills thin tubes inside the plants. By sucking up the tinted water, the leaves and color change.

The egg that could swim

Details: 2 eggs, 2 glasses of water, salt.

Interesting experience: Carefully place the egg in a glass with regular clean water. We see: it has drowned, sank to the bottom (if not, the egg is rotten and it is better to throw it away).
But pour warm water into the second glass and stir 4-5 tablespoons of salt in it. We wait until the water cools down, then lower it into salt water second egg. And what do we see now? The egg floats on the surface and does not sink! Why?

How a “miracle” happens: explanation: It's all about density! The average density of an egg is much greater than the density of plain water, so the egg “sinks.” And the density of the salt solution is greater, and therefore the egg “floats”.

Delicious experiment: crystal candies

Details: 2 glasses of water, 5 glasses of sugar, wooden sticks for mini-kebabs, thick paper, transparent glasses, saucepan, food coloring.

Interesting experience: Take a quarter glass of water, add 2 tablespoons of sugar, and cook the syrup. At the same time, pour a little sugar onto thick paper. Then dip a wooden skewer into the syrup and collect the sugar with it.

Let the sticks dry overnight.

In the morning, dissolve 5 cups of sugar in two glasses of water, leave the syrup to cool for 15 minutes, but not too much, otherwise the crystals will not “grow.” Then pour the syrup into jars and add multi-colored food coloring. We lower the skewers with sugar into the jars so that they do not touch either the walls or the bottom (you can use a clothespin). What's next? And then we watch the process of crystal growth, wait for the result so that... we can eat it!

How the “miracle” happens: explanation: As soon as the water begins to cool, the solubility of sugar decreases and it precipitates, settling on the walls of the vessel and on a skewer seeded with sugar grains.

"Eureka"! Science without boredom!

There is another option to motivate children to study science - order a science show at the Eureka development center. Oh, what is there!

Show program “Fun Kitchen”

Here, children can enjoy exciting experiments with things and products that are available in any kitchen. The kids will try to drown the mandarin duck; make drawings on milk, check the egg for freshness, and also find out why milk is healthy.

"Tricks"

This program contains experiments that at first glance seem like real magic tricks, but in fact they are all explained using science. The kids will find out why a balloon over a candle doesn’t burst; what makes an egg float, why a balloon sticks to the wall...and other interesting experiments.

"Entertaining physics"

Does air weigh, why does a fur coat keep you warm, what is common between the experiment with a candle and the shape of the wings of birds and airplanes, can a piece of fabric hold water, can it withstand eggshell Kids will get an answer to these and other questions by becoming a participant in the “Entertaining Physics” show from “Eureka”.

These Entertaining experiments in physics for schoolchildren can be carried out in the classroom to attract students’ attention to the phenomenon being studied, while repeating and consolidating educational material: they deepen and expand the knowledge of schoolchildren, contribute to the development logical thinking, instill interest in the subject.

This is important: science show safety

  • The bulk of the props and consumables are purchased directly from specialized stores of manufacturing companies in the USA, and therefore you can be confident in their quality and safety;
  • Child Development Center "Eureka" non-scientific shows of toxic or other materials harmful to children's health, easily breakable objects, lighters and other "harmful and dangerous";
  • Before ordering scientific shows, each client can find out detailed description experiments carried out, and, if necessary, sensible explanations;
  • Before the start of the scientific show, children receive instructions on the rules of behavior at the Show, and professional Presenters ensure that these rules are not violated during the show.

Hundreds of thousands of physical experiments have been carried out over thousand-year history science. It is difficult to select a few “the very best.” A survey was conducted among physicists in the USA and Western Europe. Researchers Robert Creese and Stoney Book asked them to name the most beautiful physics experiments in history. Igor Sokalsky, a researcher at the Laboratory of High Energy Neutrino Astrophysics, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, spoke about the experiments that were included in the top ten according to the results of a selective survey by Kriz and Buk.

1. Experiment of Eratosthenes of Cyrene

One of the oldest known physical experiments, as a result of which the radius of the Earth was measured, was carried out in the 3rd century BC by the librarian of the famous Library of Alexandria, Erastothenes of Cyrene. The experimental design is simple. At noon, at day summer solstice, in the city of Siena (now Aswan) the Sun was at its zenith and objects did not cast shadows. On the same day and at the same time, in the city of Alexandria, located 800 kilometers from Siena, the Sun deviated from the zenith by approximately 7°. This is about 1/50 of a full circle (360°), which means that the circumference of the Earth is 40,000 kilometers and the radius is 6,300 kilometers. It seems almost incredible that such a measured simple method The radius of the Earth turned out to be only 5% less than the value obtained by the most accurate modern methods, reports the website “Chemistry and Life”.

2. Galileo Galilei's experiment

In the 17th century, the dominant point of view was Aristotle, who taught that the speed at which a body falls depends on its mass. The heavier the body, the faster it falls. Observations that each of us can make in everyday life, would seem to confirm this. Try letting go of a light toothpick and a heavy stone at the same time. The stone will touch the ground faster. Such observations led Aristotle to the conclusion about the fundamental property of the force with which the Earth attracts other bodies. In fact, the speed of falling is affected not only by the force of gravity, but also by the force of air resistance. The ratio of these forces for light objects and for heavy ones is different, which leads to the observed effect.

The Italian Galileo Galilei doubted the correctness of Aristotle's conclusions and found a way to test them. To do this, he dropped a cannonball and a much lighter musket bullet from the Leaning Tower of Pisa at the same moment. Both bodies had approximately the same streamlined shape, therefore, for both the core and the bullet, the air resistance forces were negligible compared to the forces of gravity. Galileo found that both objects reach the ground at the same moment, that is, the speed of their fall is the same.

The results obtained by Galileo are a consequence of the law universal gravity and the law according to which the acceleration experienced by a body is directly proportional to the force acting on it and inversely proportional to the mass.

3. Another Galileo Galilei experiment

Galileo measured the distance that balls rolling on an inclined board covered in equal intervals of time, measured by the author of the experiment using a water clock. The scientist found that if the time was doubled, the balls would roll four times further. This quadratic relationship meant that the balls moved at an accelerated rate under the influence of gravity, which contradicted Aristotle's assertion, which had been accepted for 2000 years, that bodies on which a force acts move at a constant speed, whereas if no force is applied to the body, then it is at rest. The results of this experiment by Galileo, like the results of his experiment with the Leaning Tower of Pisa, later served as the basis for the formulation of the laws of classical mechanics.

4. Henry Cavendish's experiment

After Isaac Newton formulated the law of universal gravitation: the force of attraction between two bodies with masses Mit, separated from each other by a distance r, is equal to F=γ (mM/r2), it remained to determine the value of the gravitational constant γ - To do this, it was necessary to measure the force attraction between two bodies with known masses. This is not so easy to do, because the force of attraction is very small. We feel the force of gravity of the Earth. But it is impossible to feel the attraction of even a very large mountain nearby, since it is very weak.

A very subtle and sensitive method was needed. It was invented and used in 1798 by Newton's compatriot Henry Cavendish. He used a torsion scale - a rocker with two balls suspended on a very thin cord. Cavendish measured the displacement of the rocker arm (rotation) as other balls of greater mass approached the scales. To increase sensitivity, the displacement was determined by light spots reflected from mirrors mounted on the rocker balls. As a result of this experiment, Cavendish was able to quite accurately determine the value of the gravitational constant and, for the first time, calculate the mass of the Earth.

5. Jean Bernard Foucault's experiment

French physicist Jean Bernard Leon Foucault experimentally proved the rotation of the Earth around its axis in 1851 using a 67-meter pendulum suspended from the top of the dome of the Parisian Pantheon. The swing plane of the pendulum remains unchanged in relation to the stars. An observer located on the Earth and rotating with it sees that the plane of rotation is slowly turning in the direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the Earth.

6. Isaac Newton's experiment

In 1672, Isaac Newton performed a simple experiment that is described in all school textbooks. Having closed the shutters, he made a small hole in them, through which he passed sunbeam. A prism was placed in the path of the beam, and a screen was placed behind the prism. On the screen, Newton observed a “rainbow”: a white ray of sunlight, passing through a prism, turned into several colored rays - from violet to red. This phenomenon is called light dispersion.

Sir Isaac was not the first to observe this phenomenon. Already at the beginning of our era, it was known that large single crystals of natural origin have the property of decomposing light into colors. The first studies of light dispersion in experiments with a glass triangular prism, even before Newton, were carried out by the Englishman Hariot and the Czech naturalist Marzi.

However, before Newton, such observations were not subjected to serious analysis, and the conclusions drawn on their basis were not cross-checked by additional experiments. Both Hariot and Marzi remained followers of Aristotle, who argued that differences in color were determined by differences in the amount of darkness “mixed” with white light. Purple, according to Aristotle, appears with the greatest addition of darkness to light, and red with the least. Newton carried out additional experiments with crossed prisms, when light passed through one prism then passes through another. Based on the totality of his experiments, he concluded that “no color arises from white and black mixed together, except the intermediate dark ones.”

the amount of light does not change the appearance of the color.” He showed that white light should be considered as a compound. The main colors are from purple to red.

This Newton experiment provides a remarkable example of how different people, observing the same phenomenon, interpret it in different ways, and only those who question their interpretation and carry out additional experiments come to the correct conclusions.

7. Thomas Young's experiment

Until the beginning of the 19th century, ideas about the corpuscular nature of light prevailed. Light was considered to consist of individual particles - corpuscles. Although the phenomena of diffraction and interference of light were observed by Newton (“Newton’s rings”), the generally accepted point of view remained corpuscular.

Looking at the waves on the surface of the water from two thrown stones, you can see how, overlapping each other, the waves can interfere, that is, cancel out or mutually reinforce each other. Based on this, the English physicist and physician Thomas Young conducted experiments in 1801 with a beam of light that passed through two holes in an opaque screen, thus forming two independent light sources, similar to two stones thrown into water. As a result, he observed an interference pattern consisting of alternating dark and white fringes, which could not be formed if light consisted of corpuscles. The dark stripes corresponded to areas where light waves from the two slits cancel each other out. Light stripes appeared where light waves mutually reinforced each other. Thus, the wave nature of light was proven.

8. Klaus Jonsson's experiment

German physicist Klaus Jonsson conducted an experiment in 1961 similar to Thomas Young's experiment on the interference of light. The difference was that instead of rays of light, Jonsson used beams of electrons. He obtained an interference pattern similar to what Young observed for light waves. This confirmed the correctness of the provisions of quantum mechanics about the mixed corpuscular-wave nature of elementary particles.

9. Robert Millikan's experiment

The idea that electric charge of any body is discrete (that is, it consists of a larger or smaller set of elementary charges that are no longer subject to fragmentation), arose back in early XIX century and was supported by such famous physicists as M. Faraday and G. Helmholtz. The term “electron” was introduced into the theory, denoting a certain particle - the carrier of an elementary electric charge. This term, however, was purely formal at that time, since neither the particle itself nor the elementary electric charge associated with it had been discovered experimentally. In 1895, K. Roentgen, during experiments with a discharge tube, discovered that its anode, under the influence of rays flying from the cathode, was capable of emitting its own X-rays, or Roentgen rays. In the same year, French physicist J. Perrin experimentally proved that cathode rays are a stream of negatively charged particles. But, despite the colossal experimental material, the electron remained a hypothetical particle, since there was not a single experiment in which individual electrons would participate.

American physicist Robert Millikan developed a method that has become a classic example of an elegant physics experiment. Millikan managed to isolate several charged droplets of water in space between the plates of a capacitor. By illuminating with X-rays, it was possible to slightly ionize the air between the plates and change the charge of the droplets. When the field between the plates was turned on, the droplet slowly moved upward under the influence of electrical attraction. When the field was turned off, it fell under the influence of gravity. By turning the field on and off, it was possible to study each of the droplets suspended between the plates for 45 seconds, after which they evaporated. By 1909, it was possible to determine that the charge of any droplet was always an integer multiple of the fundamental value e (electron charge). This was convincing evidence that electrons were particles with the same charge and mass. By replacing droplets of water with droplets of oil, Millikan was able to increase the duration of observations to 4.5 hours and in 1913, eliminating one by one possible sources of error, he published the first measured value of the electron charge: e = (4.774 ± 0.009)x 10-10 electrostatic units .

10. Ernst Rutherford's experiment

By the beginning of the 20th century, it became clear that atoms consist of negatively charged electrons and some kind of positive charge, due to which the atom remains generally neutral. However, there were too many assumptions about what this “positive-negative” system looks like, while there was clearly a lack of experimental data that would make it possible to make a choice in favor of one or another model. Most physicists accepted J. J. Thomson's model: the atom as a uniformly charged positive ball with a diameter of approximately 108 cm with negative electrons floating inside.

In 1909, Ernst Rutherford (assisted by Hans Geiger and Ernst Marsden) conducted an experiment to understand the actual structure of the atom. In this experiment, heavy positively charged alpha particles moving at a speed of 20 km/s passed through thin gold foil and were scattered on gold atoms, deviating from the original direction of motion. To determine the degree of deviation, Geiger and Marsden had to use a microscope to observe the flashes on the scintillator plate that occurred where the alpha particle hit the plate. Over the course of two years, about a million flares were counted and it was proven that approximately one particle in 8000, as a result of scattering, changes its direction of motion by more than 90° (that is, turns back). This could not possibly happen in Thomson’s “loose” atom. The results clearly supported the so-called planetary model of the atom - a massive tiny nucleus measuring about 10-13 cm and electrons rotating around this nucleus at a distance of about 10-8 cm.

Modern physical experiments are much more complex than experiments of the past. In some, devices are placed over areas of tens of thousands of square kilometers, in others they fill a volume of the order of a cubic kilometer. And still others will soon be carried out on other planets.