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Russian Navy: overview, features and interesting facts. Navy (Navy). The Navy (Navy) is a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It is intended for armed protection of interests. Ships of the marine corps of the navy

Editorial response

Day of the Navy (Navy) in Russia is celebrated on the last Sunday of July. In 2015, this holiday falls on July 26.

The birth of the Navy in Russia began at the end of the 17th century with Peter I. In honor of the first victory of the Russian fleet on July 27 (August 7, according to a new style), 1714 at Gangut, Peter I ordered that this day be celebrated annually with solemn services, naval parades and fireworks.

From 1980 to the present, Navy Day in Russia is celebrated on the last Sunday of July.

Warships that are part of the Russian Navy serve for different purposes and are accordingly divided into different classes. AiF.ru talks in infographics about modern types of warships.

Depending on the purpose (task performed), ships can be divided into the following classes (types):

  • aircraft carriers;
  • cruisers;
  • universal landing ships;
  • destroyers;
  • frigates;
  • corvettes;
  • landing ships.

Aircraft carriers

Currently, the largest warships ever built are aircraft carriers. Such a warship has several dozen aircraft on board, which may include fighters, attack aircraft, tanker aircraft, etc. A modern aircraft carrier has a powerful power plant and carries a large supply of aviation fuel and weapons, which allows a significant time to operate away from its own shores.

The cost of building a modern aircraft carrier with a nuclear propulsion system is about 4-6 billion dollars. The monthly cost of maintaining the aircraft carrier is over $10 million.

Since 1991, two aircraft-carrying cruisers have been built in Russia. Project number 1143.5. "Krechet" can accommodate up to 50 aircraft and helicopters on board. On the this moment only one remained in the Russian Navy - "Admiral Kuznetsov". "Varyag" was sold to China, now it bears the name "Liaoning".

Aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov". Photo: RIA Novosti / Oleg Lastochkin

Aircraft carriers perform a number of military purposes, in particular, they are used for:

  • air defense of naval formations;
  • anti-submarine defense;
  • air support for ground forces in the coastal zone;
  • destruction of enemy air defenses;
  • to destroy enemy ships.
Today, aircraft carriers are equipped, in addition to the main weapons (carrier-based aviation), with missiles and cannons. The main advantage of an aircraft carrier is its mobility, which allows you to place such ships at a specific point.

Cruisers

A guided missile cruiser is a large-displacement, multi-purpose warship armed with guided missile launchers. The cruiser is capable of hitting air, surface and underwater targets, shelling coastal areas.

One of the most powerful ships of the Russian Navy is the cruiser "Peter the Great". It is capable of performing assigned tasks anywhere in the world's oceans. It is currently the world's largest operational non-aircraft attack warship. Its main purpose is to destroy enemy aircraft carrier groups.

Cruiser Peter the Great. Photo: RIA Novosti / Vitaly Ankov

Universal landing ships

The universal amphibious assault ship (UDC) corresponds to a medium aircraft carrier in terms of its combat potential. Today, the costs of construction, staffing and operation make the contract for the supply of such a ship comparable to contracts for the construction of full-fledged aircraft carriers.

In Russia, the contract for the construction of the Mistral-type UDC for Russia is carried out by the French companies DCNS and STX. Its cost is 1.12 billion euros (about 1.52 billion dollars).

In accordance with the signed contract, during the construction of 2 UDCs of the Mistral type, the assembly of 12 blocks of the aft hull of each of the landing ships is carried out in Russia.

Russian-made helicopters, the basis of which will be the Ka-52 Alligator, will be based on the UDC, and the possibility of deploying Ka-27M and Ka-226 helicopters is also being considered.

The first UDC "Vladivostok" will be delivered to the Russian Navy in 2014, the second - "Sevastopol" - at the end of 2015.

Launching of the aft part of the first Russian landing helicopter dock ship (DVKD) of the Mistral type - Vladivostok. Photo: RIA Novosti / Igor Russak

destroyers

Destroyers are multipurpose ships. They are designed for:

  • delivering powerful missile, torpedo and artillery strikes against enemy ships;
  • intelligence service at sea;
  • protection of large ships from surface, air and underwater attacks.

Destroyers can also install minefields and support the landing with artillery support.

Destroyer "Fast" Pacific Fleet Russia. Photo: RIA Novosti / Vitaly Ankov

Frigates

The main purpose of the frigate is to fight against air and underwater enemies while escorting the main forces of the fleet and especially important convoys. This is a universal ship capable of operating at any distance from the coast and taking part in military conflicts.

In Russia, after the departure of the sailing fleet, frigates correspond in size and function to patrol ships. They are designed for:

  • search, detection and tracking of enemy submarines;
  • ensuring anti-ship and anti-submarine defense of warships and ships at sea;
  • strikes against ships and vessels at sea and at bases;
  • support for the combat operations of the ground forces;
  • ensuring the landing of amphibious assault forces and solving other problems.

Frigate "Admiral Gorshkov". Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

Corvettes

According to NATO classification, the class of corvettes included:

  • Soviet small anti-submarine ships (MPK);
  • small missile ships (RTOs).

The main tasks of modern corvettes are anti-submarine defense of a ship formation (convoy) or a coastal facility (naval base, port, etc.).

In Russia, Project 20380 vessels are the first warships built in the Russian Federation under the official designation of the corvette class. Previously, in the Soviet and Russian Navy, the class of corvettes did not stand out separately.

As of July 1, 2014 at combat strength The Russian Navy has four ships of the project - "Guarding", "Savvy", "Courageous" and "Resistant", all - as part of the Baltic Fleet; four more corvettes are under construction.

Corvette "Boiky". Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org / CC BY-SA 3.0/Radziun

Large landing ship

A large landing ship (BDK) is designed to transport and disembark troops. These ships are capable of delivering (transporting, transporting) various types of armored vehicles, including tanks.

The main difference between such ships and universal landing ships is the presence of a bow ramp, which makes it possible to land troops ashore in short time(including due to its smaller size).

BDKs are usually equipped with self-defence means such as an anti-aircraft missile system and artillery pieces, as well as means of fire support for the landing.

Large landing ship "Azov". Photo: RIA Novosti / Igor Zarembo

Submarines

These ships have significant advantages over surface ships. They are characterized by secrecy of maneuver and suddenness of impact on the enemy. The main purpose of submarines is combat operations on sea ​​routes the enemy, fulfilling tasks of all types of reconnaissance (including radar patrol) and firing rockets at any enemy targets.

In accordance with the armament, submarines are divided into missile carriers, missile-torpedo, torpedo, mine-torpedo and special-purpose - transport boats, radar patrol boats, etc.

Depending on the displacement, submarines are divided into subclasses:

  • large submarines with a submerged displacement of up to 8200 tons and a maximum speed of 25 knots, equipped with a nuclear power plant, with a diving depth of up to 450 m;
  • medium submarines with an underwater displacement of up to 1500 tons and a speed of 15-20 knots;
  • small submarines with an underwater displacement of up to 550 tons. This subclass includes submarines with a displacement of up to 3 tons.

The composition of the Russian Navy includes:

  • 13 nuclear submarines with ballistic missiles,
  • 27 nuclear submarines with missile and torpedo armament,
  • 19 diesel submarines,
  • 8 nuclear submarines for special purposes,
  • 1 diesel submarine for special purposes.

Over the next 20 years, the submarine forces of the Russian Navy will be based on fourth-generation submarines of the Borey, Yasen and Lada classes developed by the two leading Russian design bureaus Rubin and Malachite. And after 2030, we can talk about creating fifth-generation submarines and related weapons based on Bulava-type ballistic missiles and Caliber-type cruise missiles.

Submarines moored in the port of Vladivostok. Photo: RIA Novosti / Alexander Wilf

The Russian Navy is a branch of the Armed Forces designed to ensure the military security of the state from oceanic (maritime) directions, to protect strategic interests Russian Federation in oceanic, sea areas (zones).

The Russian Navy consists of four fleets (Northern, Pacific, Baltic and Black Sea) and the Caspian flotilla and includes the types of forces:

  • submarine forces;
  • surface forces;
  • naval aviation;
  • coastal troops(motorized rifle, tank formations and units, marines and coastal rocket and artillery troops);
  • units and subdivisions of support and maintenance.

The basis of the Northern and Pacific fleets are missile submarines strategic purpose and multi-purpose nuclear submarines, diesel submarines, aircraft carriers, missile and artillery, landing ships and boats, naval, missile-carrying and anti-submarine aviation.

The basis of the Baltic, Black Sea Fleets and the Caspian Flotilla are multi-purpose surface ships, mine-sweeping ships and boats, diesel submarines, coastal missile and artillery troops and attack aircraft.

submarine forces are designed to destroy enemy ground targets, search for and destroy enemy submarines, strike at groups of surface ships, including aircraft carriers, naval strike groups, landing detachments and convoys, both independently and in cooperation with other forces of the fleet.

surface forces designed to search for and destroy submarines, to fight surface ships, to land amphibious assault forces on the enemy coast, to detect and neutralize naval mines and performing a number of other tasks.

Naval aviation designed to destroy ship groupings, convoys, enemy landings at sea and at bases; to search for and destroy enemy submarines, to disrupt its surveillance and control systems in maritime theaters; to cover groupings of their ships, conduct reconnaissance and issue target designations in the interests of using weapons by naval forces.

Coastal troops are intended for operations in amphibious assaults, defense of the country's coast and important objects of the fleet (front) on the coast and coastal communications from attacks by enemy fleet forces.

Parts and divisions of support and maintenance designed to ensure the basing and combat activities of the submarine and surface forces of the fleet.

Armament and military equipment of the Navy

Surface ships are subdivided into aircraft-carrying, rocket-artillery, anti-submarine, mine-sweeping, and landing ships. Project 1143.5 heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral N. G. Kuznetsov" - designed to impart combat stability to strategic missile submarines, surface ship groups and naval missile-carrying aircraft. Project 1144.2 heavy missile cruiser "Peter the Great" - designed to destroy large enemy surface targets and provide integrated air defense and anti-submarine defense of warship formations. Project 956 destroyer "Fearless" - designed for application rocket strikes on enemy surface ships, providing fire support to landing forces, air defense and anti-ship defense of ships and transports. Submarines are subdivided into strategic missile submarines, multi-purpose submarines, and special-purpose submarines. Project 941 "Typhoon" heavy strategic missile submarine - Designed for long-range missile strikes against large military-industrial facilities. Project 667.BDRM strategic missile submarine - designed to deliver missile strikes against large enemy military-industrial facilities. Project 971 multi-purpose nuclear submarine - designed to strike at ship groups and coastal targets. Missile submarine cruiser with cruise missiles of project 949 - designed for missile strikes against ship groups and coastal facilities.

conclusions

  1. The navy of the Russian Federation is intended mainly to strike at important enemy targets and defeat it. naval forces in the oceanic (maritime) theater of operations.
  2. The modern Navy of the Russian Federation has a nuclear missile power, high mobility of ships and air groups, high autonomy, and the ability to operate under any weather conditions in various regions of the oceans.
  3. The Navy of the Russian Federation consists of branches of forces: submarine, surface, naval aviation, coastal missile and artillery troops and marines.
  4. The Russian Navy consists of four fleets (Northern, Pacific, Baltic and Black Sea) and the Caspian Flotilla and includes the types of forces: submarine forces, surface forces, naval aviation, coastal troops (motorized rifle, tank formations and units, marines and coastal rocket and artillery troops ), parts and subdivisions of support and maintenance.

Questions

  1. What is the main mission of the Navy?
  2. What types of forces are part of the Navy of the Russian Federation?
  3. What are the main tasks that the submarine forces of the Navy of the Russian Federation are called upon to perform?
  4. What famous landing operations were carried out by the Marine Corps during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945?

Tasks

  1. Prepare a report on the topic "The main types of weapons and military equipment of the Navy."
  2. Pick up materials in the library and prepare a message on one of the topics: "History of the Marine Corps of Russia", "Admiral Fedor Ushakov - an outstanding naval commander."
  3. Using historical literature and the Internet, write an essay on the topic “The use of the marines in the defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855. and during the Great Patriotic War in 1941-1942.

The Russian Navy has 203 surface ships and 71 submarines, including 23 nuclear submarines equipped with ballistic and cruise missiles. The defense capability of Russia at sea is provided by modern and powerful ships.

"Peter the Great"

The heavy nuclear-powered missile cruiser Peter the Great is the world's largest non-aircraft-carrying strike ship. Capable of destroying groups of enemy aircraft carriers. The only afloat cruiser of the famous Soviet project 1144 "Orlan". Built at the Baltic Shipyard and launched in 1989. Commissioned after 9 years.

For 16 years, the cruiser has traveled 140,000 miles. Flagship Northern Fleet Russian Navy, port of registry - Severomorsk.
With a width of 28.5 meters, it has a length of 251 meters. Full displacement 25860 tons.
Two nuclear reactor with a capacity of 300 megawatts, two boilers, turbines and gas turbine generators are capable of providing energy to a city with a population of 200,000. Can reach speeds up to 32 knots, cruising range is not limited. The crew of 727 people can be in autonomous navigation for 60 days.
Armament: 20 SM-233 launchers with P-700 Granit cruise missiles, firing range - 700 km. Anti-aircraft complex "Rif" S-300F (96 vertical launch missiles). Air defense system"Dagger" with a stock of 128 missiles. Gun mount AK-130. Two anti-submarine missile and torpedo systems "Waterfall", anti-torpedo complex "Udav-1M". rocket launchers bombing RBU-12000 and RBU-1000 "Smerch-3". Three Ka-27 anti-submarine helicopters can be based on board.

"Admiral of the Fleet Soviet Union Kuznetsov"

Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" (project 11435). Built at the Black Sea Shipyard, launched in 1985. He bore the names "Riga", "Leonid Brezhnev", "Tbilisi". Since 1991, he became part of the Northern Fleet. Carried out combat service in the Mediterranean, participated in the rescue operation during the death of the Kursk. Three years later, according to the plan, it will go for modernization.
The length of the cruiser is 302.3 meters, the total displacement is 55,000 tons. Maximum speed - 29 knots. A crew of 1960 can stay at sea for a month and a half.
Armament: 12 anti-ship missiles Granit, 60 Udav-1 missiles, 24 Klinok air defense systems (192 missiles) and Kashtan (256 missiles). It can carry 24 Ka-27 helicopters, 16 Yak-41M supersonic VTOL aircraft and up to 12 Su-27K fighter jets.

"Moscow"

"Moskva", guards missile cruiser. Multipurpose ship. Built at the shipyards of the plant named after 61 Communards in Nikolaev. It was originally called "Glory". Commissioned in 1983. Flagship of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.
Participated in the military conflict with Georgia, in 2014 carried out the blockade of the Ukrainian Navy.
With a width of 20.8 meters, it has a length of 186.4 meters and a displacement of 11,490 tons. Maximum speed 32 knots. Cruising range up to 6000 nautical miles. The crew of 510 people can be in the "autonomy" for a month.
Armament: 16 P-500 Bazalt mounts, two AK-130 gun mounts, six AK-630 6-barrel gun mounts, B-204 S-300F Rif air defense systems (64 missiles), Osa-MA air defense system launchers (48 missiles), torpedo tubes, RBU-6000 rocket launchers, Ka-27 helicopter.
A copy of the "Moscow" - the cruiser "Varyag" is the flagship of the Pacific Fleet.

"Dagestan"

Patrol ship "Dagestan" was commissioned in 2012. Built at the Zelenodolsk shipyard. In 2014, it was transferred to the Caspian Flotilla. This is the second ship of project 11661K, the first - "Tatarstan" is the flagship of the Caspian Fleet.
"Dagestan" has more powerful and modern weapons: the universal RK "Caliber-NK", which can use several types of high-precision missiles (firing range is more than 300 km), "Palma" ZRAK, AU AK-176M. Equipped with stealth technology.
With a width of 13.1 meters, "Dagestan" has a length of 102.2 meters, a displacement of 1900 tons. Can reach speeds up to 28 knots. The crew of 120 people can be in autonomous navigation for 15 days.
Four more such ships have been laid down at the shipyards.

"Persistent"

The flagship of the Baltic Fleet, the destroyer Nastoychivy, was built at the Zhdanov Leningrad Shipyard and launched in 1991. Designed to destroy ground targets, anti-aircraft and anti-ship defense formations.
With a width of 17.2 meters, it has a length of 156.5 meters and a displacement of 7940 tons. The crew of 296 people can stay at sea without calling at the port for up to 30 days.
The destroyer carries a KA-27 helicopter. It is equipped with twin AK-130/54 gun mounts, AK-630 six-barrel gun mounts, P-270 Moskit mounts, six-barrel rocket launchers, two Shtil air defense systems and torpedo tubes.

"Yury Dolgoruky"

The nuclear submarine "Yuri Dolgoruky" (the first submarine of project 955 "Borey") was laid down in 1996 in Severodvinsk. Commissioned in 2013. Port of registry - Gadzhiyevo. Part of the Northern Fleet.
The length of the boat is 170 meters, the underwater displacement is 24,000 tons. Maximum surface speed - 15 knots, underwater - 29 knots. Crew 107 people. Can bear three months combat duty without entering the port.
Yuri Dolgoruky carries 16 Bulava ballistic missiles, is equipped with a PHR 9R38 Igla, 533-millimeter torpedo tubes, and six REPS-324 Shlagbaum acoustic countermeasures. In the coming years, six more submarines of the same class will be built at Russian shipyards.

"Severodvinsk"

Multi-purpose nuclear submarine "Severodvinsk" became the first submarine of the new Russian project 855 Ash. The most "quiet" submarine in the world. Built in Severodvinsk. In 2014, it became part of the Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy. Port of registry - Zapadnaya Litsa.
With a width of 13.5 meters, it has a length of 119 meters, an underwater displacement of 13,800 tons,
Surface speed "Severodvinsk" is 16 knots, underwater - 31 knots. Endurance of navigation - 100 days, crew - 90 people.
It has a modern silent nuclear reactor of a new generation. The submarine is equipped with ten torpedo tubes, P-100 Oniks, Kh-35, ZM-54E, ZM-54E1, ZM-14E cruise missiles. Carries X-101 strategic cruise missiles and can hit targets within a radius of up to 3,000 kilometers. Until 2020, Russia plans to build six more Yasen-class submarines.

At all times, war has been one of the main areas human activity. Of course, its consequences have always been extremely negative character Nevertheless, in the social environment, she enjoyed quite a lot of popularity. This is due to the fact that through war one can obtain land, power, resources, etc. In addition, many international political conflicts have been resolved through military action. Thus, armed struggle is an important part of social activity.

Throughout history, society has modernized its capabilities in the field of martial arts. This led to the emergence standard rules troop formations that are still in use today. According to one of them, all the armed forces of any state are divided into three components: sea, land and air. In this article, the author would like to talk about which today occupies a significant place in the world ranking of such troops.

What is a navy?

Today in the Russian Federation there are a large number of military formations that have inherently different tasks and functions. This raises a completely logical question: what is a naval fleet? At its core, this component naval forces of any state, in our case the Russian Federation. This component is divided into two main elements: surface and underwater. It should be noted that a large number of traditions and features of this formation are largely due to the development of maritime relations and the territorial features of the country. In this regard, the Russian Federation has a fairly long history of the formation of naval military formations, which will be discussed below.

Fleet of the Russian Empire

The Russian Imperial Navy existed from 1721 to 1917. During this time, the formation participated in many naval battles. In addition, the imperial fleet was distinguished by a high level of combat training and efficiency in warfare on the water.

The first representatives of the formation were ships built for combat operations in the framework of the Northern War. The main bases for managing the imperial fleet at that time were Kronstadt, Revel, Abo and Helsingfors. By the beginning of 1745, the forces of His Imperial Majesty at sea consisted of 130 sailing ships, 36 linear, as well as 9 frigates and ships of other types. Navy Russian Empire lived according to a special rule.

In the history of the imperial fleet, there are many famous people, for example, Admiral Nakhimov. This man distinguished himself with heroism and competent construction of tactical defense during the siege of Sevastopol in 1854-1855. Today, Admiral Nakhimov is the unspoken symbol of the Russian fleet.

It should also be noted that the formation was used in the Crimean and Russo-Japanese wars. Besides, final stage development of the Imperial Navy was his participation in the First World War.

Military formations of the Soviet Union, based on the sea, existed from 1918 to 1992. The main task of the USSR fleet was to protect the borders of the state from external aggression. The formation included units of submarines, naval aviation, surface ships, rocket and artillery troops, as well as marines. The command was carried out from the headquarters of the Navy, located in the city of Moscow. During its existence, the fleet participated in the largest military conflict - the Second World War.

At the end of the 80s, the formation included the following amount of equipment: 160 surface ships, 113 submarines, 83 missile carriers, and about 12 thousand marines. The naval fleet of the USSR had its peak of development by 1985. At that time, it was second in terms of the number of courts after the United States of America.

The tasks of the fleet at the present stage

The modern navy of the Russian Federation is one of the main elements of the armed forces of the state. In accordance with this, the performance of a number of inherently specific tasks falls entirely on him:

Comprehensive containment of any application military force on the sea;

Permanent protection of state borders, as well as the sovereignty of the Russian Federation in the areas of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf;

Ensuring safety in the implementation of maritime economic activities on the territory of the World Ocean;

Ensuring and maintaining the military presence of the Russian Federation on the territory of the World Ocean;

Participation in peacekeeping and military missions, if they meet the interests of the Russian Federation;

As we can see, the fleet Maritime Russia has a fairly wide range of basic tasks that need to be implemented everywhere.

Structure of the Navy of the Russian Federation

The fleet of the marine RF has its own structure, which ensures the effectiveness of the application this formation in the conditions of military operations on the water. But it should be noted that in its composition the Navy has a large number of units, which, in turn, are endowed with a number of rather specific functions. consists of the following elements:

1. Surface forces, which include units that use surface assets in their work, that is, ships.

2. Underwater forces.

3. The third element is naval aviation, which, in turn, is subdivided into smaller structural units.

4. Coastal troops related to the navy.

At the same time, as mentioned earlier, each of the presented components performs its own functional tasks to ensure the effectiveness of the Navy as a whole.

Purposes of using surface and submarine forces

As you understand, the main forces of the Russian Navy are surface and underwater units. It is they who implement the main tasks of this part of the armed forces. But in the structure of the Navy of the Russian Federation, surface and underwater units implement a number of their own specific functions. For example, the first type of formations is used, as a rule:

To cover the landing of troops, as well as their transfer to the point of landing and evacuation;

Protection of the territorial borders of the state;

Establishment of barriers from mines;

Ensuring the activities of underwater units.

Submarine formations are the second, no less important in terms of their effectiveness, subdivisions within the Navy of the Russian Federation. Them main task is intelligence sea ​​depths in Peaceful time, as well as damage to water and ground targets in the military. It is worth noting that nuclear submarines are the key equipment in the composition of submarine units. They are armed with fairly serious weapons, namely ballistic and cruise missiles.

Naval aviation

For many people, the existence of maritime aviation is an incomprehensible factor. Many people confuse this part with a separate genus troops, which is a mistake. It is worth noting that the armed forces include the army, the navy, and at the same time, the units of the same name in the structure of the Navy have nothing in common with the last element of the RF Armed Forces. Naval aviation has a whole range of its own functional tasks, for example:

Countering enemy surface forces;

Implementation of strikes against enemy coastal targets;

Reflection of air strikes.

Thus, naval aviation is special unit created to implement functions within the framework of the Navy.

Features of the Marine Corps

The history of the navy at all times has been inextricably linked with the development of marine units. Formation refers to the structure of coastal troops. In fact, such units are designed specifically to conduct combat operations through amphibious assault. Marine Corps were known during the reign of Peter the Great. In those distant times, the number of this unit was about 20 thousand personnel.

To date, this figure is at around 8,000 people, who are divided into four main brigades. The main task of the Marines is amphibious activity, that is, short-term landings to perform certain tasks, as well as the protection of coastal tactical objects and surface vehicles.

The main groupings of the Navy

The fleet can not be seen throughout the state. The forces and means of this element of the armed forces are distributed in accordance with tactical necessity. Simply put, the main groups are located in those places where the Russian Federation is washed by water. Based on this important factor, the entire Russian Federation is divided into the following separate groups:

1. The Northern Fleet is based at the Belomorsk military base in the city of Severodvinsk. Its main task is to protect the territorial interests of the Russian Federation in the same part of the world.

2. The Pacific Fleet is based mostly in the east of Russia, in cities such as Vladivostok, Danube, Sovetskaya Gavan.

3. The Baltic group is located near the cultural capital of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg. The place of base is no less significant historical monument. In this case, we are talking about Kronstadt.

4. The Caspian fleet is based in Astrakhan and Kaspiysk.

5. As for the Black Sea grouping, it is based in the area of ​​the sea of ​​the same name. The fleet is located on the territory of Sevastopol, which once belonged to Ukraine. It should be noted that this group of the Navy has a rather important tactical significance. Her main goal is to protect the interests of Russia in the regions of the Black and Mediterranean Seas. The commander of the Black Sea Fleet today is Admiral Alexander Viktorovich Vitko.

Emblem and flag of the Russian Navy

The symbolism of the Russian Navy causes a lot of questions and disputes all over the world. It should be noted that the main designation of the fleet today is its flag. It depicts an oblique St. Andrew's cross. Few people know that the almost identical symbol is the flag of Scotland. The symbol became the banner of the navy in 2001.

The emblem of the Russian Navy also has a special symbolic connotation. It represents a golden armorial eagle, on background whose anchors are crossed. This emblem of the Russian Navy is generally recognized and is used in all groupings of the corresponding type of troops.

Conclusion

So, in the article we tried to consider all aspects and characteristics Navy of the Russian Federation. Today, this part of the armed forces is one of the strongest in the world, which indicates a high level military power RF as a whole.

The Navy of the Russian Federation is one of the three branches of the Armed Forces of our state. Its main task is armed protection public interests in maritime and ocean theaters of operations. The Russian fleet is obliged to protect the sovereignty of the state outside its land territory (territorial waters, rights in the sovereign economic zone).

The Russian Navy is considered the successor to the Soviet naval forces, which, in turn, were created on the basis of the Russian Imperial Navy. The history of the Russian Navy is very rich, it has more than three hundred years, during which time it has come a long and glorious military path: the enemy has repeatedly lowered the battle flag in front of Russian ships.

In terms of its composition and number of ships, the Russian Navy is considered one of the strongest in the world: in the global ranking, it ranks second after the US Navy.

The Russian Navy includes one of the components of the nuclear triad: submarine nuclear missile carriers capable of carrying intercontinental ballistic missiles. current Russian fleet inferior in its power to the Soviet Navy, many of the ships that are in service today were built back in the Soviet period, so they are outdated both morally and physically. However, in last years active construction of new ships is underway and the fleet is annually replenished with new pennants. According to State program armaments, by 2020 about 4.5 trillion rubles will be spent on updating the Russian Navy.

The ensign of the Russian warships and the ensign of the Russian naval forces is the St. Andrew's flag. It was officially approved by presidential decree on July 21, 1992.

Russian Navy Day is celebrated on the last Sunday of July. This tradition was established by the decision Soviet government in 1939.

At present, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy is Admiral Vladimir Ivanovich Korolev, and his first deputy (Chief of the General Staff) is Vice Admiral Andrey Olgertovich Volozhinsky.

Goals and objectives of the Russian Navy

Why does Russia need a navy? American Vice Admiral Alfred Mahen, one of the greatest naval theorists, wrote as early as the end of the 19th century that the navy influences politics by the very fact of its existence. And it's hard to disagree with him. Several centuries of border british empire attached to the sides of her ships.

The oceans are not only an inexhaustible source of resources, but also the most important global transport artery. Therefore, the value of the IUD in modern world it is hard to overestimate: a country that has warships can project armed force anywhere in the oceans. The ground forces of any country, as a rule, are limited to their own territory. In the modern world, maritime communications play essential role. Warships can effectively operate on the enemy's communications, cutting him off from the supply of raw materials and reinforcements.

The modern fleet is characterized by high mobility and autonomy: ship groups are able to stay in remote areas of the ocean for months. The mobility of naval groupings makes it difficult to strike, including with the use of weapons of mass destruction.

The modern navy has an impressive arsenal of weapons that can be used not only against enemy ships, but also to strike at ground targets hundreds of kilometers away from the coastline.

The navy as a geopolitical instrument is highly flexible. The Navy is able to respond to a crisis situation in a very short time.

Another distinguishing feature of the Navy as a global military and political instrument is its versatility. Here are just some of the tasks that the navy is capable of solving:

  • demonstration of military force and flag;
  • combat duty;
  • protection of own sea lanes and protection of the coast;
  • conducting peacekeeping and anti-piracy operations;
  • conducting humanitarian missions;
  • the transfer of troops and their supply;
  • maintenance of the convention and nuclear war on the sea;
  • ensuring strategic nuclear deterrence;
  • participation in strategic missile defense;
  • conducting landing operations and combat operations on land.

Sailors can operate very effectively on land as well. by the most good example are the US Navy, which has long been the most powerful and versatile instrument of American foreign policy. To conduct large-scale ground operations on land, the fleet needs a powerful air and land component, as well as a developed rear infrastructure capable of supplying expeditionary forces thousands of kilometers from its borders.

Russian sailors repeatedly had to participate in land operations, which, as a rule, took place on their native land and were of a defensive nature. An example is the participation of military sailors in the battles of the Great Patriotic War, as well as the first and second Chechen campaigns, in which units of the Marine Corps fought.

The Russian fleet performs many tasks in peacetime. warships provide security economic activity in the World Ocean, monitor strike ship groups of potential adversaries, cover submarine patrol areas potential adversary. The ships of the Russian Navy participate in the protection of the state border, sailors can be involved in the elimination of the consequences of man-made disasters and natural disasters.

Composition of the Russian Navy

As of 2014, the Russian fleet included fifty nuclear submarines. Of these, fourteen are strategic missile submarines, twenty-eight submarines with missile or torpedo weapons, and eight submarines have special assignment. In addition, the fleet includes twenty diesel-electric submarines.

The ship structure of the surface fleet includes: one heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser (aircraft carrier), three nuclear missile cruisers, three missile cruisers, six destroyers, three corvettes, eleven large anti-submarine ships, twenty-eight small anti-submarine ships. The Russian Navy also includes: seven patrol vessels, eight small missile ships, four small artillery ships, twenty-eight missile boats, more than fifty minesweepers various kinds, six artillery boats, nineteen large landing craft, two landing hovercraft, more than two dozen landing craft.

History of the Russian Navy

Kievan Rus already in the 9th century had a fleet that allowed it to carry out successful sea campaigns against Constantinople. However, these forces can hardly be called a regular Navy, the ships were built immediately before the campaigns, their main task was not battles at sea, but the delivery of ground forces to their destination.

Then there were centuries of feudal fragmentation, invasions of foreign conquerors, overcoming internal turmoil - besides Muscovy for a long time did not have access to the sea. The only exception was Novgorod, which had access to the Baltic and led a successful international trade, being a member Hanseatic League and even made sea trips.

The first warships in Russia began to be built during the time of Ivan the Terrible, but then the Moscow principality plunged into the Time of Troubles, and the navy was again forgotten for a long time. Warships were used during the war with Sweden in 1656-1658, during this campaign the first documented Russian victory at sea was won.

Emperor Peter the Great is considered to be the creator of the regular Russian navy. It was he who defined Russia's access to the sea as a paramount strategic task and began the construction of warships at the shipyard on the Voronezh River. And already during the Azov campaign, the Russians battleships took part in a massive naval battle for the first time. This event can be called the birth of the regular Black Sea Fleet. A few years later, the first Russian warships appeared in the Baltic. The new Russian capital St. Petersburg for a long time became the main naval base of the Baltic Fleet of the Russian Empire.

After Peter's death, the situation in domestic shipbuilding deteriorated significantly: new ships were practically not laid down, and the old ones gradually fell into disrepair.

The situation became critical in the second half of the 18th century, during the reign of Empress Catherine II. At that time, Russia was actively foreign policy and was one of the key political players in Europe. Russian-Turkish wars, which lasted with short breaks for almost half a century, forced the Russian leadership to pay special attention to the development of the navy.

During this period, Russian sailors managed to win several glorious victories over the Turks, a large Russian squadron made the first long-distance voyage to the Mediterranean Sea from the Baltic, the empire conquered vast lands in the northern Black Sea region. The most famous Russian naval commander of that period was Admiral Ushakov, who commanded the Black Sea Fleet.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian fleet was the third largest in the world in terms of the number of ships and gun power after Great Britain and France. Russian sailors made several around the world travel have made a significant contribution to the study Far East, Russian sailors Bellingshausen and Lazarev in 1820 discovered the sixth continent - Antarctica.

The most important event in the history of the Russian fleet was the Crimean War of 1853-1856. Due to a number of diplomatic and political miscalculations, Russia had to fight against an entire coalition, which included Great Britain, France, Turkey and the Kingdom of Sardinia. The main battles of this war took place in the Black Sea theater of operations.

The war began with a brilliant victory over Turkey in the naval battle of Sinop. The Russian fleet under the leadership of Nakhimov completely defeated the enemy. However, in the future, this campaign was unsuccessful for Russia. The British and French had a more advanced fleet, they were seriously ahead of Russia in the construction of steam ships, they had a modern weapon. Despite the heroism and excellent training of Russian sailors and soldiers, Sevastopol fell after a long siege. Under the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty, Russia was no longer allowed to have a Black Sea navy.

The defeat in the Crimean War led to the intensification of the construction of steam-powered warships in Russia: battleships and monitors.

The creation of a new steam armored fleet actively continued in the late XIX - early XX century. To overcome the backlog from the leading maritime world powers, Russian government bought new ships from abroad.

The most important milestone in the history of the Russian fleet was the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The two strongest powers Pacific region, Russia and Japan, entered the fray for control of Korea and Manchuria.

The war started with surprise attack the Japanese to the harbor of Port Arthur, the largest base of the Russian Pacific Fleet. On the same day, the superior forces of Japanese ships in the port of Chemulpo sank the cruiser "Varyag" and the gunboat "Korean".

After several battles lost by the Russian ground forces, Port Arthur fell, and the ships in its harbor were sunk by enemy artillery fire or their own crews.

The second Pacific squadron, assembled from the ships of the Baltic and Black Sea fleets, which went to the aid of Port Arthur, suffered a crushing defeat near the Japanese island of Tsushima.

Defeat in Russo-Japanese War became a real disaster for the Russian fleet. He lost a large number of pennants, many experienced sailors died. Only by the beginning of the First World War, these losses were partially compensated. In 1906, the first submarines appeared in the Russian fleet. In the same year, the Main Naval Staff was established.

To the first world war Russia's main adversary in the Baltic Sea was Germany, and in the Black Sea theater of operations - Ottoman Empire. In the Baltic, the Russian navy followed a defensive tactic, as the German navy outnumbered it both quantitatively and qualitatively. Mine weapons were actively used.

The Black Sea Fleet since 1915 almost completely controlled the Black Sea.

The revolution and the civil war that broke out after it became a real disaster for the Russian fleet. The Black Sea Fleet was partially captured by the Germans, some of its ships were transferred to the Ukrainian People's Republic, then they fell into the hands of the Entente. Some of the ships were sunk by order of the Bolsheviks. Foreign powers occupied the coasts of the North Sea, the Black Sea and the Pacific coast.

After the Bolsheviks came to power, a gradual restoration of the naval forces began. In 1938, a separate type of armed forces appeared - the Navy of the USSR. Before the outbreak of World War II, he was a very impressive force. There were especially many submarines of various modifications in its composition.

The first months of the war were a real disaster for the Soviet Navy. Several key military bases were abandoned (Tallinn, Hanko). The evacuation of warships from the Hanko naval base resulted in heavy losses due to enemy mines. The main battles of the Great Patriotic War took place on land, so the Soviet Navy sent more than 400 thousand sailors to the ground forces.

After the end of the war, a period of confrontation began between the Soviet Union with its satellites and the NATO bloc led by the United States. At this time, the Soviet Navy reached the peak of its power, both in terms of the number of ships and their quality characteristics. A huge amount of resources was allocated for the construction of a nuclear submarine fleet, four aircraft carriers, a large number of cruisers, destroyers and missile frigates (96 units at the end of the 80s), more than a hundred landing ships and boats were built. The ship structure of the USSR Navy in the mid-80s consisted of 1380 warships and a large number of auxiliary vessels.

The collapse of the Soviet Union led to catastrophic consequences. The Soviet Navy was divided between Soviet republics(truth, most of ship composition went to Russia), due to underfunding, most of the projects were frozen, part of the shipbuilding enterprises remained abroad. In 2010, the Russian Navy included only 136 warships.

Structure of the Russian Navy

The Russian Navy includes the following forces:

  • surface;
  • underwater;
  • naval aviation;
  • coastal troops.

Naval aviation consists of coastal, deck, tactical and strategic.

Associations of the Russian Navy

The Russian Navy consists of four operational-strategic formations:

  • The Baltic Fleet of the Russian Navy, its headquarters is in Kaliningrad
  • The Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy, its headquarters is located in Severomorsk
  • The Black Sea Fleet, its headquarters is located in Sevastopol, belongs to the Southern Military District
  • The Caspian Flotilla of the Russian Navy, headquartered in Astrakhan, is part of the Southern Military District.
  • The Pacific Fleet, headquartered in Vladivostok, is part of the Eastern Military District.

The Northern and Pacific Fleets are the strongest in the Russian Navy. It is here that submarines carrying strategic nuclear weapons are based, as well as all surface and submarine ships with a nuclear power plant.

The only Russian aircraft carrier, the Admiral Kuznetsov, is based in the Northern Fleet. If new aircraft carriers are built for the Russian fleet, then, most likely, they will also be placed in the Northern Fleet. This fleet is part of the Joint Strategic Command North.

Currently, the Russian leadership is paying a lot of attention to the Arctic. This region is disputed, in addition, a huge amount of minerals has been explored in this region. It is likely that in the coming years it is the Arctic that will become a “bone of contention” for the largest world states.

The Northern Fleet includes:

  • TAKR "Admiral Kuznetsov" (project 1143 "Krechet")
  • two nuclear missile cruisers of project 1144.2 "Orlan" "Admiral Nakhimov" and "Peter the Great", which is the flagship of the Northern Fleet
  • missile cruiser "Marshal Ustinov" (project "Atlant")
  • four BOD project 1155 "Frigate" and one BOD project 1155.1.
  • two destroyers of project 956 "Sarych"
  • nine small warships, sea minesweepers of various projects, landing and artillery boats
  • four large landing ships of project 775.

Submarines are the main force of the Northern Fleet. These include:

  • Ten nuclear submarines armed with intercontinental ballistic missiles (projects 941 "Shark", 667BDRM "Dolphin", 995 "Borey")
  • Four nuclear submarines armed with cruise missiles (projects 885 "Ash" and 949A "Antey")
  • Fourteen torpedo-armed nuclear submarines (projects 971 "Pike-B", 945 "Barracuda", 945A "Condor", 671RTMK "Pike")
  • Eight diesel submarines (projects 877 "Halibut" and 677 "Lada"). In addition, there are seven nuclear deep-sea stations and an experimental submarine.

The Northern Fleet also includes naval aviation, coastal defense troops and marine corps units.

In 2007, the construction of the Arctic Shamrock military base began on the Franz Josef Land archipelago. The ships of the Northern Fleet are taking part in the Syrian operation as part of the Mediterranean squadron of the Russian fleet.

Pacific Fleet. This fleet is armed with submarines with nuclear power plants, armed with missiles and torpedoes with a nuclear warhead. This fleet is divided into two groups: one is based in Primorye, and the other is based on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The Pacific Fleet includes:

  • Missile cruiser "Varyag" project 1164 "Atlant".
  • Three BOD project 1155.
  • One destroyer of project 956 "Sarych".
  • Four small missile ships of project 12341 "Gadfly-1".
  • Eight small anti-submarine ships of project 1124 Albatross.
  • Torpedo and anti-sabotage boats.
  • Minesweepers.
  • Three large landing ships of project 775 and 1171
  • Landing boats.

The composition of the submarine forces of the Pacific Fleet includes:

  • Five missile submarines armed with strategic intercontinental ballistic missiles (project 667BDR Kalmar and 955 Borey).
  • Three nuclear submarines with Project 949A Antey cruise missiles.
  • One multi-purpose submarine of project 971 "Pike-B".
  • Six diesel submarines of project 877 "Halibut".

The Pacific Fleet also includes naval aviation, coastal troops and marines.

Black Sea Fleet. One of the oldest Russian fleets with a long and glorious history. However, due to geographical reasons, its strategic role is not so great. This fleet participated in the international campaign against piracy in the Gulf of Aden, in the war with Georgia in 2008, and its ships and personnel are currently involved in the Syrian campaign.

The construction of new surface and underwater vessels for the Black Sea Fleet is underway.

The composition of this operational-strategic association of the Russian Navy includes:

  • Missile cruiser project 1164 "Atlant" "Moskva", which is the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet
  • One BOD project 1134-B "Berkut-B" "Kerch"
  • Five patrol ships of the far sea zone of different projects
  • Eight large landing ships of projects 1171 "Tapir" and 775. They are united in the 197th brigade of landing ships
  • Five diesel submarines (projects 877 "Halibut" and 636.3 "Varshavyanka"

    The Black Sea Fleet also includes naval aviation, coastal troops and marines.

    Baltic Fleet. After the collapse of the USSR, the BF found itself in a very difficult situation: a significant part of its bases ended up on the territory of foreign states. Currently, the Baltic Fleet is based in the Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions. Due to the geographic location, the BF's strategic importance is also limited. The Baltic Fleet includes the following ships:

    • Project 956 destroyer "Sarych" "Persistent", which is the flagship of the Baltic Fleet.
    • Two Project 11540 "Hawk" patrol ships of the far sea zone. In domestic literature, they are often called frigates.
    • Four patrol ships of the near sea zone of project 20380 "Guarding", which are sometimes called corvettes in the literature.
    • Ten small rocket ships (project 1234.1).
    • Four Project 775 large landing craft.
    • Two Project 12322 Zubr small landing hovercraft.
    • A large number of landing and missile boats.

    The Baltic Fleet is armed with two Project 877 Halibut diesel submarines.

    Caspian flotilla. The Caspian Sea is an inland body of water, which in the Soviet period washed the shores of two countries - Iran and the USSR. After 1991, several independent states appeared in this region at once, and the situation became seriously complicated. Water area of ​​the Caspian International treaty between Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkmenistan, signed on August 12, 2019, defines it as a zone free from NATO influence.

    The composition of the Caspian Flotilla of the Russian Federation includes:

    • Patrol ships of the near sea zone of the project 11661 "Gepard" (2 units).
    • Eight small ships of different projects.
    • Landing boats.
    • Artillery and anti-sabotage boats.
    • Minesweepers.

    Prospects for the development of the Navy

    The navy is a very expensive branch of the armed forces, therefore, after the collapse of the USSR, almost all programs related to the construction of new ships were frozen.

    The situation began to improve only in the second half of the "zero". According to the State Armaments Program, by 2020 the Russian Navy will receive about 4.5 trillion rubles. Russian shipbuilders plan to produce up to ten Project 995 strategic nuclear missile carriers and the same number of Project 885 multi-purpose submarines. In addition, the construction of diesel-electric submarines of Projects 63.63 Varshavyanka and 677 Lada will continue. In total, it is planned to build up to twenty submarines.

    The Navy plans to purchase eight Project 22350 frigates, six Project 11356 frigates, more than thirty corvettes of several projects (some of which are still under development). In addition, it is planned to build new missile boats, large and small landing ships, and minesweepers.

    A new destroyer with a nuclear power plant is being developed. The Navy is interested in buying six of these ships. They are planned to be equipped with anti-missile defense systems.

    A lot of controversy raises the question further fate Russian aircraft carrier fleet. Is he needed? "Admiral Kuznetsov" clearly does not meet modern requirements, and from the very beginning this project was not the most successful.

    In total, by 2020, the Russian Navy plans to receive 54 new surface ships and 24 submarines with nuclear power plants, a large number of old ships must undergo modernization. The fleet must receive new missile systems who can shoot latest missiles"Caliber" and "Onyx". These complexes are planned to equip missile cruisers (Orlan project), submarines of the Antey, Shchuka-B and Halibut projects.

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