Participles are example words. What is short participle, full participle? How to do a morphological analysis of a participle
Sacrament Participles established by the Lord Himself last supper- the last meal with the disciples on Easter night before His capture and crucifixion.
“And while they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed it, and broke it, and gave it to the disciples, and said, Take, eat: this is My body. And, taking the cup and giving thanks, he gave it to them and said: drink from it, all of you, for this is My Blood of the New Testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins" (Matthew 26:26-28), "...do this in remembrance of Me" (Luke 22:19). In the Sacrament of the Flesh and Blood of the Lord ( Eucharist - Greek. “thanksgiving”) there is a restoration of that unity between the nature of the Creator and the creation that existed before the Fall; this is our return to paradise lost. We can say that in Communion we receive, as it were, the germs future life in the Kingdom of Heaven. Mystical secret The Eucharist is rooted in the Savior's Sacrifice on the Cross. Having crucified His Flesh on the cross and shed His Blood, the God-man Jesus brought the Sacrifice of Love to the Creator for us and restored fallen human nature. Thus, the communion of the Body and Blood of the Savior becomes our participation in this restoration. « Christ is risen from the dead, death by death trampled down, and gave life to those in the tombs; and giving us eternal life...”
Eating the Flesh and Blood of Christ in the Sacrament of the Eucharist is not a symbolic action (as Protestants believe), but quite real. Not everyone can accommodate this secret.
« Jesus said to them, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you.”
He who eats My Flesh and drinks My Blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up on the last day.
For My Flesh is truly food, and My Blood is truly drink.
He who eats My Flesh and drinks My Blood abides in Me, and I in him.
Just as the living Father sent Me, and I live through the Father, so he who eats Me will also live through Me.
This is the bread that came down from heaven. Not as your fathers ate manna and died: whoever eats this bread will live forever.
…………………………………………
Many of His disciples, hearing this, said: What strange words! who can listen to this?
…………………………………………
From that time on, many of His disciples departed from Him and no longer walked with Him” (John 6:53–58, 60, 66).
Rationalists try to “bypass” the mystery, reducing mysticism to a symbol. The proud perceive what is inaccessible to their reason as an insult: Leo Tolstoy blasphemously called the sacrament “cannibalism.” For others it is a wild superstition, for others it is an anachronism. But the children of the Church of Christ know that in the Sacrament of the Eucharist, under the guise of bread and wine, they truly partake of the Body and Blood of Christ in Their essence. Indeed, it is not human nature to eat raw flesh and blood, and therefore at Communion the Gifts of Christ are hidden under the image of bread and wine. Nevertheless, hidden under the outer shell of perishable matter is the incorruptible substance of the Divine nature. Sometimes, by special permission, the Lord lifts this veil of mystery and allows those in doubt to see the true nature of the Holy Gifts. In particular, in my personal practice there were two cases when the Lord wanted to allow those who were communing to see His Body and Blood in their authentic form. Both times were first communions; in one case, a person was sent to the Church by psychics for their own reasons. In another, the reason for coming to the temple was very superficial curiosity. After such a wonderful event, both became faithful children Orthodox Church.
How can we at least approximately understand the meaning of what is happening in the Sacrament of Communion? The nature of creation was created by the Creator akin to Himself: not only permeable, but also, as it were, inseparable from the Creator. This is natural given the holiness of created nature - its original state of free unity and submission to the Creator. The angelic worlds are in this state. However, nature our the world is distorted and perverted by the fall of its guardian and leader - man. Nevertheless, she did not lose the opportunity to reunite with the nature of the Creator: the clearest evidence of this is the incarnation of the Savior. But man fell away from God voluntarily, and he can also reunite with Him only through free will (even the incarnation of Christ required the consent of a person - the Virgin Mary!). At the same time deification
inanimate, non-free will nature, God can do it naturally, without permission
. Thus, in the divinely established Sacrament of Communion, the grace of the Holy Spirit at the established moment of the service (and also at the request of a person!) descends on the substance of bread and wine and offers
them into a substance of a different, higher nature: the Body and Blood of Christ. And now accept these higher gifts A person can live only by showing his free will! The Lord gives Himself to everyone, but those who believe Him and love Him—the children of His Church—accept Him.
So, there is Communion communion with grace souls to higher nature and in it to eternal life. Bringing this down greatest secret to the realm of everyday image, we can compare Communion with the “nutrition” of the soul, which it should receive after its “birth” in the Sacrament of Baptism. And just as a person is born into the world by flesh once, and then feeds for the rest of his life, so Baptism is a one-time event, and we must resort to Communion regularly, preferably at least once a month, possibly more often. Communion once a year is the minimum acceptable, but such a “hungry” regime can bring the soul to the brink of survival.
How is Communion celebrated in the Church?
It is necessary to properly prepare for participation in the Eucharist. A meeting with God is an event that shakes the soul and transforms the body. Worthy communion requires a conscious and reverent attitude towards this event. There must be sincere faith in Christ and an understanding of the meaning of the Sacrament. We must have reverence for the Savior’s Sacrifice and awareness of our unworthiness to accept this great Gift (we accept It not as a well-deserved reward, but as a manifestation of mercy loving Father). There must be reconciliation of the soul: you need to sincerely forgive in your heart everyone who has “saddened us” in one way or another (remembering the words of the Lord’s Prayer: “And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors”) and try, if possible, to reconcile with them ; still in to a greater extent this applies to those who, for one reason or another, consider themselves offended by us. Before Communion, one should read the prayers defined by the Church and compiled by the holy fathers, which are called: “Following to Holy Communion”; these prayer texts are present, as a rule, in all publications Orthodox prayer books(collections of prayers). It is advisable to discuss the exact amount of reading of these texts with the priest to whom you turn for advice and who knows the specifics of your life. After the Sacrament of Communion is performed, it is necessary to read “Prayers of Thanksgiving for Holy Communion.” Finally, preparing to accept into yourself - into your flesh and into your soul - the Mysteries of the Body and Blood of Christ, terrible in their greatness, you must cleanse your body and soul. Fasting and Confession serve this purpose.
Corporal fasting involves abstaining from eating savory food. The duration of fasting before Communion is usually up to three days. Directly on the eve of Communion one must abstain from marital relations and from midnight one must not eat any food (in fact, one must not eat or drink anything in the morning before the service). However, in specific cases, significant deviations from these norms are possible; They should, again, be discussed individually.
Communion in Church
The Sacrament of Communion itself takes place in the Church at a service called liturgy . As a rule, the liturgy is celebrated in the first half of the day; exact time The beginning of services and the days of their performance should be found out directly in the temple you are going to go to. Services usually begin between seven and ten o'clock in the morning; The duration of the liturgy, depending on the nature of the service and partly on the number of communicants, is from one and a half to four to five hours. In cathedrals and monasteries, liturgies are served daily; in parish churches Sundays and in church holidays. It is advisable for those preparing for Communion to be present at the service from its beginning (for this is a single spiritual action), and also to be at evening worship, which is prayerful preparation for the liturgy and Eucharist.
During the liturgy, you need to stay in the church without going out, prayerfully participating in the service until the priest comes out of the altar with a cup and proclaims: “Approach with the fear of God and faith.” Then the communicants line up one after another in front of the pulpit (first children and the infirm, then men and then women). Hands should be folded crosswise on the chest; You are not supposed to be baptized in front of the cup. When your turn comes, you need to stand in front of the priest, say your name and open your mouth so that you can put in a spoon with a particle of the Body and Blood of Christ. The liar must be thoroughly licked with his lips, and after wiping his lips with the cloth, reverently kiss the edge of the bowl. Then, without venerating the icons or talking, you need to move away from the pulpit and take a drink - St. water with wine and a particle of prosphora (in this way, it is as if the oral cavity is washed, so that the smallest particles of the Gifts are not accidentally expelled from oneself, for example, when sneezing). After communion you need to read (or listen in Church) thanksgiving prayers and in the future carefully guard your soul from sins and passions.
In Russian lessons we all studied the participle. However, linguists still do not have general opinion about what a sacrament is. Some consider it a special form of the verb, others define the participle as an independent part of speech. Let's try to figure out what a participle is: the Russian language and its answers.
Definition of participle
Conventionally, a participle is a special form of a verb that denotes the attribute of an object or object by action, and answers the questions: which?, which?, which?, which?. In addition, the participle combines the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.
Participle and adjective
Participles have many similarities with adjectives. Participles are inflected - agree with the noun in gender, number, case. Initial form participle has the same characteristics - masculine, singular, nominative. For example, reflective, coloring, flying. With participles, like with adjectives, it is possible short form.
Short Communion
What is a short participle is another question that linguists ask when arguing whether it is an adjective or a special part of speech. One way or another, the modern Russian language distinguishes two forms of participle - short and full. The short participle answers the questions: what has been done?, what has been done?, what has been done?, what have been done?.
For example, spilled - spilled, lost - lost. In a sentence, short participles are always a predicate: “the shop has been closed for several hours.”
Short participles are formed from the full form by adding zero ending, as well as the endings “a”, “o” and “s”. For example, built – built; beveled - beveled.
Participle and verb
The participle has common morphological properties with verbs - reflexivity, transitivity, aspect and tense. Moreover, unlike the verb, the participle does not have future tense forms. But only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have present tense forms. For example, sit – sitting.
Most difficult moments are associated with the question of what a past participle is, namely with their formation. The following rules must be remembered:
- Active participles past tense are formed from the infinitive with the addition of the suffixes “vsh” or “sh”, as well as the endings of adjectives. For example, hide - hidden; endure - endured.
- Passive past participles are formed from the infinitive with the addition of the suffixes “nn”, “enn” and “t”, as well as the endings of adjectives. For example, do - done; contribute – contributed; shoe - shod.
Participle in a sentence
In a sentence, participles are a definition, less often part of a compound nominal predicate. Participles with dependent words: nouns, adverbs or adjectives form a participial phrase. In a sentence, it is usually separated by commas: “a dog running along the road”
It is customary to distinguish two types of participles: active and passive.
What is a passive participle
Passive participles denote a feature that is present in an object after the influence of another object or object. For example, a problem solved by a student is a problem that the student solved; lost fight by a boxer - a fight that a boxer lost.
What is a real participle
Active participles denote a characteristic that is created by the actions of the object or object itself. For example, a suffering man is a man who suffers; a running horse is a horse that runs.
It is worth remembering that a participle can be translated into an adjective or verb with dependent words. For example, a lying boy is a boy who was lying; proven friend - true friend. Sometimes from participles you can form short adjective: charming smile - a smile is charming.
What is communion in church
The word “participle” can mean not only a part of speech, but also church ceremony communion or eucharist.
During this rite, the believer must taste wine and bread, which symbolizes the flesh and blood of Jesus Christ. Communion or communion is done to come into close contact with God, which brings blessing.
IN different times took communion different quantities once. In the Middle Ages, Christians observed the Eucharist every day, and since the 19th century this rite was performed twice in a lifetime - after birth and before death.
The participle is a special independent part of speech in the Russian language, which combines the properties of a verb and an adjective. This is manifested in the fact that the participle is formed from a verb, but answers questions characteristic of an adjective: which one?, what one does?, what one did?, what one did?. Schoolchildren and linguistic students should be able to correctly determine the type of participle. This is a constant morphological feature of the participle; it significantly affects the interpretation of the meaning of the word. To determine the type of participle and avoid mistakes, it is important to use advice and follow the algorithm.
Determine the type of participle. Recommendations
- First, determine from which verb the participle was formed. This part of speech combines the characteristics of an adjective and a verb. The view can be passive and active. Either an object performs some action, or some action is performed on the object:
- the active participle denotes the action of an object, for example: reader - someone is reading, a person is reading a book;
- the passive participle describes an action performed with an object, for example: read - something is being read, a book is being read by a person.
- the active participle denotes the action of an object, for example: reader - someone is reading, a person is reading a book;
- You can determine the type of participle by asking the appropriate questions:
- what did he do? what is he doing?– questions of real participle;
- what's being done?- question of the passive participle.
- what did he do? what is he doing?– questions of real participle;
- Put the participle in full or short form. Note whether the participle you are considering can have both forms. Remember an important sign of the type of this part of speech:
- the real participle has only a full form in Russian; it cannot be put into a short form without violating language norms;
- the passive participle can have both forms: full and short; for example: readable – readable.
Active participles are put into a short form only in some dialects, choosing separate words for this. You can immediately distinguish a violation of the norm of the Russian language: reading - reading.
- the real participle has only a full form in Russian; it cannot be put into a short form without violating language norms;
- Please note: short passive participles change in Russian according to numbers and genders. For example: read - readable - readable - readable.
- Parse the participle according to its composition. It is advisable to carry out a complete analysis of the word according to its composition in order to accurately find the suffix. It is this part of the sacrament that is its formal species characteristic. Each type of this part of speech has specific suffixes:
- active participles: suffixes –ash-, -ush-, -yash-, -sh-, -vsh-;
- passive participles: suffixes –em-, -nn-, -enn-.
- active participles: suffixes –ash-, -ush-, -yash-, -sh-, -vsh-;
- Draw your own summary table of characteristics of the type of participle. Bring it all in useful information about different methods for determining the type of this part of speech: by questions, suffixes, the presence of short and full forms. Provide your table with your own examples. Then it will be much easier for you to correctly determine the species of the participle, and you will quickly remember all the information by using different types memory.
- Please note that some participles have long been transferred to another part of speech. Outwardly, they resemble participles, but in fact they are adjectives, since they denote actions and states that have become permanent features of objects. For example, canned peas. Such words should be treated as adjectives.
How to determine the type of participle correctly? Follow the algorithm and remember the recommendations.
- Write down on a separate piece of paper the participles whose type you need to determine.
- Remember your table and start looking at the words in accordance with it. To begin, ask the communion question.
- Check whether this participle has a short, full form.
- Parse the word according to its composition. Select the suffix and find out what type it corresponds to. Determine the type of participle.
- Test yourself: write down the verb from which the participle is formed. Make up a phrase with it. Think about it: are we talking about an action performed by an object or an action that someone performs on an object? Draw your final conclusions and write down the type of participle.
The participle is used in many Indo-European languages, Arabic, Hungarian, and also in many Eskimo languages (for example, Sireniki). In other languages, together with the gerund it forms special part speeches - English Participle, German Partizip.
In Russian
The question of the status of the participle has been and is being resolved ambiguously in Russian studies, but linguists agree that participles are formed from a verb. The formation of participles is closely related to the category of aspect and transitivity. For example, present and past participles can be formed from imperfect verbs, but only past participles can be formed from perfect verbs. In addition, passive participles can only be formed from transitive verbs. Present participles are formed from the present tense stem. Active voice forms are formed using suffixes -ush- growing) And -asch- holding). Forms passive voice present tense are formed using suffixes -om- , -eating- for verbs of the first conjugation ( slave) And -them- - for verbs of the second conjugation ( persecuted).
Past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive. Active participles are formed using a suffix -vsh- for verbs whose stem ends in a vowel ( holding). Using a suffix -sh- such participles are formed from verbs with a stem on a consonant ( growing up).
Some verbs have specificity in the formation of participles; such verbs include verbs in -is , during the formation of which the original base is truncated ( sat down). From verbs with suffix -Well- It is possible to form two forms of participles, for example, extinguished - extinguished.
Passive past participles are formed using suffixes -nn- (from verbs to -at : read, lost), -enn- (from verbs to -it And -whose : baked), -T- (from monosyllabic verbs: crumpled).
Passive participles usually have full ( verified) and short ( verified) shapes. Short forms vary by gender and number. However, not all present passive participles have a short form. Since passive present participles ( slave, readable) relate primarily to book speech; there are some stylistic restrictions on the formation of such forms. Therefore, from colloquial and some neutral verbs (for example, beat, cover, feed and so on) often passive present participles are not formed. Also, not all verbs form passive past participles in Russian.
Adjectivation
Adjectivation called transition various parts speech into an adjective, but participles are subject to adjectivization to a greater extent. When adjectivated, participles lose their verbal categories and begin to denote a constant, static, unchanging feature, thus a rethinking of participles occurs. Highlight:
- participles turned into adjectives with figurative meaning (brilliant career);
- participles that have turned into adjectives with new, additional meanings ( thinking creature);
- participles that have turned into adjectives denoting the intended purpose of performing some action ( typewriter);
- participles turned into adjectives with the meaning of the ability to be subjected to any influence ( inflected nouns);
- participles turned into adjectives with the meaning of a state caused as a result of some action ( condensed milk).
Grammatical features
The participle changes according to the characteristics of the adjective. It changes by numbers, by cases, by gender in the singular. The participle can be perfective or imperfective, past or present tense; these signs do not change; for the sacrament they are constant.
Examples of active participle
- Rain, watering land.
- Horror, flying on the wings of the night.
- Human, read book.
- fallen leaves from the tree.
- Birch, leaning over wet bushes.
Examples of passive participle
- Earth, watered rain.
- Plant, grown in the garden.
- Book, read everyone.
Perfect
The short form of the passive past participle of perfective verbs is used in Russian to form passive perfect forms: the book has been read(present perfect), the house was built(past perfect) the road will be paved(future perfect).
Subjunctive participle
The question of the existence in the Russian language of the subjunctive participle, formed by adding a particle to the active past participle would, is debatable. However, similar forms are sometimes found in the works of N.V. Gogol, and in the form of a stable circulation would be an honor- from many other authors.
Participial phrase
A participle with dependent words is called participial phrase. In a sentence, the participial phrase and the participle are a separate or non-separate agreed definition.
In Russian, the participial phrase is often separated by commas. If the participial phrase comes after the word being defined, it is separated by commas on both sides. When the participial phrase stands before the word being defined, commas are not placed, except in cases where the word being defined is expressed by a personal pronoun.
- Program, written in haste, performed an illegal operation.
- Written in a hurry The program performed an illegal operation.
Complex sentences can be overloaded with participial phrases:
- Woodpecker, hammering tree, growing in the forest, buried snow, falling from the branches, very cold.
Communion – an independent part of speech that denotes an attribute of an object by action and answers a question Which? The participle has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.
Morphological (grammatical) features of the participle:
Permanent(these are signs taken from the verb):
1. Lexical meaning (the meaning of an action; unlike an adjective, which denotes a permanent attribute of an object, a participle denotes an attribute of an object by action, i.e., a non-constant attribute that exists at the moment while the action is performed: fluffy kitten ( constant sign is an adjective) – playing kitten(a non-constant sign is a participle);
2.View- imperfect and perfect: who proposed (what did he do?) - who proposed what did he do?;
3.Time- present and past: sleeping - sleeping, reading - reading.
From verbs nes. V. you can form two present participles. vr. (offer, proposed) and one past participle. vr. (proposed). From verbs owls. V. Only past participles are formed. vr.: offered, bought, removed, offered, bought, removed; 4. Repayment: welcoming, pleasing - irrevocable; meeting, rejoicing - returnable; 5. Pledge- active and passive. Active participles denote the attribute of the person or thing that itself performs the action: looking at, looking at, looking at. Passive participles denote the attribute of the person or object to which the action is directed: considered, considered. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. However, some transitive verbs cannot be used to form present participles. vr. with the suffixes -om-, -em-, -im-, in particular, from the verbs: protect, beat, take, wake up, call, write, drink. Some transitive verbs, such as wait, love, look at, push, do not have forms of passive participles past. vr. 6. The participle preserves all lexical and syntactic connections, which the verb had: to head the government - heading the government, working on a book - working on a book, thinking deeply - thinking deeply.
Fickle(these are signs taken from the adjective)
1. They indicate a sign of a person or object.
2. They change according to numbers, genders and cases: sleeping child, sleeping daughter, sleeping children, to sleeping children.
3. Passive participles, like qualitative adjectives, except for the full one, have a short form: purchased goods - goods purchased, a child beloved by everyone - loved by everyone.
4. Role in a sentence: there are only full participles definition, brief - only partly compound nominal predicate.
Formation of participles
Present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense verb: nes-ut→nes- ushch-y, bear- ohm th. Past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive: brought-ti →brought- w-yy, brought- yonn th. Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs: decide→decide- I eat-th.
Passive past participles - mainly from perfective verbs: decide →decide yonn-th. Active present participles are formed using suffixes -ushch- (- ushch-) from verbs I sp., -ash- (-box-) from verbs II reference: carried ushch yay, game yushch yay;scream asch yay, white box yy. Present passive participles are formed using suffixes –eat-(-ohm-) from verbs I sp., -them- from verbs II reference: chita I eat oh, ved ohm y; import them y.
Active past participles are formed using suffixes –vsh-(after a vowel) and –sh-(after a consonant): deciding Vsh yy, grew up w yy. Passive past participles are formed using suffixes –nn-, -enn-(-yonn-), -t-: read nn oh, brought it yonn oh, break it T y.
Spelling participles
1. The choice of vowel in the suffixes of present participles depends on the conjugation of the original verb: swaying(from sway - I sp.), wavering(from hesitate - I sp.); under construction(from build - II reference), visible(from see - II reference). ! from the verb disdain a participle is formed fastidious.
2. In passive past participles it is written –nn-, if the verb in the indefinite form ends in -at, -yat: write - written, dispel - scattered; is written –enn-(-yonn-), if the verb ends in -et, -it, -ti, -ch: see - seen, shoot - shot, save - saved, save - saved.
3. In the suffixes of passive past participles it is written nn , if these participles have prefixes or explanatory words: is right enne second manuscript, corrected enne oh proofreader manuscript.
4. In prefixless participles formed from perfective verbs, it is written nn : abandoned, given, bought, deprived, captured; and in some participles formed from imperfective verbs: seen, seen, heard, read. Exceptions: sworn brother, imprisoned father, smart boy.
5. Participles with suffix –ova-, –eva- are written with nn : a spoiled child, a risky project, an uprooted plot. In words forged, chewed combinations ov, ev are part of the root.
6. In short passive participles it is written n : the theorem is confusing. In short verbal adjectives it is preserved nn : Its capabilities are limited. But: The scope of work is limited by funds.
7. Case endings of participles are determined as for adjectives on the question: parting (what?) comrades.
8. Particle Not with participles it is written separately if there is a contrast with the conjunction A, or dependent words (participial phrase), or the participle is used in a short form: not a finished, but only a begun story; manuscript not returned to the author; not verified.
9. Together with Not are written together with full single participles or with participles that are not used without Not: unnoticed typos, an indignant look.
Participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. The participial phrase standing after the word being defined is isolated: The waves, crushed by a heavy pile of ice, fell silent. The waves, crushed by a heavy pile of ice, fell silent. If the participial phrase has the meaning of reason or concession, then it is also isolated before the word being defined: Wounded in the arm, the commander did not leave the battlefield.
Use of participial phrase
ü The defined noun must appear either before the entire phrase or after it, but not inside the phrase. Wrong: A person cut off from reality has difficulty finding his place in life.(follows: A person cut off from reality...)
ü Participles have only two forms of tense - present and past, they do not have future tense. In these cases, the participial phrase is replaced by a subordinate clause definitive sentence. Wrong: A student who writes an essay without a single mistake will receive a high mark.(follows: The student who writes...)
ü It is necessary to take into account the type (or time, or collateral) discrepancy: The book describes events taking place in the 15th century(follows: taking place in the 15th century); The toys produced by the Zagorsk factory are known all over the world.(follows: produced)
! Participles used without dependent words in a figurative meaning are adjectives; they can easily be replaced by synonyms: organized student (=strong-willed) - adjective , a hike organized by a teacher (the one that was organized)- participle.
! Completely lost verb features and became adjectives
–uch, -yuch, -ach, -yach: dense, prickly, recumbent, wandering;
*Words formed from verbs with a suffix –l: burnt, belated;
*Words formed from verbs with suffixes -n, -en, -yon , if they do not have dependent words: fried, braided;
*Difficult words, which include participle suffixes: all-crushing, half-burnt.
Morphological analysis of the participle
1. Initial form (Name singular singular male)
2. Permanent signs:
- active - passive;
- time;
3. Variable signs:
- genus;
- number;
- case;
- full - short form (for passive participles);
4. Function in a sentence.
Sample parsing of a participle